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FACES Curso De Psicologia A Centro Universitário de Brasília – UniCEUB Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e da Saúde – FACES Curso de Psicologia A exclusão social como base do discurso neonazista contemporâneo: Uma análise psicanalítica dos novos discursos da supremacia branca Frederico Martins Vergara Brasília Outubro de 2020 Frederico Martins Vergara A exclusão social como base do discurso neonazista contemporâneo: Uma análise psicanalítica dos novos discursos da supremacia branca Relatório de Pesquisa final apresentado à Assessoria de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa do Centro Universitário de Brasília Orientador: Prof. Dr. Juliano Moreira Lagoas Brasília Outubro de 2020 Resumo Este trabalho busca apresentar algumas elaborações acerca do neonazismo contemporâneo, como expresso por integrantes da alt-right — a direita alternativa norte-americana — concebidas a partir de algumas ideias centrais da Psicanálise em Lacan e Freud, com ênfase nos desenvolvimentos de Slavoj Zizek. Partindo do paradigma da psicanálise extramuros, propôs-se o método da análise psicanalítica do discurso como ferramenta de análise psicológico-social. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar as relações entre a figura histórica do Judeu e esse novo sujeito neonazista por meio da análise do seu discurso. Nossa hipótese é a de que a exclusão do Judeu constitui um ponto nuclear do discurso neonazista e, como tal, imprescindível à sustentação das fantasias ideológicas que lhe são imanentes. Falamos isso a partir de uma perspectiva estrutural, ou seja, que o Judeu tem uma função determinada que é comum entre os mais distintos sujeitos, ainda que não carregue as mesmas conotações ou descrevam um mesmo objeto — a de ser excluído para que se dê consistência ao discurso. O material analisado é de acesso público e decorrente de publicações do portal The Daily Stormer, consistindo em uma coleção de textos e vídeos postados por lideranças da alt-right, além de um curta-metragem documentário que acompanha uma dessas lideranças em manifestações nos Estados Unidos. O resultado são documentos e transcrições em que buscou-se explicitar as referências ao Judeu no discurso neonazista, identificar os tipos de relação que este significante têm com outros e, sobretudo, a posição em que se insere o sujeito neonazista diante dele. Nossa hipótese pode ser parcialmente verificada nos discursos analisados. A centralidade do antagonismo ao Judeu está presente no novo neonazismo, mas ela se expressa muitas vezes de modo distinto do que pudemos observar em análises sobre o nazismo original. Dentre outros aspectos, concluímos que, ao contrário do que coube a Hitler no passado, há a prevalência do que denominamos um líder negativo, cujos indicadores no discurso são os mesmos que aqueles que tentam fazer referência ao Judeu, quer dizer, o discurso se organiza muita mais em volta dessa sorte de líder negativo, o Judeu, que em volta de uma figura de liderança positiva. Com efeito, o Judeu não apenas é o que/quem deve ser excluído mas a que/quem, antes, atribui-se tudo aquilo que deve ser excluído para que a sociedade deixe sua suposta trajetória de degeneração e transcenda tudo que há de mal. Assim, para o neonazista da alt-right, o que deve ser removido está sempre na conta do Judeu, mas este é mais abstrato do que nunca, sua presença percebida por sua negatividade, sua ação executada por intermediários, sejam eles instituições, outras etnias, nacionalidades, religiões, ou figuras específicas. Secundariamente, propomos uma discussão sobre como a exclusão que permeia esse discurso se relaciona com aspectos que são constitutivos do sujeito — e assim da sociedade —, ou seja, como não é possível falar de uma fantasia ideológica que não tenha profunda relação com aspectos fundamentais da subjetivação e o papel do desejo e das relações identificação na delimitação da experiência e ação política. Sumário 1. Introdução 1 1.1 Objetivos 2 1.2 Justificativa 3 2. Método 5 2.1 Procedimento 8 2.1.1 Construção do Material 8 2.1.2 Análise do Material 9 3. Fundamentação Teórica 10 3.1 A Direita Alternativa 11 3.2 O Judeu 16 3.3 O Real 18 4. Resultados e Discussão 21 4.1 O Real e o Judeu 22 4.2 O Judeu na Direita Alternativa 26 4.3 O Judeu em Freud 30 4.4 Virtualidade, totalidade, exclusão 41 5. Considerações Finais 53 6. Referências 57 7. Apêndice 70 1 No ano de 2017, iniciava-se a mais nova oportunidade para a sociedade globalizada testemunhar a aparente reascenção de algo que ainda insiste-se em considerar superado: movimentos que pregam a superioridade da dita raça branca. Hoje, nos Estados Unidos sobretudo, esse discurso é trazido pelos que se denominam os novos nacionalistas brancos, ou a alt-right — a direita alternativa. Um marco dos recentes eventos se deu durante as manifestações Unite the Right, em gosto daquele ano, na cidade de Charlottesville, quando um integrante de um grupo branco-nacionalista (Williams, 2017; Liautaud, 2017; Davey & Ebner, 2017), avançou sobre contra-manifestantes com seu carro, resultando em alguns feridos e um morto (Wilson, 2017; Katz, 2017) e uma experiência que, por mais que nós que não estivemos lá já tenhamos esquecido, aqueles que a vivenciaram não terão facilidade para esquecer. Menos acanhada que em muito tempo, a alt-right permanece e, destacamos, com uma curva de crescimento acentuada e uma capacidade sem precedentes de fazer de seus tópicos a pauta do debate público, e não só nos Estados Unidos. Uma série de coincidências nos levaram a pensar sobre esses eventos sob o olhar singular da proposta psicanalítica de Lacan e sua apreensão por autores essenciais ao desenvolvimento do braço extra-muros desta, sobretudo Christian Dunker, psicanalista brasileiro, e o filósofo esloveno Slavoj Zizek. Enquanto nossa ideia original foi uma apreensão política desses fatos por via de alguns conceitos-chave de Lacan, a saber o Real e o objeto a, ficou claro que o aspecto propriamente psíquico que circunda as dinâmicas investigadas têm papel essencial aqui. Pensando nas múltiplas consequências nacionais e internacionais desse movimento, no que diz respeito a sociedade e o sofrimento psíquico e suas novas gramáticas, adentramos o discurso neonazista proveniente deste movimento, analisando-o em profundidade, com base nas propostas teóricas de análise social psicanalítica 2 a partir dos conceitos de Real e do objeto a, de Lacan, bem como sua relação com elaborações de Freud, da figura histórica e presente do Judeu como descrita pelo neonazismo e outros discursos antissemitas. Desta forma, começaremos falando sobre a (i) Direita Alternativa, movimento político que proporcionou os eventos citados acima; (ii) em seguida definiremos o Real de que falamos; (iii) falaremos sobre a figura do Judeu, em função do discurso em questão; (iv) discorreremos sobre uma apreensão que toma o Judeu como aspecto Real do discurso da Direita Alternativa, principalmente de um grupo neonazista — aqui falamos sobre o aspecto ideológico do discurso; (v) introduziremos algumas contribuições que Freud oferece-nos para tratar deste assunto, dialogando ainda com os conceitos de Lacan, com foco especial no texto Psicologia das Massas e a Análise do Eu; (vi) discorreremos sobre os sujeitos que produzem, escutam, reproduzem e, assim, compõem o discurso e o movimento, bem como os contextos que os possibilitam e fortalecem. O propomos a partir do paradigma da Análise do Discurso, com as especificidades da investigação psicanalítica, como formalizada por Orlandi (2006, 2015) e Dunker et al. (2016), de modo a relacionar nossas proposições teóricas com as falas de alguns novos atores desse particular extremo, como se faz em Psicanálise. 1.1 Objetivos O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as articulações entre as posições do Real, do objeto a e do Judeu no discurso neonazista da alt-right, o novo lar da supremacia branca nos Estados Unidos, como proferido por Christopher Cantwell, Andrew Anglin e colegas do site The Daily Stormer. Em segundo lugar, explorar as consequências e relações dessas articulações com: (i) o seu contexto social, político e cultural; (ii) as modalidades de sofrimento psíquico que produzem, permeiam e advêm de tal discurso; (iii) a teoria psicanalítica e a proposta de investigação e produção de conhecimento da psicanálise em extensão; (iv) os processos ideológicos e dinâmicas discursivas envolvidas. 3 1.2 Justificativa A análise dos discursos antissemitas sob a proposta e os conceitos de Lacan — conceitos que tratam de coisas que não são exclusivas ao neonazista, este é o ponto — nos pareceu promissora por se articulam muito bem com o cenário e o discurso apresentado, como ficou claro no decorrer da pesquisa demonstrar ao longo da fundamentação teórica. A recorrência de tais discursos nos indaga e pensamos que a psicanálise oferece, também, a possibilidade de exploração no que concerne a esse aspecto da questão. Além disso, a análise do nazismo a partir do nazista deu bons frutos em eventos anteriores, como demonstrado, por exemplo, por Arendt (1963), Sartre (1945) e Zizek (1992b, 2009), que trouxeram à luz elucidações que se encontravam em pontos cegos de outras perspectivas. Entendemos que os atuais discursos carecem de uma análise desta natureza, senão a continuada por Zizek (2017), que, de todo modo, não abrange boa parte da discussão trazida aqui. O evento da direita alternativa é fundamentalmente racista, fonte recorrente e direta de sofrimento psíquico em uma infinitude de âmbitos, isso se ignorarmos os seus resultados sistêmicos, retornos reais, políticos e sociais, da desigualdade, à segregação, ao, realmente e naturalmente cogitado (MacCarthy, 2017), genocídio. As dinâmicas psíquicas de quem adere a esse tipo de movimento, voluntário ou involuntário, antes ou depois de se filiarem, nos pareceram dignas de maior esclarecimento. Tais dinâmicas são prejudiciais não somente ao outro, mas àqueles que se vêm parte do movimento, sobretudo ao considerarmos os mecanismos ideológicos e identitários muitas vezes envolvidos nestes, que se expressam, por exemplo, na proposta de orgulho branco, ou no entendimento de que não há racismo, ou no de que não houve holocausto.
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