National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Vanishing Treasures Vanishing Treasures Program

A CLIMATE OF CHANGE Climate Change Issue

CHANGING FREEZE/THAW CYCLES

WILDFIRES & DEFORESTATION

HEAVY RAINS & FLOODING

RAIN EVENTS & COLLAPSE

FLOODS

Fiscal Year 2010 Year-End Report and WILDFIRES THREATEN STRUCTURES Funded Projects for 2011 Acknowledgments:

Executive Editor: Virginia Salazar-Halfmoon Editor-in Chief: Randy Skeirik 2 Special Assistants to the Editor: Christine Schwab and Lauren Meyer 1 Copy Editor: Christina Mitchell Advisor: Sande McDermott 3 6 5

All reports and photographs were provided by park VT 4 staff unless otherwise credited.

State maps were produced by the NPS Intermountain Region Geographic Resources Program, Denver, CO.

Cover Photos: Legend Extreme weather events including drought, floods,and increasing or decreasing temperatures all presage the possible effects of climate change. These changes have the potential to impact cultural resources in many ways, some of which are illustrated here. 1. Mesa Verde National Park - Drought, heat, and high winds have fueled fires in Mesa Verde National Park. The effects of wildfire on cultural resources can be manifold, including damage or destruction from the fire itself, increased erosion resulting from devegetation, and the staining of rock formations and historic masonry by fire retardants. Here, blackened trees and orange staining can be seen on the mesa above one of Mesa Verde’s alcove sites. Photo: Wikimedia.org 2. Navajo National Monument - Although typically referred to as “global warming”, one effect of climate change can be colder winter temperatures. Colder temperatures can mean an increased number of freeze/thaw cycles that can impact both natural and constructed stone features. Water, expands as it becomes ice and can produce considerable pressure that can blow apart stone and masonry features. This may have been a contributing factor in the collapse of the roof of the alcove above Keet Seel which narrowly missed crushing part of the structure. Photo: NPS 3. Big Bend National Park - Flooding along the Rio Grand necessitated the construction of a temporary levee and the use of pumps to protect the historic adobe Alvino House. Photo: NPS 4. Fort Davis National Historic Site - The driest March in Texas history spawned the recent Rock House Fire that burned at least 20 homes in the town of Fort Davis and threatened the historic fort. Here flames and smoke are visible in the hills above the fort. Photo: NPS 5. Big Bend National Park - Flooding engulfs the historic Hot Springs store and post office. Flooding can destroy historic fabric resulting in a loss of both decorative and structural components that compromises the integrity of historic resources. Photo: NPS 6. Tumacácori National Historic Site - Heavy rains, also an expected result of climate change, can impact all historic buildings but have the potential to literally dissolve earthen structures. A heavy monsoon rain in 2010 overwhelmed the drainage system on the mission church at Tumacácori and infiltrated the adobe wall resulting in the loss of tons of plaster and adobe from the wall of the sacristy. Photo: NPS Table of Contents

Message from our Regional Directors...... 1 Colorado...... 52 Message from the Vanishing Treasures Mesa Verde National Park...... 54

Program Manager...... 2 New Mexico...... 60 At-Large VT Program Staff Aztec Ruins National Monument...... 62 Preston Fisher...... 3. Bandelier National Monument...... 65 Lauren Meyer...... 3 Chaco Culture National Historical Park...... 72 Randy Skeirik...... 3 El Malpais National Monument...... 75 El Morro National Monument...... 78 Feature Articles Fort Union National Monument...... 81 The National Park Service Response to Climate Change: Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument...... 83

A Historical Perspective...... 7 Texas...... 86 What Happens When the Rains Don’t Come? Fort Davis National Historic Site...... 88 Climate Change, Southwest Migrations, and Where We Go From Here10. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park...... 89 Climate Change and Historic Structures: Utah ...... 90 ...... The Curious Case of the West Sanctuary Window...... 12 Arches National Park 92 Canyonlands National Park...... 93 Climate Change And The Deterioration Of Cultural Glen Canyon National Recreation Area...... 94 Resources: Golden Spike National Historic Site...... 95 El Morro And El Malpais National Monuments In West-Central New Hovenweep National Monument...... 96 Mexico...... 17 Natural Bridges National Monument...... 97 Grappling with Climate Change: Zion National Park...... 101 Impacts to Heritage Resources...... 22 Wyoming...... 104 Fort Laramie National Historic Site...... 106 Vanishing Treasures Personnel, Projects and Budgets Appendices...... 107 Arizona...... 26 Appendix A: Canyon de Chelly National Monument...... 28 Definition of Vanishing Treasures Resources...... i Casa Grande Ruins National Monument...... 31 Appendix B: Flagstaff Area National Monuments: Terminology...... i Wupatki and Walnut Canyon...... 33 Appendix C: Fort Bowie National Historic Site...... 35 Vanishing Treasures Leadership Committee...... ii Grand Canyon National Park...... 36 Appendix D: Montezuma Castle and Vanishing Treasures Advisory Group...... ii Tuzigoot National Monuments...... 38 Appendix E: Navajo National Monument...... 40 Vanishing Treasures Cumulative Funding...... iii ...... 42 Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Appendix F: Tonto National Monument...... 45 FY 2009 Vanishing Treasures Project Funding...... iv Tumacácori National Historical Park...... 46 Appendix G: California...... 48 Chronology of Vanishing Treasures Mojave National Monument...... 50 Funded Positions...... v 1 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Christine S. Lehnertz John A. Wessels

Message from Our Regional Directors

As employees of the National Park Service, we share an important and noble mission - to protect our most treasured natural and cultural resources for present and future generations and to serve the public. Now, more than ever, the national park system provides America with opportunities to enjoy our shared heritage and to get away with family and friends to magnificent places. The National Park Service values the accomplishments of programs and individuals who are able to persevere and innovate during these times. The Vanishing Treasures Program, VT, in its 12 year history, has proven to be a significant program that has been able to persist and succeed in preservation efforts. As a result of the efforts of the Vanishing Treasures Program and park staff, hundreds of the most valued resources in the NPS are being actively preserved and maintained. The VT Program itself, through its focus on training, youth programs, community involvement/consultation, partnerships, and cross-discipline collaboration, has become a model for resource protection programs service-wide. By utilizing the knowledge and expertise of individuals from a range of disciplines including the natural sciences, organizations including non-profits and universities, and cultural perspectives, VT takes a holistic approach to the preservation of heritage resources. VT staffs develop a preemptive, proactive and prescriptive treatments based on knowledge of environmental conditions, material characteristics, and structural concerns, as well as traditional practices and beliefs. We commend this multi-disciplinary approach which recognizes that being inclusive provides the best methods to solve preservation issues. We support and commend the Vanishing Treasures Program, and program and park staff in both the Intermountain and Pacific West regions who have dedicated themselves to the preservation of both the physical remnants of the past, and the intangible values and cultural connections that keep our history alive. We are steadfast in our belief that the VT Program is vital to the continued preservation of park resources, and the connection of traditional communities to places of their heritage. It is with great pleasure that we introduce the 2010 Annual Report, which focuses on change in both our national reality, and our world. Whether in the form of fiscal challenges or changes in climate, we are confident that the Vanishing Treasures Program will remain as a model for success in the NPS.

Christine S. Lehnertz John A. Wessels Regional Director Regional Director Pacific West Region Intermountain Region

Message from Our Regional Directors Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 2

The Vanishing Treasures Program spans two regions of the National Park Service (the Intermountain and Pacific West) and encompasses 45 units of the National Park System. Our resources are many and varied, but all are architectural sites located in the arid West that contain the exposed remains of buildings or other structures. While the primary focus of the Program is the preservation of the cultural resources in these parks, whenever possible the VT Program also provides tech- nical assistance to other governmental agencies, tribes, and to local communities. I am pleased to introduce this 2010 issue of the Vanishing Treasures Program Annual Report. In the face of the recent emergency preservation concerns that some VT parks have had to address, the seemingly accelerating rates of resource deterioration, the identified need for changes in preservation methodologies, and a changing fiscal environment, the Vanishing Treasures Leadership Committee suggested that this issue have a theme of “A Climate of Change”. In addition, this theme was in- tended to include resource preservation issues that we may need to address as a result of a changing climate. Although climate change is now an accepted reality, it was a challenge for the authors of our feature articles to make definitive statements regarding the risks and impacts of climate change on cultural resources. Natural resource managers in the National Park Service have been conducting research and documenting various changes to the climatic and environmental conditions in which our cultural sites exist for some time now. The challenge for us is to work with those who are studying the natural environment to understand how their research may apply to the variety of preservation issues and methods that we are using to maintain our cultural sites. The preservation treatments we have applied in the past may not be appropriate in a future altered by climate change, but through cooperative work with the natural sciences VT will be better able to respond strategically. The feature articles that follow present a starting point for a process that can identify opportunities for collaborative research with natural resource professionals. They also propose research questions that may be answered by data gathered by natural scientists, and the pos- sible need to reconsider current methods of cultural resource preservation. This is just the beginning of a dialog that needs to occur to ensure that we are prepared to address the preservation needs of a changing future. Despite the many changes currently swirling around us, several constants remain – the rock-solid mission of the National Park Service and the dedication of our employees and partners in meeting that mission. This Annual Report provides an introduction to the Vanishing Treasures Program and documents the preservation work accomplished by the Program, its employees, and partners over the course of the last fiscal year. Regardless of the possible results of a changing climate, the feature articles in this Annual Report are meant to start or expand dialogs that will help us anticipate and understand the changes we will face as we continue our work to preserve the resources entrusted to our care.

Message from the Program Manager 3 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Preston Fisher, Structural Lauren Meyer, Exhibit Randy Skeirik, Historical Engineer Specialist/Conservator Architect P r e s t o n 2010 was F i s c a l Fisher, the a year of Y e a r Vanishing c h a n g e 2 0 1 0 Treasures for me. t u r n e d Pro g ra m After 8 out to be Structural years as another Engineer, a field b u s y is duty sta- conser- y e a r . tioned at v a t o r , October MEVE. p r o j e c t b e g a n In FY m a n - with a 2 0 1 0 ager and w a l k - P r e s t o n f i n a l l y through provided program of the assistance manager Wa l n u t to: for the Canyon VT Pro- • Casa Grande National Monument – Visitor Center to discuss potential impacts gram at Bandelier National Monument, I Evaluated data from crack monitor points of a mechanical system upgrade. Later that left the park for the VT Program office in and established new monitoring locations. month I was at Organ Pipe to participate Santa Fe. Sold to me by Virginia, Randy • Big Bend National Park – Participated in a review of their cultural resource pro- and Preston as the ‘best job I would ever in Resource Program Review. Reevaluated gram. have,’ I began my position as the VT Ex- conditions at Alvino House, Hot Springs November saw lots of travel starting with a hibits Specialist in mid-April. After spend- Historic Site, Maricsal Mine, and Luna’s trip to Phoenix for a meeting of the south- ing months going through boxes of project Jacal structure. ern Arizona parks cultural resource man- reports, research documents, and other • Santa Clara Pueblo – Evaluated struc- agers. Then I was off to Death Valley to materials left behind by Jake Barrow (I’m tural conditions at Santa Clara Church and help plan for a field school to be conducted still trudging through some of those boxes made erosional and drainage recommen- through a cooperative agreement with the a year later!), I realized that I had a lot to dations for the exterior of the church. University of Vermont on the Keane Won- learn about conservation in the National • Fort Union National Monument – As- der Mine Tramway. A week after the Death Park Service and the varied resources sessed conditions at the Fort and made Valley trip I was at Tumacácori for the Van- protected and preserved in the Vanishing stabilization and monitoring recommen- ishing Treasures Leadership meeting, and Treasures parks. With the support and as- dations. then went directly to Organ Pipe for a site sistance of Virginia, Randy and Preston, • Attended Southern Arizona Parks Meet- visit to prepare for the first of two upcom- I was able to spend much of the second ing in Phoenix in May ing field schools to be held there. half of the FY visiting our parks, learning • Montezuma Castle National Monu- December was fairly quiet with only a about the program and the parks which we ment – Evaluated structural stability of log quick visit to Arches to assess the condition serve, and assisting with programmatic ef- smokehouse at Montezuma Well. of a stone miner’s cabin there. forts that will benefit the VT Program as a • Bandelier National Monument – Evalu- January of 2011 began with the Organ whole. ated existing structural conditions at Pipe field school, conducted through the Group M Cavates and The Motor Car My field time in FY 2010 included site visits University of Arizona with Cornerstones Bridge constructed in 1949. to Bandelier National Monument to assist Community Partnerships that focused on • Golden Spike National Monument – with the evaluation of cavate masonry at conducting a condition assessment at the Identified major structural threats to and Group M, development and implementa- Bates Well Ranch. The following week, I assessed structural conditions of various tion of LiDAR and tuff analysis contracts/ was back in Phoenix for another meeting trails and structures throughout the park. agreements, database development and of the southern Arizona cultural resource • Navajo National Monument - Evaluated maintenance, and tribal consultation with focused on preservation materials. At the conditions at Betatakin Ruin and recom- San Ildefonso and Santa Clara Pueblos; end of the month I visited Hubbell Trading mended monitoring at areas within the Fort Bowie National Historic Site to assist Post to help with planning for the instal- site. with project development for FY 2011 VT lation of an HVAC system in the historic • Canyon De Chelly National Monument funding; Yuma Crossing National Heritage ranch house. - Evaluated conditions at White House Area, along with Jake, Randy and Virginia, In February I was at Tumacácori as part of a Ruin and made monitoring recommenda- to assess the condition of adobe and stone team to assess and evaluate possible causes tions. masonry structures, and provide recom- for the collapse of tons of adobe from the • Fort Laramie National Historic Site - At- mendations; Acoma Pueblo for the assess- west wall of the sanctuary of the mission tended VT Leadership committee meet- ment of a tribal building intended for use church. (See Jeremy Moss’s feature article ing. by the Southwest Conservation Corps; on page 12)

(See Preston, Page 4) (See Lauren, Page 4) (See Randy, Page 4)

Messages from the VT Staff Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 4

(Preston, continued from Page 3)

• El Morro National Monument - Evaluated conditions at Atsin- Mesa Verde National Park. na making monitoring and stabilization recommendations. • Mesa Verde National Park – Assisted with UPENN wall cap- • Tumacácori National Historic Park - Evaluated wall collapse ping/moisture thesis project at Far View Ruin. Assisted with and made stabilization recommendations at the Mission Church. structural evaluations at various back country sites. Served as • Aztec Ruins National Monument – Assisted with recording and Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative for a contract to interpreting data from monitor points throughout the monument. replace site shelter panels at site shelters on the Mesa Top Loop • Attended FMSS and Maintained Archeological Sites training at on Chapin Mesa and Wetherill Mesa.

(Lauren, continued from Page 3)

Fort Union National Historic Site in an effort to develop a bet- ment of a project proposal for an Administrative History for the ter understanding for conservation issues related to adobe struc- VT Initiative (which is funded in FY 2011); the development of a tures; and El Morro National Monument to evaluate graffiti on the GIS-based inventory and monitoring system for the VT Program North Point of Inscription Rock and assist Preston with an evalu- (the system is in-development, with assistance being provided by ation of the structural stability of Atsinna Pueblo. Many of these the NPS GIS program in Denver); the establishment of a work site visits were done alongside Randy, Preston and/or Virginia in group focused on documentation of VT sites; and the design of an effort to introduce me to both the sites and the preservation publicity materials for the program (including brochures and specialists in the parks. In addition to these site visits, I also pro- logoed uniform items for VT staff). In addition, I was given the vided a special tour of Bandelier National Monument for a del- opportunity to produce a poster on the digital documentation of egation of government officials from China for the Getty Conser- heritage sites in the NPS for an international conference called vation Institute. This was a great learning experience for me, as I SMARTdoc Heritage (the conference was held in Philadelphia in had the opportunity to discuss preservation issues with a group of November, 2010). This poster, which was developed with assis- international conservation professionals and resource managers, tance from Jim Kendrick and Steve Baumann of El Malpais and El and discuss challenges and accomplishments related to large-scale Morro, Shannon Dennison from Bandelier, project partners from park issues (visitation, land acquisition, presentation and inter- Bandelier, and Duane Hubbard from Tonto/SOAR, highlighted pretation of sites, etc.), and resource-specific issues (documen- cutting-edge digital documentation projects in the VT parks. This tation methods and methodologies, material characteristics, site and material-specific deterioration, and conservation methods). I poster won one of five best-poster awards at the conference, and also completed ATR training, and am now available to assist with an article has been requested for publication in a scholarly journal agreements development and oversight. based on the projects included. While in the office, I was able assist in the development and es- In my short time with the VT Program office, I have reaffirmed my tablishment of several programmatic endeavors. These included belief that this is one of the most valuable programs in the NPS. the establishment of two VT youth training programs, one with I feel extremely fortunate that I am able to provide assistance to the Southwest Conservation Corps and Petrified Forest National Virginia in the further development of the program, and to the Park, and the other with Cornerstones Community Partnerships, VT parks in their preservation endeavors. Along with Preston and Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo and Bandelier National Monument, that Randy, I am available to provide assistance for issues related to will provide training in historic preservation to a number of indi- Vanishing Treasures resources in the parks, and I look forward to viduals from tribes affiliated with NPS cultural sites; the develop- working with all of you in FY 2011.

(Randy, continued from Page 3) March found me back at Death Valley to participate in the first In May I was back in Phoenix once again to participate in the re- week of the Keane Wonder Mine field school. From Death Valley, gionally sponsored Arizona Integrated Resources Meeting that I went directly back to Organ Pipe for the second field school at brought together natural and cultural resource employees from Bates Well, this one focused on executing preservation treatments all of the parks in Arizona. This meeting presented an excellent identified during the January field school. Before heading home, opportunity to meet others working in the field of resource pres- I swung by Fort Bowie where I presented an interpretive talk on a ervation and to learn what was happening in other parks. The fol- mapping project we had conducted there in the summer of 2009. lowing week I was at El Malpais where I had been asked to assist with the condition assessment of the log Head Homestead, and to April saw my only trip to the VT program’s headquarters in Santa give a one-day field school on the uses and application of borate Fe to meet with Program Manager Virginia Salazar-Halfmoon. wood preservatives. While there, I travelled up to the Santa Clara pueblo to assist with assessing the condition of their historic adobe church. The end of July’s only trip was a long one; up to Fort Laramie in Wyoming for that month found me back at Death Valley where I participated in a second VT Leadership Meeting. It was a great opportunity to a trial application of a newly developed UV protectant at Scotty’s get to this far-flung park, meet with their preservation staff, and Castle. While Scotty’s Castle is not a VT resource, this is a proj- become familiar with their resources. ect that I “inherited” from Jake Barrow when he retired, and the As the year began to wind down I spent a very hot week at Saguaro results should have wide application at many VT sites with wood and Fort Bowie. At Saguaro we visited the site of a CCC camp and components. discussed possibilities for preservation and interpretation. For the

Messages from the VT Staff 5 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Fort Bowie segment of the trip I was joined by VT Exhibit Special- ist and Conservator Lauren Meyer. We met with the Acting Su- perintendent and the park’s Site Manager to lay the groundwork for two VT funded projects that will begin in FY 2011. The year ended with a marathon trip that started at Organ Pipe, where I met with former VT colleague Jake Barrow, now a Coop- erator, to plan for an FY 2011 field school that would continue the momentum established by the two previous field schools. From Organ Pipe, Jake and I continued on to Yuma, AZ where we were joined by VT Program Manager Virginia Salazar-Halfmoon and Lauen Meyer. We were invited to Yuma to consult with Yuma Crossing on two Arizona State Park sites they now manage. Both sites, the Quartermaster Depot and the Territorial Prison contain many preservation challenges and the non-profit Yuma Crossing will use our preservation report to assist with their fund-raising efforts for this National Heritage Area. After Yuma, Jake and I continued on to Joshua Tree where Jake will be participating as a Cooperator in a field school to stabilize a small mining site. Preston investigating a wall crack at Victoria Mine, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Photo: Joe Toumey The services that I can provide include identification, research, planning, treatment, and preservation maintenance of historic and prehistoric structures. I can also help to document existing conditions, define treatment actions, and help prepare historic structure reports, and I can assist parks that lack staff expe- rienced in the preparation of VT SEPAS proposals to develop competitive project proposals. As a certified ATR I may also be available to help develop cooperative agreements for projects on VT resources and to serve as the ATR for those projects. I continue to look forward to expanding my role in both the overall management of the program and the preservation of in- dividual VT resources.

Randy measuring the stack at Panamint City, Death Valley National Park. Photo: Jeremy Stoltzfus My final trip of the year ran right up to the last day of the fiscal year and found me back in west central New Mexico at El Morro where I met with VT Exhibit Specialist Lauren Meyer and VT Structural Engineer Preston Fisher who were assisting the park with the preservation of Atsinna Pueblo and El Morro’s famous inscriptions. As I’ve said in previous years, Preston, Lauren, and I are all available to Vanishing Treasures parks to provide specialized technical assistance for Vanishing Treasures Resources. In past years I have also stressed that our services came free of charge, but it appears that strict enforcement of travel ceilings in FY 2011 may prevent VT from fulfilling all of our technical assis- tance requests. If you would like to receive help from any of the VT Staff, I would encourage you to explore the possibility of funding the travel under your own park’s travel ceiling. When this can be done, the savings will allow us to assist parks that Lauren, along with Virginia Salazar-Halfmoon, assessing cannot do so. Either way, be sure to submit your technical as- adobe damage at the Quartermaster Depot, Yuma sistance requests during the upcoming call so that we can show National Heritage Area. that there is a continuing need for our services. Photo: Jake Barrow

Messages from the VT Staff Feature Articles

The National Park Service Response to Climate Change: A Historical Perspective 7

What Happens When the Rains Don’t Come? Climate Change, Southwest Migrations, and Where We Go From Here 10

Climate Change and Historic Structures: The Curious Case of the West Sanctuary Window 12

Climate Change And The Deterioration Of Cultural Resources: El Morro And El Malpais National Monuments In West-Central New Mexico 17

Grappling with Climate Change: Impacts to Heritage Resources 22

Photo Credits, from top: .fogonazos.es, .foxnews.com, Tumacácori National Historical Park, Randall Skeirik, Big Bend National Park 7 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Where Nature and Culture National Park developed policies in aspects of the proposal fell by the wayside; Meet: response to the report. The Park Service and in 1992, the field of human interactions also initiated a trainee program and was dropped from the program.5 Although A Historical Perspective on the stepped up efforts to monitor air and not recognized at the time, this was an National Park Service Response water pollution. However, disagreements unfortunate omission since the Park to Climate Change within the agency, opposition from fiercely Service was one of the few agencies in conservative Secretary of Interior James the GCRP capable of examining past and Chris Johnson G. Watt, and decreasing budgets impeded present human responses to environmental progress. By the end of the decade, despite change. National Park Service Director Jonathan a strong groundswell of support for The agency also faced obstacles in Jarvis recently described climate change ecological management, the Park Service implementation. Part of the problem, as “potentially the most far-reaching and still lacked adequate leadership, funding, according to biologist Stephen Nodvin, consequential challenge to our mission and staffing to take significant action. was the “too much, too far, too fast” than any previously encountered in the The agency’s initial engagement with the nature of federal research programs. 1 entire history of the NPS.” The anticipated issue of global climate change reflected Understanding climate change required environmental impacts of climate change this incomplete commitment to scientific long-term monitoring that might not are becoming better understood. However, research. provide usable results for years, even the challenges facing the Park Service By the late 1980s, developments in climate decades. Nodvin had little confidence arise not only from the novel threats of a science and increased media coverage of that funding could be sustained over such warming climate, but also from the politics global warming forced many government a long time frame, especially considering and priorities that have governed national agencies to take notice. In the Park Service, the inconsistency of public support for a park management over time. climate change considerations were voiced federal response to global warming at that The history of the Park Service’s response initially in conjunction with research time.6 Maury Nyquist, chief of the Park to climate change since the 1980s illustrates projects at the park level. As public concern Service’s remote sensing division, was some of the core political, administrative, over climate change increased, the issue also pessimistic. Despite the recent push and philosophical challenges of national garnered more attention at the national to expand the agency’s scientific research park management in this period. In level. At a 1990 congressional hearing, Paul capacity, only minimal progress had been particular, it reflects the agency’s Pritchard, president of the National Parks made, especially in the crucial field of struggles to develop its scientific research and Conservation Association, and Park resource inventory. Even if the national capabilities, and suggests the benefits Service Director of Natural Resources F. parks were “perfect natural laboratories” of a cultural resource perspective in Eugene Hester touted the parks as ideal for documenting change, as Pritchard and developing new responses to global-scale locations for monitoring climate change. Hester had asserted, the reality remained environmental change. The argument, as Hester framed it, was that the Park Service had limited data on Historian Richard Sellars has argued that that since the parks were “well buffered… baseline biological conditions. “Until the with the rise of environmentalism in the from the day-to-day activities of man,” USNPS makes a commitment to become 1960s and 1970s, pressure from inside they could provide valuable baseline data and is recognized as a major player in the and outside the agency spurred a shift in for understanding the ecological effects of arena of environmental sciences,” Nyquist 3 priorities, away from its traditional focus climate change. concluded, “we will continue to dance to 7 on tourism toward science-based resource Following this, the federal Committee someone else’s tune.” management. However, Sellars adds, on Earth and Environmental Sciences Nyquist’s warning proved prescient. while many superintendents and resource (CEES) included the Park Service in In 1993, the Department of Interior managers were committed to this goal, they its Global Change Research Program transferred most of its biological research faced a number of cultural, institutional, (GCRP). For fiscal year 1991, the CEES functions to the newly established National and political barriers. Change took place allotted $2.1 million to the agency for Biological Survey. Two years later, budget slowly as a result. In 1980, Congress data collection in four fields. Three of the cuts necessitated the merger of the requested that the agency conduct an fields – ecological systems and dynamics, Biological Survey with the U.S. Geologic internal study of its natural resource earth system history and paleoecology, and Survey (USGS). As a result, a number of the policies. The resulting report, State of earth processes – meshed with the agency’s Park Service’s fledgling science programs, the Parks – 1980, revealed a continuing increased emphasis on ecological research. including the global change program, lack of attention to “the development of The fourth field, “human interactions,” ended up under the direction of the USGS. a sound resources information base.” To would involve research into “the effects of The shift made administrative sense remedy this, the authors recommended climate change on subsistence and other considering that the Park Service’s small a “comprehensive inventory” of park ecosystem uses of native and other small- science staff was already overcommitted. resources, drafting of revised natural scale societies.”4 The USGS was also more experienced with resource management statements for The inclusion of this field was appropriate scientific research and had more resources individual parks, and the establishment of considering the Park Service’s mandate at its disposal. The parks continued to an agency-wide natural resource training to protect both the nation’s natural and serve as locations for climate research, but 2 program. cultural heritage. As plans developed, the Park Service missed an opportunity to A number of parks including Great Smoky however, the program became focused make an agency-specific contribution to Mountains, Everglades, Yellowstone, and exclusively on the natural sciences. As a the broader federal response. the newly established Channel Islands result, the historical and anthropological At the same time, the Park Service initiated a

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 8

more modest “sustainable design” program order, the agency had not developed Stephanie Toothman, then the region’s in response to a recommendation made specific policy guidance. In response, the director of cultural resources, the during its 75th anniversary symposium DOI assembled a task force to explore office drafted “A Framework for a on the future of the national parks held how its agencies could do more to address Regional Strategic Response to Global in Vail Colorado in October 1991. The climate change. Climate Change and Cultural Resource report on the symposium, National Parks Following the release of the GAO report, Management.” The document stressed for the Twenty-first Century, better known the Park Service appointed a Climate the unique challenges of managing cultural as the “Vail Agenda,” identified energy Change Coordinator and established resources in light of climate change: conservation as an important aspect working groups to develop proposals in Unlike plants and animals which of elevating the Park Service’s capacity law and policy, planning, science, resource are capable of adapting to new for “environmental leadership.” The stewardship, greenhouse gas mitigation, circumstances through migration, sustainable design program involved and communication. These efforts cultural resources are typically reducing the energy requirements of the resulted in a 2008 proposal for an agency- fixed in place on the landscape. agency’s operational infrastructure by wide response. The proposal stressed Most cannot be moved except at installing renewable energy systems and three strategic aims: “mitigation” which great cost, and many cannot be 8 promoting energy conservation. involved reducing greenhouse emissions; moved without incurring severe The program became a launching pad “adaptation” which meant using the “best damage and loss of integrity. In for a more ambitious partnership with science available” to anticipate and address addition, cultural resources are the Environmental Protection Agency the impacts of rapid climate change; unique; they do not reproduce (EPA) to improve energy conservation and “communication” which involved when conditions improve, and in the federal government beginning educating visitors and employees about the once lost, they are lost forever.12 in the late 1990s. The two agencies impacts of climate change and measures Addressing these challenges would require formalized and expanded the partnership being taken to reduce them.10 These aims close cooperation with the agency’s in 2002 following a 2001 executive order provided the framework for a “toolbox” climate change coordinator, natural mandating federal land agencies to include approach to resource management resources staff, and partner agencies. climate change considerations in their policy. Rather than relying exclusively Through scientific assessments, historical operational and management policies. The on traditional notions of “naturalness” and archeological studies, GIS mapping, resulting Climate Friendly Parks program and historical fidelity as benchmarks for and network-level workshops, the region’s encouraged individual parks to monitor resource management, biologists and land cultural resources staff could evaluate their carbon footprints, improve energy managers were developing other strategies various factors including threat severity, efficiency through conservation and clean or “tools” which could be used selectively resource significance, park-specific energy systems, and to educate visitors or in combination to address particular 11 management objectives, feasibility of about how climate change could impact management issues. For the Park Service, protection, and cost. The results would aid the parks and what they could do to help. this approach allowed for flexibility in in the prioritization of responses to specific By 2007, the program included more than addressing existing, anticipated, and resource threats. a dozen parks, and had helped reduce the unanticipated impacts of climate change on Park Service’s overall energy usage by 15 the array of natural and cultural resources The report also stressed a broad definition percent. comprising the national park system. of “cultural resources” to include not The 2008 report became the basis for the only structures, landscapes, and museum A number of political developments in agency’s official response strategy released collections, but “all the resources this period spurred the Park Service in September 2010. necessary to sustain a way of life.”13 By to more fully address the resource this time, the Park Service had recognized management implications of climate Regional offices also took the initiative to that many natural areas were also cultural change. In 1999, Congress approved the develop their own plans. The Pacific West Natural Resources Challenge, providing Region (PWR) was particularly active. In landscapes: that is, they held specific long overdue funding for a long-term, 2007, the region established a climate meanings for, or had been shaped by, system-wide natural resource inventory leadership initiative to achieve carbon particular cultural groups. The PWR’s and monitoring program. The program neutrality in all its parks by the centennial definition went further. It suggested that substantially increased the agency’s of the Park Service in 2016. By 2008, thirty cultural landscapes were also dynamic, capacity for collecting data on climate seven of the region’s parks had renewable meaning that past and present cultural change and its ecological effects. Also, energy systems. Most of the maintenance uses were deeply linked to ecological while partisan antagonisms persisted, and visitor transportation fleets in the processes. This interpretation blurred the scientific understandings of climate region had also been converted to hybrid line between natural and cultural resources change had developed to a point that the or bio-fuel. In 2009, the region increased and suggested that preserving or restoring public and most policymakers could agree its photovoltaic capacity 200 percent to ecological function would, in many parks, that it was time to act. Then, in 2007, a nearly 400 kilowatts. Also in this period, also require close attention to cultural Government Accountability Office (GAO) the PWR conducted several climate change knowledge and cultural uses of natural study reported that federal land agencies workshops to assess threats and strategize resources. including the Park Service “had not made responses. This idea has been considered in the climate change a priority.”9 The study The PWR also placed an emphasis on development of management strategies found that while Park Service officials felt the neglected issue of cultural resources in the Pacific Island Network. At a 2009 they were addressing the 2001 executive management. Under the direction of workshop in Honolulu, Hawai’i Pualani

Feature Articles 9 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Kanahele of the Edith Kanaka’ole Breaking down the division of labor Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Foundation spoke about native Hawaiian between the two programs may prove to be House of Representatives, one Hundred conceptions of environmental change. In a difficult task, but it is not impossible. The First Congress, second session, January 25, contrast to western science, which has only Park Service has adjusted its management 1990 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government begun to view change rather than stability philosophies in response to new resource Printing Office, 1991): 162-173.; Testimony as the basic condition of the environment, threats, new social values, new political of F. Eugene Hester in Oversight Hearing, Hawaiians have traditionally understood pressures, and new developments in Global Environmental Crisis, 83, 87-89. their embeddedness in an impermanent science and history many times in the past. 4 National Park Service, “Global landscape that arose from fire but will Through a cooperative, inter-disciplinary Change,” Park Science (October 1990): 7. eventually erode back into the sea.14 At approach to climate change, the agency 5 National Park Service, “NPS Bio- the workshop, discussions centered on can continue to fulfill its core mission geographical Research Areas,” Park Sci- how the Park Service might incorporate to protect the nation’s most important ence (October 1990): 4-5.; National Park traditional Hawaiian methods of adapting natural and cultural resources. Service, Midwest Regional Office, Global to environmental change when crafting Chris Johnson is a Project Historian with Change: Research in U.S. National Parks management responses to climate change the Pacific West Regional Office of the NPS (Columbus: Lesher Printers, 1992), 1. in Hawaiian parks. stationed in Seattle, WA. 6 Stephen C. Nodvin, “A Model for One lesson of this history is that climate Global Change Research,” George Wright change has and will continue to demand a 1 Jonathan B. Jarvis, “Statement of Forum 7, 3 (1991): 26-27. creative approach to protecting, managing, Jonathan B. Jarvis,” in The Impacts of Cli- 7 Maury Nyquist, “Is the USNPS Pre- and interpreting natural and cultural mate Change on America’s National Parks, pared for the Global Change Program… resources. This involves more than simply oversight field hearing before the Sub- GIS-wise or Otherwise?” George Wright greater attention to the latest developments committee on National Parks, Forests and Forum 7, 3 (1991): 28-30. in the natural sciences. Policies to protect Public Lands of the Committee on Natural 8 National Park Service, Guiding Prin- and manage park resources in light of Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, ciples of Sustainable Design (Denver: Den- climate change can also benefit from One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first ses- ver Service Center, 1993): 4.; National Park attention to culture and history. This is sion, April 7, 2009 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Service, “Renewable Energy in the Nation- important not only because climate change Government Printing Office, 2009): 4. al Park Service,” (1994): 1-2. threatens specific historical sites and 2 Richard West Sellars, Preserving Na- 9 United States Government Account- structures, but because efforts to preserve ture in the National Parks: A History (New ability Office, Climate Change: Agencies or restore park environments invariably Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 262- Should Develop Guidance for Addressing the involve questions about social values, 266. Effects on Federal Land and Water Resourc- politics, and the cultural significance of 3 Paul C. Pritchard, “The Role of the es (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Ac- dynamic ecosystems. Federal Land Management Agencies in countability Office, 2007): 8. Greater collaboration between natural the Global Change Research Program,” 10 Leigh Welling, Responding to the and cultural resources staff will continue in Global Environmental Crisis, over- Challenge of Climate Change in the Nation- to be an essential component of the Park sight hearing before the Subcommittee on al Park System, a white paper created for Service’s response to climate change. National Parks and Public Lands of the the 2nd Century Commission, December 2008: 4-7. 11 David N. Cole, Constance I. Miller, and Nathan L. Stephenson, “Responding to Climate Change: A Toolbox of Manage- ment Strategies,” in Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Steward- ship in an Era of Rapid Change edited by David N. Cole and Laura Yung (Washing- ton D.C.: Island Press, 2010), 179-196.; Constance Miller, “Natural Resource Management: Reframing Strategies for Cli- mate Change,” February 13, 2008. Sierra Nevada Research Center, PSW Research Station, Albany. CA. 12 National Park Service, Pacific West Region, Cultural Resources Advisory Committee, “A Framework for a Region- al Strategic Response to Global Climate Change and Cultural Resource Manage- Hawaiians have traditionally understood their embeddedness in an ment,” revised outline, May 2008: 2. impermanent landscape that arose from fire but will eventually erode back 13 Ibid., 1. into the sea. Here, Masons at Kaloko-Honokohau NHP work to prevent the 14 Pacific Islands Network, report on Kaloko Fishpond wall from washing back into the sea. “Global Climate Change Workshop,” held in Photo: Courtesy Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park Honolulu, Hawai’i, August 26 and 27, 2009: 2.

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 10

What Happens When the tern. These early hunting- gathering popu- all determined by tree-ring studies, to ex- Rains Don’t Come? lations did not appear to be greatly affected plain distribution of early farmers across by the vagaries of weather – population is the southwest. These explanations not Climate Change, Southwest believed to have only gradually increased only include out-migrations but also colo- Migrations, and Where We Go over a span of 6,000 to 7,000 years. Only nization of new areas. From Here after people began to rely on agriculture Recent explanations of Southwest migra- for a large part of their diet did climate tions have become more complex. These Rory P. Gauthier, Jamie A. Civitello, and become a major player in understanding arguments now include discussions of Craig D. Allen the distribution and movement of people moisture seasonality (i.e., winter-dominant across the Southwest. moisture regimes or summer-dominant Droughts are a common theme in the The role climate plays in Southwest migra- moisture regimes), water table elevations, Southwest. In the recent past the most tions was first advanced by A.E. Douglas, arroyo down-cutting, and cumulative ef- severe drought on record occurred in the who is often referred to as the father of fects such as soil exhaustion, to name a 1950s and, more recently, the second driest dendrochronology, the study of tree-ring few variables. Social unrest, violence, and year on record was in 2002. In both cases, growth patterns and assigning absolute warfare have also become the focus of re- these severe climatic episodes caused pro- dates to the tree rings. In his studies, cent migration theories. Most archeolo- found changes in southwestern landscapes. Douglas discovered that a severe drought gists still contend, however, that a lack of The 1950s drought affected the distribu- coincided with the movement of popula- moisture was the main culprit for making tion of Ponderosa Pine, which died at the tions out of the Four Corners region. He people leave their homes, while these other lower, drier portions of their range, and, in reasoned that these Pueblo populations variables were related to, or amplified the effect, pushed the average tree distribution were heavily dependent on farming and effects of drought. higher in elevation. The drought in 2002 the “great drought” of 1276 CE was the killed many trees, shrubs, and even grass- Pueblo history also documents movement causal factor behind this abandonment. and migrations as the result of climate. A es, including about 95 percent of mature This was a very important break-through Piñon trees in Bandelier National Monu- translation of verse from Santa Clara Pueb- and subsequent archeologists began to use lo touches on many of the topics we are ment. Researchers believe the difference climate, drought, and favorable wet years, between the 1950s drought and the most pursuing here: recent drought that caused a widespread Long ago in the north tree die-off was temperature – an increase Lies the road of emergence! of a mere 1.5 degrees F amplified the water Yonder our ancestors live, stress and bark beetle populations, killing Yonder we take our being nearly all local mature Piñon trees (even Yet now we come southwards. though most had survived the earlier and For cloud flowers blossom here more severe 1950s drought) and a great Here the lightning flashes, many of the Ponderosa Pine, Douglas-Fir, Rain water here is falling! and White Fir trees in Bandelier. This is (Santa Clara Turtle Dance song, collected an example of one of the effects of climate by Elsie C. Parsons, 1925)¹ variability and change that we all have ex- This translation states that they originally perienced. came from the north and that is where Are these examples unique? Yes and no. their ancestors live. It covers a migration Our modern climate records only docu- (Yet now we come southwards), most like- ment the last 130 years. However, climate ly a description of leaving an area in the histories based on tree-ring studies, going north (the Four Corners region during the back over 2,000 years, have documented a late 1200s?). And the reason for moving to number of severe droughts, some of which the south is because that is where the rain were longer and drier than the recent is (cloud flowers = summer thunderhead droughts of the historic record. What the clouds). climate researchers like to point out to us Another theme in Southwest studies is the now is that the temperature is increasing, concept of “Push” and “Pull” - what are it is projected that climate will continue to the causes that will Push a population out get drier, and there are a lot more people of a region and what will Pull migrants to living in the Southwest. These predicted settle in a new territory? Again, these dis- climate trends should make us reflect on cussions rely heavily on climate as a causal our future locally and globally. Dead Alligator Juniper killed in factor. For example, we know there was a People have been living in the Southwest the 1950s drought. Note thinning drought in the Chaco region in the early to for at least 12,000 years. The earliest popu- mid-1100s and this drought is often used in the area to reduce tree density lations witnessed a major drying trend be- to explain the cessation of building activ- ginning at the end of the Pleistocene that and to encourage grass and forb ity and a decline in population throughout continued until approximately 6,000 years regeneration. the Chaco region. What is not clearly un- ago, when climate and the distribution of Photo: Courtesy Bandelier National derstood is why Chaco society had with- vegetation roughly assumed today’s pat- Monument stood earlier droughts of equal magnitude

Feature Articles 11 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

and continued to build great houses with ing to new, sustainable areas. Forest die-off situated in areas that historically burned on the population remaining intact. What along with wildfires will impact many of an average of ten years or less. Today, many changed Chaco society this time? Some the Southwest’s watersheds, further affect- have not burned in over a century and are explanations now add in the concept of ing water within an already water-stressed now loaded with hazard fuels. The same political processes such as a ruling class region. Sustainability of the Southwest for situation exists in many of our cultural making decisions for people to move to current human populations may not con- landscapes. Some of these areas are being new areas like Aztec or Salmon. These de- tinue, since many believe that there will not mechanically thinned to reduce tree densi- cisions were in response to climate change be enough water to maintain Southwestern ty, making more moisture available for the and are manifested in the archeological re- population levels at today’s numbers. Will remaining trees and for the soil-stabilizing cord as abandonment or the establishment we again see climate cause future migra- herbaceous and grass ground cover – in ef- of new settlements in areas promising agri- tions out of this region? fect, making the landscape more resilient cultural success. The treasures of Chaco, Mesa Verde, to the extended periods of drought and Perhaps the most famous drought-induced Bandelier, and thousands of other sites heat that we can expect in the future. migration (often referred to as the “Great throughout the Southwest are projected Rory P. Gauthier is an Archeologist at Drought”) is usually cited as the reason for to be affected by major climate change in Bandelier National Monument the movement out of Mesa Verde, Mon- this century. Wildfires can and will dam- Jamie A. Civitello is an Archeologist at tezuma Valley, and all of the population age cultural resources if not made resistant Bandelier National Monument centers in the Four Corners region. Again, to fire effects. Cultural landscapes will be like Chaco, this region had already weath- greatly altered unless vegetation is made Craig D. Allen is a Research Ecologist with ered bad droughts and had not moved but, more resilient to climate change. Erosion the US Geological Survey at the Jemez by 1300, everyone moved out - in the midst will impact both cultural landscapes and Mountains Field Station of a rather severe drought. As this region archeological sites. was declining in population, the Bande- There are projects underway to address ¹1939 Parsons, Elsie Clews lier area/Pajarito Plateau and the Chama these concerns. Heavy, hazardous fuels Pueblo Indian Religion. 2 vols. Valley regions were experiencing tremen- are being removed from archeological sites University of Chicago, Chicago. dous population growth. Even though this northern Rio Grande region was in drought too, these areas are somewhat higher in elevation and, as one goes up in elevation, there is more precipitation as a result of orographic uplift. In addition, there is more reliable summer monsoonal moisture as one moves southeast from the Four Corners area. Similar migrations to higher elevation areas during this time are evident in the Zuni highlands and Acoma/ Cebolleta Mesa areas. The out migrations from the Four Corners region to the high- lands around New Mexico are excellent examples of the Push – Pull concept. What about the Southwest today? Climate models are not kind to the Southwest. Nearly all models of future climate predict sub-tropical areas such as New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico will get drier and warmer. Projected changes in precipitation patterns will push the So- noran and Chihuahuan deserts pole-ward (north) and this pattern will also occur in the same latitudes worldwide. With these changes, there likely will be increases in catastrophic wildfires, forest die-off, big changes in vegetative composition, and associated increases in erosion. A region already characterized by drought and tem- perature extremes will become even more extreme. Current vegetative species will become stressed and plant distributions will be in Drought-killed Piñon impacting archeological site in the Bandelier region. transition. Unlike human and animal pop- Fallen trees not only damage fabric but add to hazard fuel loading on the site. ulations, trees will have difficulty in migrat- Photo: Courtesy Bandelier National Monument

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 12

Climate Change and patterns or an increase in rainfall intensity the connection between climate change Historic Structures: attributable to global warming. It amazed and park resources. How do we determine me how many people asked whether the if loss/erosion/damage is from climate The Curious Case of the West problem was associated with climate change? This question is a little loaded. Sanctuary Window change! This reaction makes sense because In the Tumacácori example although the rainfall event resulted, at least partially, in Jeremy M. Moss large rainfall events in January are atypical for winter in the last decade, and global- damage to our primary historic resource, the event itself was not climate change. The The past year has been an interesting time warming-induced climate change is a very scale of climate change is much larger than at Tumacácori National Historical Park hot topic. However, I chose to first analyze any one rainfall event and an understand- (NHP). Two major rainfall events within cause and effect and weigh the variables ing of the local environment is crucial. one year resulted in damage to our primary that could have resulted in such signifi- resource, the Franciscan church of San Jose cant losses of historic fabric. So was it just a fluke rainfall event in the winter of 2010 Predicting Precipitation in the American de Tumacácori. This 200-year old adobe Southwest and at Tumacácori church is the primary resource for which that caused so much damage to the west Tumacácori NM was established in 1908. window? Or is it the beginning of a new, The connections among large rainfall In the early winter of 2010, Tumacácori re- more variable weather pattern associated events, on-going climate change, and the ceived almost 4 inches of rainfall over four with climate change? predicted effects of global warming must days. On January 22, a hole formed around Buzz phrases and hot topics come and go, be analyzed to place the recent destructive the west window exterior of the sanctuary. but climate change and global warming will events at Tumacácori into a larger context. Past climate patterns and scientific models Over a ton of adobes and two window lin- continue to be topics of concern for re- predicting effects of global warming are tels were lost (Figure 1). Following mon- source managers. Some resource managers useful for establishing this context. soon season in 2010, a large portion of the are thinking about how climate change may north wall of the sacristy collapsed and is effect, or is already affecting, park resourc- Overall, the Earth has heated 1.5 degrees F 1 presently in repair (Figure 2). The two re- es. Wildlife biologists and ecologists have in the last one hundred years. The Ameri- pairs required the replacement of over 500 been studying and predicting the effects can Southwest is warming more rapidly hundred adobes, a third of which were his- of climate change on animals, plants, and than any other area. Scientists have devel- toric fabric. ecosystems for decades. However, cultural oped predictive models for temperature resource managers have just begun think- and precipitation to understand the ef- Climate Change in Action? ing about the effects of global warming and fects of continued global warming on the Earth’s environment.2 There are many cli- In the current climate of global warm- climate change on archeological sites and mate change models for the Southwest and, ing awareness, the initial reaction to these historic structures. Cultural resource man- although some differ, there are common- rainfall events may be to ask if the damage agement is behind the biological/ecological alities. Models suggest that global warming to the building is from a change in weather sciences when it comes to understanding in the Southwest will result in a reduction in spring precipitation, declines in snow- pack and overall more rain than snow, with drier winters. Precipitation models show a 5% decline in precipitation in the greater Southwest,3 with the largest decrease of 10% occurring in southern Arizona.4 Some models indicate that precipitation in the Southwest could increase in the summer, and rainfall events will be more intense, but there will be longer dry spells.5 Other models show a northerly shift in precipitation during the summer due to changes in atmospheric circulation pat- terns (Hadley Cells) with increased sur- face temperatures.6 Although increased temperature and humidity could result in an enhanced El Niño effect, the northern shift of the jet stream due to expanding Hadley Cells could leave the southern part of the Southwest very dry. Climate change models for the southern half of the South- west show overall more aridity, less rain- fall, and temperature increases by as much as 10 degrees F by 2100.7 Rainfall may be less predictable and more intense.8 All pre- Figure 1: West sanctuary window, exterior 2010. cipitation scenarios must be considered Photo: Courtesy Tumacácori National Historical Park since climate change models only predict

Feature Articles 13 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

treme that they are the ultimate cause of damage, but they can provide the erosive energy to cross a threshold or increase the kinetic decay rate of materials. Large storms can expose weaknesses in materials due to preservation treatment techniques or inadequate management. This could be the case with the west window collapse. In July 2009, water began to leak through the sanctuary window, causing mud drip stains on the interior plaster below. The large amount of old mud staining below the window shows that this was not the first time water leaked through the window. The interior window lintels are severely rotted from water and insect damage. The adobes surrounding the window had been wet previously and bonds started to break- down long before July, 2009. When the sky opened up and dropped over 3 inches in January 2010, previous leaks had already weakened the area. Therefore, the rainfall event did not ultimately cause the collapse but provided the erosional energy neces- Figure 2: Sacristy, north wall exterior collapse, 2010. sary to further breakdown the chemical Photo: Courtesy Tumacácori National Historical Park bonds between the adobes, mud mortar, and lime plaster, thus increasing the deg- precipitation correctly 50-60% of the time. eters, therefore causality may be easier to radation process in a previously weakened Data from the rain gauge at Tumacácori determine when studying natural systems. area. NHP show that the January 2010 rainfall Compared to biological systems, build- Many of our structures have old repairs event was large, on par with the largest ings are static and do not adapt to climate or problem areas that have not been ad- summer monsoon storms of 2010 (Figure changes without human intervention. The equately resolved and large rain fall events 3). The average rainfall in the last 30 years materials used in building construction often bring them to our attention. There for January is .05 inches, so the 2010 winter do react to environmental factors through are a lot of old problem areas for a re- event that damaged the sanctuary window alterations of chemical and physical prop- source like the Tumacácori church, which appears to be an outlier (~4 inches). Win- erties; but the reaction involves material has received preservation treatments for ter rains of this magnitude occur once or stress dynamics and expansion/contrac- over 100 years. Many of these treatments tion of chemical bonds, which eventually twice within a decade. The collapse of the fixed the symptoms, not the causes. Proper lead to deterioration. Changes in the en- north sacristy wall occurred after 6 inches water drainage is important for conserv- vironment, including increased precipita- fell between late July and early August, but ing earthen architecture, and repeated tion, humidity, and temperature, can result overall rainfall during monsoon season leaks indicate drainage problems. To de- in accelerated deterioration, especially was fairly normal in 2010. tect drainage problems, monitoring must with salt dissolution/recrystallization and be both proactive and reactive. It is neces- How do we place the January rainfall at Tu- freeze/thaw cycles. The stresses causing sary to observe how water drains off and macácori within the larger context of cli- deterioration relate to the inherent proper- near the structure during rainfall events. mate change in the Southwest? Arizona’s ties of the materials and changes in the local At Tumacácori, the removal of original precipitation in the last 60 years has been environment. The nature of the building canales has resulted in a drainage pattern dominated by El Niño patterns. In winter materials and the chemical bonds must be that is more likely to cause leaks around of 2010, southern Arizona received greater understood to interpret whether increased the windows and behind plaster as water than normal rainfall. However, the record deterioration is associated with changes flows over the corbels and onto wall faces. of precipitation in AZ suggests that large in the environment. In reality, to deter- Monitoring during and after rainfall events January rainfall events occur occasionally mine cause and effect, all variables must be can help determine drainage patterns and and could be part of decadal oscillations in considered including material constraints, where water is entering the building or get- El Niño patterns. The association between preservation treatment histories, preserva- ting behind plaster. Treatment recommen- global warming, or climate change, and un- tion maintenance backlogs, and the overall dations can be developed that react to how usual rainfall events at Tumacácori seems condition or problem areas of the build- the building sheds water. tenuous at best. ing. Perhaps monitoring and management Monitoring is an important part of re- played the primary role in the recent losses source management, but it only works if Towards Determining Causality at Tumacácori and climate change was not we follow through with monitoring rec- Plants and animals adapt and change their the ultimate cause. ommendations before large destructive behavior in response to climate param- Intense rainfall events are rarely so ex- weather events. Erosion happens at the

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 14

intersection between our management ac- ciplinary or long-term enough to establish for monitoring and protecting or salvaging tions and natural forces, and rarely solely connections between climate change and cultural resources in many circumstances. due to single weather events. We missed cultural resources. I suspect we are miss- Planning for various outcomes and more the signs, our monitoring/maintenance ing some of the initial effects of climate frequent condition monitoring is needed, schedule was inadequate, or we are still change. Complicating attempts to deter- especially in the Southwest where precipi- fixing the symptoms and not the causes. mine cause-and-effect relationships be- tation variability is the norm and global The drainage issues above the sanctuary tween climate change and structural dam- warming models suggest increased precipi- window and the north wall of the sacristy age is the fact that many of our structures tation variability in the future. have not been fully resolved but appear to have not been adequately maintained and UNESCO advocates scenario planning so relate to the removal of the original canale we really don’t understand the full range that managers consider how they would system. of variables we should be studying. More react to any change in the natural environ- After analyzing climate change and pres- materials testing and micro-analysis are ment.9 Plans can range from shelters to re- ervation histories, it’s clear that other needed to understand how global warming location of historic structures. Increased factors contributed to the collapses at Tu- affects the slow decay of materials through precipitation and temperature variability macácori. Although the damage cannot be biological/microbial action, changes in will require the NPS to have a flexible team directly attributed to climate change, the temperature and humidity, freeze-thaw of masons and historic preservation spe- analysis process raised some questions. cycles, and the efflorescence of salts. cialists that can assist parks with limited Are enough cultural resource managers Two crucial tasks need to be accomplished staff. At most of our parks, we have long- looking for connections between loss of to address the problem. First, cultural re- established schedules for hiring seasonal historic fabric and global warming? How source managers need to work more with preservation workers and for conducting can we improve monitoring to understand climatologists and environmental scien- preservation treatments. We have to think whether our resources are being impacted tists to develop and understand local cli- about how we can be more flexible in the by climate change? Unlike animal and plant mate change models and climatological/ future because we may be caught off-guard populations, most of the NPS historic and biological effects on cultural resources. We more often. Proactive preservation may prehistoric structures have not been moni- may find it difficult to detect changes when become more difficult if we do not work tored consistently over decades. Biologists they occur if we are not working with other with environmental scientists to develop are seeing the effect of global warming on scientists-- not all changes are going to be monitoring thresholds specific to our lo- animals and plants after decades of moni- extreme or immediately noticeable. Moni- cal climate, that when crossed, result in toring. The effects of climate change on toring schedules often revolve around preservation schedule adjustments or the cultural resources may not be as obvious catching problem areas before the major development of new treatments. as effects on natural systems. In parks with rainy season(s); but if established weather snow pack, glaciers, or lakes, or in parks patterns become more variable and rainy Scenario Planning at Tumacácori along seashores, the effects are obvious and seasons less distinct, our monitoring Scenario planning should include an as- on-going. But in other geographic areas, schedules will need to be changed or per- sessment of how particular building mate- the effects of global warming on cultural haps be more fluid. We also need to work rials may react to changes in the environ- resources appear difficult to detect. This is more with the material sciences to under- ment. The mission church is made up of especially true in the American Southwest stand how global warming could accelerate different materials that can have unique since climate and precipitation have been the break down of materials in our historic reactions to changes in the environment. highly variable over the last 6,000 years. structures. Second, scenario planning is To understand a small aspect of scenario Presently, our monitoring is not multidis- needed so managers can identify strategies planning related to Tumacácori, I would

Figure 3: Precipitation (in) from the NOAA rain gauge at Tumacácori NHP (2010-2011). Arrows show precipitation received during loss of adobes around the sanctuary window and from the north wall of the sacristy. Note the lack of rainfall in winter 2011 due to La Niña effect.

Feature Articles 15 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

The mission church of San Jose de Tumacácori seen from the east. Photo: Randall Skeirik like to discuss the influence that increased tion/evaporation and create new patterns The scenario I am considering is increased temperature and/or humidity could have of water transport through the structure degradation of painted gypsum plaster on the degradation of original fabric. More and new freeze/thaw cycles. due to changes in the environment (either specifically, what would happen to original Changes in water content can activate more humidity or higher temperatures), gypsum plasters if Tumacácori saw an in- chemical processes and increase mechani- perhaps attributable to global warming. First, we need to build a monitoring pro- crease or change in humidity or tempera- cal breakdown. One way this occurs is in ture? gram focused on detecting environmental salt weathering, when recrystallization of changes. We also need to develop a materi- The amount and rate of degradation de- mobile salts in pores increases the fractur- al testing program and a salts and moisture pends on the primary binders in the build- ing of binders. Salt weathering is currently mapping program that allows us to assess ing material and the environmental condi- a big problem at Tumacácori and new areas tions. The interaction between building rate, location, and type of degradation to of salt damage can be expected if environ- gypsum plasters. materials and the environment determines mental changes create new moisture circu- the types and rates of chemical changes. lation patterns, especially in areas where Our program would need to start monitor- Water and porosity are generally the pri- synthetic fixatives were used in the past. ing well before the changes occur. This is a mary parameters affecting the speed of problem of scale and timing. It is difficult 10 If the climate is overall drier, low humidity degradation of earthen or stone materials. to know if we are starting early enough to The relationship among water, salts, and may also be a problem, especially concern- detect change or if we are already within pore space is most important with earthen ing gypsum-based mortars and plasters. a transition period climatically. We would materials. The amount of water present in Low humidity coupled with high tempera- need to monitor environmental variables the air or ground or from rainfall, and the ture can cause gypsum-based plaster to de- and analyze the building materials fre- 11 amount of pore space in the material affect hydrate and breakdown ( at > 30 degrees quently and multiple times of the year to the chemical and mechanical behavior of C and < 30% RH). The final painted layer determine normal seasonal or diurnal vari- the material. A general increase in temper- of the original plaster at Tumacácori is gyp- ability. Second, we would need to analyze ature could result in increased relative hu- sum. Increased humidity or temperature whether our established treatment proto- midity (RH) and would affect the absorp- (and low RH) could result in accelerated cols need to be adjusted. Do we need to tion of water and the efflorescence of salts. degradation of the painted gypsum plaster use different conservation materials due to Increased variability in temperature and in the interior, especially in the sanctuary increased temperature or humidity? This humidity could change cycles of condensa- and cupola. would entail a testing program with long-

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 16

term monitoring of test areas. To carry Jeremy Moss is the Vanishing Treasures Ar- observations and impacts. University of out this program would require long-term cheologist and Chief of Resource Manage- Arizona, Climate Assessment for the planning and follow-through on a scale ment at Tumacácori National Historical Southwest, Tucson, Arizona. surpassing our present efforts. The pro- Park. 8 Goodrich, G. and A. Ellis. (2008) gram would need to evolve over decades Climatic controls and hydrologic impacts 1 and collect comparable data sets. Wehner, M. (2005): Changes in daily of a recent extreme seasonal precipitation precipitation and surface air temperature Monitoring and mapping of moisture, heat, reversal in Arizona. Journal of Applied extremes in the IPCC AR4 models. US and salts in the walls and plaster could be Meteorology and Climatology, 47(2), 498- CLIVAR Variations, 3(3), 5-9. CMIP3-A: done using thermography, scanning elec- 508. This analysis uses 15 models simulations tron microscopy, multi-spectral imaging or 9 Predicting and managing the effects from the WCRP CMIP3 that were resistivity. Condition assessments and ma- of Climate Change on World Heritage. available at resolutions finer than 4 degrees A joint report from the World Heritage terial analysis can confirm problem areas. (CCSM3.0, CSIRO, UKMO-HadCM3, Centre, its Advisory Bodies, and a broad If we determine that the gypsum plaster IPSL, ECHAM5/MPI, CGCM3.1(T47), group of experts to the 30th session of has crossed a critical threshold due to in- GFDL2.0, UKMO-HadGEM1, the World Heritage Committee (Vilnius, creased humidity or temperature variabil- MIROC3.2(medres), MRI-CGCM2.3.2a, 2006). Prepared by May Cassar (Centre for ity, there are a few possible solutions. Cli- CNRM, GFDL2.1, INM-CM3, ECHO-G, Sustainable Heritage, University College mate control could slow erosion but may PCM). http://www.climas.arizona.edu/ London), Christopher Young (English not be feasible. Working with conservation forecasts/; Crimmins, Mike. Climate Heritage), and Tony Weighell (Joint scientists, plaster treatments that slow de- Change and Arizona: A look at the past, Nature Conservation Committee), David hydration would need to be developed. If present and future. University of Arizona Sheppard (IUCN), Bastian Bomhard degradation cannot be slowed, then docu- lecture slides. mentation using laser imaging technologies (IUCN), and Pedro Rosabal (IUCN), in 2 http://www.climas.arizona.edu/fore- could be used to record details before total collaboration with the World Heritage casts/articles/aridity_March2008.pdf; loss. The solution depends on the correct Centre and its Advisory Bodies. Updated Bader, C., et al. (2008) Climate models: An to account for the suggestions of the determination of the cause, which requires assessment of strengths and limitations. A long-term study. The point is that scenario Group of Experts during the Meeting on Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Climate Change and World Heritage, held testing needs to be detailed and specific to Program and the Subcommittee on Global materials and be applied to various scales at UNESCO Headquarters on 16th and Change Research. Department of Energy, 17th of March, 2006. (micro vs. macro analysis). Office of Biological and Environmental 10 Hall, C. and Hoff, W. (2002) Water Research, Washington, D.C., 124. Transport in Brick, Stone, and Concrete. Conclusion 3 Christensen, N. and D.P. Lettenmaier. Spon Press, London pp. 320. (2007) A multimodel ensemble approach The events at Tumacácori raised impor- 11 Artioloi, G. (2010) Scientific Methods to assessment of climate change impacts tant questions concerning the connection and Cultural Heritage: An Introduction on the hydrology and water resources of between climate change and cultural re- to the Application of Materials Sciences to the Colorado River basin. Hydrology and sources. The loss of fabric around the west Archaeometry and Conservation Science Earth System Sciences Discussions, 3:3727– sanctuary window following the winter (Materials Case Studies) pg. 259-265, 3770. rains of 2010 was not due solely to rain- Oxford Press, London. 4 fall or global warming, but the exercise of Crimmins ibid. analyzing cause and effect was valuable 5 Seager, R., et al. (2007) Model Websites for further readings: for thinking about cultural resource man- projections of an imminent transition to a http://globalchange.gov/publications/ agement in the context of climate change. more arid climate in Southwestern North reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts/ It’s clear that cultural resource managers America. Science, 316:1181–1184; Covey, regional-climate-change-impacts/ need to work with interdisciplinary teams C., et al. (2003) An overview of results southwest to better understand climate change mod- from the Coupled Model Intercomparison http://www.nps.gov/climatechange/ els and plan for uncertain futures. Without Project. Global and Planetary Change, adaptationplanning.cfm this team approach we may misinterpret or 37:103–133; Hoerling, M. and J. Eischeid, http://www.doi.gov/whatwedo/climate/ Explaining 20th century southwest fail to notice the effects of climate change. (2004) strategy/CSC-Map.cfm The future lies in developing long-term US precipitation trends, and future http://www.southwestclimatechange.org/ multidisciplinary research teams that mon- projections. Presentation for conference itor and react to climate change. We need on Improving the Application of Science http://www.nytimes.com/ cwire/2010/12/14/14climatewire- scenario planning that considers the effects in Western Drought Management & scientists-see-the-southwest-as-first- on and responses of building materials Planning, March 11-12, Tempe, Arizona. major-78170.html and building systems to different climate 6 Seidel, D.J. and W.J. Randel. (2007) change models. The first step should be Recent widening of the tropical belt: http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/ developing our environmental monitoring Evidence from tropopause observations. maps/southwest.html systems and understanding temperature Journal of Geophysical Research, http://www.climas.arizona.edu/sw- and humidity thresholds specific to the 112:D20113, 1–6. climate/climate-change materials that comprise our historic and 7 Lenart, M., et al. (2007) Global http://www.u.arizona.edu/~mlenart/gwsw. prehistoric structures. warming in the Southwest: Projections, php

Feature Articles 17 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Climate Change and the passes nearly 115,000 acres in west-central Grissino-Mayer conducted his disserta- Deterioration Of Cultural New Mexico. The monument was created tion research at El Malpais as a graduate to protect the cultural and natural resourc- student at the University of Arizona and Resources: El Morro And El es associated with the extensive lava flows continues to conduct and guide gradu- Malpais National Monuments In and volcanic features that are found south ate research in this area from Knoxville. West-Central New Mexico of the small town of Grants and just west Grissino-Mayer et al. (1997) modeled past of the Pueblo of Acoma. In this location, annual precipitation in El Malpais from Steven M. Baumann and James W. we find a fascinating archeological record the early 1990s to 136 BC. Their recon- Kendrick associated with the volcanic landscape and struction accurately identified the severe the sandstone mesas and mountain ranges droughts of the middle 1100s and the late INTRODUCTION that border it. Typical of this region, El 1200s (which contributed to the end of the The Vanishing Treasures Program at El Malpais contains a Chaco-style great Pueblo II and III periods, respectively). Malpais, El Morro, and Petrified For- house and great kiva, smaller pueblos, field Not surprisingly, their data also indicated est began between 1999 and 2000. The houses, prehistoric reservoirs, and petro- that this area of the Southwest has expe- three-park program established perma- glyphs, most of which date between the rienced cycles of both above and below nent VT staff at El Morro and El Malpais, AD 800s and 1200s. What is fascinating normal precipitation. What is interest- who also assist Petrified Forest with VT about the archeology here, however, is that ing, however, is that the longest-term wet projects. Over the past 11 to 12 years, the these sites, representative of ancient com- period began around 1800 and continued VT Program at these parks has conducted munities, are also associated with a unique into the late 1990s. What’s more is that numerous projects focused on examin- suite of site types associated with the lava the wettest period in the past 2100 years ing or improving the condition of cultural flows. We have, for example, discovered occurred from the late 1970s to the early resources. Staff members, as well, have archeological resources in lava tubes that 1990s (Grissino-Mayer et al. 1997). contain ice year round and prehistoric trail been visiting the parks for many years prior Could this wettest period known for the systems that contain elaborately construct- to the establishment of the VT Program, past 2100 years be the result of climate ed bridges, shrines, cairns, and even basalt providing a basic idea of the condition of change? We know that warm air can hold pavement in places. these resources over the past generation. more moisture, and increasing “green- As we discuss in this article, deterioration One of the truly globally significant re- house” gases such as carbon dioxide are of certain types of cultural resources, such sources of El Malpais, however, is one that contributing to a warmer climate. In- as the historic inscriptions of El Morro, has you typically would not even notice: the creased carbon dioxide levels in the air be- accelerated rapidly in the past 20 years or old-age conifers and dead-and-down tim- gan with the industrial revolution and have so. We know this from formal condition bers. Due to the extremely rugged nature increased rapidly since that time. Kennedy assessment projects and from our own of the landscape, many areas have never (2009) notes that atmospheric carbon di- anecdotal observations made over many been logged. The landscape also protects oxide levels have increased 38 percent in years. Can we demonstrate that this dete- many of the old trees from damaging fires. the past 150 years, to a level “higher than rioration is caused by climate change? Not El Malpais, for example, contains the old- the highest value measured for over the definitively, because correlation of these est living Douglas-fir known. When these previous 800,000 years.” conditions with our recognition of cli- long-lived conifers die and fall, they fall It’s not surprising, then, that 2010 tied for mate change does not necessarily indicate on basalt rather than soil and they are the warmest year on record, according to a causal role. We present two compelling slow to decay. As with any such resource, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric narratives, however, of changes to cultural world-class scholars have studied them. El Administration. The tree-rings of El Mal- resources at El Morro and El Malpais that Malpais’ tree-ring chronology has been pais are sensitive to these climatic changes. may indeed be the result of a changing cli- created through studies combining analy- mate. These narratives are discussed in the ses of both the old-age conifers and the Tree-rings across the southern Colorado context of paleoclimatic data discerned dead-and-down timbers (Grissino-Mayer Plateau, in fact, have recorded similar from the tree-ring records of El Malpais. et. al. 1997). Paleoclimatic data have been changes. Salzer and Kipfmueller (2005), discerned from the tree-rings and models for example, identified from tree-ring re- CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON CULTURAL have been constructed that estimate the cords a warm/wet period for the southern RESOURCES AT EL MALPAIS AND El amount of precipitation in any given year. Colorado Plateau beginning around 1976 MORRO NATIONAL MONUMENTS For El Malpais, we can extend this pre- that they say is “unprecedented in [the past El Malpais and El Morro National Monu- cipitation record back to 136 BC. In fact, 1,425 years] both in amplitude and dura- ments are both located in Cibola County, it is the longest tree-ring chronology in the tion.” New Mexico, and are co-managed by the American Southwest. The tree-rings of El So, how is this warmer/wetter period af- National Park Service. Located between Malpais, then, give us an exceptional look fecting cultural resources in El Malpais and the Pueblos of Acoma and Zuni, and neigh- at how cyclic is the climate of this region of El Morro? Below, we discuss two very dif- boring the Navajo Nation, El Malpais and New Mexico. ferent types of cultural resources: ice caves El Morro have long histories and extensive in El Malpais and Inscription Rock at El Vanishing Treasures resources. Dendroclimatology of El Malpais Morro. Dendroclimatic research focused on El El Malpais National Monument Malpais’ extensive tree-ring record has Rusty Barrel Ice Cave El Malpais National Monument was estab- been, in large part, led by Dr. Henri Gris- Rusty Barrel Ice Cave is located in the lished on the last day of 1987 and encom- sino-Mayer of the University of Tennessee. west-central portion of El Malpais, in a

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 18

c.1988 July 2007

Figure 1a: View into Rusty Barrel Cave in the 1980s (left) showing the year-round ice. The same area seen in 2007 (right) shows that the ice is completely gone. Photos: Courtesy El Malpais National Monument rugged area known as the Classic Cave Sys- the late Pueblo II period (AD 1050-1150, The assemblage in Rusty Barrel Ice Cave tem. It is named after fragments of old bar- also known as the Chaco Era). Numer- may be informing us about the effects of rels that can be found near the entrance of ous decorated jar fragments can be found climate change on cave resources (all of the cave or lava tube. Some speculate that across the floor of the cave. Thick deposits which are considered cultural resources, moonshine was being made here during of charcoal and burned wood can also be including the ice). Sandia Grotto, a local found throughout the cave, suggesting that Prohibition. It would have been well hid- caving society, has partnered with El Mal- the ice resources of the cave were being pais for many years to monitor the cave. den among the Ponderosa-forested lava melted and the water was collected in jars. Back in the 1980s, Sandia Grotto photo- flows in this area of the monument. Aside Ice forms and accumulates in the lava tubes graphed the entrance of the cave (Figures from this interesting period in its history, from the combination of precipitation and 1a & 1b), and documented that it was near- Rusty Barrel Ice Cave contains an impres- cold air drainage into the tubes. In lava ly full of ice. Today, all of this ice has melted sive ceramic artifact assemblage dating to tubes that contain ice year round, annual and remains only in the bottommost (and ave ra ge therefore coldest) portion of the cave. It is c.1988 tempera- clear, then, that temperatures within Rusty t u r e s Barrel since the late 1980s have exceeded do not freezing and have not allowed ice to re- e x c e e d main throughout any given year. Increas- freezing. ing summer precipitation, too, can cause

July 2007

Figure 1b: Corresponding views of Rusty Barrel Cave in the 1980s (above) and in 2007 (right) showing the almost complete loss of ice within the cave. Photos: Courtesy El Malpais National Monument

Feature Articles 19 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

ice ablation (Dickfoss et al. 1997). ish, Mexican, and American travelers also incremental process, recent climatic trends The archeological record suggests inten- carved their names on the cliffs. For over at El Morro suggest otherwise. The pace sive use of the ice resources over 800 years 300 years, then, El Morro has been a pas- of erosion at the North Point of Inscription ago in this cave, indicating a high volume of sive participant in the history of the South- Rock provides compelling evidence for the ice at that time. Our records from just 20 west, documenting the passing of explor- rapid loss of inscriptions that may have years ago indicate that ice levels were very ers, soldiers, and travelers. been brought on by the wettest period at El high. Yet, today the ice is essentially gone. Archeological sites from the Pueblo III Morro in the last 2100 years. Clearly, temperatures throughout the year through Pueblo IV periods (A.D. 1200s to The North Point of Inscription Rock is a in this location are now exceeding freezing late 1300s) are found throughout the mon- promontory that extends out toward the El and not allowing the ice to remain frozen ument and include pueblos, field houses, Morro Valley. The top of the rock is 200 and accumulate annually. cultural material scatters, water control feet above the valley floor. The Point is ac- features, and hand-toe trails pecked into tually at the base of the rock and stands no El Morro National Monument the sandstone cliffs. Prominent among El more than about 10 feet above the ground. El Morro was the nation’s second national Morro’s pre-contact sites are the contem- Over time, erosion has had an effect on the monument, proclaimed under the Antiqui- poraneous pueblos of Atsinna and North Point: at times gradually and at times rap- ties Act by Theodore Roosevelt on Decem- Atsinna atop Inscription Rock. The pueb- idly. In 1979, El Morro rangers reported a ber 8, 1906. It was established to preserve los occupy an imposing position on the substantial loss of inscriptions at the North and protect Inscription Rock, its historic edge of the escarpment overlooking the El Point. Initially, it appeared that seven in- inscriptions and archeological sites. Ad- Morro Valley. Atsinna is the larger pueblo, scriptions had been lost from one panel to ditions to the monument in 1917 and 1950 with an estimated 900 rooms, compared to surface spalling, while partial losses had enlarged El Morro to its current 1,276 North Atsinna’s 180 rooms. Archeological occurred at eight other inscriptions. Ad- acres and extended protection to many excavations conducted at Atsinna between ditionally, white streaks (possibly efflores- more archeological sites. These legislative 1954 and 1961 opened 16 rooms, a circu- cence) and cracks were found on adjacent achievements preserved El Morro’s cultur- lar great kiva, and a large rectangular kiva. inscription panels. A more comprehensive al landscape as well as its distinctive natu- The exposed walls offer visitors a glimpse tally of the losses conducted in 1980, how- ral setting: a classic cuesta with sandstone of 14th-century pueblo architecture and ever, found that up to 15 inscriptions had cliffs that rise 200 feet above the valley are the focus of Vanishing Treasures pres- been lost to weathering in 1979 (Burris floor, concealing a box canyon and plunge ervation activities at the site. 2007). In a report documenting the dam- pool. Visitors can stand almost anywhere age, Supervisory Park Ranger Steve Miller in this landscape and get a sense of history Assessing Loss at Inscription Rock attributed the loss of inscriptions to natu- that is perhaps unparalleled in the South- Efforts to preserve and protect El Morro’s ral forces (Oliver and Padgett 2005). His west. Petroglyphs, pictographs, and over inscriptions go back to the mid-1920s and photographs of the damage seemed to sup- 2,500 inscriptions dating from the early may represent the earliest such efforts in port this conclusion. Where the inscrip- 1600s to the early 1900s have been docu- New Mexico. Weather is by far the great- tions had been, the photographs showed mented on Inscription Rock. The earliest est threat to the inscriptions. The mechan- a newly exposed rock surface that was known Spanish inscriptions in the United ics of weathering and its impacts on the very damp from moisture. This singular States, beginning with Governor Juan de inscriptions are just beginning to be un- loss of inscriptions in 1979 is noteworthy Oñate recording his travels in 1605, are derstood, however. Though weathering of because the event occurred during the pe- on Inscription Rock. Subsequent Span- the inscriptions appears to be a slow and riod between the late 1970s and the early

Area of Loss

Figure 2: As part of the Inscription Preservation Project at El Morro, historic and contemporary photographs are compared to identify areas where inscriptions are being lost. Here a photo from 2006 (right) clearly shows deterioration on the face of the sandstone bluff when compared to a photo from 1994 (left). Photo: Courtesy El Morro National Monument

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 20

1990s, which, as recorded in El Malpais’ were lost. allow precipitation to infiltrate the sand- tree-rings, had the highest rainfall of any Inscription losses at El Morro’s North stone, transferring water from precipita- 15-year period in over 2100 years (Grissi- Point in 1979 and around the pool after tion to the rock’s interior (Burris 2007). no-Mayer et. al. (1997). Additionally, this the 1940s are related only in the sense that period of above-average precipitation oc- the sandstone at both locations became Rising Moisture from the Ground at the curred within an even longer-term trend saturated, causing surface spalling and in- North Point of above-normal precipitation beginning scriptions loss. Additionally, the trend of The possibility of a perched water table in 1800 and persisting through the present above-normal precipitation punctuated at Inscription Rock was thought to be re- (Grissino-Mayer et. al. (1997). with periods of even higher precipitation sponsible for the increased moisture levels Through the 1980s increasing concern may have caused inscription losses by in- in the sandstone around the pool and at the over the rate of inscription loss and dete- creasing the moisture in the rock at both North Point (Burris 2007). A 2004 study rioration, particularly around the North locations. of Inscription Rock’s hydrology, however, Point, led to the initiation of the El Morro concluded that a water table does not ex- Inscription Preservation Project (EMIPP) Sandstone and the Mechanics of Mois- ist at the pool or North Point (Van Dam in 1992 (Oliver and Padgett 2005; Bur- ture and Hendrickx 2006). The same study also concluded that the cliffs do significantly in- ris 2007). Over the next 14 years, EMIPP Moisture’s effect on El Morro’s sandstone fluence the moisture content of the ground conservators conducted condition assess- is a function of the structure and composi- around Inscription Rock, increasing the ments and monitoring at 610 inscription tion of the stone (cf. Fix et. al. 2007; Bur- moisture in March from snowmelt and in panels, photographing each panel and ris 2007). Inscription Rock’s Jurassic Zuni July-September from summer rains. making treatment recommendations for Sandstone is argillaceous. A recent study the most at-risk inscriptions (Oliver and of sandstone samples from the North Point Runoff supports abundant vegetation Padgett 2005). Their work indicated that found that the rock is composed of well- around Inscription Rock. The vegetation, the major impacts to inscriptions such as sorted grains of quartz and orthoclase, in turn, helps retain moisture in the ground erosion, spalling, contour scaling, delami- poorly bound by kaolinite clay (Burris around the cliffs and is a factor in creating nation, abrasion (from runoff), granular 2007). The friable quality of the sandstone microenvironments at the cliff base (cf. Fix disintegration, clay wash, efflorescence makes it soft and ideal for inscriptions, but et. al. 2007). Thick grass and shrubs are and alveolar erosion can be traced to mois- this same quality also yields easily to mois- abundant below the pool. Grass and moss ture in the sandstone (Burris 2007; Fix et. ture and erosion. grows at the base of small pour-offs all al. 2007; Oliver and Padgette 2005). In- along Inscription Rock; and at the North Nowhere on Inscription Rock is this more cremental changes to inscription panels Point, junipers shade the rock where dense evident than at the North Point, where we were documented annually by the EMIPP colonies of lichen thrive, covering many find the highest concentration of inscrip- monitoring. The results of the monitor- inscriptions. Early photographs of El tions and the greatest loss from weather- ing showed dramatic changes to the North Morro show an abundance of grassland ing. The potential causes of weathering Point Inscription panels between 1992 and and few shrubland species (cf. Wheeler to Inscription Rock are a function of the 2004 (Figure 2). Survey photographs in Jurovics et. al. 2010; composition and matrix of the sandstone Schackel 1984). Where shrubland vegeta- The only known equivalent to the mass and how these are affected by precipita- tion was once sparse, it is now dominant. spalling of inscriptions observed at the tion, hydrology, geological faults, vegeta- This is particularly true around the slopes North Point in 1979 occurred at El Morro’s tion, microflora, insects, topography, salts, of Inscription Rock. The monument’s veg- plunge pool after the 1940s. The plunge and thermal response (cf., Austin, 1992; etation has changed little since the 19th pool is a water-filled depression. It fills Burris 2007; Van Dam and Hendrickx century, but the configuration and density when water pours off the top of Inscrip- 2006; St. Clair and Knight 2001). More- of vegetation has noticeably changed due tion Rock. The pool has long been a reli- over, many of the causes are interrelated. in part to the protected status of the monu- able water source for travelers, explorers For example, the mechanics of moisture ment (Schackel 1984). and the occupants of Atsinna and North in sandstone push salts to the surface and The change in the configuration and den- Atsinna pueblos. A dam was built in 1926 moisture favors the growth of microflora sity of the vegetation along the front of to increase the monument’s water supply such as lichen. Inscription Rock also may be attributed and to help control erosion from runoff. Lichen growth, efflorescence and spalling to changes to the landscape made there The water impoundment was substan- are all a response to increased moisture. in 1934. By the late 1880s, an arroyo was tially increased in the 1940s when a new The North Point’s soft sandstone appears developing along the front of Inscription dam was built following a rock fall that more vulnerable to the effects of moisture Rock below the pool. By 1916, the arroyo destroyed the 1926 dam. Prior to this, the than the rock around it. Vibration stud- was reported to be 15 feet wide and 15 feet volume of water was low and a sandbank ies conducted at El Morro found that the deep. In 1934 a Civil Works Association surrounded the pool (Dalton 1971). His- North Point has a natural vibration that is project filled the arroyo, re-contoured the torically, the sandbank served as a platform different from the surrounding rock (King ground surface and planted vegetation. for making inscriptions, and it probably and King 2003). Faults and fissures behind The grass thrived, but the shrub vegeta- functioned as a buffer between the water the “block” of sandstone that forms the tion did not (Schackel 1984). By the 1940s, and the sandstone cliffs, helping to protect North Point essentially separate it from though, the shrub growth had taken hold the inscriptions around the pool. The new the rest of the rock around it. Though the naturally. By the 1980s, the shrub growth dam raised the pool through increased re- cracks and fissures in the North Point’s and Piñon-juniper woodland had trans- tention of runoff, and many inscriptions sandstone are only millimeters wide, they formed the appearance of the slopes in

Feature Articles 21 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

front of the rock. Where open grassland North Point through rising dampness from Division at El Malpais and El Morro and had been (and later an arroyo), the area ground moisture and runoff from precipi- serves on its management team as the key now has abundant trees and shrubs. The tation that enters the rock through cracks cultural resource advisor. soil where the arroyo had been holds and fissures. Our observations of changes References: enough water to support this now abun- in the condition of these resources over Dalton, Lee dant vegetation (Van Dam and Hendrickx the last 30 years has focused on the symp- 1971 “Recollections of Elmer Sey- 2006). toms – increased moisture, erosion, spall- bold.” Manuscript on file at the National ing, but they have not as yet established a Precipitation and Ground Moisture Park Service, Western Archeological and correlation between impact events, such as Effects at the North Point Conservation Center, Tucson, Arizona. inscription loss and melting ice and climate In Burris’s (2007) insightful study of sand- change. We have focused primarily on the Ken and Elaine King stone deterioration at the North Point, gradual deterioration of inscriptions and 2003 El Morro National Monument she describes how moisture enters and is the gradual loss of ice in some of the caves. Preliminary Vibration Study.” K. King in- retained by the sandstone and how this What brings such observations to promi- dependent consultant, El Morro National process can deform and ultimately decay nence are the sometimes abrupt changes Monument, National Park Service, United the sandstone. Precipitation flows through to resource condition, such as the loss of States Department of the Interior. cracks and fissures going deep within the inscriptions at the North Point in 1979. Miller, Steven sandstone, and moisture from the ground These observations present a compelling 1971 “Report on Inscription Loss at rising through capillary action in the stone, case concerning direct adverse effects of the North Point. Manuscript on file at the combines to make the sandstone very climate change to the cultural resources of National Park Service, Western Archeo- damp. Hydric dilation is the capacity of El Malpais and El Morro National Monu- logical and Conservation Center, Tucson, the sandstone to absorb and swell with ments. The nature of our observations, Arizona. increased moisture and then contract as it though, limits our ability to fully interpret dries. The capacity of the sandstone to ab- Oliver, Anne and Antoinette Padgette the implications of climate change on sorb the moisture and deform in this way 2005 A History of Inscription Preser- these resources. Studying past climate and has limits. The higher the clay content of vation at El Morro National Monument changing conditions of cultural resources the sandstone, the greater its capacity for 1849-2005. Draft. Historic Architecture is informative, but it will not lead to deter- deformation through hydric dilation. The Group, National Park Service, United mining if climate change is directly affect- drying effects of wind can pull moisture States Department of the Interior, Inter- ing those resources. To move beyond in- from the stone through capillary action, mountain Support Office, Santa Fe, New ference, then, cultural and natural resource possibly causing moisture to move through Mexico. managers in the National Park Service and the sandstone more rapidly than other ar- our research partners must begin to estab- Schackel, Sandra eas of Inscription Rock. The North Point, lish a more rigorous scientific approach to 1984 A Century of Change: A Photo- at the tip of Inscription Rock, is at a conflu- better understanding those effects. Explic- graphic History and Analysis of Vegetation ence of prevailing weather conditions, ex- it hypotheses and test implications must Conditions El Morro National Monument, posing it to the full force of prevailing wind guide the next generation of research. El 1891-1983. Southwest Region, National and precipitation. Repeated cycles of wet Morro and El Malpais National Monu- Park Service, United States Department of and dry can then lead to material fatigue, ments are in a perfect position, as are many the Interior. deformation, and collapse (Burris 2007). parks in the Vanishing Treasures Program, With the increased precipitation beginning St. Clair, Larry L. and Katy B. Knight to lead this new phase of study. in late 1970s, the moisture content of the 2001 Impact of (Lichens) on the Con- North Point’s sandstone appears to have Stephen M. Baumann has worked at several dition of the Sandstone and Inscriptions reached the point of fatigue and then col- NPS units in the Intermountain and Pacific at El Morro National Monument, Ramah, lapse, causing the major loss of inscriptions West regions and is currently the Vanish- New Mexico. Brigham Young University, in 1979. ing Treasures Archeologist for El Morro Provo, Utah. National Monument. CONCLUSIONS Van Dam, Remke L. and Jan M. H. Hen- Jim Kendrick manages the Vanishing Trea- drickx The dendroclimatic record for El Malpais sures Program at El Malpais and El Morro 2006 Hydrological Investigation at El reveals several long-term periods of above- and at Petrified Forest National Park. He is Morro National Monument. Draft. New and below-normal precipitation. The ef- also the Chief of the Heritage Preservation Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico. fect of long-term, above-normal precipi- tation, particularly over the last 30 years, has had an impact on the ice in the caves at El Malpais and the moisture content of the sandstone at El Morro. Increased summer precipitation since the late 1970s has contributed (perhaps even more than increasing temperature) to ice ablation in Rusty Barrel ice cave and other caves in El Malpais. This same trend of increased pre- cipitation also appears to have elevated the The sandstone bluff known as El Morro. moisture content of the sandstone at the Photo: Courtesy El Morro National Monument

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 22

Grappling with Climate defined by the Intergovernmental Council Change: Impacts to Heritage on Climate Change (IPCC), is “any change in climate over time, whether due to natural Resources variability or as a result of human activity.”1 Lauren Meyer While it is understood that the earth’s cli- with Pei-Lin Yu, Randall Skeirik, and mate is variable, and has gone through both Virginia Salazar-Halfmoon minor and significant shifts throughout the planet’s history, the changes documented th 17 century adobe walls collapsing at Tu- over the last 50 years have more to do with macácori; historic inscriptions rapidly human effects than natural cycles. The pri- eroding at El Morro; ancestral pueblo field mary cause of this change is the increase houses at Bandelier impacted by signifi- in greenhouse, or heat-trapping, gases (i.e. cant soil erosion. Is this deterioration and carbon dioxide – CO , methane – CH , loss the result of a lack of proper mainte- 2 4 A wooden artifact that has been nitrous oxide – N O, and synthetic fluori- nance, a misunderstanding of the needs of 2 embedded and preserved in ice for nated gases such as hydrofluorocarbons) in fragile site materials, the cumulative effects centuries slowly emerges from the ice the atmosphere. Observed global changes of ‘normal’ deterioration, or the result of as regional temperatures rise. in climate that have resulted from the in- random and unpredictable natural events Photo: Craig Lee crease in greenhouse gas concentrations and material failures? Could any (or all) include increased surface and atmospheric What are We Seeing in the Arid of it be related to climate change? As a cul- temperatures, changes in precipitation pat- Southwest? tural resource manager, climate change is terns, sea level rise, ocean acidification, a difficult matter to grapple with. Can one The arid Southwest is home to some of the and an increase in extreme weather events comfortably say that a wall collapse is the most varied and iconic landscapes, biota, (droughts, precipitation, wind events, etc.). direct result of climate change, rather than and cultural artifacts in the nation. The In fact, the earth’s average temperature has a lack of timely maintenance? Are aging area encompasses the Sonoran, Chihua- increased by 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit (F) in resources eroding at a faster rate because huan, Mojave and Great Basin deserts, the the last century, with much of the warming of gradually changing climatic conditions? river basins of the Colorado and the Rio occurring in the last 50 years.2,3 Accord- With natural systems, the impacts of cli- Grande, and numerous mountain ranges. mate change are direct and measurable – ing to climate scientists, “Global average Elevations range from some of the highest increased air temperatures result in: ice cap surface and lower-troposphere tempera- peaks in the U.S. (including several 14,000+ and glacial shrinkage that then lead to in- tures during the last three decades have foot peaks in Southern Colorado), to the creases in sea level; decreases in snowpack been progressively warmer than all earlier lowest point in the lower 48 states (Death st that lead to decreased river flows and lake decades, and the first decade of the 21 Valley National Park, CA). Within this levels; faster evaporation of terrestrial wa- century (2000–09) was the warmest in the landscape of extremes, unique flora and 4 ter that leads to decreases in surface water instrumental record.” In fact, 2009 and fauna, iconic geologic and hydrologic fea- supplies; and floral and faunal habitat mi- 2010 are included in the ten warmest years, tures, and ancient cultures and traditions gration and species loss that occur due to globally, and 2010 tied 2005 as the warm- coexist alongside massive industrial sites, changing conditions. The effects of these est year of the global surface temperature and modern urban centers. These regional 5,6 predicted climatic changes on human sys- record. features exist in a harsh and challenging tems are also direct, and include impacts And the future? Obviously there is some environment that is exceedingly dry and related to personal comfort, health, energy level of uncertainty, but current climate drought-prone, with extreme temperature consumption, water usage, and general re- models make use of the best, and most fluctuations (both from day to night, and source availability. As for cultural resourc- current data available, including plausible seasonally) and intense winds. Wildfire is a es, while we have a general idea of how a emissions scenarios (based on assumptions constant threat, as is flooding due to heavy changing climate could affect these non- about human activity, energy use, etc.) to monsoonal rains. renewable resources, there have been few account for this. There is a high degree The Southwest is seeing a greater number studies aimed at clearly identifying risks of confidence that by the end of this cen- of significant effects from climate change and determining potential and actual im- tury: global temperatures will increase an than are other parts of the United States pacts from changing conditions. As climate additional 3 to 7 degrees F, with the most and these effects are expected to continue. scientists and natural resource specialists warming occurring over land and in the In fact, the Southwest is being included continue to develop and present projec- northernmost latitudes; sea levels will rise with the Arctic as one of the indicator re- tions for changes ahead, cultural resource between .2 meters (m) and .5m; there will gions for climate change. Climate projec- professionals can begin to develop strate- be substantial shifts in precipitation pat- tions for the Southwest are discouraging gies for response and mitigation. terns; snow cover, sea ice and permafrost – increases in temperature (particularly regions will be greatly impacted; extreme summer temperatures) that will exceed What is Climate Change? events (heat extremes, heat waves and the global mean; precipitation likely to fall Climate refers to prevailing weather con- heavy precipitation events) will increase; below the annual mean; an increase in in- ditions over long periods of time, while and tropical storm systems will intensify tense weather events (heat waves, flood- weather is the state of the atmosphere, and move poleward.7 These changes will, ing, etc.); northward movement of winter including temperature, moisture, wind ve- no doubt, have serious consequences for storm tracks and shortening of the snow locity, and barometric pressure, at a given ecosystems and human sectors throughout season; changes in river flow; and an in- time in a given place. Climate change, as the world. crease in drought frequency and duration.8

Feature Articles 23 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

In the region, average annual temperatures impacts of climate change to natural sys- haps most significantly, climate. This lo- have already increased approximately 1.5 tems for decades. The effects of climate cal focus brought about truly indigenous, degrees F when compared to a baseline change on cultural resources have not re- well-adapted building traditions that are period between 1960 and 1979. In fact, ceived the same focus and attention and still evident throughout the world. These since 1976, the average annual temperature NPS cultural resources managers are cur- locally-derived building traditions had in- in Arizona has increased by 2.5 degrees F, rently working to develop policy, and pro- herent characteristics that were adapted and by 1.8 degrees F in New Mexico.9 Pre- vide leadership and support. In addition to very specific climatic conditions. For dictions show these average temperatures to the NPS, individuals and large heritage example, adobe structures with flat, mud increasing an additional 4 to 10 degrees F conservation organizations including the roofs perform well in a dry climate like from this baseline by the end of the centu- International Council on Monuments and the Southwest, whereas structures in wet- ry.10 Additionally, precipitation is expected Sites (ICOMOS), United Nations Educa- ter climates require sloped roofs and more to decrease by approximately 5% across tional, Scientific and Cultural Organiza- durable roofing materials to withstand the region by the end of the century (as tion (UNESCO), the Getty Conservation more frequent rains. The preservation of compared to the average precipitation in Institute, English Heritage, and a number the remains of locally developed building the region over the last three decades).11 of European governments and non-gov- styles will likely become more difficult as In the last decade, the region has been sub- ernmental organizations are investing time the climatic conditions that these struc- ject to devastating wildfires in both urban and expertise into research on the poten- tures were designed to withstand change and wildland areas as a result of changing tial impacts of climate change on heritage around them. precipitation patterns, earlier spring snow- resources, and the development of strate- While it is true that many sites in the South- melt, increasing temperatures, and rapid gies for adapting and responding to chang- west have survived hundreds of years of drying of vegetation; changing landscapes ing environmental conditions. Using cli- climatic fluctuations, much of what re- caused by tree mortality, invasive plants, mate models and risks identified for natu- mains is quite fragile, and the majority of floral and faunal species shifting their rang- these sites remain viable only because of es, and increased erosion due to soil mois- the priority placed on maintaining them. It ture changes and vegetation mortality; and is feasible that a dryer climate in the South- significant flooding due to increases in -ex west may, to some degree, have positive im- treme precipitation events and changes in pacts on the preservation of the remaining soil character. In the national parks of the archeological architecture in the region, arid west snow-pack decreased up to 35% since rainfall is a major agent in the deteri- from 1950 to 1999 at weather stations and oration of these structures. But changes in snow courses in 53 National Parks and oth- precipitation and wind patterns, soil char- er areas in the western U.S.; spring stream acteristics, and temperature extremes will flow advanced by up to 8 days between This rock face, containing pictographs, make it more difficult to predict failures, 1950 and 1999; and conifer tree mortal- has spalled as a result of the heat from and may result in more accelerated and ity has increased across the western U.S. a wildfire. catastrophic losses than we have seen in by approximately 4% per century since the past. Additionally, preservation treat- 12 Photo: Kevin Ryan the 1950s. In fact at Bandelier National ments that have worked well in the past Monument and Mesa Verde National Park, ral systems, actual and potential impacts to may no longer be up to the task, or may drought has brought about a massive die- cultural resources are being identified (see prove counterproductive under changing off of Piñon pine (Pinus edulis), with 90% Table 1). As a result of this work, it is now weather conditions. mortality rates recorded at some sites.13 recognized that all types of cultural and Preservation of vulnerable materials is dif- heritage resources and values are at risk ficult even in a predictable and stable en- How does all of this relate to cultural from climate-change related impacts: from vironment. When conditions become un- resources? archives and archeological sites to tradi- predictable or change from the established We know from experience that the envi- tional cultural properties and architecture, norm, planning for long-term preservation ronment is the greatest threat to fragile site both historic and prehistoric. becomes increasingly complex. In order materials such as adobe, wood, and stone to manage this unpredictability, cultural masonry. Water, wind, salts, soil chemistry, What does this mean for the physical resource managers in the parks of the fire, floods, extreme temperatures,- fluc remnants of heritage architecture in the arid west must begin to think strategically tuations in humidity, and freeze/thaw and parks of the arid west? about preserving these fragile materials in wet/dry cycling are the primary threats to In the western regions of the United States, a future that includes climate change. Cli- the heritage resources protected and pre- as throughout the nation and the world, ar- mate models can tell us what to expect in served by the National Park Service (NPS). chitecture is a direct expression of culture, the way of temperature increases, precipi- Predicted climatic changes include chang- tradition, and history. Throughout much tation patterns, etc. at a regional level, but es in the frequency, duration, and inten- of the past, building materials, construc- down-scaling these predictions to specific sity of all of the above, and these changes, tion techniques, and architectural styles locations and anticipating the implications where they occur, will impact preservation were determined by geographic location, for individual sites will require collabora- planning and the active conservation of access to locally available and abundant re- tion with natural resources experts who heritage sites. sources, space concepts held by the group, are working on the ecological aspects of Natural resource managers have been traditional knowledge that was passed this problem. Developing a better under- studying climate models, risk factors and from generation to generation, and, per- standing of the materials that comprise

Feature Articles Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 24

Climate Indicator Climate Change Risk Physical, Social, and Cultural Impacts on Cultural Heritage Atmospheric Moisture  Flooding (sea, river)  Ph Changes to Buried Archeological Evidence Change  Intense Rainfall  Loss of Stratigraphic Integrity caused by Cracking and Heaving from Changes in Sediment Moisture  Changes in Water table  Loss of Data Preserved in Waterlogged / Anaerobic / Anoxic Conditions Levels  Eutrophication Accelerating Microbial Decomposition of Organics  Changes in Soil Chemistry  Physical Changes to Porous Building Materials and Finishes from Rising Damp  Ground Water Changes  Damage from Faulty Or Inadequate Water Disposal Systems; Historic Rainwater Goods Not Capable of  Changes in Humidity Cycles Handling Heavy Rain, and Often Difficult to Access, Maintain, and Adjust  Increase in Time of Wet-  Crystallisation and Dissolution of Salts Caused by Wetting and Drying Affecting Standing Structures, ness Archeology, Wall Paintings, Frescos and Other Decorated Surfaces  Sea Salt Chlorides  Erosion of Inorganic and Organic Materials from Flood Waters  Biological Attack on Organic Materials by Insects, Moulds, Fungi, or Invasive Species Such As Termites  Subsoil Instability, Ground Heave, and Subsidence  Relative Humidity Cycles/Shock Causing Splitting, Cracking, Flaking ,and Dusting of Materials and Surfaces  Corrosion of Metals  Other Combined Effects e.g.: Increase in Moisture Combined with Fertilizers and Pesticides Temperature Change  Diurnal, Seasonal, Extreme  Deterioration of Facades from Thermal Stress Events (Heat Waves, Snow  Freeze-Thaw/Frost Damage Loading)  Damage Inside Brick, Stone, and Ceramics that were Wetted then Had Water Freeze Inside  Changes in Freeze-Thaw  Biochemical Deterioration and Ice Storms, and In-  Changes in ‘Fitness for Purpose’ of Some Structures:. For Example Overheating of the Interior of Build- crease in Wet Frost ings Can Lead to Inappropriate Alterations to the Historic Fabric from the Introduction of Engineered Solutions  Inappropriate Adaptations to Allow Structures to Remain In Use Sea Level Rises  Coastal Flooding  Coastal Erosion/Loss  Sea Water Incursion  Intermittent Introduction of Large Masses of ‘Strange’ Water to the Site, Which May Disturb the Meta- stable Equilibrium Between Artifacts and Soil  Permanent Submersion of Low Lying Areas  Population Migration  Disruption of Communities  Loss of Rituals and Breakdown of Social Interactions Wind  Wind-Driven Rain  Penetration of Moisture into Porous Cultural Heritage Materials  Wind-Transported Salt  Static and Dynamic Loading of Historic or Archeological Structures  Wind-Driven Sand  Structural Damage and Collapse  Winds, Gusts and Changes  Deterioration of Surfaces Due to Erosion in Direction Desertification  Drought  Erosion  Heat Waves  Salt Weathering  Fall in Water Table  Impact on Health of Population  Abandonment and Collapse  Loss of Cultural Memory Climate and Pollution  pH Precipitation  Stone Recession by Dissolution Of Carbonates Acting Together  Changes in Deposition of  Blackening of Materials Pollutants  Corrosion of Metals  Influence of Bio-colonization Climate and Biological  Proliferation of Invasive  Collapse of Structural Timber and Timber Finishes Effects Species  Reduction in Availability of Native Species for Repair And Maintenance of Buildings  Spread of Existing and New  Changes in the Natural Heritage Values of Cultural Heritage Sites Species of Insects (eg. Ter-  Changes in Appearance of Landscapes mites)  Transformation of Communities  Increase in Mould Growth  Changes the Livelihood of Traditional Settlements  Changes to Lichen Colonies  Changes in Family Structures as Sources of Livelihoods Become More Dispersed and Distant on Buildings  Decline of Original Plant Materials Table 1: Principal climate change risks and impacts on cultural heritage resources. 15 our heritage resources, their thresholds climatic variables, whether they are tem- ternate preservation treatments that may for deterioration and failure, and the ef- perature-, water- (precipitation amounts, be required by anticipated changes in cli- fects of our (well intentioned) preservation extreme events, humidity, etc.), wind-, or matic conditions. treatments will allow managers to look at pollution-derived.14 Because much of our climate models and anticipate the risks to preservation knowledge, especially about Conclusion individual sites and site components. Once the fragile structures of the arid Southwest, At present, it is difficult to attribute dete- these risks are identified, planning can oc- is empirically derived, gained after decades rioration and loss of architectural materi- cur that takes into account the potential for of trial-and-error, our preparations should als, such as the wall failures at Tumacácori, damage and loss as a result of changes in include the development and testing of al- the eroding inscriptions at El Morro, and

Feature Articles 25 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

archeological site erosion at Bandelier, to (http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/ Climate Change. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. climate change. Changing conditions over documents/activity-473-1.pdf) Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Av- the last several decades may not be the UNESCO. Policy Document on the eryt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. sole cause of structural failures, but they Impacts of Climate Change on World Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, certainly have, and will continue to influ- Heritage Properties. UNESCO World United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. ence the stability and condition of the sig- Heritage Center, Paris, France: 2008. 8 Christensen, J.H., B. Hewitson, A. nificant, yet fragile heritage sites extant in (http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/ the region. Climate change is likely to ex- documents/activity-397-2.pdf) Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. acerbate or accelerate rates of deteriora- Jones, R.K. Kolli, W.-T. Kwon, R. Laprise, UNESCO. World Heritage Reports 22: V. Magaña Rueda, L.Mearns, C.G. tion and loss, and regular maintenance and Climate Change and World Heritage, Menéndez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr monitoring will be the key to the survival of Report on predicting and managing the and P. Whetton, 2007: Regional Climate the non-renewable heritage resources that impacts of climate change on World Projections. In: Climate Change 2007: remain in the Southwestern parks. Utiliz- Heritage and Strategy to assist States The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of ing climate models, site plans, and analy- Parties to implement appropriate ses of architectural materials that identify management responses. UNESCO World Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment their limits will allow those who partici- Heritage Center, Paris, France: 2007. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel pate in the preservation of these resources (http://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_ on Climate Change, Solomon, S., D. Qin, to develop strategies for adaptation and wh_papers_22_en.pdf)] M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. response. Becoming aware of projected Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.), University College of London, Centre changes, and understanding the response (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, for Sustainability, Case Study: Climate of historic building materials to a variety United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA), Change and the Historic Environment, of likely environmental parameters, will http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/ 850. enable preservation specialists to be pro- climate_change.htm 9 active in their efforts to prepare for the fu- Lenart, Melanie, Climate, Tempera- ture. Participation in the multi-disciplinary ture Changes, Southwest Climate Change global discussion regarding climate change Network, http://www.southwestclimat- echange.org/climate/southwest/tempera- and its impacts to cultural resources will 1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ture-changes#references. help the NPS to understand the interac- Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007: tions between nature and cultural resourc- Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working 10 USGCRP, 129. es, and the application of the best possible Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assess- 11 Lenart, Melanie, Climate, Precipita- science and scholarship available will allow ment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel us to more effectively work in consultation tion Changes, Southwest Climate Change on Climate Change, Core Writing Team, Network, http://www.southwestclimat- with the many stakeholders who rely on Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A.(eds.), echange.org/climate/southwest/precipita- our good stewardship to preserve these (IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland), 30. heritage resources for future generations. tion-changes. 2 U.S. Global Change Research Program 12 Email communication with Dr. Pat- (USGCRP), Global Climate Change Im- Lauren Meyer is the Exhibit Specialist/ rick Gonzalez, NPS Climate Scientist pacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Materials Conservator for the Vanishing (email dated 5/13/2011). Treasures Program and is stationed at the Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson, 13 Intermountain Regional Office in Santa Fe, (eds.), (Cambridge University Press, New Southern Colorado Plateau Network, New Mexico. York, NY: 2009), 9. Climate Change Resource Brief (http:// 3 United Nations Framework Conven- www.nps.gov/climatechange/docs/SCPN_ For further information on cultural tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Fact CC.pdf) resources and climate change, see the sheet: Climate change science - the status 14 Brimblecombe, P., C.M. Grossi and I. following publications and websites: of climate change science today, February Harris, ‘Climate change critical to cultural ICOMOS, Resolution from the ICOMOS 2011, http://unfccc.int/press/fact_sheets/ heritage,’ in Heritage, Weathering and Con- International Workshop on Impact of items/4987.php. servation, Fort, Alvarez de Buergo, Gomez- Climate Change on Cultural Heritage, 4 Arndt, D. S., M. O. Baringer, and M. R. Heras & Vazquez-Calvo, Eds., New Delhi, 22 May 2007. (http://www. Johnson, Eds., 2010: State of the Climate in 15 ‘Principal climate change risks and international.icomos.org/climatechange/ 2009. Bulletin of the American Meteorologi- pdf/New_Delhi_Resolution_EN.pdf) impacts on cultural heritage’ in Background cal Society., 91 (7), S12. Document UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE Noah’s Ark, Global Climate Change 5 Arndt, S19 CENTER in cooperation with the United Impact on Built Heritage and Cultural 6 Kingdom Government ‘World Heritage Landscapes, http://noahsark.isac.cnr.it/ http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/sto- and Climate Change’ for the broad work- ries2011/20110112_globalstats.html UNESCO, Activities: Climate Change, ing group experts at UNESCO HQ16-17 7 http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/ Arblaster, J., et al. 2007. Summary for March 2006 and in Working Document search_theme=23&pattern policymakers. In Climate Change 2007: 30 COM 7.1 prepared for the 30th Ses- UNESCO. Case Studies on Climate The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of sion of the World Heritage Committee, Change and World Heritage. UNESCO Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Vilnius, July 2006 (http://whc.unesco.org/ World Heritage Center, Paris, France: 2007. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on archive/2006/30com-en.htm).

Feature Articles V a n i s h i n g T r e a s u r e s A r i z o n a

Recording wall data at White House Ruin, Canyon de Chelly National Monument Photo: Keith Lyons

u Canyon de Chelly National Monument u Casa Grande Ruins National Monument u u Coronado National Memorial u Fort Bowie National Historic Site u u Grand Canyon National Park u Montezuma Castle National Monument u u Navajo National Monument u Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument u u Petrified Forest National Park u Saguaro National Park u Tonto National Monument u u Tumacácori National Historical Park u Tuzigoot National Monument u u Walnut Canyon National Monument u Wupatki National Monument u Arizona Fiscal Year 2010 Project Funding Summary Funded Projects: Casa Grande Ruins National Monument $ 83,250 Grand Canyon National Park $ 76,300 Montezuma Castle National Monument $ 50,400 Tonto National Monument $ 101,492 Walnut Canyon National Monument $ 111,184 Wupatki National Monument $ 118,000 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 28

Canyon de Chelly National Monument Canyon de Chelly National Monument is part of the Southern Four Corners Group, which also includes Navajo National Monument and Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: In 2009, Canyon de Chelly National Monument (CACH) was incorporated into the Southern Four Corners Group (SOFO), which is comprised of Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site (HUTR), Navajo National Monument (NAVA), and Canyon de Chelly. Also in FY 2009, VT archeologist Ellen Brennan was hired as the Chief of Cultural Resources for SOFO stationed at NAVA. In July, 2010 Ellen accepted a new position as the Cultural Resources Program Manager for Grand Canyon National Park, and Flagstaff Area Monuments (FLAG) archeologist Lloyd Masayumptewa was detailed into the vacant SOFO position at NAVA. Meanwhile, at CACH, Phase I of the Watershed Project Archeological Survey (WPAS) continued through this year. This project is designed to inventory archeological sites on the floor of Canyon de Chelly’s southern canyon system that may potentially be affected by the removal of exotic woody species. These trees and shrubs are being cleared through the ongoing park-wide Canyon Farms-Watershed Restoration Project and this project has a high potential to impact VT resources in treatment areas. While Canyon Del Muerto had been comprehensively inventoried in the 1990s, providing reliable baseline maps and data to assist in management efforts there, the southern canyon system has never been systematically inventoried. WPAS survey efforts commenced at the mouth of Canyon de Chelly in 2008 and are White Sands Ruin, Canyon de Chelly National Monument. proceeding eastward toward Spider Rock. Photo: Tovë Smith In FY 2010, Phase I survey work was per- graphs, and maps. and VT standards. It is expected that the formed by a five-person field crew com- two phases will run concurrently for the prised of two full-time VT NPS archeolo- The WPAS survey will allow a rapid and rest of the project. gists, one student temporary employment systematic survey of the canyon floor program (STEP) archeologist, one season- to identify and document each cultural In FY 2010, the WPAS survey resulted al NPS archeological technician, and one resource for inclusion in the archeological in the documentation and condition Student Conservation Association (SCA) site management information system assessment of 12 new archeological sites intern. The Park archeologist served as (ASMIS) database and park archives. plus the documentation of one previously Crew Chief, while all others served as crew Phase II, slated to begin FY 2011, will recorded archeological site, all to federal members working in varying capacities include the enhanced documentation of standards. A total of 46 acres were documenting resources with notes, photo- each recorded site to more detailed park inventoried, and four of the 12 surveyed

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 29 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

sites contained prehistoric and/or historic House Overlook parking areas. In 2004, adjacent to the existing road. architectural components. Management specific portions of the NPS 10 ROW were A total of 344 acres were inventoried, recommendations for these sites were surveyed by an independent contractor, resulting in the documentation and provided to the park Natural Resources but changing plans made additional condition assessment of 26 new Division, which uses the data to develop survey necessary. The FY 2010 South Rim archeological sites to federal standards. plant removal strategies that protect cultural Road Archeological Survey (SORRAS) Six of these newly identified sites resources. Enhanced documentation and inventoried all of the unsurveyed portions contained prehistoric and/or historic additional preservation strategies for these of NPS 10 and documented archeological architectural components. Management sites will be developed in Phase II of the resources within the 30-meter ROW recommendations for these sites were project. that may potentially be affected by the developed and implemented prior In March, 2010, the park completed a scheduled road work (June 2010 to May to roadwork activities. Enhanced Phase I right-of-way (ROW) survey along 2011). This survey was completed with two documentation and preservation strategies the South Rim Road (NPS 10) in advance park archeologists, one STEP archeologist, for these sites will be developed in 2011. of road rehabilitation and improvements and one SCA intern. This project has the Between December, 2009 and February, to both the Visitor Center and White potential to impact VT resources located 2010, the park designed, implemented, and completed a testing project for the installation a grease trap adjacent to the park concessioner-operated Thunderbird Cafeteria, which was originally part of the historic Thunderbird Lodge Trading Post. Data analysis and report preparation is ongoing with data synthesis and analysis to be completed in FY 2011. The investigation revealed turn-of-the-century refuse related to the early years of the Trading Post. A remnant of a single-course linear rock alignment was documented that may be related to a fodder barn that, according to historic photographs, was located in the area. In July, 2010, the park completed an architectural condition assessment of Lower White House Ruin, which was implemented through a Colorado Plateau-Cooperative Ecosystems Study Unit agreement between the NPS and Ft. Lewis College. Former NPS archeologist Larry Nordby led the room-by-room architectural condition assessment of Lower White House with the assistance three Ft. Lewis college students. NPS provided project oversight, logistical support, and field assistance. NAVA archeologists Susan Brier and Paul Leatherbury also provided on-the-ground field support. Technical products from this assessment will be received by the NPS in FY 2011. This information will contribute to the development of detailed preservation strategies for White House, one of the most significant cultural resources in the park. An attempt was made to document the upper White House Ruin to complete 3-D laser scanning work; however, access difficulties emerged and the condition assessment and 3-D laser scanning of Keith Lyons, and Martha Pennington, record historic Navajo storage struc- the upper ruin were postponed pending tures at Standing Cow Ruin, Canyon de Chelly National Monument. further planning. Photo: Jennifer Lavris Park archeologists Keith Lyons and Jennifer

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 30

Lavris presented several programs on the archeological site monitoring, the 106/110 and NAGPRA compliance, park’s current and historical archeological development of project and research archeological survey, and overall program work and its rock art to Northern Arizona designs, and management of the program’s development. Keith also continued University’s Exploritas program and at budget. She served as the database manager to manage park collections this year, annual NPS-led guide and interpretation for the Watershed Project Archeological which included managing the park staff training. Survey, the South Rim Road Archeological museum database. Keith served as the Consultation: Canyon de Chelly consulted Survey, and the Archeological Site field supervisor for the White House with the Navajo Nation’s Historic Monitoring Project (ASMIS-2010). Condition Assessment, WPAS, SORRAS, Preservation Department on a periodic Jennifer also designed and supervised the and annual Archeological Site Monitoring “Archeological Evaluation Testing Plan basis and has kept the tribe informed of (ASMIS-2010). In that capacity he for Installation of a Subterranean Grease/ projects and activities as they relate to park supervised one STEP archeologist, two Sand Trap and Associated Manhole, cultural resources. seasonal archeological technicians, and Thunderbird Lodge Cafeteria, Canyon two SCA interns. Keith is currently Because a living community continues de Chelly National Monument, Arizona.” responsible for entering park projects into to occupy the land within the park, we In FY 2010, she supervised one STEP the Planning, Environment, and Public are managing a living landscape that archeologist, two seasonal archeological Comment (PEPC) database/website. He was previously utilized by a different technicians, and two SCA interns. native culture, making our VT resources also maintained his role as Park Research Training: In October, Jennifer participated unique. One of the biggest challenges Coordinator, facilitating a broad range of in a Washington Support Office (WASO) in the management of park resources is park research that includes both natural sponsored NAGPRA webinar. In July, and cultural resources. balancing the needs of the living Navajo she also participated in park-wide fire community with the requirements of a extinguisher training. Training: In October, Keith participated sustainable, effective cultural resources in a WASO sponsored NAGPRA webinar. management program. As a result, we are In March, he attended mandatory 40- involved in a variety of compliance projects Keith Lyons, Archeologist FY 2003 Position hour supervisory training hosted by DOI related to Navajo home site, business, and University that was held in Albuquerque, farmstead-related development within Skills: Keith is an archeologist, specializing New Mexico. In April, he attended in North American archeology, historic the park. We are also involved in park- additional NAGPRA training in Lakewood, and prehistoric architecture, rock art, initiated compliance efforts for the Canyon Colorado; and in July, he participated in site preservation, cultural landscapes, Farms-Watershed Restoration Project, park-wide fire extinguisher training. the South Rim Road Repaving Project, human osteology, and archival/museum the Hazardous Fuels Reduction/Annual management. VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Prescribed Burn Project, and various other Accomplishments: In FY 2010, Keith NPS-initiated projects which potentially along with Jennifer Lavris co-managed FUNDING affect VT resources. the park Cultural Resources Program. Canyon de Chelly National Monument did Safety: In FY 2010, the Cultural Resources His primary duties included archeological not receive Vanishing Treasures project Division maintained an effective safety site monitoring, field supervision, Section funding in FY 2010. program. Job Hazard Analyses (JHAs) were prepared for all field projects, as well as for office and front-country duties. Weekly divisional safety meetings were held during the field season, and monthly during the offseason.

VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Jennifer Lavris, Archeologist FY 2002 Position Skills: Jennifer specializes in North American archeology, historic and prehistoric architecture, rock art, site preservation, research design, human osteology, database management, digital imaging, and Egyptology. Accomplishments: This year, Jennifer co-managed the park Cultural Resources Program with Keith Lyons (see below). Her primary duties included archeological database management, Section 106/110 compliance, Native American Graves Spring Canyon, Canyon de Chelly National Monument. and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) work, Photo: Tovë Smith

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 31 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Casa Grande Ruins National Christopher Frost. Christopher’s primary site drainage in Compounds D and G and Monument responsibility was to test and evaluate the prehistoric ball court were completed various animal exclusion methods that in FY 2010 under contract with Desert were already in place in Compound Archaeology, Inc. VANISHING TREASURES A at CAGR and to test other methods Adobe Wall Preservation Treatments: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND planned for implementation in 2011. This In 2009, exposed walls within Compound CHALLENGES work included research, project design, A had been treated with two layers of VT Challenges and Successes: In and field testing of various commercial unamended earth and a third layer of FY 2010, our high-priority challenge products and a statistical analysis of the sprinkle coat capping made with 5% was to address visitor, animal, and site success of each device. Chris worked Rhoplex E-330 diluted in water. This erosion impacts to previously excavated closely with Biological Science technician treatment was designed to protect archeological sites. Another high priority Ashley McCabe to incorporate the results underlying, original wall material from was to bring Casa Grande Ruins National of this research into an Environmental washing away during heavy monsoon Monument (CAGR) into compliance with Assessment and updated Integrated Pest rains without trapping moisture in the the Native American Graves Protection Management Plan for CAGR. walls where it could accelerate wall and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and much Fill Replacement and Site Drainage at deterioration. This treatment was effort was focused on Native American Compounds B, C, D, G and a prehistoric designed to be weaker than the strength consultation in 2010. Accomplishments ball court: Stabilization of exposed wall of original wall materials to allow this included an agreement with the Bureau tops in Compound B was initiated in 2010. surficial treatment to slowly erode away of Indian Affairs to utilize solar energy Guidance for this project was provided by rather than contribute to structural failures for powering park operations, a study of Gary Brown, Supervisory Archeologist at the way that other inappropriate historical animal impacts to archeological resources, Aztec Ruins National Monument (AZRU) treatments had. The 2009 treatment and archeological testing in preparation for with field assistance from AZRU staff approach was designed to require re- the upcoming Visitor Center Expansion. members Earnest Harrison and Gregg treatment every 1-2 years. As a result, in Compound A Site Drainage and Kleppinger. Sheldon Baker led this effort 2010 the need for wall treatment work Animal Impacts: Movement toward the in the field. Some of these sites, especially within Compound A was significantly completion of a contract between Desert Compound B, had been heavily stabilized reduced and conditions will be reassessed Archaeology, Inc. and CAGR to address in the mid-20th century when many walls in early 2011 to identify when follow-up erosional problems, animal impacts, and were coated with a Portland cement treatments are required. Conservation drainage issues within Compound A stucco. When feasible, these concrete and intern Caroline Miller was instrumental in continued through FY 2010. The objective masonry cement coatings were removed the annual documentation, drain cleaning, of this project was to protect original from original walls. Structural voids and other preservation treatments in wall tops that had eroded to the surface were patched using unamended adobe, Compounds A and B in 2010. of Compound A from further damage. and walls were protected with a layer of Archeological Investigations in Heavy rains in January and February geotextile prior to fill replacement. This Preparation for the Proposed Visitor posed a challenge for project scheduling project is ongoing and will be completed Center Expansion: In FY 2009, Phase but also aided in the compaction of newly in 2011 under contract with Desert I archeological testing was conducted placed soils and provided a method of field Archaeology. to identify subsurface deposits within checking how the new site grading shed Fill replacement in Compound C also three areas proposed for the construction water. The archeological documentation began in FY 2010 to address preservation of an addition to the existing Visitor and fill replacement were both completed issues associated with eroding wall Center. Based on the data provided from in time to provide protection to the site tops, historically exposed excavation that survey, a project area was selected during the park’s Second Annual Native trenches, and recently exposed human immediately South of the current Visitor American Music Festival. remains. Native American consultation Center. In FY 2010, CAGR contracted A Natural Resource intern position was and fill replacement at Compound C will with the Gila River Cultural Resource established in FY 2010 and filled by continue in 2011. Fill replacement and Management Program to conduct Phase II

Compound B, Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. Photo: Randall Skeirik

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 32

Data Recovery within this project area. fice of Planning and Compliance at Grand Toms, who will replace Rebecca Carr after Consultation: In FY 2010, Casa Grande Canyon National Park, she stayed at CAGR she transfers to Grand Canyon National Ruins continued consultation with six until the end of the fiscal year, so there was Park. Native American communities: Gila River no lapse salary. Indian Community, Salt River Pima- Skills: Rebecca’s education includes an VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Maricopa Indian Community, Ak-Chin M.S. in Historic Preservation from the FUNDING Indian Community, Tohono O’odham University of Pennsylvania and a B.A. Project Name: Implement Backfill and Nation, Hopi Tribe, and the Pueblo of with a double major in anthropology and Drainage Plan for Compound B Zuni. Following up on the NAGPRA art with a certificate in museum studies consultations initiated in 2009, several from the University of Delaware. Her PMIS Number: 116814 meetings were held at the park with work has focused on the documentation Project Summary: The objective of this each of these tribes, to identify possible and conservation of earthen architecture project is to preserve the archeological unassociated funerary objects, items of and stone masonry. She has worked on resources in Compound B, a highly cultural patrimony, and sacred objects projects including Ancestral Puebloan significant Classic Period Hohokam within our Visitor Center exhibits. A full cliff dwellings, Hohokam Classic Period site. It is located north of Compound A, month of consultation with each of these architectural compounds, and historic northwest of the prehistoric ball court, communities was also conducted to visit buildings such as hospitals, churches, and and discuss the collections being cared for and is centered between Compounds C residences. She has periodically taught, and D. In the spring of 2010, 90% of the at the Western Archeological Conservation published, consulted, and presented planned ruins stabilization treatments Center in Tucson. Osteology work for on the subjects of site documentation, were completed by NPS personnel. The items being cared for as part of the legally condition assessment, materials analysis, final 10% will be completed in fall of 2011 defined CAGR collections was contracted and treatment techniques for the under contract with Desert Archaeology. to Kimberly Spur, with additional survey preservation of earthen buildings. During work conducted by Archeologist Sheldon her career, Rebecca has worked as a The FY 2010 work began with detailed, Baker, osteology intern Laura Ramos, and resource manager, archeologist, exhibit systematic photo documentation of the curation intern Lisa Mendoza. This work specialist, architectural conservator, exposed architecture within Compound was geared toward the identification of museum curator, and museum director. B. After documentation, the concrete and additional items in the CAGR collections, She also has experience with not-for- and in eroded portions of archeological masonry cement capping was removed profit management and with private-sector from the original walls wherever feasible. sites, that should be brought forth for Native fundraising. Rebecca recently accepted American consultation. Consultation work Historic treatments that could not be a position at Grand Canyon National removed without causing damage to associated with this project will continue Park, where she will be working as an original architectural features were left in 2011 and will expand to include items Environmental Protection Specialist for in place. Structural voids were patched excavated from Compound F in the the Office of Planning and Compliance. 1930s and now at the Los Angeles County using unamended adobe, and walls were Museum of Natural History. Accomplishments: In 2010, Rebecca protected with a layer of geotextile prior to Safety: CAGR staff were working to hired, trained, and supervised the work of fill replacement. document the extent of rabies infestation 10 specialists plus a number of volunteers who worked on a wide range of resource Project Budget: in a resident population of Little Brown Total VT Project Funding: $83,250 Myotis lucifugus management projects. Bats ( ) when the bat Personnel: $16,016 population residing within the Casa Training: Rebecca did attend any VT- Vehicles: $0 Grande Great House increased from less related training in FY 2010. Travel/Training: $4,122 than 100 individuals to more than 1000. Supplies/Materials: $25,070 This larger colony included Brazilian Free- Vacant, Masonry Worker Equipment: $2,432 tail (Tadarida brasiliensis) and Western FY 2001 Position Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus hesperus) bats. The Services/Contracts: $35,622 This position was vacant for all of FY Other: $0 Great House was closed until park staff 2010. Lapse salary was used to supplement were inoculated for rabies and trained the Monument’s Facilities Division in Project Accomplishments: Major in how to handle potentially diseased the upkeep and maintenance of historic accomplishments of this project include animals. structures, including Buildings 8, 9, 10 the removal of detrimental historic and 11 (Maintenance Compound) and treatments; stabilization of original walls; VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Building 12 (Visitor Center). In addition, complete replacement of fill within Room Rebecca Carr, Archeologist & Chief of it was used to assist the Resource staff in 3 and Room 4; and fill replacement in the Resources the stabilization and preservation of pre- North, South, Southeast, Southwest and FY 2005 Position historic structures. Funds were also used Middle Plazas. The west interior slope This position was originally filled as a for supplies and materials and for utility and east interior slope of Mound/Pyramid Archeologist GS-9 but was converted to an costs for Building 6, which is occupied by A were also addressed. Additionally a Archeologist GS-11 in 2008. Resources staff. supplemental drain was constructed Although Rebecca resigned her position Additionally, some funds were used to immediately west of Mound/Pyramid A to at CAGR to accept a position with the Of- cover the travel costs of a detail, Derek drain excess rain water.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 33 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Flagstaff Area Monuments 2010, he and Lisa Baldwin, who has filled funded by Vanishing Treasures and The Flagstaff Area Monuments include Lloyd’s previous position, worked with American Recovery and Reinvestment Wupatki, Walnut Canyon, and Sunset Crater term, Student Temporary Employment Act funds. In addition, Lisa was actively National Monuments Program (STEP), and seasonal hires to involved in a number of preservation complete projects for the FLAG Area projects and assignments related to other VANISHING TREASURES Monuments. The crew, under Lloyd’s VT resources including work at both ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND direction, was actively involved in a number Wupatki and Walnut Canyon National CHALLENGES of preservation projects and assignments Monuments. Lisa’s other duties included related to VT resources including work producing, and supervising the production VT Challenges and Successes: The at both Wupatki (WUPA) and Walnut of, stabilization, documentation, and Flagstaff Area Monument’s (FLAG) Canyon (WACA) National Monuments. monitoring reports. Lisa also had several biggest challenge this year was completing Lloyd was responsible for contracting opportunities for public outreach and our projects with a reduced workforce. and implementing preservation activities education, leading several site tours at FLAG had several crew members on detail in both monuments with assistance from Walnut Canyon and Wupatki for Arizona to other parks during the field season. his crew. Lloyd, Lisa Baldwin, and the Archeology Month and the annual Consultation: FLAG continues to work preservation crew successfully completed Flagstaff Festival of Science. In addition, effectively with our culturally affiliated five Cultural-Cyclic-funded projects, and Lisa provided site tours for other groups tribes and the Arizona State Historic two VT projects. including the Northern Arizona University Preservation Office (AZSHPO). In mid-July, Lloyd accepted a temporary Ranger Academy. Safety: No DART (days away, restricted, promotion detail to Navajo National Lisa also served as the Acting Archeol- or transferred) injuries or other accidents Monument (NAVA), as the Acting Chief ogy Program Manager while Lloyd Masa- occurred during FY 2010 for the cultural of Cultural Resources, working at NAVA yumptewa was on a detail to Navajo Na- resource staff. through the end of FY 2010. After the tional Monument. During this time, Lisa end of the temporary promotion detail, was responsible for closing out the VT Pro- VANISHING TREASURES STAFF he continued to work at NAVA. As time gram’s budget, implementing and oversee- ing all contracts and agreements, training Lloyd Masayumptewa, Supervisory permitted, he provided assistance to the new staff in stabilization techniques, writ- Archeologist FLAG office during his detail. ing year-end reports, writing project pro- FY 1998 Position Training: Lloyd did not participate in any posals for the yearly Servicewide Compre- VT-related training in FY 2010. This position was vacant during part of FY hensive Call, submitting the Flagstaff Area 2010. Lapse salary was returned to general National Monuments annual end-of-year Lisa Baldwin, Archeologist park use. reports, and other related administrative FY 2000 Position Accomplishments: Lloyd was hired tasks. This position was vacant during part of FY in May, 2007 to fill the VT Supervisory Training: Lisa attended Archeological 2010. Lapse salary was returned to general Archeologist position for the Flagstaff Resource Protection Act training with park use. Area National Monuments that Al Remley the Federal Law Enforcement Center vacated in August, 2006. Prior to that, Lloyd Accomplishments: In FY 2010, Lisa (FLETC) at Glen Canyon, a Human held a VT Project Leader position at FLAG. oversaw the completion of the Wupatki Skeletal Identification workshop at FLAG, With Lyle Balenquah’s and Ian Hough’s Pueblo backfilling project. This project and NPS Fundamentals V in Washington positions remaining vacant through FY was a multi-phase two-year project D.C. Lisa also participated in numerous safety training sessions pertaining to field projects as well as additional seminars dealing with leadership. Lisa presented a paper at the Arizona Preservation Conference hosted by AZSHPO and attended the 75th Annual meeting of the Society for American Archeology (SAA) in St. Louis, MO.

Vacant, Archeologist FY 2000 Position This position, which was previously filled by Lyle Balenquah, was vacant for all of FY 2010. Lapse salary has been returned to general park use.

Vacant, Archeologist FY 2003 Position This position was vacant during part of FY Historic-era Navajo structure, Wupatki National Monument. 2010. Lapse salary has been returned to Photo: Courtesy Wupatki National Monument general park use.

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 34

Vacant, Geographer/Geographical Specific analysis of the five sites included photography, description of condition, Information System (GIS) Specialist detailed photography, description of agents of deterioration, possible FY 2004 Position condition, agents of deterioration, possible rates of deterioration, and treatment/ This position, which was jointly funded rates of deterioration, and treatment/ documentation recommendations for through VT and the Natural Resource documentation recommendations for every standing wall. The information Challenge, was vacant for part of FY 2010 every standing wall. The sites also received collected will provide a baseline for and has subsequently been moved to the intensive architectural documentation establishing cyclical monitoring plans Natural Resource Division. including tabular and narrative data sheets for each site as well as identifying areas recording the attributes and condition of of concern, and, where necessary, VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT the architecture and scaled wall elevation establishing photo monitoring points and photography by FLAG archeologists. In structural monitoring instrumentation. FUNDING- Walnut Canyon addition, the FLAG monuments contracted The information will also be used to Project Name: Condition Assessment of with Envirosystems Management, a local develop detailed site preservation plans five Previously Stabilized Cliff Dwellings at cultural resource management company, that identify documentation and treatment Walnut Canyon to produce AutoCAD wall drawings that priorities that will be targeted in future PMIS Number: 116763 are layered to show façade outline, wall projects. Finally, this information will be stones, stabilization episodes, and current Project Summary: In FY 2010, the used in existing VERP (Visitor Experience impacts. The AutoCAD files will be linked Flagstaff Area National Monuments Resource Protection) protocols by park through ArcGIS software for retrieval of received VT funding to conduct detailed management to assess future management visual representations of the stabilization wall-by-wall condition assessments on decisions regarding visitor use. histories of each wall. A final report five previously stabilized cliff dwellings Prior to this work, the most recent work will be produced that will summarize located in Walnut Canyon. These five on 26 of these sites (WS 306, 314, 684, 686- the condition of the sites and provide sites, all located in the eastern section of 689, 745, 766-767, 773-774, 1394, 1780, recommendations for future preservation Walnut Canyon National Monument, treatments. 1789, 1836-1837, 1839, 2269, 2275, 2283- date to the Elden Phase (A.D. 1125-1250) 2284, 2290, 2293, 2298, and 2440) was of the Sinagua Culture. Although the archeological survey-level site recording, VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT sites were recorded in 1985 as part of an conducted in the 1980s. Nine additional archeological survey of the park, the survey FUNDING- Wupatki sites (WS 347, 769, 780, 815, 816, 1030, information did not provide enough detail Project Name: Condition Assessment of 1725, 1783, and 1813), which are located for use in long-term preservation planning. Abandoned and Ruined Historic Navajo in the “Guided Adventure Zone” where In addition, the maps and photos that were Sites at Wupatki National Monument. visitors participate in off-trail guided produced were not comprehensive and PMIS Number: 123718 hikes, are routinely monitored (most did not capture necessary information to Project Summary: In FY 2010, the Flagstaff recently in April, 2009). FLAG has entered document the condition of these sites. The Area National Monuments (FLAG) into a Cooperative Ecosystem Study sites had also been subjected to a policy of received VT funding to conduct detailed Unit agreement with Northern Arizona benign neglect for a number of years. wall-by-wall condition assessments on 40 University to complete the condition Project Budget: abandoned and ruined historic Navajo assessments on these 35 sites. Total VT Project Funding: $111,184 architectural sites in the Preservation and Current monitoring data indicate that five Personnel: $69,297 Guided Adventure management zones of of the sites are currently experiencing Vehicles: $0 Wupatki National Monument. These areas impacts affecting the integrity of the Travel/Training: $1,668 surround some of the most heavily visited resource. Three of these sites (WS 1028, Supplies/Materials: $11,977 areas of the park. All of the sites addressed 1815, and 2423) are located within the Equipment: $1,800 by this project are Historic Navajo cultural “Guided Adventure Zone” and are Services/Contracts: $15,720 sites, ranging from single structures regularly impacted by visitors, while the Other: $10,722 to homesteads that include habitation other two sites (WS 303 and 743) are being Project Accomplishments: This project structures, corrals, sweat lodges, check impacted by natural forces such as active addressed the lack of information on dams, and storage cysts. The sites range in arroyo cutting. These five sites, in addition the integrity (amount of original intact date from the 1860s to the 1930s. to condition assessments, received architecture remaining), condition intensive architectural documentation, (stability, types and rate of deterioration, Project Budget: including tabular and narrative data sheets and threats), and preservation treatment Total VT Project Funding: $118,000 recording the attributes and condition of plans for each site that will allow the Personnel: $58,363 the architecture; detailed, scaled hand- architecture to be maintained in a good, Vehicles: $0 drawn planimetric and cross-section maps; safe, and stable condition. The information Travel/Training: $0 and scaled wall elevation photography collected will serve as a baseline for Supplies/Materials: $133 by FLAG archeologists. In addition, establishing a cyclical monitoring program Equipment: $0 FLAG has contracted with Roundhouse at each site. This will allow for the Services/Contracts: $6,000 Productions, Inc. to produce virtual reality development of detailed site preservation Other: $53,500 photography and video of these sites that plans that will identify documentation and Project Accomplishments: Specific will be used for an interactive exhibit at the treatment priorities for future projects. analysis of the 40 sites included detailed Wupatki Visitor Center.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 35 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Fort Bowie National Historic rock pointing on foundations, removal Training: Fernie did not complete any Site of vegetation, and repairs to site drainage training related to his VT work this year. features. VANISHING TREASURES Phil Tapia, Sr., Masonry Worker Safety: Safety is always a foremost concern FY 1999 Position ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND and our work was accomplished with no This position was vacant during part of CHALLENGES accidents or injuries. As in previous years, FY 2010. Lapse salary was absorbed in the our safety concerns remained the same: VT Challenges and Successes: Our park budget. biggest challenge for FY 2010 was hiring heat, sun, lightning, wasps, and snakes. Skills: Phil is skilled in adobe work, seasonal employees to assist with this Small holes in the stone foundations plastering, and repointing stone masonry. year’s stabilization work. As the result of provide an excellent place for wasps to Phil was the lead person for our annual a series of unforeseen problems, we were nest, and the cool shade of the ruin walls ruins stabilization program and his duties only able to bring on one emergency hire provides a haven for rattlesnakes. In the included monitoring and documenting the and one rehire for a two-month period. same way as last year, our Polaris Ranger work performed. Although only here for a short period continued to handle the heavy loads of time, Cameron Mower and Andrew of materials and equipment that were Accomplishments: After performing Ludwig stepped up to the task, and transported out to the work sites. VT duties for over 11 years, Phil retired provided excellent service. In August we in August. As lead person on the stabilization crew, Phil procured materials, were able to hire Phil Tapia, Jr. as a 1039 VANISHING TREASURES STAFF scheduled stabilization work, documented seasonal. Phil had worked for us for four Fernie Nunez, Masonry Worker techniques, and assisted the crew with the previous seasons and came to Fort Bowie FY 1998 Position actual field work. This year, Phil worked with a strong preservation background. Skills: Fernie is skilled in adobe work, on emergency repairs to the Post Trader’s The lack of more seasonals, coupled with plastering, and repointing stone masonry. Store and Cavalry Barracks, procured the retirement of VT staff member Phil He is instrumental in our annual ruins materials, and assisted with drainage work Tapia, Sr., really slowed down the ruins stabilization program and is good with on several structures before his retirement. stabilization efforts for the year. Despite small engines and maintaining equipment Phil’s expertise will be missed. We are in these issues we were able to complete in good operating condition. the process of hiring his replacement. emergency repairs on the Post Trader’s Accomplishments: Considering the many Training: Phil did not complete any Store (LCS 14062), Cavalry Barracks (LCS setbacks at Fort Bowie this year, Fernie and training related to his VT work this year. 14038), Officer’s Quarters (LCS 14036), the stabilization crew still had a productive and Officer’s Quarters (LCS 14034). A year. They completed emergency repairs VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT wet monsoon season caused large sections to four structures (Post Trader’s Store, FUNDING of the protective lime plaster to fall off, Cavalry Barracks and two Officer’s exposing the historic adobes underneath. Quarters); and they repointed, removed Fort Bowie National Historic Site did In addition to repairing damaged lime vegetation, and repaired drainage on three not receive Vanishing Treasures project plaster our stabilization crew performed other structures. funding this year.

Phil Tapia Jr. and Fernie Nunez repair the post trader’s store, Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Photo: Karen Weston Gonzales

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 36

Grand Canyon National Park VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: In FY 2010, Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) was successful in maintaining its core Vanishing Treasures (VT) staff, recruiting seasonal preservation technicians, time-sharing with another VT park, and completing two preservation projects. In FY 2009, Charlie Webber was brought on as the Vanishing Treasures Archeologist. This year, with Ian Hough serving as acting Cultural Resource Program Manager for much of the year, Charlie continued in his role as field director and VT Program assistant. GRCA archeological technicians Steven Schooler, Shelley Szeghi, and Margi Shaw conducted seasonal work with the VT Program in project planning, preservation maintenance and condition assessment projects, and post-field data processing. The GRCA VT Program was also able to time-share with Glen Canyon National Recreation Area by supporting salary and travel for Thann Baker and Ralph Burrillo to assist us in completing condition assessments in a remote area of the park. In FY 2010, the GRCA VT Program also completed two preservation projects: one at Tusayan Ruin and one at Walhalla Glades Ruin. Consultation: In FY 2010, the GRCA VT Program consulted with the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office on the preservation project at Walhalla The Grand Canyon from Yaki Point, Grand Canyon National Park. Glades Ruin. The Office of Planning and Photo: Randall Skeirik Compliance at GRCA issued a Letter of Authorization for the project as a All project work was safely completed improved his skills in architectural docu- programmatic activity identified under a without any accidents. Safety training mentation, materials testing and analysis, five-year National Environmental Policy included mandatory first-aid/CPR training interpretive illustrations, historic period Act (NEPA) exclusion. A Scope of Work for all crew members, Wilderness First Native American wooden structures, and and an Assessment of Effect (AEF) were Responder training for project leads, and public education. completed and reviewed prior to project workshops on general backcountry safety, Accomplishments: In FY 2010, Ian served implementation. Tribal consultation was and radio and vehicle use. Annual safety as the acting Cultural Resource Program not completed for the FY 2010 Walhalla reviews include the development of job Manager, Fire Archeologist, and Vanishing Preservation Treatment project but will be hazard analyses (JHAs) for all field projects, Treasures Program Manager for Grand completed for the VT Program in 2011. safety walk-arounds, and the completion Canyon National Park. Completed FY Safety: As in years past, GRCA’s VT of on-site risk assessments. With over 2010 Vanishing Treasures project work projects have focused on completing 100 person days involved in remote area included the application of preservation condition assessments and preservation projects, the GRCA VT Program is proud treatments at Walhalla Glades Pueblo, treatments in remote locations within the that no injuries were reported in FY 2010. architectural condition assessment at park. Multi-day backcountry projects in previously stabilized sites on the North Rim, architectural condition assessment of remote locations pose safety challenges VANISHING TREASURES STAFF at GRCA. The VT Program staff met sites in the Nankoweap Drainage, material those challenges by completing safety Ian Hough, Archeologist testing of soil stabilization mortars, and training, conducting safety reviews, and FY 2000 Position routine maintenance of Tusayan Ruin. working safely with no reported accidents. Skills: In FY 2010, Ian maintained and Training: In 2010, Ian completed 40

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 37 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

hours of training in program management Rocky Mountain National Park. sessions - the first between March 9 and and supervision, and he completed 15, and the second between September workshops and training in the use of the VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT 8 and 12, 2010. During these two field facility management software system FUNDING sessions project personnel focused on (FMSS). At the 10th Biennial Conference, Project Name: Condition Assessment three elements of data gathering: 1) to Ian presented on the architecture of of Prehistoric Architectural Sites in the Colorado River sites including the results rectify some of the larger sites that were Nankoweap Drainage of a material analysis of soil mortars. In recorded by previous survey projects January 2010, Ian co-coordinated a 2-day PMIS Number: 132394 dating back as far as 1935 (22 sites were preservation workshop on standardizing Project Summary: This project involved recorded and given new Grand Canyon material testing at the Intermountain completing an assessment of architectural Archeology site numbers); 2) to complete Region Southern Arizona Support Office. remains at 31 sites and completing archeological site monitoring forms at Ian also presented the results of testing an comprehensive condition assessments nine previously recorded sites; and 3) to organic amendment for soil stabilization at seven sites (14 structures) in the more intensively study seven of the 31 mortars. Nankoweap Drainage. All 31 sites were also sites visited that were found to contain recorded with updated site information, Charlie Webber, Archeologist mapped and monitored. one or more structures with original, intact standing architecture (three or more intact FY 2005 Position Project Budget: above ground courses or intact wooden Skills: Charlie has considerable experience Total VT Project Funding: $76,300 conducting condition assessments and ar- Personnel: $36,084 structural elements) using GRCA VT chitectural documentation at archeologi- Vehicles: $263 Condition Assessment forms. At these cal sites. He has also continued to increase Travel/Training: $7,804 seven sites a total of 14 structures received his knowledge of databases and computer Supplies/Materials: $9,087 VT Condition Assessments. The ASMIS programs such as ArcGIS and graphics Equipment: $8,236 site records for all sites visited during programs such as Adobe Illustrator. Services/Contracts: $12,326 this project were updated with current Other: $2,500 Accomplishments: During FY 2010 Char- condition and location information and lie was actively involved throughout Grand Project Accomplishments: Of the 31 sites are now considered complete, accurate visited, seven sites (14 single and multi- Canyon on a variety of cultural resource and reliable. projects related to site preservation and the room structures) contained standing, acquisition of updated site and condition intact architectural remains that qualify as Project members accomplished all project data including the successful coordination VT resources. Comprehensive condition goals, often exceeding those goals, by as- of two backcountry condition assessment assessment work included updating site sessing each site for ASMIS reporting and trips into the Nankoweap Drainage in records with current data, assessing site updating site record information when condition relative to current threats and eastern Grand Canyon. All project objec- needed. All project fieldwork was com- impacts, and architectural condition tives were met, including personnel safety pleted in FY 2010, however, data entry will and volunteer involvement, with a total of assessments including quantification continue in FY 2011. Project tasks were 4 volunteers joining us over the course of of threats and impacts and treatment the two trips. He also helped direct a ru- recommendations. Twenty-four sites completed by a combination of four vol- ins preservation project at Walhalla Glades contained self-stabilized architectural unteers, Glen Canyon National Recreation Pueblo, testing materials prior to the start remains and consisted of collapsed Area VT Archeologist Thann Baker, and of the project and giving preservation prehistoric masonry structures dating to GRCA VT Archeologists Ian Hough, Char- training to seasonal employees. Charlie the Pueblo II through the early Pueblo lie Webber, and Shelley Szeghi. was also involved with writing scopes of III period and affiliated with the Kayenta work for all projects, overseeing data entry, Branch of the Ancestral Puebloan culture. The final site visited was a rock art site. and writing technical reports for stabiliza- Three of these sites were well preserved This rock art panel includes figures of tion and condition assessment work. granaries with intact wooden lintels and footprints, bighorn sheep, geometric de- other perishable artifacts including corn signs (interlocking rectilinear and curvilin- In January, Charlie attended a southern cobs. The majority of the sites visited Arizona cultural resource management ear motifs), scrolls, an anthropomorphic were open air pueblo sites and while these figure, a lizard, and a scorpion-like figure gathering in Phoenix where he presented structures were not as well preserved displayed across the boulder’s southwest- findings on the use of an organic amender on the surface, the likelihood of well- during stabilization activities the previous preserved subsurface deposits is very high. ern face. year. All 31 sites were monitored to gather data The total cost of the project was $76,300, all Training: In FY 2010 Charlie attended 40 on natural and human caused impacts of which was funded through the National hours of supervisory training at the Albright currently affecting archeological sites in Park Service Vanishing Treasures Program Training Center. He also completed 2 ESRI the Nankoweap Drainage. and was obligated in FY 2010. A technical ArcGIS trainings and attended a workshop This project addressed VT archeological on the ceramics of the Grand Canyon. condition assessments conducted during report of the project will be prepared once Additionally, Charlie completed S-130/190 the summer of 2010 in the Nankoweap the project is complete and the project Firefighter training at the Arizona Wildfire Drainage of GRCA. The 2010 condition activities will be published to the park’s Academy and Resource Advisor training at assessment project involved two field Web site.

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 38

Montezuma Castle National Monument

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: Tuzigoot and Montezuma Castle National Monuments (MOCA/TUZI) continue to collect baseline condition information for the VT archeological sites in all three of our units. In FY 2010, Montezuma Castle completed a VT funded project for stabilization treatment at 4 cliff dwellings within the Montezuma Well Unit. Additionally, MOCA began a documentation and testing project that will inventory and sample prehistoric wood at the Montezuma Castle cliff dwelling. The results of this study will provide the park with both tree-ring dates and condition information. MOCA/TUZI has also begun several projects to document historic resources within park boundaries. These projects include the Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) mapping of a historic dugout, as well as a National Register of Historic Places nomination for an early homesteading cabin at Montezuma Well. Consultation: Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot continue to work successfully with the park’s eight associated Native American tribes and the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office to meet our obligations for consultation on proposed projects. Safety: Despite the continued use of safety equipment and standard operating procedures, our VT Mason aggravated Montezuma Castle seen from near Beaver Creek, Montezuma Castle National an existing back problem while working Monument. at TUZI, resulting in a number of DART Photo: Randall Skeirik (days away, restricted, or transferred) work days. ma Castle National Monument boundar- FY 1999 Position ies. Over the course of the FY 2010 field This position was vacant during part of FY VANISHING TREASURES STAFF season, Matt was also responsible for ar- 2010. Lapse salary was used by the park’s cheological site monitoring, project plan- Resource Division. Matt Guebard, Archeologist ning and the creation of all project-specific FY 1999 Position scopes-of-work and completion reports, Skills: Stefan has considerable experience This position was originally filled as well as for completing cultural compli- in the stabilization of prehistoric masonry as a Mason but was converted to an ance for all resource and facilities projects structures using soil cement. Archeologist in 2004. within the parks. Matt also participated in Accomplishments: As in previous years, Skills: Ruins preservation, architectural several interpretive programs and assisted Stefan continued to remove and replace analysis, compliance. with the creation of interpretive exhibits at incompatible historic mortars from the Accomplishments: In FY 2010, Matt com- Tuzigoot and Montezuma Castle. TUZI ruin. Stefan also assisted with project pleted condition assessments, architec- Training: Matt participated in National planning, condition assessment, and tural documentation, and stabilization at Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the testing of amended and unamended historic and prehistoric archeological sites Section 106 training in FY 2010. mortar. After aggravating an existing located within the Tuzigoot and Montezu- Stefan Sloper, Mason back injury, Stefan left MOCA/TUZI in

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 39 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

to stabilization, project work included site documentation, digital annotation, and re- port writing. Project Budget: Total VT Project Funding: $50,400 Personnel: $47,400 Vehicles: $0 Travel/Training: $0 Supplies/Materials: $3,000 Equipment: $0 Services/Contracts: $0 Other: $0 Project Accomplishments: Project work included repointing, resetting loose/de- tached stone, stabilizing loose plaster, and constructing basal footers. One site, which was initially recorded in poor condition and in danger of imminent collapse, was stabilized, upgrading its overall condition. Melissa Philibeck and researcher Thomas Windes extract a tree-ring core in Project work at the remaining three sites room 3-4 of Montezuma Castle, Montezuma Castle National Monument. rectified damage caused by years of illicit Photo: Courtesy Montezuma Castle National Monument visitation, erosion, and rodent damage. September, 2010. The position is currently vacant. VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT FUNDING Project Name: Documentation and Stabilization of 14 Archeological Sites at the Montezuma Well Unit, Montezuma Castle National Monument PMIS Number: 134753 Project Summary: This was the second phase of the effort to document and sta- bilize standing architecture at Montezuma Well. Documentation and condition as- sessment of Montezuma Well (a detached unit of MOCA) sites conducted in Phase 1 (FY 2009) indicated that only four sites required additional stabilization treatment. In Phase 2, they were treated using various techniques and materials designed to be compatible with each site’s specific loca- tion and preservation problems. Project materials included natural unamended soils, synthetic amended soils (using Rho- plex E-330), and soil cement. The location, amount, and appearance of each treatment was extensively recorded using field forms, digital photographs, and medium format film photography. Project work was completed by the Park Archeologist Matt Guebard; two term ar- cheological technicians, Josh Kleinman and Melissa Philibeck; a Student Tempo- rary Employment Program (STEP) arche- ological technician Ashlee Bailey; and our VT mason, Stefan Sloper. Approximately Matt Guebard and Jeremy Navenma inspect the Castle A ruins at Montezuma 1,690 labor hours were expended to com- Castle, Montezuma Castle National Monument. plete all of the project goals. In addition Photo: Courtesy Montezuma Castle National Monument

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 40

Navajo National Monument needs of traditionally associated tribes. VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Navajo National Monument is part of Safety: The Navajo National Monument Ellen Brennan, Cultural Resources the Southern Four Corners Group which VT program had no injuries during FY Program Manager, Southern Four also includes Canyon de Chelly National 2010. We developed a safety plan and job Corners Group Monument and Hubbell Trading Post hazard analysis (JHA) for implementation FY 2000 Position National Historic Site. of the Betatakin condition assessment This position was originally filled as an project. The JHA and safety plan were Archeologist but has been converted to a provided to, and reviewed with, all VANISHING TREASURES Cultural Resources Program Manager. ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND project personnel prior to the start of the This position was vacant for the last three CHALLENGES project. Daily safety reminders were given to project staff during the project and months of FY 2010, after Ellen left the VT Challenges and Successes: The situational safety reviews were conducted position to take the Cultural Resources Navajo National Monument (NAVA) VT as the project moved forward. Program Manager position at Grand program was successful in completing a condition assessment of the 125-room Betatakin Pueblo through a Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit (CESU) agreement with Northern Arizona University. Field examinations of the architectural features are being used to develop a management and preservation strategy for the site. The condition assessment was supplemented by a structural analysis conducted by Vanishing Treasures Structural Engineer Preston Fisher, who was assisted by NAVA VT staff. In advance of the Betatakin project, a one-day training session covering form completion, digital photo requirements, and photo annotation was provided to NAVA VT and CESU staff by Ellen Brennan. NAVA staff also assisted Canyon de Chelly National Monument with the completion of a condition assessment and structural analysis of Lower White House Ruin. This project was conducted through a CESU agreement with Ft. Lewis College. Those findings are also being used to develop a long-term management and preservation strategy for this important architectural site. Western Mapping Company, under a contract with Navajo National Monument, has begun rendering a model of a series of 20 rooms from Keet Seel Pueblo using 3-D data collected at the site in 2004 and 2005. Consultation: Consultations took place between the Navajo Nation and Southern Four Corners Group staff for the White House ruin condition assessment project. Navajo Nation representatives had no concerns about work proposed for the Lower Ruin (condition assessment and structural analysis) but did have concerns about the Upper Alcove project. While these issues were resolved and the project was allowed to go forward, it had not been successfully implemented at the time of this report. This project reminded involved staff to begin consultations early Keet Seel, Navajo National Monument. and to be as responsive as possible to the Photo: Courtesy Navajo National Monument

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 41 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Looking down the valley toward the site of Inscription House, Navajo National Monument. Photo: Randall Skeirik Canyon. Lapse salary was used to cover and site documentation, has edited and and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) training salary and per diem costs for Lloyd rendered archival maps using Adobe Illus- this year. Masayumptewa, who detailed into the trator, and has experience with GIS data position. management. Joshua Ramsey/Paul Leatherbury, Skills: Ellen is skilled in condition assess- Accomplishments: Susan continued to Archeological Technician/Archeologist ments and architectural documentation, make great progress on the stabilization FY 1998 Position architectural typologies, data management, history report for Keet Seel. Her research This position was vacant during part of AutoCAD, Adobe Illustrator and Photo- has filled gaps in our knowledge of past FY 2010. Lapse salary was used to cover shop for graphic illustration and mapping, activities at the site and, when complete, payroll for Joshua Ramsey, a student and geographic information systems (GIS) it will provide a comprehensive, synthetic temporary employment program (STEP) for data analysis and mapping. assessment of the site and its archeological employee. In June, Paul Leatherbury was Accomplishments: During FY 2010, Ellen history. hired as a permanent archeologist and was the NPS key official for the Betatakin, Susan was involved with the condition Joshua transferred to Canyon de Chelly Keet Seel, and White House Lower Ruin assessment and structural analysis work at as a Student Career Experience Program projects and for the Canyon de Chelly Betatakin and White House (Lower Ruin). (SCEP) hire working for their watershed trail survey and mapping project. Ellen She worked as a site monitor at Keet Seel, restoration project as an archeological served as the acting superintendent for Betatakin, and Inscription House Ruins Navajo National Monument during the at NAVA, assisted VT structural engineer technician. late spring and early summer of the year. Preston Fisher at Betatakin Ruin and Lower Accomplishments: Paul was the NPS Ellen transferred to the Grand Canyon in White House Ruin at Canyon de Chelly field lead for the White House Lower Ruin July, 2010. National Monument, conducted condition condition assessment project. Training: Ellen attended Agreements assessment and documentation activities Training: Paul had no VT-related training at Kiva Cave, and edited and rendered Technical Representative training in June, in FY 2010. 2010. archival maps in Adobe Illustrator. Training: Susan attended a one day-train- VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Susan Bierer, Archeological Technician ing session on completing architectural FUNDING (Term) condition assessments and also attended FY 2005 Position NPS Fundamentals, National Environ- Navajo National Monument did not re- Skills: Susan has experience as a site moni- mental Policy Act (NEPA)/Section 106, ceive Vanishing Treasures project funding tor, has conducted condition assessments and Native American Grave Protection in FY 2010.

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 42

Organ Pipe National Kuakatch Village. This site encompasses to archeological sites spread across Monument more than 260 acres and its primary feature the landscape for which no definitive is a walk-in well (or reservoir) believed to site boundaries are known, which may be one of the earliest architectural features contain water control features and may be VANISHING TREASURES found in the region. It is significant considered Vanishing Treasures resources. ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND because evidence of water collection and Many sites were recorded before the CHALLENGES storage signifies year-round residence advent of the global positioning system VT Challenges and Successes: The and a sedentary village culture. The well (GPS)--therefore no shape files exist for cultural resource challenges facing is known to have contained cattails and their boundaries--and new archeological Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument other year-round plants, and it consisted of sites are being discovered by the staff Cultural Resource Office are many and a well dug out with the backdirt mounded each week. We have made great strides varied in scope. We are working to into a U-shaped berm, forming a feature in collecting GPS coordinates, producing preserve valuable heritage resources in an that resembles a walk-in well. Cultural maps, and creating shape files of our most environment that is at times dangerous, resource staff took a charcoal sample from important sites, including the Kuakatch but always exciting, wild, and beautiful. a hearth protruding from an eroded cut Village site. We are formulating new GIS Our successes are considerable, given the bank in association with numerous artifacts layers of recorded site boundaries and challenges we face working in the 330,000 on the site and had a radiocarbon assay areas surveyed for cultural resources acres of wilderness with more than 1000 performed. The results were exciting, with throughout the park. archeological sites (of which only 300 have the site dating to ca. A. D. 1170 800-years Another project soon to be entered into been documented or minimally recorded). before present (B.P.) (plus or minus 40 the Project Management Information Located in southwestern Arizona on the years). We are beginning to evaluate System (PMIS) deals with an ethnographic international border between the U.S. and other earthen architecture throughout study of the Organ Pipe Cactus park lands, Mexico, many of our cultural resources the park, which contains extensive akchin emphasizing traditional plant uses and are Vanishing Treasures resources that are floodwater farming fields with berms and crops grown using the floodwater farming significant in the context of early ranching channels, as well as numerous represos (akchin) techniques, since Organ Pipe and mining. Lately, the staff has begun the (earthen dams), charcos (earthen water contains extensive akchin fields and canals. re-evaluation of our extensive prehistoric tanks), and canals. Such prehistoric These fields are important because they earthen architectural features in terms architectural features are being looked at appear in the literature and oral traditions of their significance and qualification more closely by researchers in terms of of nearby tribes, who practiced temporal for consideration as Vanishing Treasures desert water use and water control. farming with dual residences--one in the resources. In conjunction with the increased floodplains, used until harvest time, and One of our successes this past year was at importance placed on prehistoric water one in the mountains used in the winter. prehistoric village site, AZ Z:13:1 (ASM), control devices, the Organ Pipe Cultural We believe that the constructed water also known as the Reservoir Site or Resource Office is redirecting its attention control devices and earthen features can be

Sunset on the Ajo Mountains, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Photo: Courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 43 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

considered Vanishing Treasures resources This year, the National Register nomination resources that are located in the 60 percent because they are, without exception, form and Cultural Landscape Inventory of the park that is currently closed to the in a ‘ruined’ state, have exposed intact (CLI) for the Victoria Historic Mining public. These parts of the park cannot be fabric (earthen berms, constructed dams/ District were completed. The Cultural accessed by park staff without an armed represos/charcos, canals, channels), are Resource Office at ORPI has collected GPS law-enforcement escort, and all park not being used for their original function, coordinates, mapped, and recorded the staff members who are out in the field are have had occupation and utilization new district in the Arizona Archeological required to call in their status hourly. These interrupted and discontinued for an Site and Survey Database (AZSITE). The safety procedures have helped to minimize extended period of time, are located in the new district contains nearly 95.5 acres, the danger associated with fieldwork in the arid West, and are considered to be eligible and several new important features were park. resources to the National Register by both documented and added to the park’s park management and the State Historic inventory. Additionally, through an earlier VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Preservation Officer (SHPO). CESU project, the Dos Lomitas and Connie Thompson Gibson, Archeologist We have completed the first step in writing Gachado Line Camp project, the “Organ & Cultural Resources Program Manager a new Cultural Resource Management Plan Pipe Cactus National Monument Historic FY 2005 Position (CRMP), which consisted of establishing a Ranching Thematic Context Statement” Cultural Chronology for the Organ Pipe was completed and accepted into the Skills: Connie has been certified as a area and compiling a general Culture Organ Pipe Cultural Resource Research Registered Professional Archeologist History to use in our original reports. In Library. A CLI and new National Register since 2003. She has a B.A. and M.A. in reviewing the 1994 Cultural Resource nomination form are in progress for the Anthropology from the University of Texas Management Plan, it seems probable that Quitobaquito resource area. at San Antonio (UTSA) with an archeology the new plan will incorporate almost every Consultation: In early April we held concentration. She also has an A.A.S. objective of the 1994 plan, since virtually consultation meetings with several Hia in Computer Information Systems from none of those goals were ever realized. It C’ed O’odham representatives concerning Germanna Community College, Virginia. will also feature a new emphasis on desert grave sites at the Quitobaquito Cemetery. Connie has 16 years of progressively water control devices and historic mining, In addition, the park Superintendent, the responsible experience in all aspects of which are the bases for early settlement of Chief of Resources, and the Archeologist archeology including fieldwork, laboratory the region. Miners’ demand for beef led to all met with the Tohono O’odham Tribal work, materials classification and analysis, the establishment of cattle ranching in the Historic Preservation Office and with supervision of students and employees, area, another important cultural context tribal elders concerning the discovery of and writing/editing technical cultural for this region. pictographs at the Wild Horse Tanks tinajas resource management (CRM) reports. She and rock shelter, which may be considered a The Vanishing Treasures Program, in was Laboratory Director for the Southern Vanishing Treasures resource based on the conjunction with the Desert Southwest Texas Archeological Association for five historic dam that was constructed above Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit (DS years, Research Scientist Assistant at the the rock shelter there. Water retained by CESU), the University of Arizona and Center for Archeological Research at the dam is seeping into the rock shelter, Cornerstones Community Partnerships, UTSA for six years, was recruited to set threatening to destroy the pictographs. was integral in allowing the Organ Pipe up the archeology laboratory at the Center Cactus National Monument Cultural We provided the tribe with a copy of a for Archeological Studies at Texas State Resource Office to hold successful ruins hydrology report prepared by the NPS, and University, and served as the Curator of preservation workshops in January talks are continuing on how best to mitigate Archeological Research Collections and and March, 2010 which stabilized and damage and conserve the site. The Tohono the Technical Editor of CRM reports. repaired structures at Bates Well Ranch. O’odham will also be invited to comment Her specialties include lithic technologies In FY 2011, we will again partner with on the report of the comprehensive Class (prehistoric chipped and ground stone) Vanishing Treasures, the University of III intensive archeological survey of the and historic ceramics. Connie has Arizona, and Cornerstones to stabilize rock shelter and adjacent bajada performed fieldwork experience in Arizona, New and repair structures at Gachado Well by Organ Pipe staff that will be published Mexico, Texas, Montana, and Louisiana, as and Line Camp and Armenta Ranch, and shortly. The park consults with the tribes well as in Chihuahua, Mexico and Belize in to conduct additional work at Bates Well. periodically on park projects, including Central America. Gachado is an early 20th-century adobe the Ruins Preservation field schools, which Accomplishments: Over the past year, ranching structure located directly on have included the participation of at least as the Organ Pipe Vanishing Treasures the border with Mexico, and Armenta is one tribal member, along with any other Archeologist, Connie has completed an example of an early Sonoran Desert matters that might be of tribal concern. Section 106 compliance for 16 projects small-time truck farming operation with a We will be holding Native American on the Planning, Environment, and Public historic wood, brick and adobe house and Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Comment Web site, including archeological a traditionally-constructed ramada. While (NAGPRA) consultation meetings shortly surveys, mapping, NPS Assessment Armenta is not eligible for the National for the repatriation of a cremation found of Effect forms, and cultural resource Register, (and is therefore not considered on park lands in 1951. reports for submission to the Arizona a Vanishing Treasures resource), Gachado Safety: Because of safety concerns related SHPO. Additionally, at least 400 acres of Line Camp is listed among our Vanishing to illegal border activities in the park, previously unsurveyed federal acreage Treasures and was listed on the National the Cultural Resource staff is not given was intensively surveyed for cultural Register in 1978. free access to many of our important resources under the National Historic

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 44

Pat Taylor works with field school participants to document the one remaining water tank during the Bates Well field school, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Photo: Courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Preservation Act Section 110 mandate, typed as a Cortaro point, which dates to projectile points in various styles; and as well as for Section 106 compliance, in the Middle Archaic period (approximately multiple biface, uniface, and utilized flakes. partnership with the University of Arizona 4,500 to 4,000 years B.P.), and portions of A circular rock alignment resembling a Anthropology Department. This included an obsidian dart point as well as painted shrine or community hearth is present, several exploratory transects through ceramics typed as Hohokam Red-on-Buff. and additional features may be discovered wilderness areas in the closed sections of The Kuakatch Village Site (AZ Z:13:1), during the planned intensive survey. the park (red zones), and the new site for a which contains an earthen architectural Training: In the past year Connie attended Border Patrol Forward Operating Base. feature (a well or reservoir), received a NPS Fundamentals II: Introduction to Under Connie’s direction, the Cultural reconnaissance survey, its site boundaries NPS Operations at the Grand Canyon, Resource Office conducted original were mapped, and a radiocarbon sample Contracting Training for Customers, research at the Wild Horse Tanks rock was taken from an exposed hearth. The Foundation of Asset Management, shelter to systematically record and site was found to date to A. D. 1170, plus Introduction to the Facility Management or minus 40 years. This site is under collect surface artifacts in danger of being Software System, Assistance Agreements consideration for inclusion as a Vanishing trampled or collected by visitors. We also for Agreement Technical Representatives, Treasures resource. wanted to assess the damage occurring to and various other required NPS training the rock art beneath the tank. The rock An exciting new archeological site named courses. art motifs in the rock shelter are being the Glory Site was discovered and is in damaged by salts carried by water leaching the process of being recorded. It too VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT from the tank above: an NPS hydrologist may contain features that will qualify it has assessed the tinajas and cement dam as a prehistoric Vanishing Treasures site. FUNDING for alternative mitigation or treatment It appears to be a large (75 to 100-acre) Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument strategies. Several valuable artifacts have Archaic to Late Prehistoric village site with did not receive Vanishing Treasures project been discovered, including a dart point several huge metates; at least 20 diagnostic funding in FY 2010.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 45 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Tonto National Monument the TONT cultural resources staff com- condition assessments performed in FY pleted projects related to backcountry site 2004 and FY 2005 indicated that this work VANISHING TREASURES preservation, implementing integrated was needed to maintain the integrity of pest management (IPM), and a retaining the stabilization structures, the prehistoric ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND wall stabilization project in the primary dwellings, and their associated cultural CHALLENGES cliff dwellings. Duane continued to es- deposits. VT Challenges and Successes: Challenges tablish relationships with numerous Na- Project Budget: in FY 2010 included the dangers of tive American tribes, and he managed the Total VT Project Funding: $101,492 Africanized bee hives within and around park’s archeological research program, cu- Personnel: $78,268 the primary cliff dwellings and addressing ration, consultation, and compliance. Vehicles: $0 visitor-related and rodent impacts to In addition to Duane’s regular duties at Travel/Training: $2,046 original fabric. TONT, he also assisted other VT parks Supplies/Materials: $0 Consultation: Tonto National Monument as the Southern Arizona (SOAR) Office’s Equipment: $0 (TONT) staff had productive meetings with regional archeologist. Several tasks were Services/Contracts: $12,448 the Arizona State Historic Preservation accomplished in this role that benefited VT Other: $8,730 Office (AZSHPO) staff regarding the use parks including assisting with the entry of Project Accomplishments: The project of the new Programmatic Agreement and maintained archeological sites (MAS) into began in FY 2010 and field work included cultural resource projects that required the facility maintenance software system documentation, preservation treatments, Section 106 compliance. (FMSS), performing in-field condition and reporting--all undertaken by Duane Safety: Ruins preservation projects at assessments, and coordinating Arizona Hubbard, TONT Archeologist and Chief TONT in FY 2010 were a success with no cultural resources staff meetings. of Resource Management. Also assisting reported safety incidents. Training: Duane had no training related to in these tasks were Gavin Gardner Vanishing Treasures work. (TONT Project Archeologist), Roger Dorr VANISHING TREASURES STAFF (Flagstaff Area Parks Project Archeologist), Duane C. Hubbard, Chief, Resource VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Kristin Converse (TONT student Management FUNDING temporary employment program (STEP) FY 1998 Position Project Name: Preserve Three Retaining Archeological Technician), Dave Janson (Maintenance Worker), and staff from the This position was originally filled as an Walls in Lower Cliff Dwelling, Southern Saguaro National Park Trail Crew who Exhibit Specialist but has been converted Annex and Upper Cliff Dwelling had masonry experience. The majority to an Integrated Resource Manager. PMIS Number: 123561 of preservation treatments on retaining Skills: Duane’s skills include condition Project Summary: Tonto National walls were performed at the Upper Cliff assessment, architectural documentation, Monument requested funding for Dwelling, which raised the entire site’s stabilization histories, compliance, and a treatment project focused on the condition from “fair” to “good”. hands-on ruins preservation. Monument’s ruins stabilization structures Preservation crews removed ineffective Accomplishments: During FY 2010, (retaining walls). This project involved and eroded mortar throughout the walls. Duane supervised a variety of cultural re- preservation treatments to replace With the joints cleaned, all voids in the wall source projects, including preservation eroded mortar at three of the most and mortar joints were repointed with an projects at backcountry archeological sites, important stabilization structures in the amended soil and stucco (1:1). The result and continued documentation, preserva- Monument. Treatments included capping of the project is that animals can no longer tion, and research at the five primary cliff and repointing, repair of rodent damage, live inside the walls and the walls are stable dwellings in the Monument. Specifically, and mitigation of basal erosion. Formal and preserved. The walls will need cyclic maintenance on a schedule of at least 5-10 years to repair future damage caused by rodents, visitors, and weather. As a result of the project, all the retaining walls at the primary cliff dwellings were raised from “fair” to “good” and the project was a great success. In addition to the work on the retaining walls, preservation crews completed projects at the Upper, Lower, and North Annex Cliff Dwellings, including preserving prehistoric walls by injecting unamended mortar into areas of insect/ animal damage and visitor disturbance, and preserving NPS constructed features (stairs, benches, and doorways) within Interior view of the Lower Cliff Dwelling, Tonto National Monument. the dwellings using stucco and stucco/soil Photo: Courtesy Tonto National Monument mixtures.

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 46

Tumacácori National Historical Park

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: This year’s challenges at Tumacácori National Historical Park (TUMA) were related primarily to staffing issues and the need— not once but twice—for emergency preservation treatments on the mission church. It appears that we have been able to address some of the sources of the problems and the damage has been repaired so, with no serious harm done, we are looking at this as a learning experience. Consultation: A Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act (NAG- PRA) repatriation/reburial was completed this year, after three years of consultation. Additional, project-related consultation with affiliated tribes continued as needed. Safety: We are in the process of purchasing new scaffolding and attending more scaffolding training.

VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Jeremy Moss, Chief of Resource Failure of the north wall of the sacristy, Tumacácori National Historical Site. Management, Archeologist Photo: Courtesy Tumacácori National Historical Site FY 2000 Position closely. photography to document natural erosion This position was originally filled as an In August, monsoon rains resulted in the and rodent impacts. At Calabazas Jeremy Archeologist but has been converted to a oversaw the construction of a new fence Chief of Resource Management. collapse of the outer half of a portion of the north wall of the sacristy adjacent to around the mission compound to reduce Skills: Jeremy’s skills include prehistoric/ a canale (drain). This area was a known trespass and vandalism, and motion historic archeology and artifact analysis, problem spot that could have been sensing cameras were installed to detect historic preservation documentation repaired proactively to prevent this damage and record intrusions. Also at Calabazas, and condition assessments, project from occurring. Working with TUMA drainage of the metal shelter over the development, compliance, and tribal preservation staff, Jeremy supervised the site was improved by installing seamless consultation. rebuilding of the failed portion of the wall gutters, downspouts, and piping that will Accomplishments: FY 2010 was a and the sacristy roof ledge. The repairs drain water away from the building walls. challenging year at TUMA. Heavy rains were documented with help from Matt Working with Desert Archaeology Inc., in January and again in August resulted in Guebard from Montezuma Castle and Jeremy obtained the funding for, and damage to two areas of the main mission Tuzigoot National Monuments. VT staff coordinated the execution of, a project church. In January, five inches of rain fell and the regional office supported TUMA aimed at understanding the surface over two days, resulting in the formation with advice and assisted in acquiring archeology and the date of surface deposits of a large hole in the outer half of the west emergency funds for both repairs. at Calabazas. So far, the project has wall of the sanctuary near the window. Besides emergency repairs at the mission resulted in the identification of an 1850s Jeremy worked with TUMA staff to assess church, numerous other projects were U.S. Calvary blacksmith shop that was in the damage, determine a course of action, completed in FY 2010 under Jeremy’s operation during the time that the mission acquire emergency funds, and execute and supervision. Encroaching vegetation was being used as the headquarters document the repairs. The hole was filled was removed at TUMA’s two detached for Fort Mason. This project has also with new adobes and the outer portion units, Calabazas and Guevavi. Executed found prehistoric pottery, suggesting that of the lintel was replaced. Site conditions with the help of a youth group, this work there may have been early pre-mission suggested that this problem related to improved both the visual landscape and the occupation at Calabazas (which is a hotly how water was draining off the dome, condition of the resources. Both sites also debated topic). Jeremy worked with the so drainage was improved and the roof received minor preservation treatments park’s Facility Manager on a contract for repaired. The area is now being monitored and capping, and Jeremy conducted repeat new roofing on the mission church.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Arizona 47 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

After three years of work, Jeremy complet- A few months later Ray supervised the Skills: David provided all levels of ed the repatriation and reburial of human rebuilding of a portion of the northeast preservation project management for NPS remains and associated funerary objects corner of the sacristy wall that collapsed projects as well as for other Federal and (AFOs) to the Tohono O’odham Nation after heavy monsoon rains. A crew from state agencies. in October. In addition, a two-day multi- Fort Davis assisted with this work. Ray tribal reburial ceremony resulted in the re- also completed preservation maintenance Accomplishments: After an inordinate interment of 170 individuals on park lands. and recapping at Guevavi, installed a new amount of winter rain in early 2010, a Jeremy has worked to improve tribal con- gutter system for the metal ruins shelter at large portion of the exterior sanctuary sultation and involve our affiliated tribes in Calabazas, and assisted with fence work to wall on the Franciscan church failed and park decisions, resulting in improved tribal protect Calabazas and Guevavi. approximately two tons of material were relationships for the park. Ray also assisted Tubac Presidio State Park lost. Adobes had to be made to fill in the In the area of outreach and external with preventative maintenance on the large void and repair was begun. David preservation projects, Jeremy assisted three historic Rojas House. spent most of his time facilitating work to Arizona State Park units with preservation Training: Ray completed cardiopulmonary repair the wall failure. VT preservation and archeological compliance projects. At resuscitation (CPR) and First Aid training. specialists, park staff, and other southwest Sonoita Creek State Natural Area, Jeremy preservation experts assisted in the repair. completed a small survey for archeological David Yubeta, Exhibit Specialist David also worked on capping the ruins sites near springs within a new addition FY 1998 Position to the preserve. As a result, three large of mission Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi This position was not vacant during FY archeological sites were identified and and used this venue as an opportunity 2010; however David retired from his long mapped, and artifacts were analyzed to train a seasonal crew on treatment career with the National Park Service at to determine the site’s age and cultural intervention. Following the capping at affiliation. This site info was entered into the end of the fiscal year. David has these parting words: Guevavi, the preservation crew made AZSITE. At Karchner Caverns, Jeremy adobes and removed a failed lime plaster completed a small archeological clearance Over the last 14 years, in my tenure as a coat on the corridor at Tumacácori’s for proposed new RV pads that resulted circuit-riding Vanishing Treasures Exhibit Franciscan church. in the decision to move the RV pads to Specialist, I have had the opportunity to another location that would not damage work at over 70 different NPS and other David also provided assistance to Tubac known archeology. Jeremy and the TUMA land agency sites both in Mexico and the Presidio State Park in assessing damage to preservation staff also assisted Tubac United States. I have provided treatment the historic Otero House and providing interventions, condition assessments, Presidio State Park with preservation treatment strategies for repair. David maintenance of the historic Rojas House preservation training, and guidance; and provided a condition assessment on the and we will continue to assist Arizona State I have had the opportunity to work with historic Tilford Cabin at Great Basin Park units near Tumacácori. some of the most dedicated preservation- National Park. Training: Jeremy worked two details minded people in the world. in FY 2010, totaling two months. He It is with this thought that I dedicate this final Condition assessments were also provided served as a resource advisor for the Gulf farewell to the often unheralded people to historic Ft. Lowell in Tucson, Bureau of Oil Spill and later as the Acting Chief of whose job it is to care for the resources Land Management’s Fairbank Mercantile, Resource Management for the Southeast under their charge, the Preservation Sosa Carrillo House, Marist College, and Utah Group in Moab, Utah. These Craftswomen and Craftsmen of the NPS. other earthen resources in the Tucson area. details expanded Jeremy’s knowledge of These men and women are the future of project management, leadership, and the the VT program. They are highly skilled David continued to serve as an instructor management of large-scale operations. artisans who ply their knowledge and for the Facility Managers Cultural Resource demonstrate their love of the resources on training, this year presenting his session at Ray Madril, Masonry Worker a daily basis. These are the archaeologists, Mt. Rainier National Park. FY 1998 Position architects, engineers and those hands-on Finally, David ended the year with a Skills: Ray is a skilled mason and a true masons who are the best in the nation at what they do, caring for the patrimonies condition assessment of the 14 buildings jack of all trades. He is the lead mason of the Southwest National Sheep Breeding at Tumacácori and his skills include all and treasures entrusted to their care. I Laboratory at Ft. Wingate, New Mexico facets of historic preservation treatments am honored to have been a part of the VT for the U.S. Forest Service. including adobe and stone masonry, lime program and to have crossed the paths and mud plasters, and project planning of so many of these true professionals. I Training: David did not participate in any would like to thank my Superintendents, and execution. VT-related training this year. Ann Rasor and Lisa Carrico, for believing Accomplishments: Ray put his skills to in me and supporting this program. I work this year in the repair of two major will continue to assist the preservation VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT wall collapses resulting from heavy rainfall community in whatever capacity that I am FUNDING events. He repaired the large hole that asked. surrounded the west sanctuary window, Tumacácori National Historic Site did not replacing adobes, setting a new window Adelante! receive Vanishing Treasures project fund- lintel, and replastering the repaired area. David Yubeta ing in FY 2010.

Arizona Personnel, Projects, and Budgets V a n i s h i n g T r e a s u r e s California/Nevada

Retaining walls and a 70-foot brick stack are all that remain of the Panamint City smelter, Death Valley National Park Photo: Randall Skeirik u Death Valley National Park u Joshua Tree National Park u Mojave National Preserve u u Manzanar National Historic Site u California/Nevada Fiscal Year 2010 Project Funding Summary

Funded Projects: Mojave National Preserve $ 35,000 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 50

Mojave National Preserve project, partially collapsed roof and walls, District in the south-central portion as well as an unstable brick fireplace of Mojave National Preserve (MOJA). VANISHING TREASURES and chimney, demanded creative safety Although little is known about the history ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND solutions. The present Mojave historic of the mine or the residence, we do know CHALLENGES preservation staff has been selected that the house was built prior to 1933. At and hired from a variety of carpentry that time, W. E. Wilson was the Big Horn VT Challenges and Successes: Through backgrounds, many focusing on historic Mine operator and Herbert and Anna consultation with the Vanishing Treasures structures rehabilitation, giving us the von Wagenheim were living on-site at the Program leadership, Mojave National knowledge and experience to work safely mine as caretakers. We also know that Preserve (MOJA) was able to redirect on unstable structures. the Big Horn Mine operation was one of funding for a project (which had partially the customers of the historic 7IL Ranch collapsed in 2009) from condition VANISHING TREASURES STAFF cattle operation. While the mine was in assessment and treatment planning to operation, the “Hilltop House” residence an emergency stabilization effort. This Mojave National Preserve has never was a gathering place for local miners, project was a complete success, and has received funding for a Vanishing Treasures position. ranchers, and homesteaders for holidays since been featured in the park newspaper and other celebrations. as a showcase example of National Park VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Service management of public resources. It This Vanishing Treasures funded project has also been presented to fellow staff, and FUNDING was originally intended to provide a to the public, as an outstanding example Project Name: Conduct Condition condition assessment and treatment plan of the use of NPS money, and local history Assessment and Prepare Treatment Plan for the historic Big Horn Mine residence. groups (that have, in the past, had strained for Bighorn Mine Residence Unfortunately, by the time the project was approved and funded, half of the structure relations with the Park) have expressed PMIS Number: 120263 appreciation for the work accomplished. had collapsed. After consulting with the Project Summary: The Big Horn Mine VT Leadership, it was agreed that the Consultation: There were no consultation residence, or “Hilltop House”, is located money would be redirected toward the issues related to this project. at the southeastern base of the Hidden goal of stabilizing the structure. It is the Safety: In working on our VT funded Hills and is part of the Hidden Hill Mining long-term goal of the park to preserve

Site of Hilltop House with Pinto Mountain in the background, Mojave National Preserve Photo: David Nichols

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets California/Nevada 51 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

The Mojave Historic Structures Maintenance Crew works on Hilltop House, Mojave National Preserve. Photo: Jennifer Morrell this structure and to nominate both the the north end of the house to collapse. repair of the southeast wall, which was also mine and the residence to the National This flaw was remedied during stabiliza- detached from the newly shored porch Register of Historic Places. Because this tion by drilling the beams near where they and porch rafters enabling it to move project money was diverted for emergency strike the top plates of the walls and install- freely. The existing floor, although level, stabilization work, no assessment of this ing chains from wall to wall to create a truss had been constructed on 4x6 sleepers structure’s present condition, integrity, effect. At the time of stabilization, it was laid on the bare earth and required the or potential threats has been yet been also evident that the one remaining stand- excavation of soil underneath to create a prepared. ing wall was out of plumb by 2 inches and crawlspace. The subfloor was replaced Project Budget: that the attached porch was leaning and and the existing tongue and groove finish Total VT Project Funding: $35,000 applying pressure to this wall. To main- flooring reinstalled. The interior of the Personnel: $16,171 tain integrity, the porch and the standing house was cleaned out and all non-original Vehicles: $1,331 wall were shored up while debris from the materials were removed. Subfloor piers Travel/Training: $0 collapse was removed. During demolition that were of structural importance to the Supplies/Materials: $17,387 and cleanup, it was also discovered that the entire building were repaired or removed Equipment: $0 ridge beam was not resting on a king post, and replaced as necessary. The existing Services/Contracts: $0 but rather was held in place by nails alone. roof, which was the result of many years of Other: $111 Despite this additional construction flaw, patching and overlayment, was completely Project Accomplishments: Initial site vis- this portion of the structure was success- removed and replaced with period (circa its by the MOJA Historic Structures Main- fully deconstructed. Original lumber was 1930s) composite shingles over roofing tenance Crews determined that the Hilltop salvaged, when possible, for use in the re- felt. As a result, the roof is now completely House was constructed in a vernacular construction of the collapsed portion of watertight and weatherproof. Finally, architectural style that had inherent struc- the house. Nevertheless, ten large truck- the entire exterior of the building was tural faults. These design flaws eventu- loads of on-site debris were removed from sheathed with plywood and battens and ally resulted in its partial collapse. Faulty the house. was painted to match its appearance in open-beam ceiling construction caused Completed work included the truing and period photographs.

California/Nevada Personnel, Projects, and Budgets V a n i s h i n g T r e a s u r e s C o l o r a d o

Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde National Park Photo: Free-Photos.biz

u Colorado National Monument u Dinosaur National Monument u u Mesa Verde National Park u Colorado Fiscal Year 2010 Project Funding Summary

Funded Projects: No Colorado parks received Vanishing Treasures Project Funding this year. Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 54

Mesa Verde National Park ficiency is the shortage of trained perma- gists and an emergency hire to work along- nent staff with supervisory capability. This side the crew. As a result, the crew was able VANISHING TREASURES is essential to the continued success of the to complete major repairs to Spruce Tree program, given the diverse nature of our House, Cliff Palace, Far View House, and ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND preservation projects and our increased nine backcountry alcove sites: they also CHALLENGES reliance on volunteer organizations. De- repointed and repaired historic masonry VT Challenges and Successes: A big chal- spite significant improvement in FY 2010, chimneys on many of the park’s Civilian lenge for the VT program at Mesa Verde the permanent staff remains inadequate in Conservation Corps (CCC) era buildings. (MEVE) is that we currently have three size to address an annual work load that For the third year in a row, Mesa Verde was vacant VT positions: Exhibit Specialist GS- is driven by serious ongoing deterioration able to hire seasonal positions to help with 12 STF (stabilization crew leader), Exhibit at several of our interpreted sites. Simply preservation projects. Specialist GS-11 STF (conservator), and addressing the backlogged maintenance at In addition to the major stabilization ef- Exhibit Specialist GS-9 STF (stabilization these interpreted sites consumes virtually forts that were undertaken in FY 2010, the crew). The Exhibit Specialist position all staff time during the field season. This stabilization crew began the process of re- (conservator) has been vacant since 2005, leaves little time to address the needs of defining our preservation program. This and the Exhibit Specialist position on the our backcountry sites or to write technical included evaluating the effectiveness of stabilization crew that was funded by VT in reports, manage records, or participate in the current program, defining long-term 2004 has never been filled. The Stabiliza- training. goals and objectives, and outlining pro- tion Crew leader position has been vacant A major success of FY 2010 can be mea- gram needs to meet established goals and since 2007. Funding for all of these posi- sured by the fact that, despite only having objectives. Most significant was the devel- tions has been absorbed into the overall four subject-to-furlough positions on the opment of a draft program that includes Park budget to cover annual deficits. stabilization crew, funding from projects assembling a reference library specific to Probably our most significant program de- was used to hire two seasonal archeolo- preservation treatments and the procure-

Nordenskiold’s Ruin, Mesa Verde National Park. Photo: Courtesy Mesa Verde National Park

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Colorado 55 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

ment of equipment and materials for a soils Safety: Mesa Verde National Park’s VT half of the pavement covering the roof of characterization laboratory. Both of these program maintained an effective safety Kiva F. Accessible to the public via a lad- elements are critical to identifying, docu- program with no reportable injuries or in- der, exposure to moisture, combined with menting, and defining past preservation cidents in FY 2010. heavy visitor traffic, had resulted in erosion treatments; evaluating the effectiveness of the kiva roof, leaving voids in the pave- of treatments; and developing new treat- VANISHING TREASURES STAFF ment that created a tripping hazard. The ments. Tim Hovezak, Exhibit Specialist roof pavement was replaced with colored Another measure of success for Mesa FY 1998 Position soil cement (a combination of commer- Verde is that our Archeological Sites Con- cial masonry cement and native soil) that This position was originally filled as a Ma- servation Program (ASCP) crew has been closely replicates other nearby historic sonry Worker but was converted to a Ex- contacted to complete documentation and surfaces. At the front of the site, gravel was hibit Specialist in 2005. stabilization projects by other NPS units imported to sections of the trail and plaza. and land management agencies. The Mon- Skills: Tim specializes in southwestern Other work included minor repairs to the ticello BLM field office has prepared an in- archeology, prehistoric and historic archi- masonry retaining wall at the front of the teragency agreement for the ASCP crew to tecture, site preservation, conservation site and to the plaza surface south of Kiva document and stabilize 3 Kiva Ruin which research, architectural documentation, ar- H, repairs to the south wall of Room 60, is located in southeast Utah. In addition, cheological inventory, testing, excavation, and comprehensive cleaning of the kivas Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and reporting. that are viewed by the public. will use the ASCP crew to complete sta- Accomplishments: Tim served in a tem- Tim and the crew also worked at Cliff Pal- bilization treatments at Defiance House, porary position as the preservation crew ace this season, focusing on repairs in ar- building on a 2003 condition assessment leader for three months during FY 2010, eas that are located in the exposed areas completed by ASCP staff. This project will a position that has been vacant since 2007. of the alcove. These areas are more sus- execute the treatments that were recom- As acting crew leader, Tim supervised the ceptible to moisture-related deterioration mended in the 2003 report. Both of these crew, established priorities for site preser- and include Kivas A and B (located next partnering projects will be completed in vation projects, worked on drafting a pro- to the trail at the south end of the alcove) FY 2011. gram design, and ensured that safety guide- and Kivas S, T, and U (at the north end of Although not funded by VT, another suc- lines were followed throughout the season. the site). Moisture infiltration into Kivas A cess in FY 2010 was the start of a com- Tim and the crew began the season in the and B had resulted in the deterioration of plete condition assessment of Spruce Tree spring by conducting assessments of sites the basal masonry and many of the mor- House. Although an extensive architectur- in the park that are open to the public. tar joints. The widespread use of Portland al documentation project has been on-go- This included evaluating the condition of cement mortars indicated that these kivas ing at Spruce Tree House for a number of the sites and ensuring that they are safe had been extensively repaired in the past, years, a complete condition assessment of for public visitation. While these annual and much of this inappropriate material the site has never been completed. Spruce assessments focus on structural defects, was replaced. Kivas S, T, and U were gen- Tree House contains 120 rooms, 54 open they also include evaluation of the condi- erally in much better condition but had areas, 9 kivas, and 30 miscellaneous struc- tion of pedestrian surfaces and the detec- been damaged by rodent intrusion as well tures. In FY 2010, base funds supported tion of evidence of new rock fall hazards as a combination of other effects including a two-person crew to execute this project in the alcoves. Routine minor repairs and damage from unauthorized visitor traffic and condition assessments of 169 of the cleaning of prehistoric structures and trail and inappropriate past stabilization treat- 213 total study units were completed this surfaces are also conducted during these ments. In Kiva S, visitor intrusion was the year. Assessment of the remaining study assessments. The only significant repairs likely cause of the collapse of the vent tun- units will be completed in FY 2011. that were made during this process were nel and part of the southern recess floor. Major Information Management and Tech- to Balcony House and included repairs to Kiva T, located immediately to the west, nology successes included the completion the plaza surface, and the replacement of suffered from masonry deterioration in a of Phase 4 of the Mobile Documentation a 30-foot wooden exit ladder and wooden section of the north wall--an area that had Management System project, the upsiz- elements of a post-and-rail barrier fence. been inappropriately repaired in the past. ing of the archeological database, and the Later in the spring, Tim and the crew com- Nearby, Kiva U suffered from a variety of ninth year of the Mesa Verde/Fort Lewis pleted stabilization treatments at Spruce problems including loose masonry, eroded College Internship Program. Tree House, the park’s most heavily visited mortar joints, and animal burrowing. All Consultation: Mesa Verde National Park alcove site. This work was completed be- three of these structures were rehabilitat- has a programmatic agreement with 24 af- tween April 12 and 27, concurrently with ed--a process that included cleaning, map- filiated and traditionally associated Native the repaving by the Division of Mainte- ping, and reburial of fragile adobe floors in American tribes and with the Colorado nance of the trail to the site. Interdivi- Kivas S and U. State Historic Preservation Office. These sional cooperation allowed for the sharing In addition, work at Cliff Palace included agreements outline the types of routine of labor and resources and was especially the partial reconstruction of a masonry assessment, documentation, and preserva- beneficial to the stabilization crew by pro- retaining wall at the edge of Kiva B and a tion methods that can be employed by the viding access to motorized equipment to small section of collapsed wall between Archeological Site Conservation Program transport materials and equipment to and Rooms 9 and 130. Gravel was also added without needing consultation. No compli- from the site. to the trail and minor repairs were made to ance-related issues were encountered dur- At Spruce Tree House, the major work con- Kiva M, Open Area F, and Room 23. ing FY 2010. sisted of the replacement of approximately In addition to the work at Cliff Palace, Tim

Colorado Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 56

and the crew completed treatments at Far this site, learning park service procedures the silicone drip line was replaced across View House. Far View House, which is for mapping and narrative documentation, the entire front of the alcove. For all of the suffering from a backlog of deferred main- structural condition assessment, and the repairs, the mortar utilized unamended lo- tenance, is considered in poor condition. methods and materials used in structural cal soils procured from the canyon floor The goal of the preservation crew is to stabilization. Work completed by the sta- below the site. upgrade Far View House to “fair” condi- bilization crew brought this site into good Site 5MV1142 has only one masonry room tion so that it can withstand exposure to condition. and, although the masonry appeared to be the elements for a few more years, giving Site 5MV573 contains the partially col- in good condition, severe basal stone dete- the park time to develop and implement a lapsed remains of three masonry rooms rioration threatened the structural integ- long-term preservation plan for the site. and the treatments here were very simple. rity of the entire room. Room 1 required Significant progress was made in returning They consisted of basal and mid-wall re- basal reinforcement to the west façade Far View House to fair condition as the re- pairs to all three of the rooms and one at both west wall corners and along the sult of treatments completed by the Sierra open area (Rooms 1, 2, 3, and Open Area north wall. Most basal deterioration here Club. Seventeen volunteers worked for a 1). These repairs used unamended soil derives from granular exfoliation of the week alongside the preservation crew to mortar procured from a local source on the bedrock, rather than deterioration of the complete fabric repairs to four of the site’s floor of Spruce Canyon. masonry elements. This has undercut the five kivas (Kivas A, B, D, and E) and one sur- The single, isolated masonry room at site base masonry course along the outer, west face room (Room 35). The work primarily 5MV574 was assessed to be in fair condi- façade to a depth of approximately 5 cm. consisted of masonry repointing and reset- tion, with the exception of basal mortar While this erosion was not severe in most ting of loose stones. After the volunteers erosion and several deteriorated basal areas, deeper undercutting at the corners left, the stabilization crew continued the stones. Treatment here involved the re- endangered the entire west wall. If left work at Far View House and completed placement of eroded basal and second unchecked, it would have resulted in struc- the treatment of loose and displaced ma- course stones, reinforcement of the en- tural failure. Both bedrock and masonry sonry in Rooms 5, 13, and 24, as well as at tryway sill and jambs, and the removal of a deterioration at this site appear to derive various locations along the pueblo’s south small packrat midden from the Room 1 in- from external sources, notably direct pre- façade. In preparation for winter, Tim and terior. Basal stones were installed without cipitation and runoff from the alcove face, the crew installed wooden shoring to brace mortar to facilitate drainage through the evidenced here by severe mortar erosion several walls that are in danger of collapse base of the wall and away from the struc- on the northwest corner of the exterior, and covered broken compound wall caps ture. Repairs to the entryway used a soil west façade. Masonry deterioration along with tarps in order to prevent moisture mortar procured from the colluvial slope the base of the north wall appeared to be from infiltrating the cores of the walls. above the site. exacerbated by capillary absorption from Tim and the crew were also able to com- Site 5MV575 is a small site within a low al- the 10 to 20 cm of fill that covered the al- plete repairs to nine small backcountry al- cove immediately below and to the north cove floor. cove sites in FY 2010 (5MV572, 5MV573, of 5MV574. Stabilization consisted of dry At 5MV1142 the treatment consisted of 5MV574, 5MV575, 5MV553 [Corn Cob laying one large stone with leveler spalls to the insertion of a tabular stone beneath the House], 5MV1142, 5MV1206, 5MV1218, support broken and deteriorated masonry basal masonry of the west wall, replace- 5MV1221). At site 5MV572 a condition at the northeast corner of Room 1. ment of two basal stones at the north wall, assessment from 2005 recommended that Corn Cob House (5MV553) is a three- extensive repointing of the entire west wall the site’s five rooms and one kiva be treat- room structural site located beneath a and where the mortar had eroded at the ed to prevent structural deterioration that pour-off on the floor of an unnamed northwest corner. The soil mortars used at had been exacerbated by a 2002 wildfire. branch of Soda Canyon. Site documenta- this site were derived from standard park Those treatments were finally implement- tion here was updated in 2005 and again sources on Chapin Mesa and were import- ed this year and consisted of basal and during a site monitoring event in 2007. ed to the site. mid-wall repairs to Rooms 1, 2, 3, 4, Open The 2007 records noted severe impacts to Site 5MV1206 consists of three alcoves that Area 1, and Open Area A. The repointing all three masonry rooms caused by animal once contained standing walls although and stone replacement to the north and activity—specifically, rodent “nesting and currently, only one alcove contains intact south walls of Room 1 were relatively mi- excrement”--and displacement of basal architectural elements; this alcove was the nor compared to the work undertaken at masonry supporting the outer, east walls focus of the preservation treatments that Room 2, which required extensive basal of two of the rooms caused by erosion and were executed here in FY 2010. The archi- repointing of the west and north interior pedestrian traffic. Preservation work at tecture here consists of a single room, con- walls as well as extensive repointing on the Room 2 was relatively minor, consisting of structed as a low curved masonry wall en- west exterior basal and mid-wall sections. resetting several lower mid-wall stones in closing the front of a shallow alcove. The The most significant treatment to Room 2 the south exterior face. Room 3, however, condition of this room is considered to was reinforcement of the deteriorated bed- required basal and top course repoint- be “poor” because of the unstable nature rock foundation adjacent to the southwest ing and the installation of a vertical brace of the bedrock floor and ceiling and the corner of the north boundary of Open Area in the room interior to support a large, resulting erosion of the alcove floor. The A. The kiva, which contains fill to approxi- partially detached sandstone ceiling slab. most serious issue here is the movement of mately one meter from the top of exist- Room 1 required extensive reinforcement a large wedge-shaped block of ceiling bed- ing intact masonry, was not treated. Both of the deteriorated bedrock ledge support- rock that is placing a load on the masonry 2010 archeology interns from Fort Lewis ing the south wall and packrat debris was wall. This block appears to be moving College participated in the stabilization of removed from the room interior. Finally, down and outward, causing multiple verti-

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Colorado 57 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

of Room 7. Also, the broken and unstable north corner of Room 17 was reinforced with dry stacked masonry and encroach- ing oak brush was removed from in front of the site. In addition to the treatments executed on prehistoric resources, the stabilization crew worked on repairing masonry chim- neys of 30 historic buildings in the park. This was the second and final year of a repair-rehab project that began in FY 2009 to address the needs of 57 historic chim- ney features in the administrative, main- tenance, and residential districts. Most of the chimneys required repointing of eroded mortar joints and the repair or in- stallation of new shelter caps. Some of the chimneys however, were in need of partial STEP employee Stephen Matt and Masonry Worker Neill Smith work on the or full reconstruction. retaining wall at Long House, Mesa Verde National Park. Finally, Tim assisted with the design, plan- Photo: Courtesy Mesa Verde National Park ning, and installation of new metal wall panels at seven site shelters on Wetherill cal stress fractures in wall masonry. Some the alcove, but it is impossible to know and Chapin Mesas and the replacement of of these fractures are ancient, as suggested how long this treatment will be effective. roof membranes at five of the six Chapin by consistency in patination between ma- Site 5MV1218 is a small habitation com- shelters. The old wall panels in these shel- sonry surfaces and crack interiors: how- plex located in a low alcove immediately ters consisted of canvas curtains. This old ever, other fractures appear to be fresh and above the narrow floor of the west fork of closure system was not very effective, since new. Additional evidence of recent move- Long Canyon. Although the overall condi- it did not prevent moisture from infiltrat- ment is provided by two crack monitors tion of the site is considered to be “good,” ing the primarily earthen structures and that were installed between the block and there were several significant exceptions. rodents could easily penetrate the shelters the adjacent cliff. Because of its irregular Treatment required at this site consisted seeking refuge inside the closed-off areas. shape, the weight of the block is difficult to of repointing the north exterior wall of In addition, installing the curtains in the estimate but it is approximately 288 cubic Room 20 between the bedrock and a de- fall and removing them in the spring was feet in volume with an estimated weight of tached boulder, minor repointing of the a very cumbersome and time-consuming 8.6 tons. south wall of Room 19 and the addition of task that required at least four people Intrusive interventions, such as stone re- two dry stacked stones to fill a void in the to maneuver the long, heavy pipes that placement, were not recommended for wall base, and the positioning of a single were used for attaching the curtain mate- 5MV1206 in the 2010 assessment because stone on the sill of Room 20’s entry wall rial. The new metal wall panels offer much of the unstable and dangerous nature of (WE 9) to support a broken and collaps- more protection from wind, snow, and rain the alcove ceiling and the poor condition of ing right jamb. Additional work consisted and they simply roll back and forth on a the prehistoric masonry. In order to bring of repointing the south wall of Room 21, track to open and close. this site into good condition, treatment the addition of masonry to fill voids in the Training: Tim attended facility mainte- measures would have to be extensive. This abutment of Room 25 and the alcove wall, nance software system (FMSS) training in would entail removing the decomposed and removal of encroaching oak brush at FY 2010. bedrock on the alcove floor and replacing the front of the site. and/or removing the entire basal course of Site 5MV1221, a multi-unit habitation Neill Smith, Masonry Worker the wall. Because it is difficult to determine complex located in the west fork of Long FY 1998 Position the extent to which the detached ceiling Canyon, is just a short distance from This position was originally filled as a His- block is dependent on the masonry wall for 5MV1218. Although the site had been sta- torical Architect but was converted to an support, it has been decided that any inter- bilized in 1998 and the previous stabiliza- Exhibit Specialist in 2005. vention has the potential to destabilize and tion work was in good condition, addition- Skills: Neill specializes in masonry work, collapse the ceiling and must be considered al treatments were needed to stabilize areas fabric repair, and site preservation. a dangerous and life-threatening undertak- not addressed in 1998. Most of the stabili- Accomplishments: As a member of the ing. Therefore, treatment here consisted of zation needs here were minor but essential preservation crew, Neill participated in placing two steel screw jacks between the for the prevention of ongoing deterioration all of the projects described above in Tim bedrock shelf forming the alcove floor and in seriously unstable wall segments. Treat- Hovezak’s accomplishments. the ceiling block. Jack placement is at the ments consisted of repointing, with some block’s estimated center of gravity, a short minor stone resetting and new stone lay- Kay Barnett, Exhibit Specialist distance outside of the room. This action ing in Rooms 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 15, 16, 20, FY 2004 Position may help to stabilize the block and prevent 23, 30. A significant wall patch was con- Skills: Kay specializes in southwestern ar- the destruction of cultural remains within structed to fill a large void in the south wall cheology; prehistoric and historic architec-

Colorado Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 58

ture; architectural documentation; historic lishments, etc. country program. inscriptions; osteology; and archeological Kay worked on finalizing the site chronol- Training: Kay attended FMSS training and inventory, testing, excavation, and report- ogy by utilizing tie and abutment patterns an Archeological Resource Protections Act ing. and the Spruce Tree House tree-ring da- (ARPA) refresher course in FY 2010. Accomplishments: Kay continued work- taset. With the chronology finalized, the ing on the Spruce Tree House Architectural construction sequence can now be system- Laura Ninnemann, Supervisory Arche- Documentation Project during FY 2010. atically analyzed with final, corrected data. ologist (Databases) The entire project, which includes 20 study Also at Spruce Tree House, Kay worked FY 2000 Position units at two ledge sites just north of Spruce with the University of Pennsylvania’s Tree House (5MV530 and 5MV641), has Graduate Program in Historic Preserva- This position was originally filled as an Ar- identified and documented 233 architec- tion under the direction of Frank Matero. cheologist but was converted to a Database tural units including 130 rooms, nine kivas, This crew executed a condition assessment Archeologist in 2005. two towers (consisting of three rooms), 62 of surface finishes and documentation and Skills: Laura is skilled in condition assess- open areas, and 32 miscellaneous struc- treatment of four high-priority study units ment documentation and possesses critical tures. The Spruce Tree House alcove con- in Spruce Tree House (Rooms 115, 104, 116 knowledge and understanding of archeo- tains 120 rooms, 54 open areas, 30 miscel- and 122). In addition, Professor Matero logical data captured at Mesa Verde. She laneous structures and nine kivas. directed the production of graphics that specializes in relational database manage- Kay’s primary duty was data checking all of illustrate the distribution of surface finish ment system implementation, database the field forms and database records gener- types throughout Spruce Tree House. He and Web site design, electronic and print ated by the work that has been completed began drafting a study unit-specific analy- media data management, program/project by various crew members over the past sis of the architecture based on surface fin- management, and reporting activities. few years. Data checking involves cross- ishes. Professor Matero’s analyses will be Accomplishments: Laura is responsible checking the paper records (field maps and an integral part of the overall understand- for Information Management and Tech- forms) against database files and in-field ing and interpretation of the chronology of nology (IMT) within the Research and checks to verify information and resolve Spruce Tree House. Resource Management (R&RM) Division. conflicts. By the end of FY 2010, the bulk As the most visited, and one of best pre- She focused most of her activities in FY of the data cross-checking and corrections served, dwellings at Mesa Verde, Spruce 2010 on three multi-year projects: (1) up- had been completed. Approximately 60 of Tree House has been selected for detailed sizing Microsoft Access archeological data- the 120 study units at Spruce Tree House architectural documentation. Because it base models to Microsoft structured query received some degree of data cross-check- retains numerous intact plaster finishes, language (SQL) Server 2008 and Web site ing in FY 2010. In a few instances the plan roofs, and second- and third-story rooms, development for internally hosting R&RM view maps of study units had to be com- Spruce Tree House presents a unique op- Division data, (2) Phase 4 completion of pletely re-done. portunity to develop an integrated ap- the Mobile Documentation Management Kay worked closely with Neal Morris, an proach to site management and problem- System (MDMS), and (3) reorganization/ archeologist who specializes in produc- oriented research and interpretation. We integration of archeological documenta- ing AutoCAD graphics. Together, they are nearing completion of the architectural tion into complete working files. produced a nearly complete grid-oriented documentation phase of the project and Upsizing of database records to SQL Serv- composite plan of the site in AutoCAD. now want to realize the potential of the er 2008 was completed during FY 2010. Previous AutoCAD site plans were rotated, data collected while also continuing the This process included extensive data anal- and in some cases “rubber sheeted,” to fit development of site management tools to ysis and clean-up of database records prior a 1934 site map by Stanley Morse. Rubber allow for science-based decision-making to passing Microsoft (MS) Access database sheeting is normally used to modify an in- for park managers. These data can also models to the contractor for upsizing. As accurate map to fit a map that is more pre- be used in comparative studies among al- the Contracting Officer’s Representative cise. In this case, it was used to modify a cove sites since there is considerable varia- (COR), Laura worked with the contractor supposedly accurate field drawing to fit a tion between the sites. Although there are to resolve client-side issues and coordi- base map of unknown accuracy. In addi- broadly shared traits, each cliff dwelling nated all contracting activities, including tion, scanned images that were used as the has its own character and preservation database model submissions, on-site visits, background for digitizing were often im- challenges; the detailed documentation installation/updating of required software precisely scaled or rotated, which further of each site is critical since it ultimately applications and hardware needs with compounded the problems of assembling informs our interpretation and manage- Mesa Verde IT staff, and database security an accurate composite plan. Kay assisted ment decisions, particularly where shared configuration. She also initiated the design Neal in completing almost all the plan view traits may not be as easily assessed in some of a Web site to host online data, provided maps and approximately 60 percent of the alcoves as they are in others. For efficient oversight for contractor activities, and de- elevation maps (n=300) for the 120 study implementation, these aspirations for the veloped 75+ Web site pages utilizing web units in Spruce Tree House. Spruce Tree House Project require plan- development applications and add-on As part of the Spruce Tree House project, ning and integration into broad goals for tools. The contracted portion of the proj- Kay also assisted photographer Robert Mesa Verde National Park resource man- ect was successfully completed in FY 2010 Jensen in producing high-quality photo agement. on time and within budget. The remaining images of specific architectural details that In addition to her duties at Spruce Tree in-house Web site and SQL Server data- were deserving of further documentation, House, Kay compiled information sheets base development will be completed in such as unique doorways, artifacts, embel- and maps for the park’s employee back- 2011.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Colorado 59 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Phase 4 of MDMS was completed in 2010 Approximately 60% of existing working nization projects. with analysis and testing of new State His- documents have been transferred to and Laura continues to manage the ASMIS da- toric Preservation Office (SHPO) reevalua- organized within these folders. In addi- taset for MEVE and Yucca House National tion and historic data topics within the site tion to creating the folders, Laura updated Monument. Throughout FY 2010, she co- survey component, and new dendrochro- procedural documents and restructured ordinated and submitted Corrective Action nology and historic inscription data com- the electronic file hierarchy to accommo- Plan goals for both units and performed ponents. As Project Manager, Laura coor- date changing needs. She also developed a data entry for new and existing ASMIS re- dinated consultation services in prepara- procedure for transferring image files, and cords resulting from field work at 29 sites at tion for the final on-site visit and close-out coordinated their transfer into the new site both units. She monitored progress during of this phase insuring that all deliverables file hierarchy structure, expanding an ear- the 2010 field season, provided feedback were received. Phase 5, planned for com- lier file naming standard for photographs to crew members, insured that all required pletion in 2011, will integrate MDMS into to accommodate naming of document data were captured and reported, and ar- the new Web site providing a single data files. File names now include three parts. chived reporting documents following access portal for archeological data. Part 1 includes a site designator, document update activities. As mandated by the AS- As a mobile solution for electronically type, page reference, and project code; Part MIS Corrective Action Plan, Laura insured capturing data, including data required 2 includes the year the document was gen- FY 2010 updated ASMIS records were by the archeological sites management in- erated; and Part 3 includes the document brought to complete, accurate and reliable formation system (ASMIS), during field series designator. By using this format, condition and submitted Superintendent’s documentation activities, the advantages all electronic files can be captured by the Certifications for both units. MDMS image tool and loaded onto a stor- of MDMS are far-reaching. The platform As part of Laura’s routine IMT respon- age card for access in the field. In theory, is georeferenced and Global Positioning sibilities, she maintained stewardship of all data generated for a site, as well as the System (GPS) data are directly transmitted archeological site identification numbers data capture forms, will be accessible in the to the relational database model. Data flow and assigned numbers to newly discovered field from either handheld mobile devices from primary databases to a mobile device sites. She insured high availability of Mi- with integrated GPS or from notebook (handheld personal digital assistant [PDA] crosoft (MS) Access databases, addressed computers, if a larger display format is de- with integrated GPS) where records are routine database performance issues, and sired. This will eliminate the need to carry added or updated based on field observa- analyzed MS Access database structure paper records and forms into the field. tions. As data flow back into primary da- changes for impact on successful comple- tabases, the records are evaluated for com- Laura also coordinated the Mesa Verde/ tion of upsizing and Web site projects. She pleteness and integrity utilizing a group of Fort Lewis College Internship Program researched and authored reports describ- quality assurance/quality control (QAQC) through the Colorado Plateau-Coopera- ing programmatic goals, current activities, queries within a separate database model. tive Ecosystem Study Unit (CP-CESU) and types of funds utilized, and tangible results Throughout this process, relational data the Intermountain Regional Office (IMR): for all IMT areas of responsibility, and she structures are maintained. In addition, an Partners in this program include the Colo- authored specialized reports and docu- attachment tool allows crews to carry pho- rado Historical Fund and the Fort Lewis ments requested by the Division Chief. tographs and documents into the field on a College Foundation. This highly success- Laura assisted R&RM and IT staff in de- digital storage card and the Data Capture ful partnership is now in its ninth year and termining hardware and software needs, Standards Manual (totaling approximately directly benefits the park’s VT-funded per- addressed software functionality issues, 270 pages) is available in HTML (hypertext sonnel. To date, interns have been placed provided training to R&RM staff and Fort markup language) format on the mobile in positions mentored by each of our VT Lewis College interns performing data en- device. When fully implemented, MDMS staff members, as well as VT’s structural try activities, addressed questions and is- will result in significant cost/time savings, engineer, who is duty stationed here. Ap- sues related to the capture and keying of as well as increased data completeness and proximately one third of the successfully archeological data into primary database integrity. completed internships have directly ben- models, and made database improvements FY 2010 marked the second year of a efited VT activities through mentoring by to facilitate changing data capture needs. multi-year project to reorganize and create VT personnel. Laura’s internship coor- Training: Laura attended Federal Acquisi- complete working site files that contain all dination activities in FY 2010 included tion Certification for Contracting Officer of the project documentation that has been compilation of internship opportunities Technical Representatives (FAC/COR) re- generated over 100+ years of field work at for the current year, organization of the an- fresher training, General Services Admin- Mesa Verde. A primary goal of this proj- nual internship fair at Fort Lewis College, istration (GSA) procurement training, and ect is to make documents available in both selection of interns, background-check a three-day live on-line SQL Server Re- print media and electronic formats--many processing, securing camping privileges at porting Services course covering areas of as searchable files. During FY 2010, Laura our Morefield Campground, intern/park expertise required for successful comple- provided training and oversight in docu- mentor orientation, mid-term progress re- tion of IMT projects. ment scanning, organization procedures, porting by interns, final project presenta- and equipment use. She created 3,500 tions and close-out, and managing of daily site and study unit classification folders programmatic issues. Laura authored and VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT and supervised their integration and or- processed CP-CESU program approval FUNDING ganization. These folders are divided into and IMR procurement documents and, in Mesa Verde National Park did not receive documentation components and labeled addition, mentored two IMT interns who Vanishing Treasures project funding this for easy identification and retrieval of data. assisted with AutoCAD and site file reorga- year.

Colorado Personnel, Projects, and Budgets V a n i s h i n g T r e a s u r e s N e w M e x i c o

The Mission San Gregorio de Abo, Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. Photo: C. Ford

u Aztec Ruins National Monument u Bandelier National Monument u u Chaco Culture National Historical Park u El Malpais National Monument u u El Morro National Monument u Fort Union National Monument u u Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument u Pecos National Historical Park u u Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument u New Mexico Fiscal Year 2010 Project Funding Summary Funded Projects: Aztec Ruins National Monument $ 64,986 Bandelier National Monument $ 124,990 Chaco Culture National Historical Park $ 52,491 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 62

Aztec Ruins National Monu- structures that will remain open for inter- initiated on proposed modifications to ment pretation. the West Ruin Backfilling Program that in- One of the most interesting challenges was cluded fill reduction (excavation) in areas where differential fill could not be equal- VANISHING TREASURES the stabilization of walls that were newly exposed during excavation. Stabilization ized through backfilling. The tribes and ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND at Aztec has traditionally been focused on the New Mexico State Historic Preserva- CHALLENGES areas that were excavated many decades tion Officer (NMSHPO) were generally VT Challenges and Successes: The an- ago. The ancient masonry in these areas supportive, but there were concerns about cient Puebloan great house sites at Az- has been repeatedly repaired and has much the excavation of previously undisturbed tec Ruins National Monument (AZRU) less integrity, and different masonry styles, archeological deposits and the removal continued to challenge our preservation than the original walls that have been re- of artifacts that might result from this staff. In addition to cyclic maintenance cently excavated. This led our masons to changed strategy. These issues were ad- of the ruins, environmental monitoring carefully rethink their approach, conserv- dressed through meetings and additional and mitigation programs targeted unstable ing the original masonry as much as pos- tribal and NMSHPO consultation. In this structures and the root causes of deterio- sible while addressing structural problems way, a treatment plan for the Fill Levels ration. Modern protective roofs covering that had been caused by differential fill Adjustment Project was successfully ne- gotiated. As this project evolves, and other original roofs on four rooms at Aztec West levels and other preservation issues. Exist- routine preservation work is undertaken, Ruin were renovated. A major multi-year ing drainage features were maintained and additional consultation will be undertaken. backfilling program continued to remedi- new drainage installed in the areas where ate unequal fill levels that place static loads backfilling, excavation, or other work was The park is currently finalizing a new Gen- on standing walls. The backfill work was performed. eral Management Plan that will provide a complemented by limited excavations that Consultation: Most of our historic pres- platform for future consultation with the equalized fill levels in portions of West ervation consultation is done through an- tribes, NMSHPO, and the public. Ruin where backfilling was not practical. nual written letter reports to our affiliated Safety: Development of the AZRU Safety These included areas with visitor trails and tribes. Project-specific consultation was Program is ongoing with continued em-

Although beautiful, the winter snow contributes to deterioration of the ancient architecture at Aztec West Ruin, Aztec Ruins National Monument. Photo: Aron Adams

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 63 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

phasis on Job Safety Analysis and Job (FLAP) at West Ruin is an innovative ap- ance workshop, a Bobcat skid-steer loader Hazard Assessments. Protocols have been proach to unequal fill levels caused by vari- operations workshop, and several on-line developed that address risk management ous factors including past excavation work, training courses. in several new aspects of our preservation the survival of numerous original roofs that work. By involving the preservation crew have prevented deposition in the first place, Ernest Harrison, Masonry Worker in the creation of JSAs and JHAs, we have the existence of unexcavated areas, the ter- FY 1998 Position been able to develop a culture of safety and raced multi-story architecture typical of Skills: Ernest is proficient at masonry ru- facilitated the staging of tailgate safety ses- Chacoan great house buildings, and the ins stabilization, pre- and post-stabiliza- sions that include the preservation crew natural condition of the site after centuries tion documentation, backfilling, protec- and other cultural resource personnel. of deterioration. Gary designed this proj- tive roofing design and construction, ruins ect to rationalize many years of backfilling maintenance, and digital photography. VANISHING TREASURES STAFF into an integrated situation that minimizes In addition to superior craft skills, he is a Gary M. Brown, Supervisory Archeolo- static load and moisture as major impacts skilled heavy equipment operator and sets gist at West Ruin. This was accomplished high standards for safe work practices FY 2001 Position through continued backfilling, augmented Accomplishments: Ernest has worked on Skills: Gary has experience in archeologi- by limited excavations, installation of soil the AZRU preservation crew since 2002. cal field techniques, ruins preservation, retention structures, and both surface and Through his work as a VT mason, he has compliance, artifact analysis, writing, tech- subsurface drainage improvements. assumed the role of work leader on the nical illustration, statistical analysis, and Gary also supervised the Aztec East Ruin preservation crew, where he assists with project management. Landscape Mapping Project which re- the logistics and implementation of a va- Accomplishments: During FY 2010, Gary sulted in the identification, documenta- riety of preservation tasks ranging from supervised a sizeable staff of existing park tion, and accurate plotting of all cultural routine ruins maintenance to the design personnel, augmented with term and sea- resources in a major part of the main ru- and construction of protective roofing. As sonal hires, on a range of preservation, ar- ins complex at Aztec. This work was done work leader, he participated in the replace- cheology, and curation projects. As acting with the benefit of funding through the ment of several protective roofs that cover Chief of Cultural Resources, he provided Colorado Plateau Cooperative Ecosystems ground floor rooms that have completely oversight for structure and site condition Study Unit and in partnership with the intact original roofs. He has set high stan- assessments, backfilling and fill adjust- Center for Desert Archaeology. The result dards for masonry fabric treatments and he ments, excavation, protective roof mainte- was a comprehensive geographical infor- provides leadership for a crew composed nance and repair, cultural resource inven- mation system (GIS) database and plan of both masonry workers and laborers. He tory, List of Classified Structures structure view and profile drawings of major archi- has helped to design and implement back- documentation, ruins stabilization and mi- tectural features. filling work in conjunction with the West nor fabric replacements, laboratory analy- Training: Gary participated in an Inter- Ruin Backfill Project and the Fill Levels ses, and museum collections management. mountain Region Section 106/National Adjustment Projects. Ernest also helped to design and install drainage systems that The AZRU Fill Levels Adjustment Project Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compli- facilitate drainage away from the ruin walls. Training: Ernest participated in a Bobcat skid-steer loader operations workshop and various online training courses.

Jeffery T. Wharton, Exhibit Specialist FY 1998 Position Skills: Jeffery has an extensive background in the archeology of the Colorado Plateau, particularly of the San Juan Basin, along with experience in dealing with a range of cultural resource management concerns. His experience in archeology includes all aspects of survey and excavation, report preparation and editing, GIS data analysis, computer graphics production, and data/ laboratory analysis. He is also skilled in the design and construction of protective roofs and protective gates for archeological sites. Accomplishments: Jeffery’s accomplish- ments this year included the design and the oversight of construction and installation Archeological test excavations and backfilling in the Fill Levels Adjustment of protective roofs and gates for East and project area at Aztec West Ruin, Aztec Ruins National Monument. West Ruins, responsibility for routine envi- Photo: Sean Ludden ronmental monitoring of the Visitor Cen-

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 64

in several areas. Two locations with similar drainage problems that were not included in the backfilling project were addressed by this project. The project was designed to correct the moisture surplus through drainage into a closed system that could be discharged onto the ground, away from the site and near an irrigation ditch. Unlike the backfilled areas, the areas addressed by this project also required limited trench- ing, in addition to some backfilling. One of the affected rooms contains a significant earthen plaster mural that had been dam- aged by moisture over the years, a condi- tion that has been corrected by this project. Trenching for the subsurface drains was done only after the excavation of two one- by-one meter test units. The test units were excavated using formal archeologi- cal methods; all fill was screened; and the (sparse) artifacts that were recovered were systematically collected. Trenching for the pipes was done with pick and shovel, and all work was closely moni- tored by an archeologist. Large drainage boxes/silt traps now catch the water that pours off the roofs. The drain boxes are connected to four-inch PVC pipes that were buried in shallow trenches. Because the ground surface slopes down away from the ruin the pipes did not need to be buried deeply. The PVC pipes were connected to- gether in a Y-configuration and then rout- ed under the West Ruin Visitor Trail, where Installation of PVC drainage system during backfilling in Fill Levels Adjust- the single pipe then proceeds west toward ment project area at Aztec West Ruin, Aztec Ruins National Monument. an irrigation ditch. Photo: Sean Ludden Project Budget: Total VT Project Funding: $64,986 ter and West Ruin, and the installation and Tool (PST), 106/NEPA, and Operational monitoring of crack monitors throughout Leadership. Personnel: $59,563 the site. Vehicles: $0 Travel/Training: $298 Other accomplishments include the arche- VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Supplies/Materials: $4,677 ological survey of the monument beyond FUNDING Equipment: $0 the main ruins group, with condition as- Project Name: Install Drainage System to Services/Contracts: $0 sessments of survey sites and GIS analysis Divert Water from Protective Roofs away Other: $448 of survey data a part of the overall project. from Aztec West Ruin Jeffery coordinates with the preservation PMIS Number: 134803 Project Accomplishments: The new sub- surface drainage system, installed without crew and archeologists on a number of Project Summary: Structures at Aztec significant archeological impacts, now preservation, stabilization, and documen- West Ruin that still have intact ancient drains water more than 50 feet away from tation tasks related to the preservation roofs have been covered by modern pro- of the ruins; he conducted archeological tective roofs that drain through spouts onto the ruin into a low area where cottonwood monitoring of various park projects; and the ground adjacent to the ruins. Typically, trees will benefit from the additional mois- he was involved in preparing sections of these drains discharge only about two feet ture. Environmental monitoring initiated the AZRU General Management Plan. away from the exterior walls and much with prior VT project funding (FY 2009) Training: Jeffery received training in Plan- of this water can be drawn into the walls will document the positive result of de- ning, Environment, and Public Comment through capillary action, causing deterio- creased ground moisture in the adjacent (PEPC), Facility Maintenance Software ration. During the course of the large-scale area, including the room where a decorat- System (FMSS), Project Management In- West Ruin backfilling project over the past ed earthen plaster mural has been partially formation System (PMIS), Project Scoping several years, effective drains were installed destroyed by exposure to moisture.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 65 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Bandelier National North Mesa Cavates (year 2 of 2) porary promotion to serve as VT program Monument 6. Cultural Cyclic: Assess and Stabilize manager and Stephen Merkel assumed Long House Pueblo temporary responsibility as project man- ager. Following her temporary promo- VANISHING TREASURES 7. Cyclic Maintenance: Maintain Tyuonyi Pueblo tion, Shannon Dennison was selected as ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND the new VT program manager at Bandelier CHALLENGES Project work was carried out by crew lead- and the permanent project manager posi- VT Challenges and Successes: The Ban- ers Stephen Merkel, Martin Davenport, tion was allowed to lapse. delier National Monument Vanishing Trea- and Rachel Adler, along with seasonal employees and/or interns Jonathan Hold- sures Program completed work on seven Bandelier Vanishing Treasures Program sworth, Clifford Hickey, Ashley Crossen, projects in FY 2010, including one funded Project Summaries by the Vanishing Treasures Program. The Will Goumas, Karim Hassanein, Jonathan Assess and Stabilize Duchess Castle park also made substantive progress on Brenemann, and Student Conservation As- (year 1 of 2) contracts and agreements initiated in or sociation (SCA) worker Eli Logan. Several before FY 2010. members of the Bandelier Youth Conser- FY 2010 was the first year of a two-year vation Corps also worked with our VT pro- documentation, condition assessment, Funded projects in FY 2010 included: gram on a part-time basis in order to de- and stabilization project for Duchess Cas- 1. Vanishing Treasures: Emergency Con- velop experience in the preservation field. tle. Duchess Castle is a historic domestic servation of Frijoles Canyon Cavates With support from project manager Shan- ruin constructed in the 1910s and associ- 2. Cultural Cyclic: Assess and Stabilize non Dennison, the Bandelier VT program ated with the development of Pueblo pot- Duchess Castle (year 1 of 2) was managed by Lauren Meyer through tery as an artisanal commodity craft in the 3. Cultural Cyclic: Assess and Stabilize April 10, 2010. In April, 2010, Lauren left northern Rio Grande area. In FY 2010 Alcove House Kiva (year 1 of 2) Bandelier for a position with the VT Pro- the site was photographed with digital and 4. Cultural Cyclic: Graffiti Mitigation in gram office in Santa Fe (see Lauren’s mes- black and white film and documented with Frijoles Canyon Cavates sage on page 3). After Lauren’s departure, detailed plan and elevation drawings. A 5. Cultural Cyclic: Assess and Conserve Shannon Dennison took on a 120-day tem- stabilization plan is being drafted.

Tsankawi Landscape, Bandelier National Monument. Photo: Courtesy Bandelier National Monument

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 66

Assess and Stabilize Alcove House Kiva were performed on a variety of high and them with a softer earthen mortar that is (year 1 of 2): medium priority cavates. amended with dilute El Rey 2000, a com- Alcove House Kiva is a reconstructed kiva Treatments implemented at North Mesa mercial acrylic stabilizer. located in an elevated alcove that is acces- included masonry stabilization, drainage During the 2010 field season, crew mem- sible to visitors. The kiva is iconic to Ban- modification, and graffiti mitigation.- Ma bers stabilized 45 walls at Tyuonyi Pueblo delier National Monument and is featured sonry stabilization was completed on one and 22 walls at Long House Pueblo. Treat- on Works Progress Administration-era of the only intact masonry enclosure walls ment included raking back and removing posters and modern art works. The site remaining in the cavate pueblos at Bande- hard cement mortar and replacing it with is highly photographed and is a significant lier. This cavate is located in an area of the a more compatible amended earthen mor- part of the visitor experience at Bandelier. park that receives moderate visitation and, tar, filling voids in walls, stabilizing wall In FY 2010, a detailed condition assess- with no supervision from park personnel, foundations, and re-grading compartment ment was completed that revealed con- is vulnerable to visitor-related impacts. floors to direct water away from the sites. siderable structural problems. The kiva is Drainage modifications were completed in In addition to this work, six walls were constructed on overlapping layers of weak four cavates in which erosion and natural completely rebuilt, and one highly unsta- volcanic tuff and is situated on a slope at topography were directing water flows into ble wall received emergency stabilization the edge of a steep cliff. Initial investiga- cavate interiors. Two of these cavates con- in order to prevent collapse. Overall, 18 tion revealed that a more detailed and tain a large number of intact petroglyphs tons of accumulated cement rubble from thorough investigation of the structural and other embellishments from both the this and previous years were transported conditions, involving a structural engi- prehistoric and historic periods and are to the Los Alamos concrete recycling facil- neer, will be necessary to develop an ap- ranked as high priorities. Water diversion ity. Vegetation was removed from several propriate stabilization strategy. Bandelier treatments used here included regrading, rooms in Long House Pueblo to prepare National Monument is in the process of mortar replacement, and lime mortar drip it for documentation through laser scan- developing a multi-phase partnership with lines. Graffiti mitigation was completed in ning, and a preliminary vegetation survey the University of New Mexico Depart- two additional cavates at North Mesa and was completed. Detailed before-, during-, ment of Architecture and Engineering in vandalism has not reappeared since treat- and after-treatment documentation was order to carry out non-destructive evalu- ment. completed for all phases of the project. ation and treatment. This work is planned Additionally, The VT crew produced a The Long House Pueblo and Tyuonyi to begin in FY 2011. floor map of Moccasin Cave, a cavate with Pueblo projects served as training oppor- unique foot-shaped floor features that had tunities for seasonal workers and mem- Graffiti Mitigation in Frijoles Canyon not previously been documented; all ca- bers of the Bandelier Youth Conservation Cavates: vates identified as high priorities for treat- Corps, who received training in masonry preservation by assisting with work this See the New Contracts and Cooperative ment were photographed with both film season. In addition, because Tyuonyi and Agreements narrative for information on and digital cameras to provide archival Long House Pueblos are both located on this project. documentation for the future; and a field report was completed for the FY 2010 field the visitor trail in Frijoles Canyon, work there is highly visible to the public, offer- Assess and Conserve North Mesa season. ing an opportunity for education about the Cavates: histories of the sites as well as Bandelier’s This was the second year of a two-year Assess and Stabilize Long House ongoing measures to preserve and protect project to document and conserve cavates Pueblo; Maintain Tyuonyi Pueblo: them. at North Mesa in the Tsankawi unit of Ban- The main objective of both the Long House delier National Monument. The fieldwork Pueblo and Tyuonyi Pueblo projects was to NEW CONTRACTS AND at North Mesa had four main goals: 1) continue the stabilization of deteriorating COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS verify and update site maps for six cavate masonry walls. Both Long House Pueblo groups there; 2) complete baseline archi- and Tyuonyi Pueblo are 14th- to 16th-cen- In addition to the fieldwork completed by tectural documentation for all cavates and tury Ancestral Pueblo villages with numer- the VT crew, work was initiated, complet- associated components in these six sites; ous extant masonry walls in varying states ed, or continues on several contracts and 3) complete condition assessments of all of preservation. The walls were originally cooperative agreements. identified cavates and prioritize them for constructed of shaped tuff blocks set in treatment; and 4) develop and implement earthen mortars. Excavations of these sites Laser Scan and Digital Modeling of a treatment plan for highly significant ca- in 1908-11 revealed masonry foundations Long House Pueblo: vates and those showing the most need for of over 200 ground floor rooms in Long This contract is the second in a multi-phase intervention. House Pueblo, and around 240 rooms in project designed to digitally document During the 2010 field season, the Bande- Tyuonyi Pueblo. Both pueblos are on the Long House in its entirety. This project has lier VT crew updated maps of six cavate main interpretive trail at Bandelier and are three goals: 1) produce a baseline record of groups at North Mesa, adding 35 previ- viewed by the vast majority of the visiting the site to establish current conditions; 2) ously unidentified or incorrectly catego- public. Past stabilization efforts included serve as a reference for future monitoring rized cavates to these groups. In addition, the use of physically and visually incom- of decay and loss of features, and support the crew completed architectural docu- patible cement mortars that are damaging research related to cavate architecture; and mentation and condition assessments for the original fabric. Recent stabilization ef- 3) develop digital and 3-D visualizations of 90 cavates. Once the documentation and forts have been directed toward removing extant site features that graphically explain prioritization was complete, treatments the incompatible mortars and replacing spatial relationships and that can be incor-

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 67 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

porated into interpretive media. ruin located in the Tsankawi unit of Ban- structural analysis and predictive failure The first phase, carried out in 2006, con- delier National Monument. A small con- modeling of a prehistoric masonry enclo- sisted of a pilot project designed to assess tract was awarded to architectural histo- sure wall in cavate B002. The primary col- laser scan technology and determine its rian Kathleen Corbett to complete archival laborators in this project are the School of effectiveness at Bandelier. The pilot scan quality measured architectural plan and Architecture and Planning at the Univer- produced a digital 3-D triangulated irregu- elevation drawings of the remaining struc- sity of New Mexico, led by Associate Pro- lar network (TIN) model of a 20-meter tural components. Final drawings will be fessor Douglas Porter, and the Vanishing long by 14-meter high portion of the cliff delivered to Bandelier in FY 2011. Treasures Program at Bandelier National face (including limited architectural com- Monument. Professional participants will ponents) in high resolution (1 mm) and ONGOING CONTRACTS AND include architectural conservator Angelyn ultra-high resolution (0.1 mm). Reflectiv- COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS Bass Rivera; Dr. John A. Ochsendorf, Asso- ity models were also produced to enhance Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of the ciate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture at the Mas- the visibility of petroglyphs. The current Anthropogenically Altered Portions of sachusetts Institute of Technology; and Jim phase of the project will build on the data the Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Holmlund and Joe Nicoli of Western Map- gathered in Phase I and it will serve as a Tuff: ping Company, Inc. The project is being fa- model for future phases. The contract was This CESU cooperative agreement with awarded to 4G LLC and Western Mapping cilitated by the Colorado Plateau Coopera- the New Mexico State University Depart- tive Ecosystem Study Unit. Company. Fieldwork and data processing ment of Geological Sciences was initi- Cavate B002 is unusual in that two of its are planned for FY 2011 with an anticipat- ated FY 2008 and has progressed through original walls were built of masonry. Both ed completion date of June 30, 2012. several phases of fieldwork, laboratory walls were intact in the 1920s, but one has analysis, and reporting. Professor Nancy fallen down; the surviving wall is extreme- Tuff Analysis for Cavate B002: McMillan, head of the Geological Sci- ly fragile because of extensive mortar loss This project was initiated as Cooperative ences Department, is leading the project between masonry units and severe crack- Ecosystem Study Unit (CESU) cooperative to characterize the geology and composi- ing in the cliff face above. This multidisci- agreement between Bandelier National tion of the portion of the Bandelier tuff plinary project will evaluate the structural Monument and the University of New into which the cavates are excavated and stability of the wall and study deterioration Mexico School of Architecture and Plan- to determine the deterioration phenomena of the Bandelier Tuff. The initial phase of ning, in partnership with the University causing cavate disintegration. Ultimately research included a detailed condition as- of Vermont. Funding was used to support the data will be used to design appropriate sessment of the cavate, laser scanning to a graduate-level student scholarship for conservation treatments for the cavates. record wall geometry, design and analysis further study and analysis of the volcanic This project has three specific goals: 1) to of a structural model, and development of tuff in the area of cavate B002. The results determine whether anthropogenic altera- recommendations for ongoing structural of this localized tuff analysis will be used tion of the tuff (including carving, sooting, monitoring. to advance research related to the struc- and use over time) has changed its chemi- In FY 2010, Western Mapping Company tural analysis and predictive modeling of cal and physical nature; 2) to understand completed a laser scan of the cavate and the prehistoric masonry enclosure wall in the weathering phenomena that cause tuff masonry wall. The laser scan data were cavate B002. Final results are expected by deterioration; and 3) to investigate the role used to generate an initial structural model August 30, 2011. of lichen in protecting or accelerating the illustrating the possible mechanism of deterioration of the tuff. This project has structural failure. The model will be used Graffiti Mitigation in Frijoles Canyon been extended to August 31, 2011. and Tsankawi Cavates: to theoretically predict wall behavior based on small changes in existing conditions and Graffiti Mitigation Field School: This cooperative agreement with the Mu- will provide the theoretical basis for estab- seum of New Mexico will facilitate ongo- Bandelier National Monument and the lishing stability/failure thresholds. This ing graffiti mitigation efforts in cavates University of New Mexico School of Ar- program will serve as a pilot to determine throughout Bandelier National Monu- chitecture and Planning developed a CESU the techniques and equipment necessary ment. Graffiti, in the form of incised cooperative agreement to conduct an edu- to monitor the structural stability archeo- writing, imagery, or amorphous lines and cational field school in graffiti mitigation logical masonry. The project is expected to shapes, is widespread throughout our and, under the direction of Associate Pro- yield results that will be applicable to simi- high-visitation areas and is most often lo- fessor Douglas Porter, four students from lar sites within the Monument. Expected cated in plastered or sooted architectural the University of New Mexico participated project completion date is February, 2012. components. The primary objective of in the field school in June, 2010. The stu- graffiti mitigation treatment is to obscure dents learned the principles and methods Finalize Document, ‘Preliminary modern graffiti in high-priority cavates. of graffiti mitigation in cavates located in Data Analysis and Treatment This agreement will provide funding for Frijoles Canyon, attended tours and lec- Recommendations for the Frijoles two conservators and an intern from the tures, completed field documentation, and Canyon Cavates: Museum of New Mexico to travel to Ban- contributed to a project report. The field This small contract was awarded to Archi- delier on a weekly basis to document and school was completed in FY 2010 and a tectural Conservator Angelyn Bass Rivera treat modern graffiti. field report is expected in June, 2011. with Conservation Associates. In 2006, Measured Drawings of Duchess Castle: Structural Assessment and Monitor- conservators from the VT Program at Ban- Duchess Castle is a small historic masonry ing of Cavate B002: This project involves delier drafted a report that summarized

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 68

nearly a decade of research and fieldwork cal characteristics of the stone, particularly cavates. Prior to FY 2010, graphic docu- related to the cavate pueblos. This docu- in areas impacted by human occupation, mentation methods consisted primarily of ment laid out management strategies for remain largely unknown. The complex still photography, which provides excellent the cavate pueblos in Frijoles Canyon, causes of certain deterioration conditions detailed images but little context, or laser which are extremely significant archeo- are sometimes unclear, leading to chal- scanning, which produces an exact digital logical resources that are identified in the lenges in developing effective conservation model of the space but is cost prohibitive Monument’s enabling legislation. The treatments. It is anticipated that the results as a large-scale application. The VT staff park is currently using this draft document of two of our ongoing cooperative agree- at Bandelier was interested in finding an to aid in the development of documenta- ments will help us make substantial prog- alternative method of documentation that tion and conservation strategies for the ress toward filling these knowledge gaps fits several criteria: cavate sites in Frijoles Canyon. The docu- and will lead to improved decision making 1. Providing visual context for cavate inte- ment is also being used to guide the devel- in the selection and application of conser- riors and accurately reflecting spatial re- opment of pilot projects in other parts of vation treatments. lationships of architectural components the park and in areas managed by other Another challenge at Bandelier has been and features on surfaces with compound federal, state, and tribal agencies with simi- curvature; lar resources. finding appropriate and accurate graphic documentation techniques for the unusual, 2. Allowing the visual representation of the The finalization of this draft document is a and sometimes spherical, interior spaces of relationships of interconnected interior high priority for the VT Program and Ban- delier National Monument. Angelyn Bass Rivera, who is a former manager of the Bandelier Vanishing Treasures Program, is currently working to prepare this docu- ment for publication. A draft of the final version of the document was delivered in FY 2010. Final revisions are expected to be complete sometime in FY 2011.

Documentation of Tsankawi Cavates: This CESU cooperative agreement with the University of New Mexico has developed into a multi-phase documentation project for the significant maintained archeologi- cal sites at Bandelier National Monument. Under the direction of Principal Investiga- tor Richard Chapman, Phase I of the proj- ect consisted of systematic and detailed documentation of more than 350 cavates at the Tsankawi unit of Bandelier National Monument. Phase I fieldwork was com- pleted in 2008 and analysis and reporting for this phase were finalized in April, 2010. Planning for Phase II of this project was conducted in FY 2010. Phase II will con- sist of detailed documentation and analysis of Alcove House Kiva under the direction of Principal Investigator Douglas Porter, Associate Professor in the Department of Architecture and Engineering at the Uni- versity of New Mexico. The fieldwork, planned for FY 2011, will allow students from the University of New Mexico the opportunity to gain hands-on experience in site investigation. The expected comple- tion date is June 14, 2013. A number of challenges faced the Bande- lier VT Program in FY 2010. One of our biggest ongoing technical challenges has been working with the local geologic ma- A member of the Bandelier preservation staff works to stabilize masonry on a terial, an extremely soft and vulnerable cavate site, Bandelier National Monument. volcanic stone. The chemical and physi- Photo: Courtesy Bandelier National Monument

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 69 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

spaces (when present); tion was filled by an existing staff member pleted the Operational Leadership and 3. Capturing variations in plaster and and the resulting vacancy was lapsed, leav- Risk Management training, and one mem- tuff color and applied pigment (when ing the program understaffed going into ber of the VT program staff is a member of present) through colorization; FY 2011. the park-wide Employee Safety Commit- 4. Providing relative ease and low cost in Consultation: VT program manager Shan- tee. capturing, processing, and using data; non Dennison consulted with San Ilde- One safety incident, resulting in a broken and fonso Pueblo and Santa Clara Pueblo prior ankle, occurred in FY 2010. A safety re- 5. Providing archival stability and to the start of the FY 2010 field season. In view concluded that the accident was a accessibility in the long term. addition, Barbara Judy, Chief of Resource result of trail conditions and recommenda- In June, 2010, Kay Barnett and Robert Jen- Management, consulted with Cochiti tions were put forth to help avoid similar sen from Mesa Verde National Park trav- Pueblo and the New Mexico State Historic incidents in the future. eled to Bandelier National Monument to Preservation Division (SHPO) on behalf help us refine and expand our documen- of the VT program. Bandelier conducted VANISHING TREASURES STAFF tation procedures. The Mesa Verde team, outreach to San Felipe Pueblo, Kewa Pueb- Lauren Meyer / Shannon Dennison, working with the Bandelier VT crew suc- lo (formerly Santa Domingo), and Zuni Exhibits Specialist (Architectural cessfully completed detailed hand-drawn Pueblo but no consultation was scheduled. Conservator) maps with feature overlays and produced All of our field projects received Section FY 1999 Position high-resolution rectified photographic 106 and National Environmental Policy montages that met some of the above crite- Act (NEPA) compliance review and were This position was vacant during part of FY ria. The VT crew also experimented with entered into Planning, Environment, and 2010. Part of the lapse salary was used to 360 degree panoramic digital photography Public Comment (PEPC) database prior to support a 120-day detail in the program and produced several successful stitched implementation. manager position, and the remaining funds were reserved to cover permanent-change- panoramas of cavate interiors that can be Safety: At Bandelier, a multitude of safety of-station (PCS) relocation costs. Because viewed as 3-D models. These efforts to ex- hazards exist that could potentially result the vacancy was filled by an existing em- pand our visual documentation methods in injury to VT staff members in the field. resulted in many successes; however none The most common hazards at Bandelier ployee, the relocation money was ulti- of these methods individually succeeded in are slips and trips on uneven terrain, wild- mately absorbed into the park base. The meeting all of the criteria. The Bandelier life interface, viral exposure (particularly vacancy was filled at the end of FY 2010. VT program will continue to experiment Hantavirus and plague), heat exposure and Skills: Lauren Meyer worked as the VT with documentation methods for these dehydration, high-angle site access, light- program manager through April 10, 2010. complex spaces. ning and inclement weather, rock falls, and Lauren has a background in archeology Continuity of staffing continues to be a other hazards likely to be encountered in and historic preservation and has been em- challenge at Bandelier. In many ways FY a natural outdoor environment. In order ployed as an architectural conservator with 2010 was a great success for the Bandelier to manage risk during fieldwork, all crew the NPS since 2002. She has experience VT program, since most of our seasonal leaders are tasked with creating or updat- with architectural documentation, condi- crew members returned from previous ing site-specific safety plans and reviewing tion assessment and treatment of archeo- years. However, the VT staff had to -ad the details of those plans with supervisors logical sites and historical architecture. For just to the departure of program manager and crew members. The VT staff also par- the last several years, Lauren has focused Lauren Meyer, and the program operated ticipate in daily briefings (which include a on the development and implementation short-staffed for the second half of the safety component) and weekly safety ses- of treatments for stone masonry, earthen year. This proved to be even more chal- sions on various subjects. In addition, all mortars and earth and lime plasters. Lau- lenging when the program manager posi- supervisors and crew leaders have com- ren is also highly skilled at database de-

Bandelier monitors and documents incremental and catastrophic loss by recreating photo points from historic images. In this scene, Stephen Merkel and Lauren Meyer (right) stand in front of cavate B002, illustrating the loss of an intact masonry doorway that is visible in a late 19th century photograph (left), Bandelier National Monument. Photos: Courtesy Bandelier National Monument

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 70

velopment and management as a result of Shannon Dennison / Stephen Merkel, Leadership and Risk Management training both project work through the Vanishing Exhibits Specialist (Architectural and Basic 40-Hour Supervision. Stephen Treasures Program at Bandelier and con- Conservator) also developed and presented a poster on tracts completed for museums and con- FY 1999 Position Bandelier’s graffiti mitigation program for servation organizations. In April, Lauren This position was vacant during part of FY the Society for American Archeology con- accepted a position with the VT program 2010. Lapse salary was absorbed into the ference. in the IMR-Santa Fe office. park base budget. VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Upon Lauren’s departure, Shannon Den- Skills: Shannon Dennison held this posi- nison took over program management tion through April 10, 2010, after which FUNDING duties first, through a 120-day temporary she took over program management du- Project Name: Emergency Conservation promotion and then through competitive ties. Stephen Merkel took over as the VT of Frijoles Canyon Cavates appointment. Shannon has a background project manager through a 120-day tempo- PMIS Number: 134200 in archeology and architectural conserva- rary promotion. tion and has worked and studied in several Project Summary: Bandelier National western states and the United Kingdom. Stephen began working at Bandelier in Monument implemented conservation Shannon first worked with the NPS in 2008 and has served as a field crew mem- treatments that included detailed docu- 2004 as a seasonal Interpretive Ranger at ber, crew leader, and project manager. He mentation of the Frijoles Canyon cavate Mesa Verde National Park and went on to is interested in the technology of cavates pueblos. The primary aim of the project work in the private sector doing cultural and has begun to study the pigments used was to develop appropriate methods to resource management after she completed in a wall painting in Cavate M160, particu- identify, document, conserve, and main- graduate school at the University of York larly an unusual green pigment. Stephen is tain the cavates as both natural and con- (UK). Shannon began working at Bande- passionate about preservation and docu- structed heritage. In addition, through lier National Monument in 2007, where mentation of cavates and masonry struc- Native American consultation, the project she has served as a crew leader, project tures, and has particular interests in how sought to create a culturally adaptive man- manager, and now program manager. She their uses changed and how the construc- agement strategy that would address the has a strong interest in the public use and tion materials weather and degrade over physical conservation of the cavates within understanding of cultural sites, the philo- time. the context of their landscape. sophical and practical issues surrounding Stephen attended the University of Mary- Project Budget: the preservation of “ruined” architecture, land, majoring in Art History and Arche- Total VT Project Funding: $124,990 and the administrative history of the NPS. ology. He went on to the Institute of Ar- Personnel: $78,361 Accomplishments: In FY 2010, Shannon cheology at University College, London, Vehicles: $0 assisted Lauren with the development of where he earned a graduate degree in Ar- Travel/Training: $3,760 the FY 2010 operating budget and took tifact Studies. His academic interests are Supplies/Materials: $1,343 over budget management after Lauren’s in archeometry, material science, and ma- Equipment: $3,292 departure. She developed and entered all terial culture. During his graduate studies Services/Contracts: $38,234 FY 2010 VT field projects in PEPC and he interacted with object conservators and Other: $0 submitted them for Section 106/NEPA developed an interest and understanding Project Accomplishments: The review. She also served on the Section of object conservation. Prior to working documentation and stabilization of the 106 review committee and participated in at Bandelier, Stephen studied collections approximately 1,100 cavates in Frijoles tribal consultation. Shannon managed all in Egypt and Belize and he worked for a Canyon is a long-term project. The hiring activities and supervised two term cultural resources management firm in following is a summary of the work employees, one temporary employee, six the Mid-Atlantic States. His interests have completed in FY 2010. shifted from working around archeological seasonal employees, and one SCA intern. 1. Documentation and Stabilization of Shannon developed and organized mul- excavations to maintaining collections and conservation. Cavate Masonry tiple training opportunities for the sea- The preserved masonry associated with sonal staff and, with assistance from acting Accomplishments: In FY 2010, Stephen cavate architecture is rare, although ma- project manager Stephen Merkel, directed supervised four temporary/seasonal em- sonry was once ubiquitous in cavate ar- the planning and implementation of seven ployees and managed the Frijoles Canyon chitecture. The loss of what does remain field projects. Shannon oversaw seven cavate conservation project. Stephen took is occurring at an alarming rate, with only existing contracts and agreements and de- on primary responsibility for developing half of the 12 masonry walls that were veloped two new cooperative agreements and implementing the treatment plan for stabilized in a 1940 stabilization cam- and one new contract. She oversaw the VT the cavates, directly oversaw fieldwork, paign remaining today. Many of these safety program, participated in the park- and served as primary author of the field collapsed masonry walls are located in wide Employee Safety Committee, and de- report. Stephen also provided guidance areas that are presently closed to visi- veloped informal testing for experimental and assistance to Rachel Adler in develop- tors but were once open to unmonitored conservation materials. ing a treatment plan for the North Mesa ca- visitor access. It is unclear how much of Training: Shannon completed NPS Fun- vate conservation project and assisted with the collapse was due to environmental damentals V, Agreements Technical Rep- the implementation of treatments there. In conditions and how much was human resentative, FMSS training for Maintained addition, Stephen contributed to the pho- caused, but it is likely that visitation was Archeological Sites, and other mandatory to-documentation of Duchess Castle. the primary contributing factor to the online training. Training: Stephen completed Operational loss of these masonry components. A

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 71 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Group M in Frijoles Canyon, a three-story cavate pueblo comprised of earthen plastered interconnected cavates, ar- chitectural features such as smoke holes and viga sockets on the cliff face, standing masonry walls at the cliff base and, shallow depressions that remain as the rear walls of once constructed rooms, Bandelier National Monument. Photo: Lauren Meyer

large portion of the field work done in large number of the cavates at Bande- Canyon. A total of 659 cavates had been FY 2010 was aimed at inspecting, docu- lier. Not only are original plaster fin- photographed as of 2008, and film and menting, prioritizing, and stabilizing ishes being lost on a relatively large scale, digital photographs of an additional 171 both unstabilized and previously stabi- but plaster detachment due to substrate cavate structures were taken during FY lized cavate masonry throughout Frijo- deterioration is threatening significant 2010. Cavates are photographed both les Canyon. murals and carved imagery. Plaster sta- with a high-resolution, color, digital, A total of 30 masonry walls were in- bilization treatment testing began at single lens reflex camera and with tradi- spected, 11 of which were selected for Bandelier in 1999 when Angelyn Bass tional 35mm black-and-white film. Rivera successfully treated earthen plas- stabilization. Of the 11 walls stabilized, 5. Development and Implementation 9 had been stabilized between 1940 and ter with a diluted acrylic solution. This of Plan Mapping, Orthorectified the 1970s and 2 had never received treat- year, treatment testing began using gela- Photography, and 360 Degree ment. Before treatment commenced, tin in place of the acrylic solution. Its Photography of Cavate Structures the wall faces were thoroughly photo- performance will be evaluated over the graphed and the presence of original next several years. Robert Jensen and Kay Barnett from and stabilization mortar was graphically 3. Drainage Modification Mesa Verde collaborated with staff at documented. Two types of stabilization Two cavates in Frijoles Canyon were Bandelier to develop strategies to accu- mortar were used during the course of treated to address damaging water rately map and photograph cavate inte- the project. An unamended earthen flows. A high-priority cavate in Group riors. Kay Barnett helped to produce a mortar was used for the primary stabi- I received treatment for damaging wa- scaled floor plan of Snake Kiva, which lization work, but an acrylic-amended ter flow that was entering the cavate via was first mapped by Edgar Lee Hewett earthen mortar was used in walls that a smoke hole above the doorway and a in 1909. Robert Jensen trained staff in were directly exposed to the elements small dam was constructed on the side of orthorectified photography, which will or had been heavily impacted by earlier Snake Kiva to prevent water from further be utilized in future years to record im- stabilization work. eroding its floor. agery and murals on cavate walls. We are 2. Plaster Stabilization Treatment 4. Cavate Photography Archive also employing a 360 degree tripod that Testing A project is underway to create a photo- allows cavate interiors to be recorded in Plaster delamination is occurring in a graphic archive of each cavate in Frijoles the round.

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 72

Chaco Culture National the side of the 400-foot mesa. UNM com- We continue to maintain and update our Historical Park pleted the condition assessment and the job safety analyses (JSAs) and conduct preservation crews executed preservation project safety reviews before starting field treatments with no injuries or weather re- work on any of our projects; the park con- VANISHING TREASURES lated illnesses. tinues to offer Red Cross First Responder ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND Another project on a VT site, also located training to all our staff on an annual- ba CHALLENGES on Chacra Mesa, was funded from another sis. We also have several VT staff who are VT Challenges and Successes: See Van- source. This project proved very challeng- trained as professional rescuers. Most of ishing Treasures Project Funding below. ing and it required a good deal of engineer- the preservation staff have also received ing and safety planning. Treatment of 29SJ formal training in tube-and-clamp scaffold Consultation: The preservation treatment 2606, The Fortress Site, required designing use; review of the use of protection equip- program at the park seldom encounters and building a cable conveyor system to ment and climbing gear was held prior to problems relating to consultation with our transport equipment and mortar to struc- 23 affiliated tribes or with the State Historic the start of work on the Fortress Site. tures that are located on 20- to 25-foot high Preservation Division (SHPO). We con- sandstone pinnacles on a narrow finger of sulted with the tribes and received SHPO VANISHING TREASURES STAFF the mesa. Actual treatment of the site took Roger A. Moore, Archeologist concurrence before work began on the more than a month after which the cable Chacra Mesa project. conveyor system was dismantled. The FY 1999 Position Safety: No safety problems were encoun- preservation crew received a safety award Skills: Roger is highly skilled at writing tered in executing the Chacra Mesa proj- for completing this project with no injuries successful servicewide comprehensive call ect. Our biggest challenge was the long hike or near misses and for the safety elements (SCC) funding applications, working with from the road, across Chaco wash, and up that they built into the conveyor system. multi-ethnic teams of employees and park

To work on the Chacra Fortress Site the preservation crew had to design and build a conveyor system to get mud and equipment to this difficult-to-access site which is located on several adjoining 20-foot tall sandstone pinnacles on a nar- row mesa finger, Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Photo: Courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 73 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

partners, planning preservation programs, maintained archeological sites (MAS). The Training: Leo takes part in our regularly executing preservation work and docu- training will help the park to comply with scheduled formal scaffolding training, first mentation, designing databases, and site the requirements for FMSS data on sites responder first aid and cardiopulmonary monitoring. Roger continues to expand when submitting SCC projects for VT and resuscitation (CPR) training, and the annu- his skills in masonry work, testing mortar other funding sources relating to cultural al northwest New Mexico VT workshops. mixes, and monitoring and evaluating his- resources. toric structures for structural stability. He Garry Joe, Acting Work Leader has formal training in general preservation Leo Chiquito, Masonry Worker FY 2003 Position techniques, maintains scaffold use and FY 1999 Position Skills: Garry has been the temporary act- safety certifications, professional rescuer ing work leader since Earl Johnson retired certification, lithic artifact analysis and Skills: Leo is a very skilled masonry work- er, having worked for many years doing in December 2009. Garry is a skilled ma- replication, lithic materials identification sonry worker, with over 11 years of expe- and analysis, National Environmental Poli- wall repointing, stone replacement, wall core rehabilitation, wall basal repair, and rience. His skills include wall repointing cy Act (NEPA), Section 106, Archeological and stone replacement, wall core rehabili- wall capping construction and repair. His Resource Protection Act (ARPA) investiga- tation, wall basal repair, and wall capping extensive background has been a great as- tions and incident reporting. construction and repair. Garry has helped set in helping to train new members of the Accomplishments: Roger provided guid- design and build protective roofs over preservation crew in proper techniques ance, training, and oversight for the Uni- intact prehistoric roofs in several of our and methods for treatment of the prehis- versity of Virginia and the University of greathouses, as well as restoring roofs on toric and historic resources in the park. New Mexico teams that carried out con- historic Navajo hogans. For the last several dition assessments on Chacra Mesa and He has helped design and build protective years he has filled in as acting work leader other sites in the park. The information roofs over intact prehistoric roofs in sev- whenever Earl was absent. He served as that was collected provided background eral of our greathouses, and has restored Earl’s assistant during most of FY 2008 and information that facilitated the work of the roofs on historic Navajo hogans. Leo has 2009, where he learned the management preservation crew on a number of the VT also served as acting work leader from time responsibilities that go with the position. sites on the mesa. to time. Garry assisted with the orientation of new Training: Along with Dabney Ford, the Accomplishments: Leo, along with the crew members and helped to teach them Cultural Resource Division Chief, Roger rest of the crew, helped design, construct the skills they needed to function well on took part in a week-long training pro- and operate the 200+ foot-long conveyor the preservation crew. Garry has worked gram in the facility management software system used to access the Fortress Site on with the VT archeologist in planning field system (FMSS) geared toward its use with Chacra Mesa. season schedules, estimating project costs, and maintaining necessary supplies and equipment. He has a commercial driver’s license and he drives our dump truck and operates our front-end loader, both essen- tial activities for obtaining and transport- ing soil for backfill operations and mud mortar mixes. Accomplishments: Garry coordinated and oversaw the team effort to design and construct the conveyor system on Chacra Mesa. He devised the logistical system needed to convey the supplies and equip- ment up to the mesa top and then dis- mantled the system when the treatment was complete. His focus on safety helped make this an accident-free season, despite the difficult terrain and climbing hazards involved with both Chacra Mesa projects. Training: Garry takes part in our regularly scheduled formal scaffolding training, first responder first aid and CPR training, and the annual northwest New Mexico VT Workshops.

James Yazzie, Masonry Worker Adding additional capping to the great kiva at Chetro Ketl will allow the grade to be raised around the kiva’s perimeter so moisture will flow away from the FY 1999 Position kiva walls, Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Skills: James is a skilled masonry worker, Photo: Courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park with over 29 years of experience working

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 74

on prehistoric wall facing, repointing and fill operations, taking a lead role in map- Mesa Condition Assessment and Emer- stone replacement, wall core rehabilita- ping the location of drainage systems and gency Treatment project located approxi- tion, wall basal repair, and wall capping completing backfill documentation for mately 40 sites, including late Basketmaker construction and repair. He assists with treatment records before the systems are through Pueblo II sites as well as late 19th- the backfilling of sites, operating our Bob- covered by backfill. Harold has helped to early 20th-century Navajo single-family cat loader for these operations. He par- to design and build protective roofs over and extended-family homesteads. Site ticipates in the design and installation of intact prehistoric roofs in several of our maps and data were updated and a detailed drainage systems, has helped design and greathouses and has restored roofs on his- condition assessment was completed for build protective roofs over intact prehis- toric Navajo hogans. He also inspects scaf- each site. All pertinent data from the sites toric roofs in several of our greathouses, folding for correct set up and safety and he were entered into the preservation treat- and has restored roofs on historic Navajo assists in training new crew members. ment archive database and the archeologi- hogans. He is one our photographers, cal site management information system Accomplishments: Harold was a key documenting before- and after-conditions (ASMIS). Facility management software player in designing and constructing the of areas receiving treatment, and he assists system (FMSS) data entry will begin in Fortress Site conveyor system and is one of the Work Leader from time to time with early FY 2011 when trained staff become our documentation photographers. crew supervision. available. Data from these assessments will Accomplishments: James was instrumen- Training: Harold participates in our regu- be incorporated into our annual preventa- tal in helping to design the conveyor sys- larly scheduled scaffolding training, first tive and cyclic treatment programs. tem, adding his knowledge and skills from aid and CPR/AED training, and the annual Project Budget: his training in rock climbing. northwest New Mexico VT workshops. Total VT Project Funding: $52,491 Training: James participates in our regu- Personnel: $10,720 Vacant, Masonry Worker Vehicles: $0 larly scheduled scaffolding training, first FY 1999 Position aid and CPR/AED (automatic electronic Travel/Training: $0 defibrillator) training, and he attends the This position was vacant for most of FY Supplies/Materials: $1,432 northwest New Mexico VT workshops. 2010. In December, 2009, Earl Johnson, Equipment: $339 our long-time preservation crew leader, re- Services/Contracts: $40,000 Harold Suina, Masonry Worker tired after 48 years of government service. Other: $0 FY 2001 Position Earl worked for several government agen- Project Accomplishments: Based on the cies, including the NPS and the Bureau of Skills: Harold is a skilled masonry worker, information obtained through the condi- Land Management. During his long ca- with many years of experience working tion assessments, the preservation crew reer Earl worked at nearly all of the major on prehistoric wall repointing and stone evaluated needs and treated the most criti- sites and parks throughout the southwest, replacement, replacement stone shaping, cal areas--those where fabric loss was great as well as many of northwest New Mexi- wall core rehabilitation, wall basal repair, or where there was a threat of severe fab- co’s prehistoric greathouses and Navajo and wall capping construction and repair. ric loss in the coming year. Project work puebletos. Earl’s preservation skills, lead- He takes part in all phases of our back- included stone and mortar treatments on ership, and knowledge of the history of habitation structures (hogans), stone cor- preservation work on our sites were a great rals, an oven, and sweat lodges. Hogan asset to our program. His retirement leaves roofs of cribbed logs were repaired, with a void that will be difficult to fill. decayed elements replaced with new logs. Skills: Earl is a master mason with 40 years At over four acres, site 29SJ 2966, known of experience. For the past 14 years he has as the “George Mescalito Camp,” is both served as the crew work leader at Chaco the largest and best-known of the sites that helping to develop field schedules, estimat- received treatment. ing project costs, obtaining materials, and The condition assessment work was ac- maintaining equipment. complished through our Cooperative Eco- system Study Unit cooperative agreement Accomplishments: Earl continued to pro- with the Department of Anthropology at vide leadership to the Chaco crew right up the University of New Mexico (UNM). until his retirement. Our long-term partnership with UNM be- Training: Earl did not participate in any gan in the 1920s and continues to the pres- VT-related training prior to his retirement. ent. University professors and students provide the park with accurate and up-to- VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT date information on the details and condi- FUNDING tion of the sites, and the University benefits by providing its students with practical, on- Chaco Culture NHP’s Preservation Project Name: Assessment of sites and emergency treatment on Chacra Mesa the-ground experience in a variety of set- Crew leader, Earl Johnson retired this tings and site types. The University gener- year, after 48 years of government PMIS Number: 114694 ally matches the funding by 3 or 4 to 1. The service. Project Summary: Chacra is a high mesa Chacra Mesa condition assessment and Photo: Courtesy Chaco Culture Na- on the east end of the park with many sites emergency treatment project was complete tional Historical Park that are difficult to access. The Chacra by the end of September, 2010.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 75 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

El Malpais National mentation and planning project focused sites in El Malpais that lacked assessments Monument on the homestead in 2005 that culminated was a milestone for our preservation pro- in 2010 with a final report that included gram. Credit for this accomplishment goes architectural documentation and a long- to the park’s seasonal staff, in particular ar- VANISHING TREASURES range preservation plan, along with the cheological technician Jimmie E. McKen- ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND first preservation treatments to the log zie. Several years ago, independent audits CHALLENGES cabin. The final report and the preserva- identified this particular need within the VT Challenges and Successes: The Van- tion treatments were completed through NPS Cultural Resource program, because ishing Treasures Program at El Malpais a partnership between El Malpais and the without an understanding of the condition National Monument had a very productive Drachman Institute, a research and public of our unique and irreplaceable resources, year. Some of the notable successes of our service unit of the College of Architecture there can be no true assessment of how preservation program for FY 2010 include and Landscape Architecture at the Univer- well we are caring for them. Stewardship the first-ever preservation treatments to sity of Arizona. This partnership was facil- involves taking care of these resources to- the historic Earl L. Head Homestead, the itated through the Colorado Plateau Coop- day so that we may hand over that respon- completion of condition assessments for erative Ecosystem Study Unit (CPCESU). sibility to future generations. El Malpais all archeological sites lacking assessments The preservation treatments to the cabin has been conducting these assessments for in El Malpais, and the identification and consisted of the application of a borate so- several years and has established this work documentation of Vanishing Treasures re- lution to three exterior walls of the cabin’s as a key component of its preservation ar- sources on the lava flows adjacent to the north room and one exterior wall of the cheology program. Chaco-style great house community of Las south room. The treatment was conducted Archeological studies at the Chaco-style Ventanas. as the final phase of the project for the cab- great house community of Las Ventanas The Earl L. Head Homestead, built in the in. In addition to the preservation treat- (LA 1328) in El Malpais’ Sandstone Bluffs 1930s and occupied for less than 10 years, ments, the fieldwork included a condition area consisted of archeological testing in consists of a two-room log residential assessment of the cabin and training for El 1983 and site documentation in 2000 to structure and several nearby features in- Malpais VT staff in the preparation and ap- mitigate the effects of illegal excavations cluding wood stock pens, a chicken house, plication of Bora-Care (a borate solution). at the great house--both conducted by the a water catchment basin, earthen berms, The training was provided by VT Histori- NPS. Las Ventanas was listed in the Na- fence posts, and a road. A large material cal Architect Randy Skeirik and included tional Register of Historic Places in 1983 culture scatter surrounds the cabin and its VT staff from El Malpais and El Morro (83001619). El Malpais and the Center for associated features. The Head Homestead National Monuments. Desert Archaeology (CDA), through a CP- is one of only three cabins in El Malpais Conducting condition assessments of ar- CESU agreement, began a multi-year proj- and, though its condition is poor, it is the cheological resources goes right to the ect to analyze Las Ventanas’ archeological best preserved of El Malpais’ historic cab- heart of NPS stewardship. The completion collections, conduct instrument mapping ins. El Malpais began a multi-year docu- of site condition assessments for all of the of the site, re-assess the surface artifact as-

The Sandstone Bluffs seen from the lava flow during the Studies at the Las Ventanas archeological survey, El Malpais National Monument. Photo: Steve Baumann

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 76

semblage, and conduct a survey of the lava flows directly west and north of the site. Although the location of some archeologi- cal sites and probable pre-contact-era trails were known on the lava flows near Las Ventanas, there had never been an archeo- logical survey of the flows. In September, 2010, the CDA and El Malpais surveyed approximately 1,000 acres on the lava flows directly west and north of Las Ventanas, confirming that a network of trails crosses the lava flows west and northwest of Las Ventanas. Several of the trails are well developed and include architectural ele- ments that constitute Vanishing Treasures resources. Fifteen sites were recorded on the lava flows during the survey. Thirteen are prehistoric trails, one is a shrine, and one is a site of unknown function. Rock cairns are the most common trail markers although other features were also used to indicate routes across the flows. Some of these features include some quite large rubble and tabular basalt bridges, Calvert Ondelacy and Edwin Seowtewa apply borate solution to the Head trail segments of intricately laid tabular Homestead during a one-day field school under the direction of VT Historical basalt paving, single tabular basalt steps or Architect Randy Skeirik, El Malpais National Monument. groups of steps built in ravines or collapsed Photo: Steve Baumann lava tubes, curbing along the edge of trail El Malpais’ sandstone bluff-lava flows in- Mexico Historic Preservation Division segments, cleared and leveled segments of terface. To mitigate these effects, archeo- (the NMSHPO). In FY 2010, El Malpais trail through lava fields, concentrations of logical testing is being planned for the 2011 consulted both the tribes and the NMSH- pot sherds sometimes at trail junctions, lava field season at multiple sites in this area. PO regarding a number of activities, most tube rock shelters with walls constructed With VT funding in past years, El Malpais specifically fire management activities. around the openings, and pottery caches. conducted an erosion control project at Consultation was conducted with the New Several trails consist of a network of these three VT sites. While the project was suc- Mexico Historic Preservation Division and features. Such networks may represent planned and cooperative construction ac- cessful, the scale and rate of erosion in the New Mexico Indian tribes for two under- tivities during the period Las Ventanas was monument demand the implementation of takings, one prescribed burn and one fuels occupied (ca. A.D. 1050-1200). Other trail multiple preservation strategies including project. Vanishing Treasures sites were features and site types recorded during the archeological testing and data recovery. protected during both projects. survey, particularly the shrines, are still in As in previous years, El Malpais and El Jim Kendrick organized and chaired a use today by people from the pueblos of Morro have faced challenges regarding meeting that brought together the Acting Acoma and Zuni. museum management. Annual invento- State Historic Preservation Officer and The results of this survey suggest a sophis- ries, cataloging needs for VT projects and staff from the New Mexico Historic Pres- ticated use of the landform going back to other VT activities (such as monitoring and ervation Division with Superintendents the pre-contact period. The Las Ventanas condition assessments), requests for data and Cultural Resource Specialists from Pueblo community and other communi- and information from archives, collection NPS units in New Mexico. The meeting ties in the area began, or maybe continued, information management, and required focused on meeting the requirements of the development of the lava flows into a software maintenance are just a few of the Programmatic Agreement among the sacred landscape, one that contains water the activities needed to maintain museum NPS, National Council of State Historic in perpetual ice caves and a mosaic of en- collections generated by our VT program. Preservation Officers (NCSHPO), and the vironmentally diverse niches. The possible This challenge continued in FY 2010 and Advisory Council for Historic Preserva- links–economic, ritual, sacred, and adap- we continue to recommend that there be tion. tive–between the cultural landscape of Las an evaluation of this need program-wide Safety: The Vanishing Treasures Program Ventanas and the cultural landscape of the to determine if a program curator posi- at El Malpais recorded another safe year lava flow will be explored further with the tion should be pursued. El Malpais and without injuries. We mentioned in last Las Ventanas study. El Morro invite other VT parks facing this year’s report that the ruggedness of the lava Regarding challenges, El Malpais con- same challenge to begin a discussion on flows, and the great size and remoteness of tinues to face the loss of archeological sharing a museum management position. the monument, pose many safety issues, resources as a result of widespread soil Consultation: El Malpais has very good including falling and tripping and getting erosion. Erosion continues to affect sev- relationships with Indian tribes in New cut and bruised on the jagged lava. These eral Vanishing Treasures resources along Mexico and Arizona and with the New conditions will always make El Malpais a

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 77 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

challenging place to conduct field work park’s contribution to this report. A man- tions (containing flat, tabular basalt laid to safely. As also mentioned last year, the lava agement perspective is provided below. provide a better trail surface), cairns, steps, flows will attract lightning during storms, El Malpais National Monument com- and walls to enclose natural shelters within so our staff must really pay attention to the pleted a multi-year documentation and the lava flows. This project will continue skies as well as our Vanishing Treasures re- preservation planning project at the Earl into FY 2011, with a focus on analyzing sources during field work. Our staff and L. Head Homestead, which dates to the the artifacts recovered from archeological volunteers again encountered rattlesnakes 1930s. The homestead’s residential struc- testing conducted in the early 1980s. Jim and bobcats. The Vanishing Treasures staff ture is the largest wooden VT resource in Kendrick and Steve Baumann worked to- at El Malpais and El Morro work very hard the monument. The documentation drew gether to develop the scope of work for the to keep Job Hazard Assessments updated, largely from an archeological project con- project and then worked with the CPCESU and to conduct frequent safety tailgate ses- ducted in 2003 by Jim along with Harding and the Center for Desert Archaeology to sions. Every project and activity that we Polk II. This project improved our docu- initiate this project. conduct is considered successful if every- mentation by adding detailed condition At El Morro, Jim and the VT staff made a one returns home safely at the end of each assessments for each wooden element in decision to focus their efforts on the rap- day. the structure and by providing guidance on idly deteriorating retaining walls of the the long-term preservation of the site. This historic trail leading to the top of the north VANISHING TREASURES STAFF was one of the first cooperative agreements side of Inscription Rock. These walls were James W. Kendrick, Archeologist initiated by El Malpais and the Colorado constructed in the 1930s and are not con- FY 1999 Position Plateau CESU, and the final architectural sidered VT resources; but the trail provides documentation and preservation plan will access to Atsinna Pueblo, the largest VT re- Skills: Jim’s skills include archeology, proj- prove useful for managing this site for years source in the monument. Visitor and em- ect direction, and cultural resource pro- to come. ployee safety would also be compromised gram management. A significant phase of the archeological if the walls were not addressed in FY 2010. Accomplishments: Jim manages the Van- condition assessment project was wrapped This project was very challenging, and in- ishing Treasures Program at El Malpais and up in FY 2010. Since the beginning of the novative methods were used to address the El Morro National Monuments as well as VT Program at El Malpais, there have been preservation of the walls while maintain- at Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO). numerous archeological resources in the ing an extremely safe work environment in He is also the Chief of the Heritage Preser- archeological site management informa- a steep and rugged setting. Although our vation Division at El Malpais and El Mor- tion system (ASMIS) database that did VT program still worked on VT resources ro, and serves on its management team as not contain condition assessments. At the during FY 2010, the majority of our work the key advisor regarding cultural resourc- beginning of our program in 1999, nearly was devoted to the switchbacks of the his- es. His VT-related accomplishments in FY 200 sites had no up-to-date information on toric trail. In small parks with few staff, oc- 2010 were many and included completion condition. By the close of FY 2010, every casionally these decisions have to be made of important projects in each of the three archeological site in the El Malpais ASMIS to ensure safety and preserve non-VT his- parks. These projects are described in database had a condition assessment. Fu- toric properties. the Challenges/Successes sections of each ture work will focus on assessing sites that In addition to these projects, Jim coor- are in poor condition or are in imminent dinated compliance for El Morro and El danger of collapse or loss. Once this phase Malpais, worked with the Museum of is completed, El Malpais will move forward Northern Arizona on a cultural affiliation on addressing data recovery needs for the study for the Native American Grave Pro- resources found to be most threatened or tection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) already disturbed. collection from Atsinna, consulted with The archeological work conducted on the tribes and the NMSHPO throughout the lava flows adjacent to the Las Ventanas year, assisted a CESU partner and the NPS great house complex will greatly increase Intermountain Regional Office (IMRO) our understanding of the significance of with three Cultural Landscape Inventories this, the largest archeological resource for El Malpais, managed the Depot Tank in the monument. Las Ventanas was first Stagecoach Preservation Project at PEFO reported by Adolf Bandelier in the 1800s enlisting the help of the Ancestral Lands and, since the 1970s, has been the focus of Office of the Southwest Conservation several archeological surveys, and to a less- Corps, worked on the Wenk Work Group er degree, archeological excavation. The that established the strategic goals of the Park Museum Management Program for Using a drill and a long, narrow bit, survey being conducted to the immediate 2011 to 2015, sat as the Chair of the IMR Jim Kendrick looks for deterioration west, however, has the potential to provide the most enlightening new information on Resource Stewardship Advisory Team, and in a wall timber at the Head Home- this site in generations. Documentation of was awarded the Appleman-Judd-Lewis stead during a one-day field school new and interesting types of VT resources Award for Excellence in Cultural Resourc- conducted by VT Historical Architect will be one of the most beneficial results of es for 2009. Randy Skeirik, El Malpais National this project. As discussed earlier, elabo- Training: Jim’s training in FY 2010 in- Monument. rately constructed trail features have been cluded Building Cultural Competencies Photo: Steve Baumann discovered, including bridges, “paved” sec- (regarding Diversity), an archives manage-

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 78

ment workshop at UNM, Blood Borne monument resource managers with initial ering. Prevailing snow and rainstorms re- planning and designing a scope of work Pathogens, Defensive Driving, Managing sulted in channeling, creating a need for specifically identifying the process for a Virtual Workforce, and Survival Skills for repairs that included repointing and reset- conducting photographic documentation, Supervisors. ting of fallen masonry. During the summer wall condition assessments, and hands-on season, Calvin provided training for our Calvin Chimoni, Masonry Worker preservation treatments to reset, repair, seasonal archeologist in the application FY 2000 Position and, in a few areas, repoint the severely un- of preservation treatments using earthen dermined trail walls. Skills: Calvin has exceptional preserva- materials. In previous years, we have used tion skills, especially with masonry and only earthen mortars, but this year a single Training: Calvin attended and completed earthen materials. Calvin also performs wall was completely repaired and then the 2010 Scaffold Industry Training Pro- architectural documentation through pho- prepared for a final protective layer of soil- gram (Competent Person Training: Frame tography, conducts architectural condition cement mortar. This technique, placing an Scaffold) provided by Territorial Scaffold, assessments, and assists in determining ap- underlying earthen mortar base then add- Inc. Calvin also completed Leadership propriate preservation treatments. ing a protective soil-cement layer, proved Skills for Non-supervisors and attended Accomplishments: Calvin’s activities in successful and reduced the need for addi- several safety and health related trainings FY 2010 included leading a preservation tional repairs. Another important activity including Safety – Blood Borne Pathogen work crew at El Morro’s Atsinna Pueblo at Atsinna Pueblo included seasonal veg- Training, cardiopulmonary resuscitation/ (a 700-year-old structure containing nearly etation removal as well as cleaning several automatic electronic defibrillator and First 900 rooms), and assisting his colleagues on four-inch PVC drainage intakes that help Aid Training, Respiratory Protection Pro- various projects at El Malpais and Petrified to conduct moisture away from the pueblo gram Training, a 4 hour hazard communi- Forest National Park. Early in the field sea- walls. cation (HAZCOM) Training; and a snow son, Calvin and the preservation crew con- Through most of FY 2010, Calvin also as- removal training using power equipment. ducted architectural documentation such sisted and provided technical expertise in as photography and condition assessments El Morro’s rehabilitation of the switch- VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT and determined that two walls in a single backs along the Headland Trail. Dur- FUNDING room were in need of immediate repairs ing the project, Calvin and other VT staff El Malpais National Monument did not re- due to severe winter and summer weath- from El Malpais and El Morro assisted ceive VT project funding in FY 2010.

El Morro National Monument and drop 100 feet in elevation along 500 12 cubic feet, or four tons, of new stones linear feet of trail. The walls are construct- were used to fill gaps in the walls. The new VANISHING TREASURES ed with over 600 stones, ranging in size stones were selected to match the origi- ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND from one to four feet in diameter. Since nal masonry in color, size, and material CHALLENGES 2000, heavy summer rains greatly acceler- (sandstone). All six tons of materials (dirt, ated the already serious erosion of both the gravel, and wood) and equipment (chain VT Challenges and Successes: Typically, retaining walls and the slopes at the base of pulleys, hoists, screw jacks, slings, pry bars, beginning in May and ending in October, the walls. Severe weather events resulted ropes, shovels, sledge hammers, water) El Morro conducts preservation main- in three major masonry collapses that se- were transported by the HPD crew with a tenance activities at Atsinna Pueblo (LA riously undermined the walls. Erosion of motorized wheelbarrow over a mile of trail 99). Although some maintenance activities base materials resulted in the shifting of to the staging area below the switchbacks. were performed at Atsinna this year, the large sections of the stone walls. These de- At three of the switchbacks, intake drains work was intermittent. Instead, the focus stabilizing effects created holes and cracks were installed at the surface to capture of our preservation efforts in FY 2010 was in the walls and undermined the asphalt runoff. These were connected to four-inch shifted to repair and rehab work along the trail surface. Emergency repairs to shore PVC drain pipes that were drilled with switchback segment of the historic Head- up collapsed wall sections provided a tem- weep holes and buried to help protect the lands Trail that leads to the top of El Mor- porary fix until a full-scale repair and sta- retaining walls and the switchbacks from ro’s cuesta (and Inscription Rock). bilization project could be implemented by erosion. The drain openings were covered Though not a Vanishing Treasure resource, El Morro’s Heritage Preservation Division with quarter-inch hardware cloth and then the masonry retaining walls that support (HPD). concealed with small stones. A total of 45 the switchbacks were, by the end of 2009, Three HPD stone masons completed all of linear feet of drain pipe was installed. A se- on the verge of collapse. The purpose of the the repair and stabilization treatments and ries of check dams were constructed along project was to stabilize and repair damaged the associated documentation (notes and the slopes below the drain exits to slow sections of the masonry retaining walls photographs) over the course of the proj- and direct the movement of water and de- along the 1939 Civil Works Administration ect. At three switchbacks, 36 cubic feet of bris down slope. (CWA) constructed trail (LCS 063215). mortared masonry wall was stabilized us- Photographic documentation of the walls There are eight switchbacks in this section ing soil cement and an additional 10 linear and condition assessments were com- of trail and they are supported primarily feet of capstones were stabilized also with pleted in 2009 before the stabilization and by dry-laid masonry retaining walls. The soil cement. Where severe basal erosion repair treatments began and again after switchbacks have a 15- to 20-percent grade had displaced original mortar and stone, the treatments were complete. In addi-

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 79 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Inscription Rock during the height of the sunflower bloom, El Morro National Monument. Photo: Steve Baumann tion, photographic documentation was Treasures Program is also combined with (along the Big Lithodendron in PEFO), completed at all stages of the repair and VT staff from El Malpais. El Morro has or during the stabilization work along the stabilization treatments and the drainage many of the same challenges as El Malpais. switchback segment of El Morro’s Head- installations. The HPD staff developed the Loss of archeological values from soil ero- land Trail. Work on the switchbacks pre- scope of work and completed all planning sion affects a few sites at El Morro, but it is sented many challenges in which safety was and compliance documents for the project. not as big a problem as at El Malpais. At of paramount concern. Using motorized The work at the switchbacks began in the El Morro, our greatest challenge continues wheelbarrows, the El Morro preservation fall of 2009 and was completed in October, to be the management of our museum col- crew moved more than four tons of rock 2010. lections. As mentioned in past VT reports, and nearly two tons of equipment along Accomplishments at Atsinna in FY 2010 archives and museum objects are not con- one mile of trail to get to the switchbacks, all without injury or damage to resources. included repointing eroded mortar joints sidered VT resources; but we continue to generate, often on a daily basis, a signifi- Boulders weighing hundreds of pounds in Room 8, resetting fallen masonry, and cant number of project-related archives. were moved, replaced, or refitted with repairing voids in eroded walls. Although El Morro continues to urge that we (the VT great precision using an A-frame, chain working only intermittently, El Morro’s Program) evaluate this need program-wide pulleys, and screw jacks. This difficult job preservation crew worked hard on Atsin- to determine if a shared museum manage- was accomplished on steep slopes with the na’s upkeep, particularly during the mon- ment position would be beneficial. assistance of platforms, shoring, and safety soon season. The rains present ongoing rails. Frequent tailgate discussions were challenges in terms of mortar erosion and Consultation: El Morro consulted with conducted (at least weekly) and all routine the proliferation of weeds. Both were kept the New Mexico Historic Preservation Division (the NMSHPO) prior to execut- work required the use of Job Hazard Anal- in check by the diligent efforts of the pres- ing preservation treatments on the switch- yses and use of the program’s safety plan. ervation crew. backs along the historic Headlands Trail. In addition to our work at Atsinna and the We also consulted with the NMSHPO VANISHING TREASURES STAFF switchback trails, we continued building regarding the replacement of a split-rail Steven M. Baumann, Archeologist partnerships with local and regional orga- fence that borders much of the Inscrip- FY 2001 Position nizations. Our partnership with the Pueb- tion Loop Trail. Consultation with Indian Skills: Steve has experience in archeol- lo of Acoma’s Office of the Southwest Con- tribes, including the Navajo Nation and the ogy field techniques, project management, servation Corps, which began in FY 2009, Pueblos of Acoma and Zuni, was conduct- preservation treatments, database devel- continued into FY 2010. In addition to de- ed regarding a cultural affiliation study of opment, and geographical information veloping three new agreements for preser- Atsinna (El Morro’s largest VT resource) systems (GIS)--experience he has gained vation work, we continued partnerships on and a tree-ring study of living trees within through work in several NPS units in the preservation activities at the Depot Tank the monument being conducted by the Intermountain and Pacific West regions. Stagecoach Station and Puerco Pueblo in University of Tennessee. Complementing these skills is his ability Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO) and Safety: The Vanishing Treasures preser- to develop and manage cultural resource preservation maintenance treatments at vation crew had a perfect safety record in information systems and to manage major the Historic Alben Homestead in El Mal- FY 2010. No near misses or injuries were Vanishing Treasures projects. Steve holds a pais National Monument. reported while conducting VT activities, Red Card and has acted as a Resource Ad- El Morro and El Malpais National Monu- including projects at Atsinna Pueblo (El visor on prescribed burns and wildfires at ments are co-managed, and our Vanishing Morro), at the Depot Tank Stage Station El Malpais National Monument.

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 80

Accomplishments: During FY 2010, Steve for Phase II of the project. For Phase II, at two sites (LA 46022 and LA 46023) and worked on cultural resources projects for which continued the partnership with the with the removal of dead and down fuels. three NPS units: El Morro and El Malpais SCC, Steve collaborated with Lauren Mey- Steve assisted the Fire Management Pro- National Monuments, and Petrified For- ers, Vanishing Treasures Exhibit Specialist, gram as a wildlands fire resource advisor est National Park. These projects included to develop a detailed scope of work and (READ) on two wildfires, and he super- an agreement with the SCC to conduct preservation activities at all three units, vised site protection treatments for a pre- the Phase II treatments. The completion resource protection and fire management scribed burn in El Malpais. The prepa- of these documents will allow the SCC to activities at El Malpais and El Morro, and rations for the prescribed burn involved site condition assessments and archeologi- continue their work at Petrified Forest in working closely with fire module crews cal survey at El Malpais. FY 2011. from Saguaro National Park and Bandelier Steve also completed agreements and Steve assisted with preservation mainte- National Monument, who provided as- scopes of work for projects at two other nance activities at Atsinna Pueblo, which sistance to El Malpais’ Fire Management Vanishing Treasures sites: Puerco Pueblo were completed in conjunction with the in Petrified Forest and the Alben Home- Program on the proposed burn. Steve su- repair and rehab activities along the switch- stead in El Malpais. The SCC plans to pervised on-site thinning of trees and the back segment of El Morro’s Headlands complete preservation treatments at both removal of dead and down fuels from 21 Trail. The redoubled effort of El Morro’s sites in FY 2011. sites. Many of the sites have architectural preservation crew resulted in the success- features and, though mostly buried, are ful completion of both projects just as the Steve worked closely with the fire manage- ment program on a fuel reduction project Vanishing Treasures resources. Steve su- leaves of El Morro’s Gambel oaks changed pervised thinning and fuel removal activi- color. Steve’s work on the Atsinna Pueblo in El Morro’s Atsinna Unit. The Atsinna ties from architectural features and marked Preservation Project was a continuation of Fuels Unit contains three highly visible site boundaries, enabling the fire crews to preservation maintenance activities that Vanishing Treasures sites (LA 46022, LA cut buffer zones around the sites. have been conducted annually at Atsinna 99, LA 46023). Atsinna Pueblo (LA 99) has the greatest visibility of the three because since 2005, when Steve first began working Steve also served as Resource Advisor on of its size, but also because the features at at Atsinna. two wildfires at El Malpais: the Barbell and the other two sites are covered with heavy Lava fires. Both were lightning-caused fires Preservation activities at Petrified Forest’s stands of Piñon and juniper. Steve super- and were not suppressed under Federal Depot Tank Stagecoach Station also con- vised resource protection activities during Wildland Fire Use policy. The Lava Fire tinued in FY 2010. This work was con- this project and assisted seasonal Archeo- started on a kipuka (a land form completely ducted as a phased project that began in logical Technician Wade Kaiser with mark- surrounded by younger lava flows) and this FY 2009. In Phase I, staff from El Morro, ing site boundaries, with photographic kipuka has 14 sites, many with architecture. Petrified Forest, and the Southwest Con- documentation (before and after fuel re- Steve and Archeological Technician Wade servation Corps (SCC) conducted “tri- moval), and with the sometimes subtle nu- age” repairs to the walls of the structure to ances of coding archeological site manage- Kaiser, also a red-carded READ, assisted prevent its collapse. The SCC completed ment information system (ASMIS) threats the El Malpais fire crew with the removal Phase I in the spring of FY 2010 and, fol- and disturbances data. Steve assisted the of dead and down fuels from the sites. The lowing a condition assessment of the struc- fire crew with selective thinning of Piñon fire was monitored until it burned out nat- ture by El Morro staff, preparations began and juniper trees growing on structures urally. No sites were affected. No archeological sites were found near the remote site of the Barbell fire. How- ever, during a survey of the fire’s perimeter, Steve found an unexploded 100-pound bomb! The bomb was dropped by Army Air Corps aircraft practicing bombing runs in the El Malpais area during World War II. The fire crew was evacuated from the area, and the ordnance was later detonated by an explosives ordnance disposal team from Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. Training: In FY 2010, Steve completed Wildland Fire Resource Advisor (READ) Training, the annual wildland firefighter refresher, agreements technical represen- tative (ATR) training, and the annual NPS on-line training courses.

VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Calvert Ondelacy and Calvin Chimoni placing a boulder in a retaining wall FUNDING supporting the historic switchback trail, El Malpais National Monument. El Morro National Monument did not Photo: Edwin Seowtewa receive VT project funding in FY 2010.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 81 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Fort Union National Monument

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: The 2010 preservation season at Fort Union Nation- al Monument was a great success, thanks to our excellent cadre of preservation spe- cialists and an eager and willing seasonal staff. We were fortunate to receive VT funding in the past to fill critical positions including a permanent Exhibit Specialist and a permanent Preservation Craftsper- son, as well as two seasonal preservation masonry workers. In 2010, Fort Union re- ceived funding through an Operation For- The visita at Fort Union with the fort visible beyond, Fort Union National mula System (OFS) request and a Cultural Monument. Cyclic project to supplement our preserva- Photo: Courtesy Fort Union National Monument tion program. We also received American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) batch) was applied to the top half of the cord; for the fourth straight season we had funds to document and stabilize historic walls where weathering was most notable. no recordable injuries. All employees are flagstone courtyards in HS-13 and HS-14. It was found that the 40 oz. mix weathered members of the safety committee and they A challenge for Fort Union was to research the best for these harder hit areas. Fort are encouraged to provide feedback, ideas, and develop a consistent amended mud Union has phased out Portland cement in and concerns on any safety-related issue. plaster formula. Prior to our research, its mortar mixes in favor of lime, which Safety issues are addressed in a timely crews utilized a standard mix protocol better matches historic mortars in compo- manner so they don’t get lost in the shuffle but modified the amount of the Rhoplex sition and hardness. and safety inspections at Fort Union are amendment to suit individual applica- This year the preservation staff, including among the best in our area. tion preferences. On hot days they could seven seasonal masonry workers and seven Staff conducts biweekly safety talks and add up to 20% solution to keep the mud laborers, completed the following projects: tailgate safety sessions at the job site. We wet and on rainy days it could be as low • The application of approximately have instituted best management practices as 5%, leading to inconsistent Rhoplex to 98,000 sq. ft. of earthen shelter coat; to actively inspect all ladders on a daily ba- soil ratios. The Exhibit Specialist recom- • Clearing 40 acres of noxious/invasive sis prior to use and to conduct monthly re- mended a change in the mixing process: plant species; corded inspections. We continue to com- use a specific quantity of Rhoplex (around • Removal of over three cubic yards of plete weekly inspections and maintenance 12% or 20 oz. = 1¼ pints) to be added after excess soil along foundation perim- on all vehicles, improving their overall the soil, sand and water were mixed. The eters; safety and working condition. Fort Union change has resulted in less amendment • Clearing of approximately 3000 sq. has also improved the way employees used and a more consistent mix. feet of excess soil and encroaching think about chemicals and how chemicals Another challenge this year was that our vegetation inside two historic court- are stored, and we are proactive in main- amendment of choice, Rhoplex E-330, yards in HS-13 and HS-14; flagstones taining a clean working environment to went out of production. This required were leveled and stabilized as needed; improve safety. the use of an alternate material. Based on • Stabilization of over 30 lineal feet of an analyses report completed by Robert stone foundation; VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Hartzler in 1998, Daraweld-C was chosen • Removal of encroaching vegetation Sean Habgood, Exhibit Specialist as the best alternative. This meant that along 1.5 miles of trails; FY 2002 Position some testing was needed to fine tune the • Documentation of the work complet- mix, and monitoring of the areas where ed in 2010 for future reference. Skills: Sean Habgood has a Master’s de- Daraweld-C was used will occur next sea- gree in objects conservation and a B.A. in The preservation work accomplished in son. It will be compared to areas where fine art with an emphasis in sculpture and 2010 is a testament to the dedication, skills Rhoplex had been used to determine how painting. Sean has taken chemistry, fire sci- and expertise of the staff and we acknowl- well the new mix holds up. ence, and Occupational Safety and Health edge everyone’s contribution to a long- Administration (OSHA) courses for safety A test on heavily weathered areas was also term preservation program here at Fort managers and is a Hazardous Waste Op- conducted. A small section along the top Union. of the north-facing walls of HS-32 received erations and Emergency Response (HAZ- mud plaster with varying amounts of Rho- Consultation: No issues to report WOPER) first responder. Sean has worked plex. Mud plaster with three concentra- Safety: The safety program at Fort Union in several museums doing curatorial work tions of Rhoplex (40, 30, and 20 oz. per continues to maintain a very positive re- on exhibits, as well as exhibit design and

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 82

installation, for about 10 years. Sean has conducted research on paintings and linings at the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, where he and Marion Mecklenburg (one of the top scientists in the field of conservation materials in the world) developed the only flexible lining material that meets the structural needs of paintings. Sean has also worked on the development of a flexible lining material for the structural lining of textiles, as well as on a study of rubber and its aging process, in the hope of developing a coating to help preserve and stabilize it from UV, ozone, and oxygen degradation. Sean has executed several conservation projects ranging from small objects to large monuments. Some of the larger proj- ects included Thomas Jefferson’s family graveyard; the Shaw Memorial; the Peace Monument in Washington DC; the Con- gressional Cemetery; the Pennsylvania State House; removal and reconstruction of a 17th- to 18th-century Italian marble fire- place; the conservation of artifacts from Removal of mortar from the wall of the East Room of HS-49 in preparation for the Titanic including a large section of hull; the replacement of the deteriorated wood lintel, Fort Union National Monu- and frame conservation in the rotunda of ment. the US Capitol. Small objects that Sean Photo: Courtesy Fort Union National Monument has conserved include ceramics, glass, fur- analyses on north facing adobe walls to work done on the adobe ruins and Teddy’s niture, plaster, ethnographic objects, and determine material durability; and he de- team handled most of the special conser- metals of all types. Sean has taken arche- signed, built, and installed a new wall brace vation/preservation projects conducted in ology courses, including hands-on field that does not require penetration through FY 2010. work. the adobe wall like much of the existing Accomplishments: Teddy and his team Accomplishments: Sean currently occu- bracing. This new brace supports a wider stabilized two 10” x 10” x 12’ beams in pies the exhibit specialist position that was area with a stronger, less flexible footprint, the warehouse basement ceiling that were funded through VT in 2002. Throughout minimizing wall movement and cracking causing damage to the adjacent adobe wall. FY 2010, Sean has been working on stan- Sean is producing a brief treatment his- These beams are important because they dardizing the formulas for both the mud tory at Fort Union that may be accessible illustrate how the first floor of the ware- plaster and the stone foundation mortar. online, perhaps as a link on the park web- house (HS-43) was constructed over the Through analyses conducted by the High- site. Ready access to a treatment history basement. lands University Geology Department, the will make research for past and future con- park was able to obtain the precise com- Teddy and his team also removed unstable servation treatments easier. Sean is also position of the historic mortar. Based on foundation stones around rotted wooden updating historic structure field maps to these results, Sean is conducting research beams in HS-29, preventing a collapse that include previously omitted features such as into the possibility of modifying the mortar would have caused damage to the brick cel- mix for stone foundations from a combina- the cellar in the HS-57 Hospital complex, lar. Teddy provided valuable input on the tion of lime, Portland cement, sand and lo- which is in the 1958 work reports but not mud plaster mix, and his team completed a cal soil to a lime and sand mix. The sand recorded on the working maps. Sean has number of adobe support projects and ap- plied approximately 75,000 square feet of used in the new mortar mix is larger and proposed new research to build on the mud plaster. Teddy was the lead on Fort has a pink color, which better matches the work that was done in the past to identify Union’s safety programs, new and old, al- historic mortar. causes of mud plaster failure. This research process can be applied to many different ways setting an example of “how to do it.” Sean supervised the stabilization of a 10” x types of material. Training: Teddy had no training relating 10” x 12’ beam and the wood beam stone/ to his VT work. foundation project to ensure that they Training: Sean had no training relating to were completed safely and executed to his VT work. high preservation standards. He is actively VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT researching material sources closer to the Theodore Garcia, Preservation FUNDING park and working to simplify mortar and Craftsperson Fort Union National Monument did plaster mixes while maintaining a quality FY 2005 Position not receive Vanishing Treasures project end product. Sean performed shelter coat Skills: Teddy is the senior team leader for funding this year.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 83 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: Through the Cultural Cyclic Maintenance Program in FY 2010, Salinas completed the stabili- zation of the Manzano Church and Pueb- los at Quarai; the Spanish Storage Rooms at Abó; and the Mound 10 Pueblo, San Isidro Church, Convento, and Campo Santo at Gran Quivira. We also installed an experi- mental adobe plaster basecoat to the Abó and Quarai Churches and conserved three historic dioramas at Abó and Quarai. The park also executed additional work on the San Buenaventura Mission complex at Gran Quivira, the 19th-century Spanish resettlement structures at Abó, and the San Gregorio Mission complex at Abó. Salinas’s VT staff completed a project us- ing Cultural Resource Preservation Proj- ect (CRPP) Base funding to document the Abó Painted Rock site utilizing 3-dimen- La Purísima Concepción Mission at Quarai, Salinas Pueblo Missions National sional laser imaging technology, and we Monument. collaborated with VT staff at Aztec Ruins Photo: Derek Toms National Monument to install an innova- ervation specialists and crew leaders who ularly the Gran Quivira unit. At Gran Qui- tive sandbag method to backfill archeo- are training a new generation of students. vira, transmission lines may be placed as logical sites. A particular challenge for us The park also expanded its number of close as 1.5 miles from the unit boundary was the management of 29 high school and VT-funded staff to a total of six by redis- and proposed wind farms may potentially college students hired under the Student tributing existing VT funds to include an surround the entire unit. Temporary Employment Program (STEP) additional staff member. In that way, each Safety: Our VT and preservation staff ex- authority to complete the year’s stabili- employee on the preservation team can perienced no major safety problems in FY zation program and to assist in the office actively participate in - and benefit from 2010. We routinely held tailgate and morn- and with other tasks. Originally conceived - the VT program at the same level as the ing safety sessions; student hires were re- and implemented in 2004 by then Chief other preservation specialists in the park. quired to present a major safety topic to the of Resources Philip Wilson, the program It should also be noted that, along with the team twice each week, after which the floor has developed over the years to become Salinas Resource Division’s two new per- was opened for discussion. Full-time staff one of the park’s greatest successes. This manent hires, 23 of the 29 STEP employ- received training in scaffold competency is evidenced by the extraordinary accom- ees contribute to the Intermountain Re- (for which they received certification), plishments achieved by the program in FY gion’s workforce enhancement goals. The confined spaces, pathogen awareness, oc- 2010. The total amount of work time in- majority of the park’s permanent VT staff cupational leadership, and additional safe- vested by students alone in the 2010 season and student employees come from the lo- ty-oriented training. All staff received first totaled 13,478 hours, or the equivalent of cal community, and they and their families aid/CPR training as part of the orientation 6.48 person years! Adding to the achieve- have long-standing historic connections to and refresher process. ments of the VT staff and summer student the park’s resources. employees was the exceptional quality of Consultation: While all of our compli- VANISHING TREASURES STAFF the work, which was not compromised ance requirements for FY 2010 fell under by the considerable volume of work ac- categorical exclusions, the park neverthe- Ramona Lopez, Maintenance Worker complished. In fact, work quality was im- less advised the New Mexico State Historic (Ruins Preservation) proved over that of previous years. Preservation Office (NM SHPO) of park FY 1998 Position In FY 2010, two of the original STEP em- activities. In addition, no activities oc- Skills: Ramona is skilled at stabilizing ployees (José Nuñez and Azan Chavez) curred that required extraordinary tribal and building stone walls set in adobe and became permanent full-time employees of consultation. The greatest compliance amended mortars. She is an experienced the park through the Student Career Expe- challenge for the park was - and remains - crew leader and has experience in com- rience Program (SCEP). Their salaries are commenting on an external project to con- pleting architectural documentation. Ra- partially covered through the VT program struct a major power transmission line and mona is also skilled at woodworking and and they are now accomplished ruins pres- wind farms within view of the park, partic- painting and is a certified competent scaf-

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 84

fold user. Derek is an adept National Environmental ence in Denver. Derek also went on two Accomplishments: Ramona helped to Policy Act (NEPA) Section 106 compliance work details in 2010. In October and early lead our crew of 29 summer high school officer, archeologist, hazardous material November, 2009, he served as the Chief of student (STEP) hires, serving in a key train- (HAZMAT) manager, and natural resourc- Facility Operation and Cultural Resources ing role. Ramona’s skills were important in es manager. He is also active in the Na- at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve in helping the park to not only meet, but ex- tional Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) fire Cottonwood Falls, Kansas; and in Sep- ceed, its goals for 2010, and her knowledge program and was accepted as a member of tember, 2010, he served as the Chief of is routinely conveyed to the students work- the national Burned Area Emergency Re- Resources at Casa Grande Ruins National ing under her tutelage. Ramona’s contri- sponse (BAER) team in 2010. Monument. bution to the FY 2010 season resulted in Accomplishments: Derek helped the Training: Derek completed Operational the completion of the cyclic stabilization of park manage the cyclic stabilization of the Leadership training and he attended the the Manzano Church and Pueblos at Qua- Manzano Church and Pueblos at Quarai; Society for American Archeology (SAA) rai; the Spanish Storage Rooms at Abó; and the Spanish Storage Rooms at Abó; and Annual Meeting in St. Louis, Missouri. the Mound 10 Pueblo, San Isidro Church, the Mound 10 Pueblo, San Isidro Church, Convento, and Campo Santo at Gran Qui- Convento, and Campo Santo at Gran Qui- Marc A. LeFrancois, Chief, Facility and vira. She applied an experimental adobe vira. He was also involved with the appli- Resource Management plaster basecoat to the Abó and Quarai cation of an experimental adobe plaster FY 1999 Position Churches and conducted additional work basecoat to the Abó and Quarai Churches, Skills: In addition to Resource Manage- on the San Buenaventura Mission complex as well as additional work on the San Bue- ment, Marc’s skills include architectural th at Gran Quivira, the 19 -century Spanish naventura Mission complex at Gran Qui- conservation, site documentation, histori- resettlement structures at Abó, and the San vira, the 19th-century Spanish resettlement cal research and writing, and physical in- Gregorio Mission complex at Abó. Ramo- structures at Abó, and the San Gregorio vestigation and analysis. He is knowledge- na performed all of the documentation in Mission complex at Abó. Derek played a able in the skilled trades, historic trades advance of the stabilization work. key role in completing the documentation and technologies, use of period tools, Training: Ramona completed Operational of the Abó Pictograph site, and he moni- operations and maintenance, and project Leadership training, confined space entry, tored construction activities related to sev- management. He is certified as a contract- and a chainsaw refresher course. eral facility management projects. Derek ing officer representative (COR). satisfied the compliance requirements for Accomplishments: Marc led the Resource C. Derek Toms, Integrated Resources all of these projects and was centrally in- Division’s team in accomplishing its pres- Specialist volved in helping the park fulfill its 2010 ervation projects, archeological work, FY 2000 Position fire management activities. In addition, compliance, historical research, museum Skills: Derek’s professional experience in- Derek contributed to a presentation on the and curation activities, and fire manage- cludes all aspects of cultural resource man- documentation of the Abó Pictograph site ment. Marc also traveled to Aztec Ruins agement, natural resource management, at the 2010 Association for Preservation National Monument to train their VT staff and hazardous materials management. Technology International (APTI) confer- in the use of an innovative sandbag tech- nology developed at Salinas for ruins sta- bilization. Training: Marc’s training for FY 2010 in- cluded Operational Leadership training, a COR refresher, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) for historic structures, and Human Resource Manage- ment/Diversity Hiring training.

William N. Torrez, Exhibit Specialist FY 2003 Position Skills: Willie has extensive experience in trade skills and project field management, architectural documentation, manag- ing personnel, and leading crews. Willie is a facility management software system (FMSS) user for the park. He is skilled in conducting condition assessments on his- toric structures and ruins and in estimating costs for the preservation of structures and ruins. Willie is also a COR and a certified competent scaffold user; he is skilled at The student team that worked to stabilize the San Grégorio Mission at Abó, training and mentoring others. Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. Accomplishments: In addition to leading Photo: William Torrez the park’s VT field crew, Willie successful-

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets New Mexico 85 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

ly led our crew of 29 summer high school Skills: José is skilled at stabilizing and build- tion Technology at Central New Mexico student (STEP) hires. Willie’s leadership ing stone walls set in adobe and amended Community College José fulfilled the re- was pivotal in the completion of the cy- mortars, is an experienced crew leader, and quirements of his SCEP agreement and clic stabilization of the Manzano Church is experienced in completing architectural was converted to permanent full-time sta- and Pueblos at Quarai; the Spanish Storage documentation. José is also a skilled car- tus. José completed Operational Leader- Rooms at Abó; and the Mound 10 Pueblo, penter and is a certified competent scaffold ship training, fire refresher and chainsaw San Isidro Church, Convento, and Campo user. José was a 2005-2006 participant in refreshers, and confined space entry. He Santo at Gran Quivira. He was involved in the NPS Intermountain Region Workforce also received the Occupational Safety and the application of an experimental adobe Enhancement Program and he received a Health Administration’s (OSHA) Scaffold plaster basecoat to the Abó and Quarai 2010 certificate of completion in the Cen- Competent user certification. Churches and additional work on the San tral New Mexico Community College Ap- Buenaventura Mission complex at Gran plied Science Construction Technology José Azan Chavez, Maintenance Worker Quivira, the 19th-century Spanish resettle- program. (Ruins Preservation) ment structures at Abó, and the San Gre- Accomplishments: José participated in FY 2003 Position gorio Mission complex at Abó. Willie also leading our crew of 29 summer high school Skills: Azan is skilled at stabilizing and assisted in managing the documentation of student (STEP) hires. José’s leadership was building stone walls set in adobe and the Abó Painted Rock site and traveled to pivotal to the completion of the cyclic stabi- amended mortars; he is an experienced Aztec Ruins National Monument to assist lization of the Manzano Church and Pueb- crew leader and is skilled in completing in training their VT staff in the use of an in- los at Quarai; the Spanish Storage Rooms at architectural documentation. Azan is also novative sandbag technology used for ru- Abó; and the Mound 10 Pueblo, San Isidro a skilled carpenter and is a certified com- ins stabilization that was developed by Sali- Church, Convento, and Campo Santo at petent scaffold user. Azan holds a 2010 nas. Thanks to Willie’s leadership, the park Gran Quivira. He also helped apply an ex- degree in Applied Science Construction was able to complete all of these activities. perimental adobe plaster basecoat to the Technology from the University of New Training: Willie completed Operational Abó and Quarai Churches, and performed Mexico. Leadership training, a COR refresher additional work on the San Buenaventura th Accomplishments: Azan participated course, confined space entry, fire and Mission complex at Gran Quivira, the 19 - in leading our crew of 29 summer high chainsaw refreshers, and re-certification century Spanish resettlement structures at school student (STEP) hires. Azan’s lead- Abó, and the San Gregorio Mission com- as a Scaffold Competent User. Willie also ership was pivotal to the completion of the plex at Abó. José’s skills and leadership continued expanding his FMSS skills to cyclic stabilization of the Manzano Church were key to helping the park meet all its help create park projects in compliance and Pueblos at Quarai; the Spanish Storage project goals for the year, and much more. with new Servicewide Comprehensive Call Rooms at Abó; and the Mound 10 Pueblo, José also participated in the SkillsUSA 2010 (SCC) requirements for cultural projects. San Isidro Church, Convento, and Campo competition for carpentry, taking first place Santo at Gran Quivira. He assisted with in the State of New Mexico. José Nuñez, Maintenance Worker the application of an experimental adobe (Ruins Preservation) Training: In completing the certificate plaster basecoat to the Abó and Quarai FY 2003 Position program for Applied Science Construc- Churches, and performed additional work on the San Buenaventura Mission complex at Gran Quivira, the 19th-century Spanish resettlement structures at Abó, and the San Gregorio Mission complex at Abó. Azan’s skills and leadership were key in helping the park meet all its project goals for the year. Training: Azan successfully completed the degree program in Applied Science Con- struction Technology at the University of New Mexico, meeting all the requirements of his SCEP agreement, and he has been converted to permanent full-time status. Azan completed Operational Leadership training, fire refresher and chainsaw re- fresher courses, and confined space en- try. He also successfully completed OSHA Scaffold Competent user certification.

VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT FUNDING José Nuñez and Azan Chavez (in uniform) stabilizing San Buenaventura Mis- Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monu- sion, Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. ment did not receive Vanishing Treasures Photo: Derek Toms project funding this year.

New Mexico Personnel, Projects, and Budgets V a n i s h i n g T r e a s u r e s T e x a s

Adobe ruin, Big Bend National Park Photo: Thomas C. Alex u Big Bend National Park u Fort Davis National Historic Site u u Guadalupe Mountains National Park u Lake Meredith National Recreation Area u u San Antonio Missions National Historical Park u Texas Fiscal Year 2010 Project Funding Summary

Funded Projects: No Texas parks received Vanishing Treasures project funding this year. Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 88

Fort Davis National Historic Site

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: Our great- est challenge for FY 2010 was the stabi- lization effort on the historic Spring En- closure, a project that was funded with regular cyclic funds. The original scope of the project called for repointing of existing stonework. However, when we removed support bands placed during a previous stabilization effort, the enclosure fell apart. It was subsequently discovered that the en- Officer’s Row with the flag pole and parade ground, Fort Davis National His- closure sat on an unstable surface. After toric Site. the collapse, a contracted archeologist was Photo: Courtesy Fort Davis National Historic Site brought in to conduct investigative excava- reconstructed to match. The additional VANISHING TREASURES STAFF tions, which revealed an earlier dry-laid stones were cleaned, reused, and relaid in enclosure below the surface. This earlier Rojelio (Roy) Catano, Masonry Worker a matching pattern. Mortar analysis was structure was documented and encapsu- FY 2000 Position performed on the historic mortar and it lated by recompacting the soil around it, Skills: Roy is skilled as a mason and crew was found to have used natural cement as installing a time medallion, covering it with leader. a binder. filter fabric, and pouring a subsurface con- Accomplishments: Roy’s considerable Consultation: The Texas State SHPO was crete pad over it, on which the reconstruct- masonry skills continued to improve over timely and cooperative and no problems ed spring house now sits. When the par- the past year. He completed projects in- were encountered in executing work on tially collapsed enclosure was deconstruct- volving plastering with lime and mud plas- our VT resources. ed, the stones were numbered, mapped, ters; conservation of plaster; working with and photo-documented. The section that Safety: This project was completed with- natural cement and naturally hydraulic was still standing in 1916 photos was then out any accidents or injuries. limes; and the making, laying, and repair of adobe. Training: Roy attended heavy equipment operator training and scaffold training, and did video training in the use of naturally hydraulic lime.

Rene Laya, Cultural Resource Manager FY 2000 Position This position was originally filled as an archeologist but has been converted to a Maintenance and Cultural Resource Man- ager. Skills: Rene is a skilled supervisor of pres- ervation field work. Accomplishments: Rene oversaw com- pletion of the Historic Spring Enclosure project, a plaster conservation project, and a contract involving preservation work on the post hospital store house. Training: Rene had no training relating to his VT work.

VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT FUNDING Fort Davis preservation staff work on the spring enclosure, Fort Davis Na- Fort Davis National Historic Site did not tional Historic Site. receive Vanishing Treasures project fund- Photo: Courtesy Fort Davis National Historic Site ing this year.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Texas 89 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

San Antonio Missions address citizen concerns that the San An- well. Susan also completed compliance tonio River Improvement Project (SARIP) documentation for the environmental National Historical Park near Concepción was negatively impact- clean-up of a contaminated site and moni- ing the site of the original San José Dam. tored the collection of soil samples. Susan VANISHING TREASURES The outcome was further archeological did compliance documentation for the San ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND work by the University of Texas - San An- José North Sewer Project and responded CHALLENGES tonio, Center for Archeological Research to the AGE refinery fire, monitoring park VT Challenges and Successes: San Anto- (UTSA-CAR) in the area of the Dam and resources to ensure that nothing was dam- nio Missions has 62 entries in the List of the Poor Cemetery. The Poor Cemetery is aged by the fire. Classified Structures, most of which are within the boundaries of the park because Training: Susan attended Agreements complex architectural units. Additionally, of its proximity to a remnant of the San Technical Representative and Facility there are dozens more masonry structures José acequia. While it was determined that Management Software System training. that require the attention of skilled preser- SARIP was not negatively impacting the vation masons. The park contains approxi- San José Dam or the Poor Cemetery, this Dean Ferguson, Masonry Worker mately 250,000 square feet of historic ma- incident encouraged COSA and San Anto- FY 2000 Position sonry from different eras including Span- nio Missions to write a new memorandum Skills: Dean is a skilled mason. ish colonial, post-colonial stabilizations of agreement about the property within Accomplishments: Dean served as an and additions, and preservation campaigns the national park for more clear manage- inspector on the 2nd-year rehabilitation from the Civilian Conservation Corps and ment delineation. This memorandum will work on the Espada Aqueduct and the as- Works Progress Administration as well as be completed in FY 2011. sociated landscape, which was contracted several from the 20th-century. Structures Safety: The park obtained funding to con- through a competitive award. This 2-year, of specific mention include 4 National tract with an industrial hygienist to conduct $276,000, repair/rehabilitation project cor- Historic Landmarks, the nation’s only air quality monitoring for silica dust for our rected masonry deficiencies and major functioning Spanish colonial aqueduct, a masonry workers. Monitoring indicated drainage issues to protect this National functioning rehabilitated 18th century grist that exposure was within acceptable limits Historic Landmark. Dean spent a consid- mill, 2 historic dams, and 4 historic mission without specialized air filtering devices. erable amount of the year assisting with compounds with associated structures, ru- masonry preservation efforts at the Mis- ins, and archeological resources. VANISHING TREASURES STAFF sion Espada contact station along with Ma- Expansive soils result in the constant move- Susan Snow, Archeologist son Stephen Siggins and American Youth- ment of structures, causing cracks, fissures, FY 1999 Position Works mason apprentices. and wall failures. Early reconstructions of Skills: Susan is skilled in archeological sur- Training: Dean completed Operational some structures were made without ad- vey and excavation, budgeting, and project Leadership and Defensive Driving train- equate foundations, which exacerbate the management. ing. damage and structural movement. High Accomplishments: Between October Stephen Siggins, Mason lime content in the soils creates a micro- 2009 and January 2010, Susan collaborated FY 2003 Position environment where water and mineral with the UTSA-CAR to carefully remove salts interact, resulting in additional dete- modern sand fill from Rooms 1-3 at Ran- Skills: Stephen is a skilled mason. rioration to historic masonry. Changes to cho de las Cabras to document the condi- Accomplishments: Stephen served as an grading prior to NPS administration have tion of the walls. Originally planning to inspector on the 2nd-year rehabilitation resulted in poor site drainage. Many 20th- leave the walls uncovered until a summer work on the Espada Aqueduct and the as- century repair campaigns utilized hard field school, winter rains made it evident sociated landscape which was contracted Portland cement, which continues to cause that the walls were too fragile to remain through a competitive award. This 2-year, accelerated deterioration of historic stone. uncovered and the walls were reburied $276,000, repair/rehabilitation project cor- These alone present significant challenges after detailed documentation. While the rected masonry deficiencies and major to park staff tasked with maintaining these remains were uncovered, the Associated drainage issues to protect this National structures, but the greatest challenge is that Press did an article on the Rancho that Historic Landmark. Stephen spent a con- the program has only 2 full-time equiva- reached over 300 news sources. In June- siderable amount of the fiscal year as a lents. We have established a mason ap- July 2010, 23 students were trained in ar- functional leader on the masonry pres- prentice program funded by the Friends cheological techniques at the UTSA field ervation efforts at the Mission Espada group to provide helpers for the park school here. Their research focused on contact station, along with co-VT Mason masonry workers and do more contract the interior of the compound adjacent to Dean Ferguson, and he mentored Ameri- masonry work. Meanwhile, the facility Rooms 1-3, where it appeared additional can YouthWorks mason apprentices. manager works closely with cyclic program rooms might adjoin, but no rooms were Training: Stephen completed Operational managers to reinforce the idea of masonry identified during the field school. Leadership and Defensive Driving work as cyclic in nature. We have submit- Susan also processed permits for outside training. ted a strengthened OFS request to bolster researchers. She completed research per- this critical function. mits for archeological work for the SARIP VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Consultation: We worked with Kay project that includes the park boundary off FUNDING Hindes (City of San Antonio), Nancy Par- of Mission Road. She also issued a permit San Antonio Missions National Historical rish (Army Corps of Engineers), and Mark for the Theo Road realignment archeologi- Park did not receive Vanishing Treasures Denton (Texas Historical Commission) to cal investigations and the AGE refinery test project funding this year.

Texas Personnel, Projects, and Budgets V a n i s h i n g T r e a s u r e s U t a h

An alcove site, known as the Granary, in Parunuweap Canyon, Zion National Park. Photo: Courtesy Zion National Park u Arches National Park u Capitol Reef National Park u Canyonlands National Park u u Glen Canyon National Recreation Area u Golden Spike National Historic Site u u Hovenweep National Monument u Natural Bridges National Monument u Zion National Park u Utah Fiscal Year 2010 Project Funding Summary

Funded Projects: Arches National Park $ 50,000 Zion National Park $ 42,250 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 92

Arches National Park Arches National Park is part of the Southeast Utah Group (SEGU), which also includes Canyonlands National Park and Hovenweep and Natural Bridges National Monuments.

VT Challenges and Successes: N/A Consultation: N/A Safety: N/A

VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Arches National Park has never received funding for a Vanishing Treasures position.

VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Rock formations with the La Sal Mountains beyond, Arches National Park. FUNDING Photo: Randall Skeirik Project Name: Preserve Historic Stone beyond the possibility of repair. frame on the east wall. Deteriorated mor- Cabin, Arches, for Visitor Satisfaction Condition assessments were performed in tar will be removed from all remaining ma- PMIS Number: 132174 2006 and again in 2009, and the park was sonry and the walls, fireplace, and chimney Project Summary: Built in the early 20th provided with a Treatment Recommen- repointed with new mortar formulated to century, this one-room historic Stone dation Report for the structure (Skeirik, match the original in composition and ap- Cabin is associated with both early graz- 2009). The most immediate concern is pearance. Particular care will be taken to ing and later uranium mining history of the the stabilization of the south wall, where appropriately cap the walls to minimize the area. One of only a few historic Vanishing a poor foundation and a failed wood win- entry of moisture into the restored walls. Treasures resources found within the park, dow frame have caused the wall to lean Before work can be conducted on the fire- the Stone Cabin is designated HS-14 on the precariously outward. In the short-term place, chimney, and north wall, the flue List of Classified Structures (LCS). In its it is essential that this wall be braced to and firebox must be cleared of packrat nest current state, three of the four one-story prevent its collapse. Once stabilized with material. This work will require Tyvek suits walls remain largely intact, although the temporary bracing, the deteriorated mem- and respirators in order to protect against building has lost its roof and the west wall bers of the window frame will be replaced infection with Hantavirus. Other chal- and chimney have begun to collapse. Tem- and the wall slowly jacked back to a verti- lenges in executing this project stem from porary stabilization was recommended to cal position. Similar, though less drastic, its relatively remote location, the lack of a prevent the building from deteriorating repairs will be made to the wood window nearby water source, and its location in an area rich in cryptobiotic soils. Project Budget: Total VT Project Funding: $50,000 Personnel: $0 Vehicles: $0 Travel/Training: $0 Supplies/Materials: $0 Equipment: $0 Services/Contracts: $50,000 Other: $0 Project Accomplishments: The project will be executed by the Crow Canyon Ar- cheological Center through a cooperative agreement with the Cooperative Ecosys- tem Study Unit. Cornerstone Community Partnerships, a non-profit company spe- cializing in stabilization of historic build- ings, will be assisting Crow Canyon and the park in completing the work during FY 2011. Several scoping sessions have already been made to the site, a scope of work has been developed, compliance has The remains of the Stone Cabin, Arches National Park. been completed, and the fieldwork has Photo: Randall Skeirik been scheduled for the spring of 2011

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Utah 93 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Canyonlands National Park Canyonlands National Park is part of the Southeast Utah Group (SEGU), which also includes Arches National Park, and Hovenweep and Natural Bridges National Monuments.

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: N/A Consultation: N/A Safety: Backcountry projects are logistical- ly complex and pose safety challenges. The crews have developed job hazard analyses that address backpacking, remote camping for extended periods of time, and how to safely evaluate archeological sites that may be difficult to access.

VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Sue Eininger/Laura Martin, Archeologist FY 2002 Position This position was vacant during part of FY 2010. Sue Eininger vacated the position in June, 2010 to move to Pecos National His- Near Fort Bottom, Canyonlands National Park. toric Site. Her replacement, Laura Martin, Photo: Randall Skeirik entered on duty in August. Lapse salary was spent on moving costs and upgraded equipment. also manages the program’s databases. Bridges for more information about Lau- ra’s involvement in that project. Skills: Laura has developed mapping pro- Accomplishments: Laura was the lead on tocols for all our VT projects and is skilled the VT-funded Natural Bridges Site Doc- Training: Laura did not participate in any in Total Station mapping and producing umentation and Condition Assessment VT-related training this year. mapping products using AutoCAD. She project. See the narrative under Natural Pat Flanigan, Exhibit Specialist FY 2002 Position Skills: Pat Flanigan is skilled at site docu- mentation and condition assessments, photography, graffiti removal, and ruins stabilization. Accomplishments: Pat worked on a number of Vanishing Treasures resources including the stabilization of the Wolfe Ranch Dugout at Arches. He continued to update our List of Classified Structure resources in both Arches and Canyonlands and he performed condition assessments and monitoring episodes on VT resources in all the Southeast Utah Group parks. Training: Pat did not participate in any VT-related training this year.

VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT FUNDING A remote, historic-era stone shelter, Canyonlands National Park. Canyonlands National Park did not receive Photo: Randall Skeirik VT project funding in FY 2010.

Utah Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 94

Glen Canyon National and upcoming matters related to GLCA at GLCA and Rainbow Bridge National Recreation Area National Recreation Area and Rainbow Monument. Thann led thirteen trips to Bridge National Monument. In Septem- conduct condition assessments focusing VANISHING TREASURES ber, GLCA hosted its biennial meeting with on data needs, known areas of visitor and ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND the Arizona and Utah State Historic Pres- grazing impacts, and areas of high visita- CHALLENGES ervation Offices on implementation of the tion with the potential for adverse impacts 2008 Servicewide Programmatic Agree- VT Challenges and Successes: In FY to cultural resources. A total of 85 sites ment for Section 106 Compliance. 2010 Glen Canyon National Recreation received updated documentation and 11 Area (GLCA) conducted condition assess- Safety: GLCA had no safety problems re- new sites were identified and entered into ments of cultural resources, including VT lated to Vanishing Treasures Resources in ASMIS. Thann also assisted the Grand resources, as part of our ongoing Monitor- FY 2010. This was, in part, the result of the Canyon National Park VT program in ing and Maintenance Program. Trip loca- diligent safety planning, review, and train- completing condition assessment and ar- tions were determined by condition as- ing of GLCA staff and volunteers. Hazard chitectural documentation at structures in sessment data needs, known areas of visi- Assessment, Analysis, and Control reports the Nankoweap Drainage. tor and grazing impacts, and areas of high are compiled for each project. These re- In addition to providing oversight of the VT visitation. Five day-trips, five overnight ports ensure that safety plans and current program in the park, Thann’s other duties boat trips, two overnight car trips, and one Job Hazard Analyses are maintained and include support for the cultural resources backcountry trip were conducted in FY updated for all Vanishing Treasures related program, which includes the development 2010 Given the size (1.25 million acres) projects and activities. Tailgate safety meet- and implementation of an archeologi- and the diverse topography of the park, ings and on-the-spot safety inspections of cal condition assessment and monitoring including Lake Powell (163,000 acres), vehicles and equipment are conducted on program, coordination with the park’s law accessing remote site locations requires a regular basis and will continue. enforcement staff concerning site protec- careful logistical planning. Trip duration Challenges encountered during backcoun- tion, compliance and consultation associ- totaled 33 days, averaged three individuals try monitoring include hazards associated ated with park operations, preparation of per trip, and resulted in the completion of with the following situations: 1) boat and contract documents, project management, 85 condition assessments. Site forms were vehicle operation; 2) navigation to remote overseeing data management operations, updated as required and data were entered locations; 3) hiking off trail across steep and maintaining the park’s cultural data- into the archeological sites management and uneven terrain; and 4) environmental bases. information system (ASMIS) database. In exposure. The biggest challenge is main- Training: In FY 2010, Thann attended the addition, backlog ASMIS data entry added taining our record of zero safety incidents Archeological Resource Protection Train- or updated a total of 310 site records, re- involving staff and volunteers, with special ing Program and the Section 106 Advanced sulting in complete, accurate, and reliable emphasis on the volunteer Elderhostel Seminar. Additional training was com- records. The updating of monitoring, AS- groups that assist with preservation main- pleted for FMSS, Planning, Environment, MIS, and facility management software tenance activities at the Lees Ferry/Lonely and Public Comment (PEPC), and the system (FMSS) data will facilitate the pro- Dell Ranch National Historic District. Nationwide Programmatic Agreement for cess of planning, analyzing, developing, VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Section 106 Toolkit. The two field sessions and ultimately implementing appropriate assisting Grand Canyon’s VT program in preservation treatments. Thann Baker, Archeologist Nankoweap contributed to Thann’s pro- FY 2002 Position FY 2010 maintenance activities were con- fessional development and helped foster a ducted at the three structures in the Lees Skills: Thann has extensive experience in cooperative relationship between the two Ferry/Lonely Dell Ranch National Histor- condition assessment, prehistoric archi- parks. ic District. At the Weaver Ranch, asbestos tectural documentation, database manage- VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT removal continued and the kitchen’s hard- ment, and report writing. wood floor was carefully removed to the Accomplishments: During FY 2010, FUNDING subfloor in preparation for future foun- Thann served as the project lead for the GLCA did not receive Vanishing Treasures dation work. The U.S. Geological Survey Monitoring and Maintenance Program project funding this year. (USGS) Building and Spencer Bunkhouse both received interior treatments including the replacement of water-damaged drywall and fiberboard, reapplication of mud to masonry walls, painting, and the replace- ment of the USGS Building door frame. These activities were greatly assisted by the volunteer efforts of three separate Elder- hostel groups. Consultation: GLCA continues to work successfully with associated tribes and the Arizona and Utah State Historic Preserva- tion Offices. The Rainbow Bridge Consul- Panoramic view of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Glen Canyon tation Committee meets at least annually National Recreation Area. with associated tribes to discuss current Photo: Randall Skeirik

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Utah 95 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Golden Spike National Historic Site

VT Challenges and Successes: After two years without a cultural resource special- ist, our biggest challenge in FY 2010 was to develop an accurate picture of the overall condition of the park’s historic structures. We were able to get a baseline condition as- sessment for the railroad grade and its as- sociated culverts and trestles, thanks to the help of the Vanishing Treasures Structural Engineer, Preston Fisher. With his input we were able to establish a list of priorities that will enable us to focus on “in need” resources. Consultation: Golden Spike enjoys a good working relationship with the Utah State Historic Preservation Office (UTSHPO). Consultations with the UTSHPO and with our affiliated tribes in FY 2010 were all related to categorical exclusion projects. Golden Spike’s Archeologist Scott Wh- itesides was invited by our Department of Defense neighbors, Hill Air Force Base and Part of the alignment of the first transcontinental railroad known as the “big the Dugway Proving Ground, to participate fill”, Golden Spike National Historic Site. in their annual American Indian Consulta- Photo: Courtesy Golden Spike National Historic Site. tion Meeting. At that meeting Scott gave developing new communication protocols over 20 years of experience in cultural a demonstration on using wetland/marsh for our more remote trail locations. resources management. His areas of spe- resources to produce traditional tule duck decoys and cattail watercraft. cialization include Great Basin prehistoric VANISHING TREASURES STAFF archeology, historical archeology, maritime Safety: Golden Spike did not have any Scott M Whitesides, Archeologist/ history and underwater archeology, histor- safety-related problems in FY 2010. One ic preservation of wooden structures, and challenge that Golden Spike faces each Curator traditional tool use. year is communication between work FY 2005 Position crews and park staff. We are working on Skills: Scott has a diverse background with Accomplishments: In addition to serv- ing as the park’s archeologist, Scott also serves as the Museum Curator. A big push this year was the revision and implementa- tion of a new Scope of Collections state- ment. This effort was completed over the summer and has allowed the park to begin planning new exhibits for its Visitor Cen- ter. With the help of volunteers and Youth Conservation Corps crews, Scott was able to implement important erosion controls and complete trail work along 1.5 miles of historic railroad grade trails. Training: During his first full year on the job, Scott had a very active training sched- ule. He completed courses for the Nation- al Environmental Policy Act and Section 106, collections management, NPS Funda- mentals III, and a myriad of other online courses VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT A 19th century trestle on the alignment of the transcontinental railroad, FUNDING Golden Spike National Historic Site. Golden Spike National Historic Site did Photo: Courtesy Golden Spike National Historic Site. not receive VT project funding in FY 2010.

Utah Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 96

Hovenweep National Monument Hovenweep National Monument is part of the Southeast Utah Group (SEGU), which also includes Canyonlands and Arches National Parks, and Natural Bridges National Monument.

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: N/A Consultation: N/A Safety: N/A

VANISHING TREASURES STAFF Noreen Fritz, Archeologist FY 2003 Position Skills: Noreen is skilled at site documentation and condition assessment and is the ruins stabilization expert for the Southeast Utah Group. She is essentially in charge of the cultural resource program at Hovenweep (HOVE) and Natural Bridges (NABR) National Monuments. Accomplishments: Hovenweep received American Recover and Reinvestment The Holly Site, Hovenweep National Monument. Act funding to conduct cultural cyclic Photo: Randall Skeirik stabilization work on some of our Vanishing CANY for a full description of employee VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT Treasures resources. Noreen was the accomplishments FUNDING project lead for a project that involved the Cutthroat and Cajon Units at Hovenweep Training: Laura did not participate in any Hovenweep National Monument did not and the Bare Ladder Ruin at Natural VT-related training this year. receive VT project funding in FY 2010. Bridges. The scope of work included the collection of legacy stabilization data, pre- stabilization documentation, repointing of eroded masonry joints, replacement of eroded masonry stone, and repairs to the concrete wall caps. Noreen supervised a crew of four Hopi masons on this project. Scaffolding was utilized to complete the work. Training: Noreen did not participate in any VT-related training this year.

Laura Martin, Exhibit Specialist FY 2002 Position This position was vacant during part of FY 2010. Laura left the HOVE Exhibit Specialist position in August to become the Canyonlands National Park (CANY) VT Archeologist. Lapse salary was spent on moving costs and upgraded equipment. Skills: See NABR and CANY for a full Hopi American Recovery and Reinvestment Act crew constructing scaffolding description of employee skills on the exterior of Cutthroat Castle, Hovenweep National Monument. Accomplishments: See NABR and Photo: Courtesy Hovenweep National Monument

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Utah 97 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Natural Bridges National Treasures position. from the natural and human impacts that Monument VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT threaten the resources and their associated Natural Bridges National Monument FUNDING data potential had not yet been collected. Consequently, appropriate management of is part of the Southeast Utah Project Name: Natural Bridges Site these sites had been deferred for more than Group (SEGU), which also includes Documentation and Condition Assessment Canyonlands and Arches National Parks 40 years. PMIS Number: 115154 and Hovenweep National Monument. Field work was conducted over a three- Project Summary: month period with a three-person crew VT Challenges and Successes: Backcoun- The purpose of this project was to update performing the site relocation and docu- try projects are logistically complex and information on, and assess the condition of mentation work. Site documentation require careful planning and implemen- at least 10 sites within the canyons of Natu- consisted of mapping, photography, and tation. Even then, weather, bugs, illness, ral Bridges National Monument. The proj- recording of archeological, environmental, or injury can wreak havoc on a project’s ect resulted in a total of 25 sites recorded and management-relevant attributes ac- schedule. The Natural Bridges Site Doc- and assessed. Significant, but poorly docu- cording to park, state, and national cultural umentation and Condition Assessment mented, prehistoric architecture and rock resource standards. Fieldwork, initial data project was successful in spite of those art sites located within the canyons were entry, and map creation were all completed issues and it is in large part thanks to our the primary focus of this project. Data on in FY 2010 and resulted in the documenta- great crew. these sites were sparse or incomplete, often tion of 25 sites containing 82 architectural Consultation: N/A limited to 4x6 index cards. Furthermore, features. The final report will be complet- ed in FY 2011. Safety: N/A conditions at these sites had not been up- dated or professionally assessed for human The project was staffed by two seasonal VANISHING TREASURES STAFF and natural impacts since the early 1960s. Archeological Technicians, Hannah Rus- Baseline information on the condition of sell and Sharyl Kinnear-Ferris, and a per- Natural Bridges National Monument has the architecture was lacking and informa- manent subject-to-furlough Archeologist never received funding for a Vanishing tion concerning ongoing deterioration Laura Martin (VT position). This core

Sipapu Bridge, Natural Bridges National Monument. Photo: Copyright-free-images.com

Utah Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 98

staff was joined intermittently by Natural Bridges staff and Volunteers-in-the-Parks, providing staff and volunteers the op- portunity to observe how visitation and natural events impact cultural resources and to learn methods for monitoring these impacts. The objectives of this project included performing a thorough records search to consolidate legacy data and in- corporate information into existing base files; updating site documentation to meet current state and national standards; sub- mitting sites for inclusion in the existing listing for the Natural Bridges Archeologi- cal District; creating an updated base map of archeological resources; establishing a cultural resource data layer of known archeological sites for the monument; de- veloping a baseline of archeological site conditions for monitoring purposes; and producing management recommendations for sites in need of preservation treatments or preventative maintenance. Work was conducted to comply with National Park Herschel Talashoma repointing the exterior of a kiva wall, Natural Bridges Service preservation guidelines, including National Monument. DOI NPS-28 and the VT Preservation and Photo: Courtesy Natural Bridges National Monument Management Guidelines, and it followed Bridges area. vation Office for review of their eligibil- documentation protocols established by Over 600 archeological resources are ity status upon the completion of the final the Southeast Utah Group (SEUG) cultural known to exist within the monument, re- project report in 2011. Unfortunately, the resource division. flecting a human prehistory ranging from vast majority of the more than 80 known Project Budget: the Archaic (ca. 5500 – 400 BC) through the archeological sites that are located within Total VT Project Funding: $96,700 Ancestral Pueblo III (1150 – 1300 AD) time the canyons of Natural Bridges are not in- Personnel: $67,866 periods. Previous archeological invento- cluded in the District listing. Since these are sites that are more likely to contain Vehicles: $2,463 ries conducted at the monument include standing architecture that could “embody Travel/Training: $3,977 the Hobler survey of 1960-1962, in which the distinctive characteristics of a type, pe- Supplies/Materials: $718 over 190 sites were recorded in the can- riod, or method of construction” (Criteri- Equipment: $909 yons and on the mesa tops (Hobler 1978); on C, Department of the Interior 1997:37) Services/Contracts: $13,740 the Head and Head survey of 1976 (Head and contain significant cultural deposits Other: $7,007 1977), in which an additional 56 sites were which could yield important information Project Accomplishments: As a result recorded in the canyons; and the McVickar (Criteria D), further work is needed to of this project, work was completed at a survey of 1997-1998 (McVickar 2001), in ensure that these important resources are total of 25 sites in Armstrong and White which approximately 427 sites were re- fully protected. Canyons. This exceeded the original proj- corded on the mesa tops. The McVickar ect target by 60%. Documentation of survey resulted in the nomination of the Site and Structure Condition: 23 previously known sites was updated Natural Bridges Archeological District to Condition assessments were completed to reflect current conditions and profes- the National Register of Historic Places both on a site-wide basis and on individ- sional standards, and two new sites were (NRHP). Although several other inventory ual structures. Overall site condition was discovered and recorded. Baseline archi- surveys have been conducted since, most determined by using established Inter- tectural details were recorded, for a total have focused on mesa-top areas where de- mountain Antiquities Computer System of 82 structures, and they were all assessed velopment activities related to monument (IMACS) values for evaluating deposition- for condition. Management recommenda- facility improvements were undertaken. al integrity and extent of site disturbance in tions were produced for each site that will combination with archeological site man- be used to 1) formulate a monitoring plan Recommendations to the National agement information system (ASMIS) val- for the most heavily visited sites, 2) prepare Register of Historic Places: ues for evaluating change in condition and two preservation project proposals that All 25 sites recorded during this project adequacy of current management policy. will be submitted during the next Service- were evaluated for eligibility to the Nation- Legacy data, such as documentation and wide Comprehensive Call, and 3) develop a al Register of Historic Places and 24 have photography from NPS Ranger monitor- proposal to partner with regional research- been recommended for inclusion within ing, were evaluated against in-field obser- ers to perform additional ceramic analysis the existing Natural Bridges Archeologi- vations to determine whether new threats and clay sourcing that will better define lo- cal District. These recommendations will or disturbances had occurred or whether cal pottery manufacture within the Natural be submitted to the State Historic Preser- existing threats had further degraded the

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Utah 99 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

site’s condition. Any new data, or changes those structures that have retained a great- tectural features that could shed light on in previously observed conditions, were er percentage of their original construc- cultural and/or temporal sequences were noted on the form and photographed and, tion were assessed as being in mostly stable also recommended for further testing and when appropriate, added to the base site condition and minimally threatened by sampling of datable materials. plan. ongoing disturbances. Of the 27 structures Initial Findings: Of the 25 sites assessed, 11 were evaluated retaining more than 30% of their original as being in “good” condition with most in- construction, only five were assessed as Of the 23 previously known sites, 16 were terpreted as retaining moderate to substan- being unstable and in need of preserva- identified as habitations, six were inter- tial depositional integrity and were evalu- tion activities including preventative main- preted as storage sites, and one was inter- tenance and/or stabilization treatments. ated as less than 50% disturbed. Thirteen preted as a special use site. The two new These structures were also on sites that ex- sites were evaluated as being in “fair” con- sites consisted of artifact scatters likely hibited ongoing visitation and visitor-relat- associated with the occupation of nearby dition with seven interpreted as retaining ed impacts. Of the 28 structures that retain habitations. moderate to substantial depositional in- less than 31% of their original construc- tegrity and six as being in “poor” condition Of the non-habitation sites, five consisted tion, 11 were assessed as either unstable or or as lacking depositional integrity. Most of multiple storage structures with asso- stable, but moderately threatened by ongo- of the 25 sites were evaluated as being less ciated artifact and corn scatters located ing disturbances. All 11 structures were than 50% disturbed but were recorded as within well-protected overhangs. These initially recommended for preservation ac- having moderate to severe ongoing distur- structures varied in construction from tivities which require preventative mainte- bances that could degrade the site’s over- above-ground thin, shaped upright-slab nance or stabilization treatments; however, all condition to “poor” if left unmanaged. structures (bins) to subterranean pits lined eight of these structures are not visited and with shaped upright slabs set in mortar and One site was evaluated as being in “poor” do not retain enough integrity to warrant roofed with log cribbing (cists). Further condition because of severe ongoing dis- stabilization. In these cases, more detailed analysis of the data from these sites may turbances which threaten the single archi- architectural documentation in lieu of in- indicate a temporal or functional differ- tectural feature of the site. vasive stabilization treatments may be the ence between the upright slab storage bin Condition assessments on individual most appropriate preservation action. feature type and subterranean pit feature structures were completed using the SEUG Therefore, management recommendations type. Baseline Architecture and Condition form. for preservation work was divided into two Of the 82 architectural features recorded, groups: 1) stabilization of visited sites to Most of the habitation sites were small (< four were assessed as being stable to grade ensure visitor safety and enjoyment of the 500m2), with only five sites containing kivas and did not contain enough architectural resource and, 2) data recovery in the form and three containing 10 or more rooms. detail to warrant additional documenta- of detailed architectural documentation The largest site, 42SA6654, is an extensive tion. The remaining 78 architectural fea- of pristine back-country sites that did not Late PII-PIII Ancestral Pueblo multi-unit tures were recorded for basic architectural exhibit ongoing visitation and where inva- habitation situated across multiple tiers of attributes and condition. sive stabilization work (and the introduc- narrow ledges and cliff base talus. It covers 2 Six of the 78, located in five sites, were tion of foreign fabrics) would degrade the an area greater than 5000m and consists of found to be in nearly pristine condition, site’s integrity. In the latter case, sites that at least four loci, defined both topographi- remaining at nearly 100% of their original were evaluated as containing unique archi- cally and from discreet scatter boundaries. construction. Of these six, four are stor- age structures, one is a habitation room, and one is a kiva. All retain their original roof structures, which contain intact struc- tural wood, and two had been previously sampled for dendrochronology. These re- sources were observed as changing very lit- tle since original documentation, with few ongoing disturbances of minimal impact noted. Two of these structures, located in two separate sites, appear to receive visita- tion and so were recommended for regular monitoring and possible future stabiliza- tion. Of the other 72 standing structures, eight were evaluated as remaining at between 61-91% of their original construction, 19 at 31-61%, and 28 at 11-30%. The other 17 structures were found to be mostly col- lapsed but retained at least 5-10% of their original construction, enough to be evalu- “Turtle-Back” style adobe construction at 42SA6815, Natural Bridges ated for condition and minimal baseline National Monument. architectural attributes. Not surprisingly, Photo: Courtesy Natural Bridges National Monument

Utah Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 100

Overall, the site contains 12-15 rooms, four temporal designations for sites that had the area during this time was sporadic and kivas, four rock art panels, several rem- previously been unassigned or assigned as non-continuous, characterized by patterns nants of retaining wall that enclose the nar- only “prehistoric NFS”. Funding from this of occupation and abandonment by groups row ledge areas of the site, two hand-and- project was utilized to submit 24 samples expanding from the core culture areas of toe hold trails, two series of awl grooves, for analysis. A contract was awarded to the Kayenta group to the southwest and of a bell-shaped storage cist, and a general Beta Analytic to process, analyze, and re- the Mesa Verde group to the east. Previous refuse deposit reflecting lengthy residential port on the results from these submitted archeological investigations of Cedar Mesa use. This habitation, as well as five others, samples. The following table reflects the 2 (Matson et al. 1988) indicate that occupa- contained evidence for multiple episodes sigma calibrated date range (95% probabil- tional hiatuses occurred during a 250-year of occupation and the potential for deep, ity) for each sample by site as compared to span preceding the late Basketmaker III relatively intact cultural deposits, and so previously recorded temporal affiliations. period (AD 650 - 725), then again between were interpreted as long-term habitations. late Basketmaker III (AD 725) and mid-to- Previous Additional work to perform limited testing Confi Temporal 2010 AMS C-14 2 late Pueblo II (AD 1060). McVickar (2001) dance New or Enhanced Site # Affiliation / Sigma Calibrated of deposits, sampling of intact structural (L,M, Temporal Affiliations Based On? Result (95% probability) concluded that this observation holds true H) wood for dendrochronology, and historic (Researcher) Early PIII / (FS26) AD 640 - AD for Natural Bridges. However, the later “few 770 inscription studies have been recommend- 42SA grayware L Late BMIII – Mid PI pattern is less distinct due to the fact that 6650 (FS27) AD 660 - AD sherds” ed at these sites to help establish more con- 870 (Head) the ceramic styles used to date the sites (FS31)AD 1050 - AD crete occupational sequences for these sig- PII – PIII / 1090, AD 1130 - AD have long temporal ranges that could skew few sherds Late PII – PIII, 42SA 1140, AD 1140 – AD nificant canyon habitations. (Head), L should be supported by 6654 1260 affiliations toward earlier dates. architectural Dendro samples (FS33) AD 1210 – AD style Of the habitation sites without kivas, seven 1290 One result of this project was the recog- (FS14) AD 1010 – AD consisted of structures with associated res- 1170 Mid to Late BM III, nition that additional ceramic studies are 42SA (FS15) AD 420 – AD with possible re- PII-PIII / ? L idential debris and features (fire blackening 6781 610 occupation during Mid needed to appropriately assign both tem- (FS16) AD 640 – AD to Late P II. along alcoves, charcoal and ash deposits, 710, AD 750 – AD 760 poral and cultural affiliation to sites at Nat- (FS5)AD 1060 – AD ground stone, hearths, grinding surfaces, 1080, AD 1150 – AD Late P II-P III, ural Bridges. This project utilized “in field” BM II, PII-PIII 1270 but future dendro / 11 ceramics etc.) that indicate short-term or seasonal 42SA sampling of intact wood analysis to type ceramics. More often than and L (FS6) AD 1160 – AD 6782 from storage cists may architectural 1270 use. Three consisted of storage structures indicate earlier not, ceramics found at Pueblo II sites with- style (Hobler) (FS7) AD 1020 – AD componant with dense artifact deposits and evidence 1210 in the canyons of Natural Bridges exhibit (FS10) AD 670 – AD of thermal features that could indicate long Mid to Late PI, 42SA Prehistoric 880 properties that do not fit well within the L possible Late BM III term use, but of a seasonal nature, or uses 6783 NFS (Hobler) (FS11) AD 640 – AD component? “classic” ceramic type series for the south- related to non-residential activity areas. 770 PII-PIII / 16 (FS 2) AD1260- 42SA west and so could only be assigned to broad ceramics L AD1310, AD1360- Late PII – PIII Architecture of the first group consisted of 6785 (Hobler) AD1380 generic categories. Instead, they appear to PII- PIII / 9 multiple rooms either built onto each oth- Late PII – PIII, ceramics, fit more closely with a variety described by 42SA (FS3) AD1260-AD1310, supports current denros H er as room blocks or built as freestanding 6786 AD1360-AD1380 dendrochronology (Hobler, results other regional researchers as being locally structures. Stylistically, this group of sites Windes) (FS19) AD1050- produced. Given that collections were demonstrated the highest variability. Five AD1090, AD1130- PII-PIII / 18 AD1140, AD1140- made during previous surveys which did ceramics and AD1260 of these exhibited classic “Mesa Verde” 42SA architectural M (FS20) AD1160- Late PII – PIII not take into account the properties of the 6789 style masonry room block construction, style AD1270 (McVickar) (sandal snip of Hobler locally produced variety, many of the sites and two exhibited the adobe “turtle-back” collection) AD1220 – AD 1300 at Natural Bridges may have been incor- construction that has been attributed to ?? Suspect result, Could be “old wood” rectly assigned cultural or temporal affili- both Kayenta and Fremont culture groups. phenomenon, additional sampling of ations. Additionally, standardized labora- Pueblo NFS / architectural materials Four sites exhibited both oval and rect- 42SA 3 ceramics L (FS9) 60 BC – AD 80 or pigment analysis 6798 (Hobler, tory analysis would be a more appropriate recommended. San angular structures made of a mix of jacal McVickar) Juan Anthropomorphic and accurate method for typing ceramics and masonry, and three sites exhibited the style Rock Art elements suggests a BM II-BM III of this locally produced variety and would use of horizontal wood beams as coursing Component. Mid to Late BM III, with allow regional experts to further compile BM II, PII-PIII (FS22) AD 640-AD 770 within masonry walls. Initial C14 dates 42SA possible re-occupation / 6 ceramics L 6815 during Mid to Late PII – its technological traits. Since local ceramic from collected samples from these struc- (Hobler) (FS23) AD 980- AD 1160 PIII. manufacture would have had a significant PII – PIII / 11 (FS29) AD 1170 – tures does seem to support that the “turtle- Late PII – PIII, supports ceramics, AD1280 current influence on settlement patterns, addition- 42SA Dendros, back” construction occurred during earlier H (sandal snip of Hobler dendrochronology and 6960 architectural collection) AD 1210 – current temporal al work in this area is warranted. As a result style (Head, occupations. AD 1290 affiliation. Windes) of this project a proposal is currently under PII-PIII / 42SA (FS24) AD 620 – AD Mid to Late BM III Initial Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ceramics L 23351 690 component added development to undertake a detailed study Carbon-14 analysis: (McVickar) PII-PIII / 42 of ceramics from both previous collections ceramics and Late PII-PIII, supports 42SA (FS8) AD 1220 – AD architectural M current temporal Twenty-six corn cobs and one mortar 28865 1290 and new collections from sites at Natural style affiliation sample containing wood were collected (McVickar) Bridges and to further investigate pro- from 13 sites for the purposes of accelera- Table 1. 2010 AMS C-14 results duction areas within, and adjacent to, the tor mass spectrometry (AMS) C14 dating. monument. Results would not only permit Additionally, two snips from previously Initial Recommendations for Further more accurate temporal and cultural des- collected sandals were also submitted for Study: ignations to be assigned to these sites, but analysis. The purpose of procuring dat- could also lead to a deeper understanding able material from these sites was both to The vast majority of the sites listed on the of the decision-making processes used by support previous work completed through Natural Bridges Archeological District are ancestral pueblo people living on the mar- dendrochronology and to provide tighter of the Ancestral Pueblo era. Settlement of gins of their core culture areas.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Utah 101 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Zion National Park Project Summary: This project entailed Project Budget: the full structural stabilization and rehabil- Total VT Project Funding: $42,250 VANISHING TREASURES itation of this small, but significant, historic Personnel: $20,252 structure. VT funding was used to pay for Vehicles: $0 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND materials, equipment, and transportation. Travel/Training: $383 CHALLENGES Transportation for this project, which was Supplies/Materials: $14,572 VT Challenges and Successes: The great- located high on a mesa top and in a desig- Equipment: $4,871 est challenges for managing our VT-re- nated wilderness area, required helicopter Services/Contracts: $0 sources include the difficult access to sites lifts and four separate trips of a mule pack Other: $2,172 and the protection of wilderness values. train to haul materials and equipment to Project Accomplishments: The Cable See the Vanishing-Treasures-funded proj- the site. Federal Lands Recreation and Mountain Draw Works is an aerial cable- ect described below for a more detailed Enhancement Act (FLREA) funds, which way that was historically used to move har- discussion. were also used to fund the project, were vested timber and sawn lumber from East Consultation: No issues to discuss. obligated last year through the Colorado Mesa, down 2,000 feet to the Zion Canyon Plateau Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit Safety: See the Vanishing Treasures fund- floor below. Established in 1901, the Draw (CPCESU), but all the field work occurred Works was used to move hundreds of ed project described below for a more de- this year. The field work included an ini- tailed discussion. thousands of board feet of lumber before tial site visit in November, 2009 to assess its closure in 1926. Prior to construction structural conditions and the integrity of of the Draw Works, movement of timber VANISHING TREASURES STAFF the wooden members and to collect details from the mountains and mesas to settle- Zion National Park has never received for a preservation work plan. Field work ments on the canyon floor typically took a base increase to fund a Vanishing continued with the actual stabilization dur- several days of arduous travel. ing September, 2010. Treasures position. The Draw Works was originally conceived Stabilization was completed by a crew of and constructed by David Flanigan, a VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT timber framers, wood craftsmen, and an young, hard-working resident of Spring- FUNDING architectural conservator, working through dale, Utah. He regarded the Draw Works the University Of New Mexico (UNM) as a fulfillment of an 1863 prophecy by Project Name: Stabilization of Cable School Of Architecture and Planning, as Brigham Young, then leader and prophet Mountain Draw Works per the CPCESU task agreement. Students of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day PMIS Number: 133729 from the university also participated. Saints (the Mormons), that lumber would

Mist in Zion Canyon, Zion National Park. Photo: Courtesy Zion National Park

Utah Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 102

The Cable Draw Works before and after rehabilitation. Photos: Randall Skeirik one day be transported from the canyon work with the structural assessment team, The structure stabilization occurred in rim “as the hawk flies.” to conduct detailed project documenta- September, 2010. (Note to self and col- The system Flanigan employed was a sin- tion before, during, and after treatments; leagues: Unless it is simply unavoidable, gle-rope tramway. Components included for ranger staff who provided on-site safety never undertake a major project in the last an upper, or loading, terminal at the can- measures (including required Occupa- few weeks of the fiscal year.) After failed yon rim that was outfitted with a breaking tional Health and Safety Administration elements were stabilized, the structure was mechanism, and a pair of towers on the fall protection); for the stabilization crew; completely dismantled using a gin pole and canyon floor. All three structures were for materials and equipment purchases; block and tackle to lower timbers and fram- constructed as open frameworks of heavy and for the transportation of gear, equip- ing bents safely to the ground. Severely timber. A continuous wire cable (or rope) ment, and materials to and from the site. decayed portions of the primary elements ran over sheaves mounted on the terminal Then, we used FLREA funding, obligated were cut away, and traditional joinery was structures, with gravity used to lower loads through the CPCESU, to develop a coop- used to scarf replacement timber onto the to the canyon floor. erative agreement with the University of historic wood. This meant that portions of nearly all of the surviving structural mem- Today, the upper terminal is all that sur- New Mexico School of Architecture and Planning to execute the stabilization work. bers were retained, including the east and vives of the Cable Mountain Draw Works; west columns, the plate timbers, and the the towers on the canyon floor were re- The UNM team, led by Architectural Con- girts. The east and west bents were par- moved by the NPS a few years after the servator Doug Porter, Ph.D., included tially assembled on the ground and hoisted Draw Works operations closed in 1926. master woodworkers and timber framers into position on new sill timbers; and the The structure was listed in the National Mike Cotroneo, Paul Ide, Chris Patton, and girts were installed. Replacement sheave Register of Historic Places in 1978. Its sig- Jason Norris, all from Vermont; and UNM support timbers and historic elements as- nificance lies in the role that it played in Architecture student Keri Stevenson. Early sociated with the drive and braking mecha- settlement and development of the upper in FY 2010, and prior to starting fieldwork, nisms were then put into place. To improve Virgin River drainage area, the innovative a structural assessment team visited the the durability of timber elements where resource extraction technology that it rep- site. This team consisted of Zion staff, VT they are in contact with the ground, borate resents, and its iconic value for members of Program staff, UNM staff, and staff from rods were installed. In addition, during a the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Anthony & Associates, Inc., (a wood con- planned post-stabilization inspection, an Saints. sulting firm). The assessment included a application of liquid borates will be ap- The stabilization of the Draw Works rep- thorough evaluation of the Draw Works plied to both new and old timbers. The resented a highly collaborative undertak- timber elements including methods of UNM team is currently preparing a pres- ing--from the initial planning stages; to connections, agents of deterioration, and ervation report on the preservation effort. consultation, design, funding acquisition; foundations and anchorage; a wood as- In 2009, the US Congress signed the Om- and finally to implementation. Zion Cul- sessment based in part on resistance drill- nibus Public Land Management Act (PL tural Resource staff worked closely with ing to locate and quantify remaining sound 111-11) and along with other areas within VT Historical Architect Randy Skeirik wood; a determination of the allowable the state of Utah, officially designated most and Structural Engineer Preston Fisher grade and identification of wood species of the back country of Zion National Park to determine the most feasible approach and characteristics used to establish repair as wilderness. In accordance with the new to the structure’s stabilization, conducted requirements; identification and prioritiza- legislation, Zion began to develop and im- several site visits, and prepared funding tion of stabilization and repair needs; and plement new management practices that proposals. Ultimately, the funding for the the preparation of a repair plan, with pres- promote and protect wilderness values. project came from two sources. First, FY ervation options, that included narrative The Cable Mountain Draw Works site is 2010 Vanishing Treasures program fund- descriptions, annotated photographs, and located in this newly designated wilder- ing was used for cultural resource staff to architectural drawings. ness area.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Utah 103 Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

To promote and protect our newly desig- nated wilderness, we greatly modified how the work for this project was to be accom- plished. All power tools, except for those that were absolutely necessary, were re- placed with traditional hand tools. While this change presented some interesting and even positive challenges, and added a new dimension to the training and learning op- portunities for the project, it also greatly increased the number of person-hours needed to accomplish the work since tradi- tional hand tools are often more labor-in- tensive than their power-tool equivalents. Access to the site also presented a range of challenges since the Draw Works is located at the end of a four-mile-long hiking trail. Transporting the crew, gear, equipment, materials, and enough water for a three- week project was no small feat. Relying on a Zion all-employees call for help, we or- ganized several “human pack mule” hiking trips, each limited to 12 people, as our Back Paul Ide splicing a new end on one post of the Cable Draw Works, Zion Na- Country Management Plan stipulates. We tional Park. also hired a local wrangler for four mule Photo: Courtesy Zion National Park pack trips. Some materials, however, such as the 32-foot-long, 1000+ pound, specially Draw Works presents significant hazards scientists, conservators, and timber fram- milled replacement timbers could only be because the structure is remotely located ers worked together like a well-oiled ma- transported via helicopter. Zion Helitack and situated precariously on the edge of a chine, competently and efficiently remov- assisted us in this effort. 2000-foot sheer cliff, with publicly accessi- ing, repairing, and replacing thousands of Creating a safe working environment ble hiking trails directly beneath. Without pounds historic wooden timbers. As in throughout the entire project was a top closing the trails below, there was no mar- previous years, the entire Zion workforce priority. Working on a structure like the gin for error; even dropping a small hand showed great commitment to the impor- tool could have had catastrophic results. In tant task of preserving and protecting cul- order to identify, plan for, and mitigate the tural resources. Staff in our Budget and dangers, we conducted two GARs (Green- Purchasing/Procurement offices worked Amber-Red) operational risk assess- miracles to get a high volume of equipment ments. In the process, we consulted with and material purchases accomplished at a Barry Clark, Grand Canyon National Park very late date in the fiscal year. Our Roads Safety Specialist to implement appropriate and Trails Foreman never hesitated when OSHA-compliant fall protection. We also asked to provide drivers and big trucks to addressed emergency communications, transport several tons of materials from rescue ops, inclement weather (lightning Las Vegas. Our Trails crew eagerly assisted in particular), appropriate tool operation with fall protection installation, training, training, proper PPE (personal protec- and equipment hauling. Our Fire Manage- ment Program stepped in with their sup- tive equipment), work camp hygiene, and port, making the Zion Helitack Crew avail- many other issues. able for multiple air deliveries. Visitor and This project was exciting and exhilarat- Resource Protection rangers were on-site ing. It provided the opportunity to work each day ensuring that key safety measures with, and to learn from, a wide array of were implemented. They assisted with set- technical experts who were enthusiastic ting ropes and rigging for the gin pole and and love what they do. It also offered us an block and tackle, making fall protection Doug Porter, Mike Cotroneo, Paul opportunity to spend three weeks work- adjustments, and anchoring the structure ing, hiking, and camping in the spectacular Ide, Jason Norris, and Chris Patton during dismantling and reconstruction to backcountry of Zion National Park. It was prevent it from tumbling over the edge and reconstruct the Draw Works, lifting great! At the same time, this project was onto hiking trails below. Absolutely vital in the top brace of the east bent using a a tricky and often dangerous undertaking the successful and safe completion of this gin pole and block and tackle, Zion that could not have succeeded without the project was the steady-handed commit- National Park. dedication and professional performance ment of the Zion Cultural Resource Man- Photo: Courtesy Zion National Park of all involved. The UNM team of wood agement crew.

Utah Personnel, Projects, and Budgets V a n i s h i n g T r e a s u r e s W y o m i n g

Wagons and military equipment on the parade grounds, Fort Laramie National Historic Site. Photo: Randall Skeirik

u Fort Laramie National Historic Site u Wyoming Fiscal Year 2010 Project Funding Summary

Funded Projects: No Wyoming parks received Vanishing Treasures project funding this year. Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report 106

Fort Laramie National Historic Site

VANISHING TREASURES ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES VT Challenges and Successes: The VT crew’s primary project this year was the re- pair of damage to the exterior adobe brick walls on the Sutler’s Store (HS-2) that had resulted from emergency preservation Fort Laramie with the Suttler’s Store on the left and Old Bedlam on the right, work executed in the 1950s. Fort Laramie National Historic Site. In that early project, the adobe walls were Photo: Courtesy Fort Laramie National Historic Site covered with metal wire mesh and cov- ered with Portland cement. Through the 1 part NHL-3.5 and 2 parts masonry sand, surfaces on the structure were scraped and years, moisture collected behind the ce- along with coloring agents and water was freshly painted, and several windows and ment stucco and, through expansion and applied. This mixture was troweled di- doors were repaired. contraction, the stucco shell was fractured rectly onto the adobe and built out in ¼- to This project was led by Exhibit Special- and forced away from the brick. A large ½-inch layers until the last coat could be ist, Barry Hadsell. The crew consisted of void also developed in the center of one finished with a sponge float. Form boards seasonal employees Mark Vigen, Spencer wall and, in an attempt to stabilize the area, were installed every 8 feet which allowed Miller, Spencer Faber, and Randy Brown. for the last coat to be screed off, leaving a a fissure developed leaving the adobe - ex Consultation: This project met a categori- very flat surface for the sponge float pro- posed to the elements and creating a roost- cal exclusion for National Environmental cess. ing area for bats. Water and a large amount Policy Act compliance. of entrapped bat guano were causing the Portions of the walls on this structure are Safety: Our VT crew did not experience soft adobe bricks to dissolve. constructed of stone and, in addition to any negative safety issues this year. To address these conditions, the crew receiving the Portland cement stucco, they had also been repointed with a Portland ce- removed the Portland cement and wire VANISHING TREASURES STAFF mesh, executed necessary repairs to the ment mortar. The crew removed both the adobe brick, and replaced the Portland ce- Portland cement stucco and mortar and Barry Hadsell, Exhibit Specialist (Ruins ment with naturally hydraulic lime (NHL), re-pointed the stonework with a hydraulic Preservation) which was used historically. Naturally hy- lime mixture. The stucco was not reap- FY 2007 Position draulic lime is a softer, more flexible, and plied to the stone since it does not need Skills: Barry has been a professional car- more porous stucco that will allow mois- the same protection from the elements as penter and mason for 31 years with three ture to migrate through the shell and evap- the adobe, and it allows the visitors to view years’ experience as a Preservation Car- orate keeping the adobe dry. A mixture of the construction of the structure. All wood penter and Mason at Yosemite National Park. Through diligent work, Barry led a productive preservation crew at Fort Lara- mie that executed outstanding craftsman- ship on several projects that enhanced the longevity of the historic structures in the park. Accomplishments: Barry successfully planned and executed preservation work on the Sutler’s Store, supervising a crew of four seasonal employees. Training: Barry graduated from the NPS Fundamentals program this year (includ- ing Fundamentals II, III, IV and V) and also completed the Preservation and Skills Training (P.A.S.T.) Program and the In- troduction Facility Management Software System (FMSS) training.

VANISHING TREASURES PROJECT FUNDING Masons repointing stonework on the Suttler’s Store, Fort Laramie National Fort Laramie National Historic Site did not Historic Site. receive Vanishing Treasures project fund- Photo: Courtesy Fort Laramie National Historic Site ing this year.

Personnel, Projects, and Budgets Utah A p p e n d i c e s

Appendix A: Definition of Vanishing Treasures Resources...... i

1 con•di•tion \ken-’di-shen\noun Etymology: Middle English condicion, from Anglo-French, from Latin condicion-, condicio terms of agreement, condition, from condicere to agree, from com- + dicere to say, determine -- more at DICTION 1 a : a state of being b : social status : RANK c : a usually defective state of health d : a state of physical fitness or readiness for use e plural : attendant circumstances Terminology...... i

Appendix C: Leadership Committee...... ii

Appendix D: Working Groups...... ii

Appendix E: Annual and Cumulative Program Funding...... iii

Appendix F: VT Fiscal Year 2011 Project Funding...... iv

Appendix G: Chronology and Status of Vanishing Treasures Funded Positions...... v Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report i

Appendix A: Definition of Vanishing Treasures Resources Vanishing Treasures Resources are defined as a structure or grouping of related structures that: • Are in a “ruined” state. • Have exposed intact fabric (earthen, stone, wood, etc.). • Are not being used for their original function. • Occupation and utilization have been interrupted or discontinued for an extended period of time. • Are located in the arid West. • Are the resources, or part of the resources, for which the park was created, are a National Historic Landmark, or listed on, or eligible for listing on, the National Register of Historic Places. Examples of Vanishing Treasures Resources: • Architectural remains that have intact historic fabric exposed at or above grade including: wall alignments, upright slabs, founda- tions, bins, cists, constructed hearths. • Sub-grade architecture exposed through excavation or erosion (i.e., pithouses, dugouts, cists, etc.). • Native American architectural structures (i.e., pueblos, cliff dwellings, hogans, wickiups, ramadas, corrals, earthen architec- ture, etc.). • EuroAmerican architectural structures (i.e., churches, convents, forts, ranch-farm structures/homesteads, mine buildings, ace- quias or related features, kilns, etc.). Examples of Non-Vanishing Treasures Resources: • Sites with no exposed architecture or structural remains, (i.e., collapsed, buried, mounded, or otherwise not evident). • Archeological or other sites with no architectural remains (i.e., lithic scatters, dumps, campsites, etc). • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Civil Works Administration (CWA) buildings and features. • Historic structures that are regularly maintained, and/or adaptively used, and fit within the Historic Structures/List of Classified Structures (LCS) definitions. • Structures in use as National Park Service facilities (i.e., administrative buildings, trails, bridges, ditches, canals, etc). • Mineshafts or caves, that do not have architectural/structural features. • Pictographs, petroglyphs, rock art, etc., except if found in or on architectural structures. • National Park Service or other reconstructed buildings or ruins (i.e., Aztec Great Kiva, Bents Old Fort).

Note: Many of the traditionally associated communities to whom Vanishing Treasures resources/archeological sites hold importance, do not consider those sites to be unoccupied, out of use, or abandoned. “Ruins” are considered by some groups to be spiritually inhabited and are considered to be “in use” by virtue of being invoked in prayers, songs, stories, etc. They are considered dynamic parts of active cultural systems. While we use the term “ruins” and the associated definition, it is recognized that some communities do not use the term “ruin” nor consider the places to be unoccupied or out of use.

Appendix B: Terminology Condition Good - The site shows no clear evidence of major negative disturbance and deterioration by natural and/or human forces. The site’s archeological values remain well-preserved, and no site treatment actions required in the near future to maintain its condi- tion. Fair - The site shows clear evidence of minor disturbance and deterioration by natural and/or human forces, and some degree of corrective action should be carried out fairly soon to protect the site. Poor - The site shows clear evidence of major disturbance and rapid deterioration by natural and/or human forces, and immediate corrective action is required to protect and preserve the site. Intensity of On-Site Erosion Severe - The site will be significantly damaged or lost if action is not taken immediately. Moderate - For an impact to be considered moderate, it must meet at least one of the following criteria: The site will be significantly damaged or lost if action is not taken in the immediate future. The site has been damaged and some integrity has been lost. Low - The continuing effect of the impact is known but it will not result in significant or irreparable damage to the site. None - The site has not been obviously impacted. Integrity - Integrity refers to how much of the structure remains standing and intact. For example, a structure with only one intact, standing wall, would be given a value of 20% . A structure with all four walls standing and intact, plus an intact roof and floor, a 100% value would be given. Stability - Stability refers to a wall or structures’ state of equilibrium. Stable - A structure that maintains consistency of composition and components with little or no sign of erosion that would lead to any form of structural degradation. The term stable can also be applied to structures that have essentially deteriorated to grade and thus have little or no standing structural remains above the ground surface that would be subject to further deterioration. Partially Stable - A structure that exhibits signs of whole or partial degradation of the existing composition and components such that structural stability is threatened. Unstable - A structure that has suffered damage from erosion such that structural collapse or complete degradation is imminent.

Appendices ii Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Appendix C: Leadership Committee

Appendix D: Work Groups As a result of the costs associated with maintaining the advisory group and the difficulty of arranging meetings, the VT Leadership Committee voted in FY 2007 to dissolve the advisory group. Instead, ad hoc Work Groups will be created to address specific needs or problems. In FY 2009 two work groups were formed, and both have continued through FY 2010. One is investigating standards for document- ing VT resources and one aims to create a series of technical notes documenting preservation issues particular to VT resources.

The Documentation Work Group, led by VT Structural Engineer Preston Fisher and Materials Conservator Lauren Meyer, has been formed to help establish standards for the documentation and recordation of VT sites. If you are interested in joining this work group please contact Preston at 970.529.5004, [email protected] or Lauren at 505.988.6861, [email protected]. This work group has a web page on the VT Sharepoint web site: http://inpniscs- moss:3000/sites/NPS2/VT/doc_stds/de- fault.aspx

The Technical Notes Work Group, under the direction of VT Historical Architect Randy Vanishing Treasures Program National Park Service Skeirik, will attempt to collect and centralize the specialized knowledge associated with the stabi- U.S. Department of the Interior RESERVATION lization and preservation of VT sites (sometimes termed “ruins”). We will investigate the potential PRESCRIPTIONS for the publication of a series of these technical notes that will build upon the work done by the Technical Preservation Services (TPS) program in Washington, DC. The resulting documents Preservation in a State of Deterioration Number 1 will address preservation topics specific to the challenges found in VT park resources. anishing Treasures was first established in 1998 as a grass roots effort to address 20 years of deficient funding, backlogged treatment needs, and inadequate condition information on thousands of prehis- toric and historic sites at National Park units throughout the arid West. The focus of the program continues to be those cultural sites where human habitation and maintenance has ceased. In Western The format will be similar to the NPS/TPS Tech Note series. The series is tentatively titled Preser- culture,V these sites are often termed “ruins” although many of the communities traditionally associated with Vanishing Treasures sites do not consider them to be unoccupied, out-of-use, or abandoned. Although no longer maintained, they are considered to be spiritually inhabited and to be in use through invocation in prayers, songs, vation Prescriptions and a banner has been designed (right). The topic of the first issue is expect- and stories. The Preservation Prescriptions series, produced by the Vanishing Treasures Program, intends to build on the foundation of the Preservation Brief and Tech Note series that have been produced for many years by the NPS ed to be a general discussion of the unique challenges of preserving buildings, sites, and structures Office of Technical Preservation Services. Future issues of Preservation Prescriptions will address issues specific to the preservation of sites that are in a state of “ruin” and the special techniques and materials that have been that are no longer physically occupied and are in a state of deterioration (ruins). developed to maintain them. By definition, Vanishing Treasures Ta cepotam. Grae, sintemus prac resources have been un-maintained mandes ne cus vis, unterox sedes for some part of their life and are to be acionosti prit vidium ma, sendam ductus While progress is being made in producing the first volume, it will take the collective, specialized preserved in their deteriorated state. As in iaete in viveheb efaceps, serfericae a cultural resources contained within the portis pulis senatium alina, Ti. Ehemei National Park system, they are covered et enterum dum publibunum Patuam knowledge of the VT staff to produce a comprehensive and useful series. We encourage you under a combination of archeological, omnonsu nteribendam uspere fint gra historic structure, preservation, and quodiu venerebunte, quere, tropultum cultural landscape policy statements, num. Tintilictu in signonihin popubli- to participate in this process whether through helping to vet potential topics, assisting with standards, and guidelines. While these cae morsus, di sula sulocris remne terit contain conceptual guidance appropriate pul consus is nonsil condet; nos tus for managing these resources, they do consuam ia re, nia mantiae consulem not provide the specific procedures and tusquides in se, nostem in hil ublis document production, providing peer review, or by writing or collaborating on an issue. Please techniques required for their preserva- morsupi caedienatuam issus halatus tion. vit; nitatuusatus C. Gratussedo, nonerei publin susperit, in ne niu inatamdit ad contact Randy at 928.821.2992 or [email protected] if your are interested. Ta cepotam. Grae, sintemus prac publissentis pliciem te, a pricie errae mandes ne cus vis, unterox sedes co erei condeatus ficae pero caperes acionosti prit vidium ma, sendam ductus acturic aelibunc reditium te consimil in iaete in viveheb efaceps, serfericae a vidiemquam, senatur ignor late et; nos Cerimuss entuspe rentiam This work group also has a web page on the new VT Sharepoint web site: http:// portis pulis senatium alina, Ti. Ehemei confecerit, me in dient. moendit rataris forae, inpniscsmoss:3000/sites/NPS2/VT/technotes/default.aspx

Appendices Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report iii

Appendix E: Annual and Cumulative Program Funding

Vanishing Treasures Annual and Cumulative Funding FY 1998 through FY 2010 VT Program Components Total VT VT Park Base Increases One-Year Grand Total Total Base Program Personnel (Program plus Projects Training2 Management Personnel Additional1 Increases Expenditures Funding3 Base)

FY Annual Budget 505,300 31,700 10,000 547,000 453,000 0 453,000 0 1,000,000 1998 Cumulative Total 505,300 31,700 10,000 547,000 453,000 0 453,000 0 1,000,000

FY Annual Budget 627,600 40,000 44,000 711,600 585,000 237,000 822,000 0 1,533,600 1999 Cumulative Total 1,132,900 71,700 54,000 1,258,600 1,038,000 237,000 1,275,000 0 2,533,600

FY Annual Budget 814,600 0 56,000 870,600 795,000 0 795,000 0 1,665,600 2000 Cumulative Total 1,947,500 71,700 110,000 2,129,200 1,833,000 237,000 2,070,000 0 4,199,200

FY Annual Budget 973,000 0 60,000 1,033,000 236,000 0 236,000 0 1,269,000 2001 Cumulative Total 2,920,500 71,700 170,000 3,162,200 2,069,000 237,000 2,306,000 0 5,468,200

FY Annual Budget 1,038,000 0 60,000 1,098,000 435,000 0 435,000 0 1,533,000 2002 Cumulative Total 3,958,500 71,700 230,000 4,260,200 2,504,000 237,000 2,741,000 0 7,001,200

FY Annual Budget 1,031,000 0 60,000 1,091,000 600,000 0 600,000 0 1,691,000 2003 Cumulative Total 4,989,500 71,700 290,000 5,351,200 3,104,000 237,000 3,341,000 0 8,692,200

FY Annual Budget 997,400 0 60,000 1,057,400 375,000 0 375,000 0 1,432,400 2004 Cumulative Total 5,986,900 71,700 350,000 6,408,600 3,479,000 237,000 3,716,000 0 10,124,600

FY Annual Budget 1,030,700 0 60,000 1,090,700 0 0 0 300,000 1,390,700 2005 Cumulative Total 7,017,600 71,700 410,000 7,499,300 3,479,000 237,000 3,716,000 300,000 11,515,300

FY Annual Budget 1,024,000 0 60,000 1,084,000 0 0 0 260,000 1,344,000 2006 Cumulative Total 8,041,600 71,700 470,000 8,583,300 3,479,000 237,000 3,716,000 560,000 12,856,300

FY Annual Budget 1,024,000 0 60,000 1,084,000 0 0 0 0 1,084,000 2007 Cumulative Total 9,065,000 71,700 530,000 9,667,300 3,479,000 237,000 3,716,000 560,000 13,940,300

FY Annual Budget 1,024,000 0 60,000 1,084,000 0 0 0 0 1,084,000 2008 Cumulative Total 10,089,000 71,700 590,000 10,751,300 3,479,000 237,000 3,716,000 560,000 15,024,300

FY Annual Budget 972,257 0 60,000 1,032,220 0 0 0 0 1,032,220 2009 Cumulative Total 11,061,257 71,700 650,000 11,783,520 3,479,000 237,000 3,716,000 560,000 16,056,520

FY Annual Budget 1,007,220 0 57,980 1,065,200 0 0 0 0 1,065,200 2010 Cumulative Total 12,068,477 71,700 707,980 12,848,720 3,479,000 237,000 3,716,000 560,000 17,121,720

Notes: 1 $156,000 base increase for one park for personnel and an $81,000 park base increase. 2 Between FY 1999 and FY 2004 training costs were added to the total cost for personnel and included in base increases. Beginning in FY2005 training funds will be deducted from project funds. 3 In FY 2005 and FY 2006 personnel funding was for one year only and did not represent a permanent increase in park base funding. After FY 2006 the Program no longer provided money of any kind for personnel.

Appendices iv Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

Appendix F: FY 2011 Funded Projects

FY 2011 PROGRAM STATUS VANISHING TREASURES PROGRAM-FUND 01 TOTAL PROGRAM PROJECTED ALLOCATION $1,076,000.00 Less Region Assessment of 1% (1,077,994.00 x .01 = 10,10,800) $10,800.00 TOTAL AVAILABLE $1,065,200.00

PMIS PMIS Adjustment Park Project Name Number Allocation Increase/Decrease IMRO 136825 VT Program Management $57,980.00 $ 0.00 ZION NATIONAL PARK 122540 Backfill Site 42WS122 $88,880.00 $ 0.00 FORT BOWIE NATIONAL 116502 Condition Assessment of the First Fort Bowie HISTORIC SITE $81,500.00 $ 0.00 FORT BOWIE NATIONAL 1166503 Condition Assessment of the Second Fort Bowie HISTORIC SITE $123,630.00 $ 0.00 WUPATKI NATIONAL 124003 Condition Assessment and Evaluation of 20 MONUMENT Backcountry Architectural Sites $119,420.00 $ 0.00 GRAND CANYON NATIONAL 115238 Compete Condition Assessments of Architectural Sites PARK on the Walhalla Plateau $79,660.00 $ 0.00 CASA GRANDE RUINS 116964 Treat Weather, Rodent, and Bird Impacts NATIONAL MONUMENT $111,440.00 $ 0.00 MOJAVE NATIONAL 120267 Conduct Condition Assessment and Prepare PRESERVE Treatment Plan for Providence Townsite $56,100.00 $ 0.00 FORT UNION NATIONAL 132431 Preserve, Restore, and Rehabilitate Masonry and MONUMENT Wooden Structural Elements $29,200.00 $ 0.00 PETRIFIED FOREST 134125 Prepare Condition Assessments and Treatment Plan NATIONAL PARK for Sivu’ovi $123,700.00 $ 0.00 GOLDEN SPIKE NATIONAL 134896 Condition Assessment and Documentation for Trestle HISTORIC SITE #2 (LCS#054526) $10,440.00 $ 0.00 GOLDEN SPIKE NATIONAL 171140 Emergency Stabilization of Trestle #1 LCS # 054527 HISTORIC SITE $71,560.00 $ 0.00 CHACO CULTURE NATIONAL 114694 Conduct Condition Assessment and Emergency HISTORICAL PARK Treatments at Chacra Mesa Structures $33,510.00 $ 0.00 IMRO 165017 Prepare Administrative History of the Vanishing Treasures Initiative $78,180.00 $ 0.00 TOTAL ALLOCATED $1,065,200.00 AMOUNT UNALLOCATED 0 TOTAL PROJECT FUNDING FOR FY 2011 ($1,065,200 less $57,980 Program Funds) $1,007,220.00

Appendices Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report v

2010 Vacant WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm

2009 Jennifer Lavris Jennifer Lavris Archeologist GS-193-09/11 STF Perm Lyons Keith Archeologist GS-193-09/11 FT Perm Vacant Spec. GIS & Dbase FT Perm Ian Hough Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Charlie Webber Archeologist GS-193-9 STF Perm

2008 Lloyd Masayumptewa Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Baldwin Lisa Archeologist GS-193-09 STF Vacant WorkerMasonry FT Perm Carr Rebecca Archeologist GS-193-09 FT Perm

2007 Vacant Archeologist FT Perm Keith Lyons Keith Archeologist GS-193-09 STEP/SCEP FT John Canella Spec. GIS & Dbase GS-1371-09 FT Perm

2006 Jennifer Lavris Jennifer Lavris Archeologist GS-193-09 STEP/SCEP FT Vacant Archeologist Vacant Archeologist Vacant Archeologist

2005 Nalbert Chavez Nalbert WorkerMasonry WG-3603 FTPerm Carr Rebecca Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FTPerm Ian Hough Archeologist GS-193-09 FTPerm

2004 John Canella Spec. GIS & Dbase GS-1371-09 Term Ellen Brennan Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm

2003 Keith Lyons Keith Archeologist GS-193-09 FT Term Ian Hough Archeologist GS-193-09 FT Perm Metzger Todd Coordinator VT Prog. FT Perm Jennifer Lavris Jennifer Lavris Archeologist GS-193-09 FT Term Ellen Brennan Archeologist GS-193-09 FT Perm

2002 Vacant Archeologist GS-193-09 FT Perm Vacant WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm StewartLarry Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FT Perm

2001 Ray Hartzel Ray WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm

2000 Lyle Balenquah Lyle Balenquah Archeologist GS-193-09 FT Perm Horn Amy Archeologist GS-193-011 FT Perm nut Canyon National Monuments) Canyon National Monuments) nut

1999 Lloyd Masayumptewa Lloyd Masayumptewa Archeologist GS-193-09 FT Perm Tapia Phil WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm

1998 ARIZONA PARKS ARIZONA Monument Canyon de Chelly National RuinsCasa National Grande Monument Flagstaff (Wupatki Area Wal and Parks Remley Al Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Bowie Site Fort National Historic Nunez Fernie WorkerMasonry WG-3603-07 FT Perm Canyon National Park Grand Appendix G: Chronology of Vanishing Treasures Funded Positions Treasures of Vanishing Appendix G: Chronology

Appendices vi Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

2010 Paul Leatherby Paul Archeologist GS-0193-09 FT Perm

2009 Joshua Ramsey Joshua Ramsey Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 Term Ellen Brennan Supv. Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm BiererSusan Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 Term

2008 Connie Gibson Connie Gibson Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Jeremy MossJeremy Chief Resource GS-193-11 FTPerm Matt Guebard Matt Archeologist GS-193-11 STF Perm Randall Skeirik Architect Historical GS-0808-12 FT Perm

2007 Stefan Sloper WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 STF Term RobersTheodore Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 Term

2006 James Dryer James Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 Term Tuomey Joe Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Vacant WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm

2005 Vacant Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 FT Perm

2004 Vacant Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FT Perm Duane Hubbard Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Randall Skeirik Randall Skeirik Architect Historical GS-0808-11 FT Perm John Schroeder Archeologist GS-193-09 SCEP

2003 Vacant Architect Historical FT Perm Acord Kenny Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 FT Perm Brian Culpepper Archeologist GS-193-12 FT Perm MossJeremy Archeologist GS-193-9 FT Perm

2002

2001

2000 Melissa MemoryMelissa Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 FT Perm HarperKevin Archeologist GS-193-12 FT Perm Houston Rogers Archeologist GS-193-9 FT Perm

1999 Ruben Ramirez WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm Contreras Alex WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm Vacant Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 FT Perm Historical Park Park Historical

1998 ARIZONA PARKS (Continued) ARIZONA Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments Navajo National Monument Kramer Sue Kathryn Tech. Archeological GS-102-07 FT Perm Cactus National Monument Organ Pipe Tonto National Monument Miguel R. Estrada Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FT Perm National Tumacacori David Yubeta Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FT Perm Ray Madril WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm Appendix G: Chronology of Vanishing Treasures Funded Positions (continued) Treasures of Vanishing Appendix G: Chronology

Appendices Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report vii

2010 GS-1010-11 Perm FT Shannon Dennison Shannon Dennison Exhibit Specialist (Architectural Conservator) Vacant Exhibit Specialist (Architectural Conservator) GS-1010-09 Perm FT

2009

2008 Lauren Meyer Lauren Meyer Exhibit Specialist (Architectural Conservator) GS-1010-11 Perm FT Shannon Dennison Exhibit Specialist (Architectural Conservator) GS-1010-11 PermSTF Ernest Harrison Ernest WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 STF Term Vacant Exhibit Specialist STF Perm

2007 Lauren Meyer Lauren Meyer Exhibit Specialist (Architectural Conservator) GS-1010-09 PermSTF Jeffery Wharton Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-9 Term STF

2006

2005 Tim HovezakTim Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-9 STF Perm Joel Brisbin Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-11 STF Perm Laura Ninnemann Archeologist Dbase GS-193-11 STF Perm Vacant Exhibit Specialist Term Barnett Kay Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-9 STF Perm

2004 Vacant Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-9 STF Perm Vacant Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-9 STF Perm

2003 Gary Brown Gary Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm

2002 Mary E. SlaterMary Exhibit Specialist (Architectural Conservator) GS-1010-09 Perm FT

2001 Rebecca Carr Rebecca Conservator GS-1010-9 Term Jim Carl WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm Brian Culpepper Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Neill Smith WorkerMasonry WG-3603-07 STF Perm

2000 GS-1010-11 Perm FT GS-1010-07 Perm FT Don Corbeil Architect Historical GS-0808-9 FT Perm Cynthia Williams Archeologist GS-193-7 STF Perm Vacant Exhibit Specialist FT Perm Preston Fisher Engineer Structural GS-0810-13 FT Perm Angelyn Rivera Exhibit Specialist (Architectural Conservator) E. SlaterMary Exhibit Specialist (Architectural Conservator)

1999 Vacant Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-11 FT Perm Vacant Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-07 FT Perm

1998 COLORADO PARKS COLORADO Verdetional Park Na Mesa Willie Begay WorkerMasonry WG-3603-07 STF Perm Charley John Kee WorkerMasonry WG-3603-07 STF Perm PARKS NEW MEXICO Monument Aztec Ruins National Raymond Torrivio WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm Etcitty Harry WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm Bandelier National Monument Appendix G: Chronology of Vanishing Treasures Funded Positions (continued) Treasures of Vanishing Appendix G: Chronology

Appendices viii Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

2010

2009 Sean Habgood Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FT Perm

2008 Harold Suina Harold Suina WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm James Yazzie WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm

2007

2006 Earl Johnson WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FTPerm Joe Garry WorkerMasonry WG-3603-05 FTPerm BaumannSteve Archeologist GS–193-09 FT Perm Greg Phillipy Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FT Perm

2005 Theodore Garcia Garcia Theodore Specialist Craft GS-1010-9 FTPerm Vacant Archeologist FT Perm

2004 Jim KendrickJim Hist. Pres. Chief GS-193-11 FT Perm

2003 Lewis Murphy WorkerMasonry WG-3603-05 FT Perm Linda Richards Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FT Perm Melissa Powell Powell Melissa Archeologist GS–193-09 FT Perm

2002 Roger Moore Roger Archaeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Vacant Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-09 FT Perm

2001 James Yazzie WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm Debra Popham Tech. Archeological GS–193-09 FT Perm

2000 Jim Jim Kendrick Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Calvin Chimoni WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FT Perm

1999 al Historical Park Park al Historical Rachel Anderson Rachel Archeologist FTPerm Tso Paul WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FTPerm Jack Trujillo WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FTPerm Leo Chiquito WorkerMasonry WG-3603-08 FTPerm Gauthier Rory Archeologist GS-193-11 FTPerm

1998 Chaco Culture Nation Culture Chaco El Malpais National Monuments El Morro National Monuments Union NationalFort Monument Appendix G: Chronology of Vanishing Treasures Funded Positions (continued) Treasures of Vanishing Appendix G: Chronology

Appendices Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report ix

2010

2009

Jose Nunez Jose Maint. Worker WG-0199-07 STEP Chavez Jose Maint. Worker WG-0199-07 STEP Shared Position Position Shared Marc A. LeFrançois Mgmt Resource Chief, Facilities and GS-193-12 Perm FT Derek Toms C. Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm TorrezWilliam Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-11 FT Perm Rene Laya Maint.CR Program & Manager FT Perm

2008 Vacant Archeologist GS-193-12 FT Perm Vacant Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Vacant Worker Maintenance (Ruins Preservation) WG-4749-08 P FT

2007 Miguel Estrada Maint.CR Program & Manager FT Perm Vacant WorkerMasonry FT Perm

2006

2005

2004 Harvey Lister Harvey WorkerMasonry WG-3603-5 FT Perm Tobin Roop Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm

2003 Marc A. LeFrançois A. Marc Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-11 FT Perm Griego Thelma Worker Maintenance (Ruins Preservation) WG-4749-08 P FT SigginsSteve WorkerMasonry WG-3603-8 FT Perm

2002

2001

2000

Duane Hubbard C. Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Jeffery Rust Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm Dean Ferguson WorkerMasonry WG-3603-8 FT Perm Rogelio (Roy) Catano Catano (Roy) Rogelio WorkerMasonry WG-3603-8 STFPermanent Linda Richards WorkerMasonry WG-3603-8 STFPermanent Shared Position Position Shared

1999 Philip W. Wilson Philip Archeologist GS-193-12 FT Perm SusanSnow Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm

1998 Salinas Pueblo Missions National Salinas Monument Missions Pueblo Lopez Ramona Maintenance Worker (Ruins Preservation) WG-4749-08 P FT TEXAS PARKS Davis National Historic Site Fort SanNational Antonio Historical Missions Park Appendix G: Chronology of Vanishing Treasures Funded Positions (continued) Treasures of Vanishing Appendix G: Chronology

Appendices x Vanishing Treasures 2010 Year-End Report

2010 2010 Lauren Meyer Lauren Meyer Exhibit Specialist Conservator) (Material GS-1010 12 PFT Laura Martin Archeologist GS-193-9 FT Perm ThannBaker Tech. Archeological GS-193-9 FT Perm Kinnear-Ferris Sharyl Tech. Archeological GS-102-7 STF Perm

2009 2009 ThannBaker Tech. Archeological GS-193-9 SCEP Whitesides Scott Archeologist GS-193-9 FT Perm Hadsell Barry Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-7 FT Perm

2008 2008 Vacant Archeologist FT Perm

2007 2007 Jake BarrowJake Exhibit Specialist GS-1010 13 PFT Vacant Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-7 FTPerm Sue Eininger Archeologist GS-193-9 FT Perm ThannBaker Tech. Archeological GS-193-9 STEP

2006 2006

2005 2005 Virginia Salazar- Halfmoon ManagerProgram PFT Bret Bret Guisto Archeologist GS-193-9 FTPerm Melissa MemoryMelissa Archeologist GS-193-9 FT Perm Lynn Wulf Archeologist GS-193-9 FT Perm Laura Martin Exhibit Specialist GS-193-11 STF

2004 2004

Lynn Wulf Tech. Archeological GS-193-9 Seasonal Coffey Grant Tech. Archeological GS-193-9 STEP Shared Position Position Shared

2003 2003

Noreen Fritz Noreen Archeologist GS-193-9 FT Perm

2002 2002 Patrick Patrick Flanigan Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-7 FT Perm Gomez Fred Exhibit Specialist GS-1010-7 FT Perm Brantley Jackson Archeologist FT Perm MemoryMelissa Archeologist GS-193-11 FT Perm

2001 2001

2000 2000

1999 1999 Recreation Area Recreation

B 1998 1998 Intermountain Regional Office, Intermountain Santa Fe UTAH PARKS Park National Canyonlands Canyon National Glen Spike Site Golden NationalHistoric Bridges National Monument Hovenweep and Natural WYOMING PARKS Laramie Site Historic Fort National IMR Funded Vanishing Treasures Positions IMR Funded Vanishing Treasures Appendix G: Chronology of Vanishing Treasures Funded Positions (continued) Treasures of Vanishing Appendix G: Chronology

Appendices In Memoriam Brian Culpepper

2010 was a sad one for the cultural resource community with the loss of Vanishing Treasures alumni, Brian Culpepper. Brian William Culpepper was born in California on February 17, 1963. As an “Airforce brat” he moved around to California, Hawaii, and South Carolina, until his parents settled near Wright Patterson Airforce Base in Ohio so that Brian and his brother Alex could grow up in one place. After high school, Brian enlisted in the army and was a member of the 82nd Airborne Division where he was involved in two combat missions: the Panama invasion and the first Gulf War. After the army, he moved to Minneapolis where he completed a Bachelors Degree in anthropology (archaeology) at the University of Minne- sota. In 1995 he moved to Flagstaff where he completed a Masters Degree in anthropology (archaeology). Brian was especially drawn to Plains archaeology and paleoindian and archaic lithics, but was interested in all aspects of archaeology. Over the span of his career Brian worked at the Museum of Northern Arizona, for a contract archaeology firm on an excavation in Montana, for the Northern Arizona University, the Kaibab National Forest Tusayan District, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) out of the Worland, WY district, and Canyon de Chelly National Monument. In 2001, Brian was hired as the first Supervisory Archaeologist at Aztec Ruins Na- tional Monument where he was the third person to be hired at Aztec through the Vanishing Treasures Initiative. Brian worked at Aztec from 2001 until 2003, after which he moved to Navajo National Monument, also as Supervisory Archeologist in a VT funded position. In 2008 Brian left the VT program and the National Park Service to take a position with the Bureau of Land Management at Agua Fria National Monument in central Arizona. While at Agua Fria, Brian discovered a Jay point in the field which pushed back the known occupation of the area by several thousand years.

Brian Culpepper with the red rocks of Navajo National Monument in the background. Photo: Self-portrait At Aztec Ruins, Brian’s major accomplishment was to begin building a strong Preservation Division that ultimately evolved into a full-fledged Cultural Resource Division. When he arrived, there were two permanent Vanishing Treasures-funded Masonry Workers and a seasonal Ar- cheologist and Archeology Technician, all supervised by the Chief Ranger. Brian sought funding to hire term employees that would provide continuity in the park’s preservation and archeological expertise. This strategy remains central to the Aztec Ruins Cultural Resource Division today. During occasional conversations with Brian after his departure from Aztec Ruins, he expressed satisfaction to hear how the enterprise that he initiated had grown in breadth, size, and staff. Many of us in the Park Service remember Brian, and his wit and pranks will be remembered by all who knew him. Known as a jokester, even a trickster, even those who never met him have heard stories about him or have encountered his name in one context or another. Aside from archaeology, Brian was an avid San Francisco 49ers fan and loved all things football, having played the position of linebacker in high school. He also had an amazing aptitude for computers. Brian passed away in November, 2010. He is survived by his mother Jene Ellingson, his brother Alex Culpepper, and three nieces, Claire, Chloe, and Carson Culpepper.

Through his work, Brian has left a lasting legacy at the parks where he worked, and he will be missed. The Vanishing Treasures logo is based on the logo from the 1920s for the National Park Service Southwest Monuments (right). The saguaro and rattlesnake, along with the mission church at Tumacácori (correctly oriented) have been retained and other representative VT resources are being incorporated.

At press time, the new logo remained a work-in-progress. Hawaii 1. Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site 2. Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park 3. Pu’uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park 4. Alka Kahakai National Historic Trail (The trail is proposed to run along the coast from Pu’ukohola Heiau to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park) 1 4

2 If you have questions about the Hawaiian Legacy Program, please contact Adam Johnson 3 ([email protected]) Hawaiian Legacy Parks

Partners and Cooperators The Vanishing Treasures Program works cooperatively with many groups both within and outside the National Park Service. These groups include:

Universities: University of New Mexico, University of Arizona, University of Pennsylvania, University of Vermont, University of Alaska - Fairbanks

Non-profits: Cornerstones Community Partnerships, Southwest Conservation Corps (Ancestral Lands Division), Student Conservation Association

Public/Private Partnerships: National Heritage Areas, Landscape Conservation Cooperatives

National Park Service Programs: Archeology Programs, History Programs, Hawaiian Legacy Program, National Trails Program, Fire Programs, Facility Man- agement

Inter-governmental Cooperators: Bureau of Land Management, Department of Homeland Security, US Forest Service, State Historic Preservation Offices, Tribal Historic Preservation Offices/ Tribes National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Vanishing Treasures, 2010

TM EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA