Discover Royal the Pavilion A cross-curricular Teacher Resource for all Key Stages Discover the Royal Pavilion A cross-curricular Teacher Resource for all Key Stages Contents 3 Introduction 4 Curriculum Links 6 Timeline of the Development of Brighton 7 Pre-Pavilion Brighton 9 Brighton, George and the building of the Royal Pavilion 11 Highlights of the Royal Pavilion 14 Chinoiserie 18 Innovation and technology in the Royal Pavilion 20 Dining and entertainment in the Royal Pavilion 22 The impact of the Royal Pavilion on Brighton during George IV’s lifetime 25 The Royal Pavilion in Victorian times 27 The development of Victorian Brighton 29 The impact of the Royal Pavilion on the development of modern Brighton 33 Suggested Activities 35 Primary source: ground floor plan of the Royal Pavilion 36 Primary source: map of Brighthelmstone, 1779 37 Primary source: map of Brighton, 1850 38 Schools at the Royal Pavilion Eccentric, extravagant, extraordinary… Discover the Royal Pavilion Introduction Eccentric, extravagant, extraordinary … One of the most exotically beautiful buildings in the British Isles, the Royal Pavilion is the magnificent former seaside residence of King George IV. Its fantastic domes and spires make it an easily recognisable icon, to both residents and visitors to Brighton & Hove alike. The story of the Royal Pavilion includes parties, hospitals and flower shows, contains influences from China, India and France, and includes characters as diverse as fishermen, monarchs and soldiers. As a unique palace, with a fascinating history and breathtaking decorations to discover, the Royal Pavilion has also played a key role in the development of Brighton and its international reputation for over 200 years. So how did a poor fishing town become the most fashionable coastal resort in Britain? What was the vision behind the design of the Royal Pavilion? And how does the Royal Pavilion continue to influence the character of Brighton & Hove to this day? In this publication, the Learning Team for the Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove, hopes to make the Royal Pavilion more accessible to teachers and their students by increasing their knowledge of the Pavilion, its history and impact on Brighton. By providing teachers with a greater understanding of the value of historic buildings and artefacts to inspire students’ engagement, creative thinking and learning, the resource also demonstrates the diverse ways in which the Royal Pavilion can be used as a cross-curricular learning resource. The resource is divided into three broad areas: pre-Pavilion Brighton, the Royal Pavilion and post-Pavilion Brighton. It contains National Curriculum links, a timeline, discussion points, suggested activities across the curriculum, primary resources for use in the classroom and worksheets to support independent visits to the Pavilion … everything a teacher needs to ‘Discover the Royal Pavilion’. 3 Discover the Royal Pavilion National Curriculum 2014 History curriculum 1. know and understand the history of these islands as a coherent, chronological narrative, from the earliest times to the present day: how people’s lives have shaped this nation and how Britain has influenced and been influenced by the wider world 2. know and understand significant aspects of the history of the wider world: the nature of ancient civilisations; the expansion and dissolution of empires; characteristic features of past non-European societies; achievements and follies of mankind 3. gain and deploy a historically grounded understanding of abstract terms such as ‘empire’, ‘civilisation’, ‘parliament’ and ‘peasantry’ 4. understand historical concepts such as continuity and change, cause and consequence, similarity, difference and significance, and use them to make connections, draw contrasts, analyse trends, frame historically-valid questions and create their own structured accounts, including written narratives and analyses 5. understand the methods of historical enquiry, including how evidence is used rigorously to make historical claims, and discern how and why contrasting arguments and interpretations of the past have been constructed 6. gain historical perspective by placing their growing knowledge into different contexts, understanding the connections between local, regional, national and international history; between cultural, economic, military, political, religious and social history; and between short- and long-term timescales. 7. a study of an aspect or theme in British history that extends pupils’ chronological knowledge beyond 1066 Specific Curriculum Links • a study over time tracing how several aspects of national history are reflected in the locality (this can go beyond 1066) • a study of an aspect of history or a site dating from a period beyond 1066 that is significant in the locality. • significant historical events, people and places in their own locality • challenges for Britain, Europe and the wider world 1901 to the present day • the development of the British Empire with a depth study (for example, of India) • the First World War and the Peace Settlement • Indian independence and end of Empire 4 Discover the Royal Pavilion Art & Design curriculum The national curriculum for art and design aims to ensure that all pupils: • produce creative work, exploring their ideas and recording their experiences • become proficient in drawing, painting, sculpture and other art, craft and design techniques • evaluate and analyse creative works using the language of art, craft and design • know about great artists, craft makers and designers, and understand the historical and cultural development of their art forms Specific Curriculum Links Key stage 1 • about the work of a range of artists, craft makers and designers, describing the differences and similarities between different practices and disciplines, and making links to their own work Key stage 2 • about great artists, architects and designers in history Key stage 3 • to analyse and evaluate their own work, and that of others, in order to strengthen the visual impact or applications of their work • about the history of art, craft, design and architecture, including periods, styles and major movements from ancient times up to the present day 5 Discover the Royal Pavilion Timeline of the Development of Brighton 1086 Domesday survey values Brighton at £12 1514 French raiders burn Brighton to the ground 1660 –1705 Series of storms leads to severe coastal erosion and threatens the future of the town’s fishing industry 1750 Dr Russell publishes ‘Dissertation in the use of Seawater in the Diseases of the Glands’ 1783 Prince of Wales first visits Brighton at the age of 21 1785 Prince of Wales secretly and illegally marries Maria Fitzherbert 1786 Prince of Wales rents a small farmhouse on the Steine 1787 Henry Holland transforms the farmhouse into the Marine Pavilion 1795 Prince of Wales marries Caroline of Brunswick 1800 50–60 shops on North Street sell fashionable goods for Brighton’s new, wealthy inhabitants 1807 Theatre Royal opens its doors for the first time 1811 George, Prince of Wales, becomes Prince Regent 1814 Sake Deen Mahomed opens Mahomed’s Baths 1815 –1823 John Nash engaged to remodel the Pavilion. Existing rooms are altered and notable additions include the Banqueting and Music Rooms and the Great Kitchen. The exterior is redesigned, inspired by Indian architecture. A lavish chinoiserie style dominates the interior. 1816 –1817 French chef Marie-Antoine Carême employed at the Royal Pavilion creating prolific meals with up to 60 dishes 1820 Prince Regent becomes King George IV 1823 Italian composer Rossini visits the Royal Pavilion 1827 George IV visits Brighton for the last time 1830 George IV dies. William IV and Queen Adelaide visit Brighton 1837 Queen Victoria visits the Royal Pavilion for the first time 1841 Arrival of the railway in Brighton 1842 Queen Victoria visits the Royal Pavilion with Prince Albert and her two children 1850 The Royal Pavilion is bought by Brighton Corporation for £53,000 1866 Opening of the West Pier 1867 –1873 The Royal Stables and Riding House are transformed into a concert hall, corn exchange and a museum, art gallery and library 1872 Opening of the Brighton Aquarium and Dolphinarium 1883 Volk’s Electric Railway opens 1896 Volk’s Daddy Longlegs can be seen off Brighton Beach 1914 –1918 The Royal Pavilion used as a military hospital for wounded Indian soldiers 1920 –1939 Pavilion used for public assemblies and entertainment 1921 The Indian Gate and the Chattri are erected in memory of the Indian soldiers 1940s Restoration of the Royal Pavilion begins in earnest 1964 Mods and Rockers clash on Brighton seafront 1975 Arson attack on the Royal Pavilion severely damages the Music Room 1987 Music Room is further damaged during the October storm Present day About 300,000 people visit the Royal Pavilion each year. Brighton & Hove is the most popular coastal destination for foreign visitors to the UK 6 Discover the Royal Pavilion Pre-Pavilion Brighton In the Domesday survey of 1086 Bristemestune (Brighton) was valued at £12 and was charged a tax of 4,000 herring, a figure that testifies to its status as a small fishing town. The medieval town was contained within East Street, West Street, and North Street. St Nicholas Church at the top of Church Street served as both a place of worship, St Nicholas being the patron saint of fishermen, and as a beacon to guide fishing boats back to shore. In June 1514 Brighthelmstone (another name for Brighton) was burnt to the ground by French raiders during a war between England and France. Only part of St Nicholas Church and the medieval street pattern of what is now the Lanes survived the attack. Model of a Hogboat During the reign of Queen Elizabeth 1 (1558–1603) Brighton had amassed a large fishing fleet and by 1660 was the second largest town in Sussex. Brighton fishermen used 'Hogboats', which suited fishing conditions at Brighton. They had a very wide beam making them stable in rough seas and were easily hauled onto the shingle beaches. Some were even cut in half and used as homes on the beach by the poorest fishermen.