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THE RENAISSANCE Other Books in the Greenhaven Encyclopedia Series Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Rome The Civil War The Middle Ages Paranormal Phenomena Terrorism World Religions THE RENAISSANCE by Tom Streissguth Konrad Eisenbichler, Consulting Editor Christine Nasso, Publisher Elizabeth Des Chenes, Managing Editor © 2008 Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. Star logo is a trademark and Gale and Greenhaven Press are registered trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact: Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.cengage.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Articles in Greenhaven Press anthologies are often edited for length to meet page requirements. In addition, original titles of these works are changed to clearly present the main thesis and to explicitly indicate the author’s opinion. Every effort is made to ensure that Greenhaven Press accurately reflects the original intent of the authors. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material. Cover photograph reproduced by permission of © Araldo de Luca/Corbis. ISBN-13: 978-0-7377-3216-0 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 0-7377-3216-4 (hardcover) Library of Congress Control Number: 2007938127 Printed in the United States of America 12345671211100908 Contents Preface ..............................................11 Boleyn, Anne ....................................45 Borgia, Cesare ...................................45 A Borgia, Lucrezia ................................46 academies (Fiorentina, Infiammati, Bosch, Hieronymus ...........................47 Intronati, etc.) ...................................19 Bosworth Field, Battle of ....................48 Agricola, Rudolf ................................20 Botticelli, Sandro ..............................48 Alberti, Leon Battista ........................20 Bourbon dynasty ...............................50 alchemy .............................................21 Bracciolini, Poggio ............................51 Alexander VI ....................................22 Brahe, Tycho .....................................52 Alfonso V of Aragon Bramante, Donato ............................52 (the Magnanimous) ..........................24 Brenz, Johannes ................................54 Alighieri, Dante ................................24 Bronzino, Agnolo ..............................54 Anguissola, Sofonisba ........................26 .................................54 Anne of Brittany ...............................26 Brueghel family architecture ........................................27 Brunelleschi, Filippo .........................56 Ariosto, Ludovico ..............................29 Bruni, Leonardo ...............................57 Aristotelianism ...................................30 Bruno, Giordano ...............................58 Ascham, Roger ..................................31 Byrd, William ...................................58 astrology ............................................32 C astronomy .........................................33 Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot) .........61 Aurispa, Giovanni .............................34 Callimachus ......................................61 Austria ..............................................34 Calvin, John .....................................62 Aviz, House of ...................................35 Camoes, Luis Vaz de .........................63 B Caravaggio, Michelangelo da .............64 Bacon, Francis ..................................37 Carpaccio, Vittore .............................65 Barocci, Federico ...............................38 Cartier, Jacques .................................66 Bartolommeo, Fra .............................39 Castagno, Andrea del ........................67 Battiferra degli Ammannati, Laura .....40 Castiglione, Baldassare ......................67 Bellini, Gentile ..................................40 Catherine of Siena, Saint ...................68 Bellini, Giovanni ...............................41 Catholicism .......................................68 Bellini, Jacopo ...................................41 Cellini, Benvenuto .............................70 Bentivoglio, Giovanni II ....................42 Cereta, Laura ....................................71 Boccaccio, Giovanni ..........................42 Cervantes, Miguel de .........................71 Bohemia ............................................44 Charles V .........................................73 Greenhaven Encyclopedia of The Renaissance 5 Contents Charles VIII ......................................74 Dowland, John ................................105 cities ..................................................75 Drake, Sir Francis ............................105 classical literature ...............................77 d’Aragona, Tullia .............................106 Clement VII .....................................78 d’Este, Isabella .................................107 Clitherow, Margaret ..........................79 Dürer, Albrecht ...............................108 clothing .............................................79 Clouet, Francois ................................81 E .................................111 Colleoni, Bartolomeo ........................81 Edict of Nantes Colonna, Vittoria ..............................82 education .........................................111 Columbus, Christopher .....................82 Edward VI ......................................112 commedia dell’arte .............................84 Elizabeth I ......................................112 confraternities ....................................85 England ...........................................114 Copernicus, Nicolaus ........................86 Erasmus, Desiderius ........................115 Correggio .........................................88 Eugenius IV ....................................117 Cortes, Hernán .................................89 exploration .......................................117 Corvinus, Matthias ...........................91 Council of Basele ...............................91 F Fall of Constantinople ......................121 Council of Constance .........................92 Farnese, Alessandro .........................122 Council of Ferrara/Florence ................92 Fedele, Cassandra ............................122 Council of Trent ................................92 Ferdinand I of Naples ......................123 courtesan ...........................................93 Cranach, Lucas .................................94 Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile) ...........................................123 Cromwell, Thomas ............................95 Fernando Alvarez de Toledo .............124 D Ferrara .............................................125 da Gama, Vasco ................................97 Ficino, Marsilio ...............................126 da Sangallo, Antonio (the Younger) ...97 flagellants .........................................126 de Gournay, Marie le Jars ..................98 Florence ...........................................126 de Pisan, Christine ............................98 Fontana, Lavinia ..............................128 de Poitiers, Diane ..............................99 Fonte, Moderata ..............................129 de Soto, Hernando ............................99 fortifications ....................................129 de Vega, Lope ..................................100 Foscari, Francesco ...........................129 del Sartro, Andrea ...........................100 Fouquet, Jean ..................................130 d’Este, House of ...............................101 Fra Angelico ....................................130 Diet of Augsburg ..............................102 France .............................................131 Diet of Worms .................................102 Francis I (Francois) .........................133 Donatello ........................................102 Franco, Veronica ..............................134 Donne, John ...................................103 Fugger, Jakob ..................................135 6 Greenhaven Encyclopedia of The Renaissance Contents G Isabella of Castile ............................167 Galilei, Galileo ................................137 Italy .................................................168 Galindo, Beatriz ..............................138 J Gentileschi, Artemisia ......................139 James I of England (James VI of Gesualdo, Carlo ...............................140 Scotland) ........................................171 ghetto ..............................................140 Jews .................................................171 Ghirlandaio, Domenico ...................141 Joan I of Naples ..............................173 Giorgione .......................................142 Joan of Arc .....................................173 Giotto di Bondone ..........................142 Joanna of Castile .............................174 Gonzaga, Gianfrancesco ...................144 Jones, Inigo .....................................174 Gonzaga, House of ...........................144 Julius II ..........................................175 Gonzaga, Ludovico ..........................145