Minimal standards for describing new belonging to the families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae: , , and spp.

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Citation On, Stephen L. W. et al. “Minimal Standards for Describing New Species Belonging to the Families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae: Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and Wolinella Spp.” International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67, 12 (December 2017): 5296–5311 © 2017 Microbiology Society

As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/IJSEM.0.002255

Publisher Microbiology Society

Version Final published version

Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117713

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Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ TAXONOMIC NOTE On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.002255

Minimal standards for describing new species belonging to the families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae: Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and Wolinella spp.

Stephen L. W. On,1,* William G. Miller,2 Kurt Houf,3,4 James G. Fox5 and Peter Vandamme4

Abstract Ongoing changes in taxonomic methods, and in the rapid development of the taxonomic structure of species assigned to the have lead the International Committee of Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the of Campylobacter and Related to discuss significant updates to previous minimal standards for describing new species of Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae. This paper is the result of these discussions and proposes minimum requirements for the description of new species belonging to the families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae, thus including species in Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella. The core underlying principle remains the use of appropriate phenotypic and genotypic methods to characterise strains sufficiently so as to effectively and unambiguously determine their taxonomic position in these families, and provide adequate means by which the new taxon can be distinguished from extant species and subspecies. This polyphasic taxonomic approach demands the use of appropriate reference data for comparison to ensure the novelty of proposed new taxa, and the recommended study of at least five strains to enable species diversity to be assessed. Methodological approaches for phenotypic and genotypic (including whole-genome sequence comparisons) characterisation are recommended.

INTRODUCTION (namely Campylobacter, Arcobacter and Sulfurospirillum) and Helicobacteraceae (namely Helicobacter and Wolinella) The class Epsilonproteobacteria is a phylogenetically-distinct appear more closely related to each other than to free-living lineage within the [1] and currently contains 16 Epsilonproteobacteria such as the Nautiliaceae [4]. Their genera (Tables S1 and S2, available with the online version of known or potential significance as , and advances this article). The Campylobacter was the first of these in cultivation, make Campylobacter and Helicobacter the established [2], and the realisation that certain species were most populous genera, with many taxa sharing the same important human and animal pathogens prompted many fur- ecological niche. Their close phenotypic similarity to each ther studies investigating the wider ecology and distribution of other is illustrated by many Arcobacter, Sulfurospirillum similar organisms. Bacteria found in cases of human and Helicobacter spp. having originally been described as and initially classified as Campylobacter spp. were later reclas- ‘Campylobacter’ species (reviewed in [5]). sified into a separate but related genus, Helicobacter [3]. Improvements in isolation, detection and taxonomic charac- In every year since 1988, at least one novel species belonging terization methods, together with continued interest in the sig- to at least one of these genera has been described. On occa- – nificance and distribution of such bacteria have resulted in the sion, descriptions have been controversial [6 9], and on present status of the Epsilonproteobacteria – a highly diverse several occasions the ICSP Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Campylobacter and Related Bacteria have remarked on group of organisms containing over 100 taxa. the sometimes questionable quality of particular species Within the class, phylogenetic subgroups can be identified. descriptions that were observed [10–12]. Furthermore, taxo- Of these, most taxa in the families Campylobacteraceae nomic methods have undergone a ‘sea change’ with whole-

Author affiliations: 1Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, New Zealand; 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA; 3Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; 4Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; 5Department of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambiridge, MA 02139, USA. *Correspondence: Stephen L. W. On, [email protected] Keywords: minimal standards; species descriptions; polyphasic taxonomy; Campylobacteraceae; Helicobacteraceae; Arcobacter; Wolinella; Epsilonproteobacteria. Abbreviations: ANI, average nucleotide identity; GBDP, Genome Blast Distance Phylogeny; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide. Two supplementary tables are available with the online version of this article.

002255 Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965296 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 genome sequencing offering a new and more detailed per- GENERAL FEATURES OF spective on organismal relationships. HELICOBACTERACEAE This paper accounts for these substantive changes and Gram-negative, spiral, helical, curved, or fusiform rods of expands and updates previously-published minimal stand- width 0.3–0.6 µm and length 1–5 µm. Cells may become ards for describing new species of Campylobacteraceae [13] more spherical after time or with exposure to environmental and Helicobacter [14]. Table S1 lists the current, validly- stress. Non-spore forming. Most species are motile by described species names in the genera covered by this pro- means of single or multiple flagella. In most species the fla- posal with their type strains and accompanying 16S rRNA gella are sheathed. Optimum temperatures of growth range from 37 to 42 C and all known species can be cultured at gene sequence accession number. Members of the genus  Sulfurospirillum are exclusively free-living and, from an eco- 37 C. They are usually microaerophilic and best cultured in logical perspective, have more in common with, for exam- atmospheres containing H2. Oxidase producing with most strains producing catalase. Gastric Helicobacter spp. ple, members of the Nautilaceae (cf. Table S2), for which described to date predominantly produce copious amounts minimal standards will be proposed in due course. Intrigu- of urease. Using common laboratory methods (e.g. [18]), ingly, phylogenetic analyses based on both 16S rRNA gene Helicobacteraceae do not demonstrate the ability to ferment sequences (Fig. 1), and concatenated protein sequences or oxidise carbohydrates. Helicobacter and Wolinella species derived from a subset of 289 conserved single-copy-number described thus far have been associated with gastric, enteric, genes reveal a close relationship between Sulfurospirillum reproductive and/or hepatic environments of a variety of and Campylobacter [15], despite these taxa inhabiting radi- host animal species [1, 3, 7, 14, 19, 20]; none are known to cally different ecological niches. Such observations highlight be free-living. the complexities of the Epsilonproteobacteria group as a whole, and support the need for a polyphasic taxonomic General comments approach for accurate classification. The description of new species belonging to Campylobacter- aceae or Helicobacteraceae should be based on characteris- tics necessary for assigning the new taxon to the genus, and GENERAL FEATURES OF on characteristics serving to differentiate the new taxon CAMPYLOBACTERACEAE from existing taxa of the genus. In practice, this will require Gram-negative, curved, spiral or occasionally straight rod- a polyphasic taxonomic approach utilizing both genotypic and phenotypic methods, especially since there is no single shaped cells, 0.2–5 µm long. Cells may become more phenotypic characteristic that readily enables the assigna- spherical after time or with exposure to environmental tion of strains to the genera Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Hel- stress. Non-spore forming. Most species are motile by use icobacter or Wolinella. Furthermore, species such as C. coli of one to two unsheathed polar flagella, but a few species and H. pullorum may be found in the same environments are aflagellate. Optimum growth temperatures range from   (presently chickens and humans) and share many pheno- 25 C (notably Arcobacter spp.) to 42 C (some Campylo- typic characters, rendering them difficult to discriminate bacter spp.). All Campylobacter spp. can be cultured at using conventional phenotyping [5]. Thus, a phylogenetic  37 C under appropriate conditions. The optimal growth assignation based on, at least, comparative analysis of 16S atmosphere for Campylobacteraceae is microaerobic – tra- rRNA gene sequences is mandatory to appropriately assign ditionally, such atmospheres are described as comprising strains to genus level [5, 21]. Corresponding sequences from 3–8 % O2, with commonly available Gaspak systems pro- type strains of relevant, validly-named Epsilonproteobacte- viding the balance with 10 % CO2 and the remainder as rial taxa should be included in sequence comparisons to N2. However, some species require H2 for growth and appropriately designate phylogeny and thus genus place- studies have demonstrated all Campylobacter spp. can ment. Additional gene sequence comparisons, such as atpA [22], rpoB [23] or groEL (Hsp60) [24], may provide useful grow in an atmosphere of 3 % O2, 7 % H2, 10 % CO2 and 80% N . Most Arcobacter spp. demonstrate the ability to information for strain classification and a finer resolution of 2 taxonomic identity. grow under aerobic conditions (A. anaerophilus is an exception as an obligate anaerobe) [16], but all arcobacters The description should ideally be based on not fewer than to date can grow at 20–30 C. Most species produce oxi- five isolates from different sources, or five distinct genotypes dase (undetected in C. gracilis and in some strains of C. (i.e. representing distinguishable, individual strains) from showae [17]) and, in conventional laboratory testing for the same or similar sources. The most useful taxonomic oxidation and/or fermentation of glucose, (e.g. [18]), do descriptions involve studies where species heterogeneity can not demonstrate the ability to ferment or oxidise carbohy- be adequately assessed. drates. Campylobacter and some Arcobacter spp. may be For critical comparisons with other species, controls con- associated with the oral environment and/or the enteric or sisting of type or reference strains of the appropriate taxa reproductive tracts of host animals; some Arcobacter spp. must be tested. For all phenotypic test procedures, the inoc- are free-living [4, 5, 16]. ulum size, composition of the gaseous atmosphere,

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Campylobacter subantarcticus (AM933371) 87 Campylobacter lari subsp. concheus (AM922330) Campylobacter ornithocola (KX467979) subsp. doylei (DQ174144) 100 Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (AF372091) Campylobacter insulaenigrae (DQ174183) 91 Campylobacter hepaticus (KU886019) Campylobacter peloridis (AM922331) Campylobacter lari subsp. lari (AY621114) Campylobacter volucris (FM883694) Campylobacter coli (AF372092) Campylobacter cuniculorum (DQ400345) Campylobacter avium (EU623473) Campylobacter helveticus (U03022) 85 94 86 Campylobacter upsaliensis (DQ174157) 86 Campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. lawsonii (AF097685) Campylobacter lanienae (AF043425) 86 Campylobacter iguaniorum (KF425533) Campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis (AF097689) 76 Campylobacter fetus subsp. testudinum (CP006833) Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (DQ174127) 100 Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (DQ174131) 100 Campylobacter canadensis (EF621894) 88 Campylobacter corcagiensis (KF745861) Campylobacter ureolyticus (L04321) Campylobacter sputorum (X67775) 100 Campylobacter pinnipediorum subsp. pinnipediorum (CP012546) 75 subsp. (CP017018) 82 Campylobacter pinnipediorum caledonicus Campylobacter mucosalis (DQ174173) (DQ174166) Campylobacter curvus (DQ174165) Campylobacter gracilis (DQ174168) Campylobacter hominis (AJ251584) Campylobacter showae (DQ174155) 95 Campylobacter rectus (DQ174169) Arcobacter trophiarum (FN650333) Arcobacter skirrowii (L14625) Arcobacter cryaerophilus (L14624) Arcobacter cibarius (AJ607391) Arcobacter lanthieri (KC551774) 100 Arcobacter thereius (AY314753) Arcobacter butzleri (AY621116) Arcobacter mytili (EU669904) Arcobacter anaerophilus (FR686494) 100 Arcobacter ebronensis (HG932573) Arcobacter bivalviorum (FJ573217) 100 Arcobacter marinus (EU512920) 82 Arcobacter molluscorum (FR675874) Arcobacter halophilus (AF513455) Arcobacter nitrofigilis (CP001999) Arcobacter venerupis (HE565359) Arcobacter suis (FJ573216) Arcobacter aquimarinus (HG932574) 98 Arcobacter defluvii (HQ115595) Arcobacter cloacae (HE565360) 93 Arcobacter ellisii (FR717550) Wolinella succinogenes (M88159) Helicobacter valdiviensis (KF549903) Helicobacter brantae (DQ415546) Helicobacter cholecystus (AY686606) Helicobacter pametensis (M88147) Helicobacter cynogastricus (DQ004689) Helicobacter salomonis (U89351) 99 Helicobacter bizzozeronii (Y09404) 100 (M57398) 100 Helicobacter baculiformis (EF070342) Helicobacter heilmannii (HM625820) 99 Helicobacter suis (EF204589) Helicobacter acinonychis (M88148) 100 (U01330) Helicobacter cetorum (AF292378) Helicobacter equorum (DQ307735) 96 Helicobacter canadensis (AF262037) 94 Helicobacter pullorum (AY631956) Helicobacter macacae (AF333338) Helicobacter himalayensis (KJ716794) Helicobacter marmotae (AF333341) Helicobacter fennelliae (M88154) Helicobacter jaachi (KP701326) 100 Helicobacter saguini (AF107494) 89 Helicobacter anseris (DQ415545) Helicobacter mustelae (M35048) Helicobacter mastomyrinus (AY742307) Helicobacter trogontum (U65103) 81 (M88150) 88 Helicobacter bilis (U18766) Helicobacter canis (AY631945) 0.02 Helicobacter hepaticus (U07574) (AF127912) (M80205) 85 Helicobacter japonicus (EF373968) Helicobacter aurati (AF297868) Helicobacter mesocricetorum (AF072471) 90 Helicobacter rodentium (U96296) 88 Helicobacter ganmani (AF000221)

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between 16S rRNA genes of type strains of the taxa encompassed in this study inferred by neigh- bor-joining tree using the Kimura 2-parameter distance estimation method, with bootstrapping based on 500 replicates.

temperature and period of incubation, and composition of species level, the use of advanced phenotypic methods, such the basal growth medium should be stated. The use of stan- as and including MALDI-TOF MS analysis, should be dardized, well-described tests and methods is recommended regarded as supportive data but not the primary means by to facilitate comparison [25–29]. For descriptions at the which species are delineated at the phenotypic level. Present

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965298 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 studies, although limited to relatively few taxa, indicate this plate method of Cook [38]; (iv) indoxyl acetate hydrolysis, approach has promise [30–33] with some caveats [34]. preferably using a disc method [28] with percentage of reagent solution, volume of impregnation and time of Putative new species of uncultured organisms for which observation given; (v) urease activity, using a rapid method molecular sequence data (such as 16S rRNA sequence) is [39]; (vi) alkaline phosphatase activity [40], with time of available may qualify for assignment to the provisional taxo- observation given; (vii) hippurate hydrolysis [41]; and (viii) nomic status Candidatus [35] in accordance with the pro- selenite reduction [28]. Growth on media containing the posals of Murray and Stackebrandt [36], as exemplified by following compounds using standardized methods [26, 27] the initial description of C. hominis prior to its culture [37]. should be determined: 2.0 % NaCl, 1 % glycine and 0.04 % Cell morphology triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC): the ability of strains to reduce the latter should also be recorded when growth is The reaction of cells in the Gram-staining procedure must observed. be stated. The shape, size, and spiral wavelength (where appropriate) of bacterial cells should be reported. The ten- Other tests dency to undergo transformation to coccoid forms on expo- Test results for the following are desirable: g-glutamyl sure to air or in older cultures should be noted and the time transpeptidase [25]; growth on media containing 3.5 % taken for cells to change their appearance provided. The NaCl, 0.032 % methyl orange, and 0.1 % sodium fluoride number and arrangement of flagella should be determined [26, 27, 29]; and anaerobic growth on 0.1 % trimethylamine by electron microscopy, as well as the presence or absence N-oxide (TMAO) [27]. of flagellar sheaths and periplasmic fibers. Resistance to antimicrobial agents Susceptibility to nalidixic acid (30 µg) and cephalothin Cells should be observed by microscopic examination of wet (30 µg), should be determined either by disc-diffusion or mounts or hanging drop preparations of young cultures in plate MIC tests. For diffusion assays, the absence of a clear buffered saline or broth. zone of inhibition should be recorded as resistance; for sus- Growth conditions ceptible strains, the inhibition zone sizes should be stated. The type of base medium used should be stated. Mueller- Factors affecting growth should be tested under conditions Hinton agar with added 10 % horse – or sheep – blood is that are near optimal unless stated otherwise. recommended. Standardised procedures should be (1) Colony morphology. The size, shape, and colour of employed [26, 27, 42]. Brucella Agar and other media with colonies should be described for optimal growth con- bisulfite have been shown to inhibit the growth of H. pylori ditions on solid media. The type of nutrient agar base and therefore should be avoided [43]. medium used (brain-heart infusion [BHI], Mueller- Summary Tables for recommended phenotypic tests for Hinton etc.) and the manufacturer from which it was Arcobacter, Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Wolinella spp. obtained should be stated. The presence of swarming are provided (Tables 1, 2 and 3). on solid media should be noted. When cultured on blood-containing agar media, the percentage and spe- Phylogenetic analyses cies of blood (e.g. horse, sheep, cattle) should be stated The essentially complete (greater than 1450 bases) 16S and any haemolytic activity described. rRNA sequence must be determined for the type strain, and (2) Temperature range. The time of incubation and ability ideally at least four additional independent isolates of the to grow in specified broth or agar media from stan- putative new species or subspecies. Specific methods for dardized inocula at various temperatures should be sequencing 16S rRNA from Helicobacter species, including reported. The following temperatures should be used: intervening sequences (IVS), have been described [44]. 25, 37 and 42 C. Intervening sequences in the 16S rRNA gene should be fully (3) Gaseous requirements. The ability of the strains to sequenced and the 16S rRNA gene sequence, including any grow under aerobic, microaerobic and anaerobic con- IVS, deposited in nucleic acid databases as a single ditions should be reported. The oxygen and hydrogen sequence. Deposition of a complete genome sequence content must be specified for microaerobic conditions. accomplishes this goal de facto. The phylogenetic position The means by which such conditions were produced of representative strains of the putative new taxon must be (e.g., gas replacement method, commercial gas-gener- determined by comparative sequence analysis of the 16S ating sachet [state manufacturer], incubator) must be rRNA macromolecule [21]. Phylogenetic tree construction given. should demonstrate that the novel sequence clusters with those of all validly-named taxa of the appropriate genus Biochemical properties within the Campylobacteraceae or Helicobacteraceae. A full Results for the following tests are required: (i) oxidase activ- description of alignment and treeing methods, including ity, by use of any conventional method [28]; (ii) catalase software, algorithms, treatment of gap penalties, and treat- activity, with percentage of reagent solution and time of ment of IVS sequences should be included. An exemplar observation given; (iii) nitrate reduction, preferably by the tree is presented in Fig. 1.

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965299 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 ± 37 † 1 1 – U ± + + 37, 42 – ANO2 O2, mO2, 30 18 – + U UU À 30 18 – À À O2, mO2 18 30 18 – ÀÀ À À * † + + V 30 18 UUU UUU UUU U + U UUU ÀÀÀ ÀÀÀ 37,42 – U U – ANO2 O2, mO2, ÀÀÀÀ 37,[42] 18 – À À À À À 25,[37, 42] 18 [ANO2] – O2, mO2, 37 18 25 18 – + M + + + + V + + U U U UM – + + + + + + 1 ÀÀ ÀÀ O2, mO2 18 O2, mO2, ANO2 O2, mO2, ANO2 O2, mO2 O2, mO2 O2, mO2 O2, mO2 † 37 18 † – ± À À À À ANO2* [O2], mO2, 37,42 – 18 [17]. O2, mO2, ANO2 et al. ± 37 18 * – + + V + M + ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ ± ANO2 O2, mO2, + + + + + + + 1 UU U + ÀÀ 37,42 – O2, mO2, ANO2 37 18 – 40 18 À – ÀÀÀ À O2, ANO2 mO2 O2, mO2, 88] (cf. Table S1) and/or On – 37 10 – + U UUUUVFU spp. mO2 † 37 18 – + + + + + + + + + + + V V + + ± ÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀ ANO2 Arcobacter 37 25 – ÀÀÀ À À ÀÀÀ À 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 37 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – UUUFVU À À ÀÀÀ ÀÀÀÀÀÀÀ ÀÀÀ C) 18 C) 18   Summary phenotypic data for extant (30 mg) Hippuricase Urease Selenite reduction Alkaline phosphatase Atmospheric requirements O2, mO2, ANO2 O2, OxidaseCatalase + + + + + + + + + + 1 Growth temperature range ( Atmospheric requirementsOxidase ANO2 O2, mO2, Nitrate reductionIndoxyl acetate hydrolysis + + + + + + + + + + + + Catalase Growth on: 2 % NaCl + + + M 1 % glycine0.04 % TTC + Cephalothin (30 mg)Desirable features: g-glutamyl transpeptidaseGrowth on: 3.5 % NaCl U U U U + U U U + U + + U V U U + U U U U U U U Nitrate reduction + + Selenite reduction U U U Indoxyl acetate hydrolysisUrease + + + + + + + + + + 0.032 % methyl orange0.1 % sodium fluorideAnaerobic growth on 0.1 % TMAO U UGrowth temperature U range ( U U U U U U + + + ± + V U U U F + + U U U U U U U U U TTC reduction Hippuricase U U U Resistance to: Nalidixic acid Alkaline phosphatase U U U Data are derived from original species descriptions [16, 50, 74 Table 1.

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965300 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 – A. The 16S rRNA gene is the most widely used phylogenetic

13, marker but there are known problems with the accurate phylogenetic placement of certain species within the Cam- pylobacteraceae or Helicobacteraceae [7, 45–47]. The use of additional phylogenetic markers such as atpA [22], rpoB A. lanthieri; ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ [23] or groEL [24], may provide useful data to support the 12, phylogenetic position of the new taxon. Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis [48] or rMLST [49] may provide a more + V V V V +

M V 1 robust description of the taxonomic position of a given strain. Taxonomic studies of Campylobacteraceae or Helico- A. halophilus; bacteraceae species using MLSA and rMLST are as yet 11, uncommon, although MLSA has been applied to Arcobacter UVUU UVUU À À À À species [32, 50]. Ultimately, these approaches can be

A. ellisii; expected to be replaced by whole genome sequence based

10, phylogenomic analyses (e.g. [15, 51, 52]). As with 16S 95 % strains positive. U, unknown at this time. – rRNA gene sequence comparisons, representatives of all + + U + + U + À

+=all strains examined give a positive result. -=all strains extant validly-published named taxa in the genus in which the proposed novel organism is placed must be included. 58 %) number of strains grow at this temperature; []=few (11 – A. ebronensis; Genomic analyses 9,

A. venerupis. A complete genome sequence of the proposed type strain of ÀÀÀ ÀÀ À À 21, a novel species or subspecies is a definitive means to deter-

A. defluvii; mine the guanosine-plus-cytosine (% G+C) content of the 25 % strains positive; M, 84 – 8, DNA; however, classical methods (melting temperature or enzymatic) may also be used [53]. Reference DNA such as ATCC 11775T (G+C, 51 mol%) or H. pylori A. trophiarum; ATCC 700392 (G+C, 39 mol%) should be analysed at the C only; F, 22 + + 20,  same time and its estimated G+C content (moles percent)

A. cryaerophilus; expressed relative to the reference DNA should be reported. , at 30 7, † The current taxonomic definition of a species requires A. thereius; determination of the whole-genomic similarity, whereby at 19, – =O2 only; or around 70 % DNA DNA relatedness indicates strains are A. cloacae; † À

6, sufficiently related to be assigned to the same species [54–

A. suis; 56]. Methodological caveats notwithstanding (discussed

18, below), novel species should demonstrate genomic related- ness to extant species at values discernibly lower than this A. cibarius; UUUUUUUUU UUU ÀÀÀÀ ÀÀ

5, level. The proposed type strain for any new taxon must be used in these comparisons. A. skirrowii;

17, Whole-genome relatedness can be tested in several ways. + + + U U U U U + + U + U U U U U U + + U + U U UUUU À A. butzleri; Classical DNA–DNA hybridization experiments have been 4, used for many years (e.g. [57–60]). It is recognized that experiments on Epsilonproteobacteria can be difficult and A. nitrofigilis;

67 % strains positive; ±, weak activity; that different methods can result in differing estimates of – À À À ÀÀ À À À 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

16, the degree of relatedness between strains [61, 62]. Numeri-

A. bivalviorum; cal comparison of whole-cell protein profiles [5, 6, 60], and 3, high-resolution amplified fragment length polymorphism A. mytili; (AFLP)-based fingerprints has also been shown to be effec-

15, tive in accurately determining genetic relationships between strains [63, 64]. It is essential that analyses are performed against a database of strain profiles of sufficient number and A. aquimarinus;

2, quality that represent all taxa with validly described species names, for results to be meaningful. A. molluscorum; Where whole-genome sequences of proposed new species 14, cont. are available, in silico analyses that mimic conventional DNA–DNA hybridisations can be used in comparisons with A. anaerophilus; Growth on: 2 % NaCl + U + + + + + 0.04 % TTC 1 % glycine TTC reduction Resistance to: Nalidixic acid (30 mg) Growth on: 3.5 % NaCl + U + + + + + 0.032 % methyl orange Desirable features: g-glutamyl transpeptidase U 0.1 % sodium fluoride Cephalothin (30 mg) Anaerobic growth on 0.1 % TMAO U U U U U + 1, examined give a negative result. O2, aerobic conditions; mO2, microaerobic conditions; ANO2, anaerobic conditions. ()=variable (31 marinus; 25 %) strains grow in these conditions; V, 33 Table 1. type strain genomes of validly-published extant species,

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965301 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 * 42 42 – À À – F À À À À mO2, 37 30 ANO2 ANO2 37, F + + – 42 [42] 25], – F F F + + + + 30 – ÀÀ ÀÀ [HmO2] Mo2 mO2, 30 – + F À 37, [42] mO2 ANO2, + V + M M V + + U ÀÀÀ 37 [18 42 30 – + [HmO2] ÀÀ ANO2 42 – ÀÀ À ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ À ÀÀÀÀ À ÀÀÀ [30], 37 † ‡ ÀÀ V mO2,ANO2 mO2, – (30), 37, [42] 37 + + + + + + U U U M M 42 37 mO2 mO2 ANO2, 37, – [42] ANO2, [HmO2] V_FU À À M + + (42) ANO2, (30), 37, [HmO2] FVV + V ANO2, 22>, [HmO2] – ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ À mO2, (25), 37 (ANO2) <18 À mO2, ANO2 37, + + U – U (42) [17]. ANO2 25 ÀÀ ÀÀÀÀ 37 37 <30>, 37, <42> 30 ANO2 et al. – – + + + + V + + + + + U + + + V + 42 À À ÀÀÀ À ÀÀÀÀ ÀÀÀÀ MUMMU MUF 22), 25 mO2 mO2, – 37, (42) mO2, [ANO2] mO2, 42 37 – + + + + U À mO2, ANO2 F + + + F + + V + + V V V UUUUUUUUUU À À ÀÀ 42 37 – ÀÀ À À [HmO2] 30 ANO2 30, 37, (42) (18 – 42 120] (cf. Table S1) and/or On V + VV ÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀ À À ÀÀ À ÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀ À V§ M 30 (42) – mO2 ANO2, – UF 42 * 69, 87 mO2 mO2 mO2, 42 37, – – + + + V + V U 25 mO2 ANO2, spp. * 42 37 – À 37 ANO2 F + À ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ À M + V + + U V V +/i M U U + F U F + U M + (42) ANO2 (30), 37, ++++FVU++ + + M ++++ 42 Campylobacter – + + À À ÀÀ 42 mO2 HmO2, + M À 42 30 – + U U U V V ÀÀÀ À À ÀÀ ÀÀÀÀÀ ÀÀ 37 ANO2 mO2 mO2 mO2 mO2, * – 37 37 37 (30), 37- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 + + UU+MUUV + UM VUVU++ U U + M U U UU U À À À 42 – 37 ÀÀ ÀÀÀÀÀÀ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 mO2 mO2, mO2, 18 ANO2 C) C)   Summary phenotypic data for extant orange fluoride transpeptidase on 0.1 % TMAO 0.032 % methyl 0.1 % sodium 3.5 % NaCl U g-glutamyl requirements Nalidixic acid (30 mg) (30 mg) range ( hydrolysis Anaerobic growth NaCl hydrolysis requirements temperature range ( Growth on: Catalase + V + Desirable features: Oxidase + + + V + + + + + + 0.04 % TTC U U + TTC reduction U U + Atmospheric Resistance to: Cephalothin Growth temperature Nitrate reductionIndoxyl acetate + V + F M + + + + M M V + V + + 1 % glycine + V M F + Growth on: 2 % Indoxyl acetate Selenite reduction U U + F U Atmospheric Growth Urease OxidaseNitrate reduction + + + + + + + + + + Catalase + + M + + + + Urease Hippuricase + Alkaline phosphatase U Table 2. Data are derived from original species descriptions [6, 31, 60, 67

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965302 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 25, 30, + + + À À À subsp. Campylobacter Campylobacter + + U + + + À ÀÀ À ÀÀ 19, 14, +=all strains exam- 57 % strains positive; – F + À À À ÀÀ Campylobacter rectus; 93 % grow at these condi- – Campylobacter fetus Campylobacter mucosalis; 29, 8, 24, UV UV À ÀÀ lari; caledonicus; Campylobacter volucris. Campylobacter helveticus; + U + + + V V M + subsp. 35, Campylobacter insulaenigrae; 13, 27 % strains positive; V=29 subsp. – 18, Campylobacter curvus; 7, + M + À Campylobacter lari 23, + V + M + + ÀÀÀÀÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀÀ À ÀÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ M 60 % strains grow at this temperature; ()=76 – Campylobacter hepaticus; Campylobacter ureolyticus; 12, 34, concheus; Campylobacter iguaniorum; Campylobacter pinnipediorum 17, 28, Campylobacter cuniculorum; subsp. 6, ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀÀÀÀÀ lawsonii; UUU subsp. pinnipediorum; Campylobacter gracilis; 11, Campylobacter upsaliensis; Campylobacter lari Biovar paraureolyticus strains produce urease; §Urease-Positive Thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC) FUUU UUUU UUUU UUUU subsp. À ‡ 33, 22, À À À M venerealis; Campylobacter corcagiensis; 30 % strains grow at this temperature; []=50 – 5, VMUM À ÀÀ subsp. Campylobacter hyointestinalis + + V + + À 16, , Campylobacter lanienae; Campylobacter pinnipediorum 21 + U + U+MMUMUU V + + + UU++UUUU + V M + U ÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀ À Campylobacter subantarcticus; 27, 32, Campylobacter concisus; jejuni; Campylobacter fetus 4, hyointestinalis; 10, MUUVFUUUU M + + + F U F Biovar fecalis strains produce catalase; † subsp. subsp. F + U U + + M + + U U + + U U U U À ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ À testudinum; + ÀÀÀ À À ÀÀÀ Campylobacter peloridis; Campylobacter coli; Weak growth.; subsp. * Campylobacter sputorum; 26, 2, 3, +UUUUUUUUUUU U U U UUUU + + UU U UV U U ÀÀ À Campylobacter jejuni 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 31, 20, doylei; Campylobacter hyointestinalis 15, cont. Campylobacter fetus 95 % strains positive; 9, subsp. – on 0.1 % TMAO fluoride orange transpeptidase phosphatase NaCl Anaerobic growth 0.1 % sodium 0.032 % methyl 3.5 % NaCl U g-glutamyl Nalidixic acid (30 mg) (30 mg) Campylobacter avium; Alkaline Selenite reduction U + Hippuricase Growth on: 2 % 0.04 % TTC U + V M U U M 1 % glycine + + F M TTC reduction U + V M U U M Growth on: Desirable features: Resistance to: Cephalothin 1, fetus; jejuni Campylobacter ornithocola, hominis; Campylobacter showae; ined give a positive result. -=all strains examined give a negative result.<>=20 variants. tions; O2, aerobic conditions; mO2, microaerobic conditions; ANO2, anaerobic conditions; HmO2=microaerobic atmosphere enhanced with H2; F=7 M=70 Table 2.

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965303 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 42 * – + À 37 + + U U U ANO2 – V À 42 37 + U + U + + ÀÀ ÀÀ 37 37 – ÀÀÀ À ÀÀÀ 42 37 – + + U 42 + + + + + U V + U VMU ÀÀ À mO2 mO2 mO2 ANO2 (42) * À + + + mO2, U U U + ÀÀ À À ÀÀ ÀÀÀ À ÀÀÀ ANO2 ÀÀÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀÀÀÀ F + + + V + F 37 37 37 mO2 mO2 mO2 ANO2 mO2, (ANO2) 42 37 37 [30], 37, – I + – + UU UU UU ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀÀ 42 37 mO2 mO2, 37 ANO2 – + ÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀ 37, F [42] UU U À À À À ÀÀÀÀÀÀ 42 ANO2 mO2 mO2, [17]. 42 37 F + À M – + + + + + U F + + + V À À ÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀÀÀ mO2 mO2, <42> 37 ANO2 et al. 42 (30), 37, – – À + + + M + + + M F + VI U U U + U U UU UU U U UU UU À ÀÀ 42 37 mO2, ANO2 – * 42 37 – ÀÀ ÀÀ + V U U + U U V U U + U U + À À À À À À À ÀÀ 42 mO2, ANO2 <30>, 37 – V V ÀÀ À À ÀÀ ÀÀ + + + + + + 42 37 (ANO2) 154] (cf. Table S1) and/or On – – + + F + + + + + + U U + U + U + U U UU UU ÀÀ À ÀÀÀ ÀÀ À 42 37 + + À À À 37 37, (42) 37 – + + + + À À À À À À À 42 – + + U À 42 37 + U + U – spp. mO2 mO2 mO2 mO2 mO2 mO2 mO2, À 42 37 – + + + * ÀÀ 42 37 Wolinella † I + + + U + + + + ÀÀÀ ÀÀ 37 37 37 ANO2 and – + 42 37 – – À ÀÀ 42 + + U + 37 ÀÀÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀÀÀ 42 37 Helicobacter – – + + ÀÀÀÀÀ ÀÀÀ 42 + + + + + + + U UUUU U U + U U U + U UUUU UU À ÀÀ ÀÀ 42 mO2 mO2 Mo2 mO2 mO2 mO2 mO2 mO2, 42 37 – À À ANO2 HmO2, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 FUUUU + U À À À À À À À À À À ÀÀÀ mO2 U U U U mO2 mO2 mO2 mO2, CO2, (30), 37, <42> 37 + 37 30 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 mO2, ANO2 C) C)   Summary phenotypic data for extant orange transpeptidase on 0.1 % TMAO fluoride 0.032 % methyl range ( 3.5 % NaCl requirements g-glutamyl Anaerobic growth 0.1 % sodium hydrolysis Nalidixic acid (30 mg) NaCl hydrolysis range ( requirements Growth temperature Growth on: Atmospheric OxidaseCatalaseNitrate reduction + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + U + + + + + + + + M + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Desirable features: Cephalothin (30 mg) Indoxyl acetate Resistance to: TTC reduction Urease + 0.04 % TTC 1 % glycine Growth on: 2 % Alkaline phosphatase U + Selenite reduction Alkaline phosphatase + Hippuricase Urease + + + + + + Indoxyl acetate OxidaseCatalaseNitrate reduction + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Growth temperature Atmospheric Data are derived from original species descriptions [3, 19, 42, 44, 46, 57, 58, 62, 87, 121 Table 3.

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965304 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 , * U À À À À À , Helico- 38 , Helicobacter V U + U ÀÀ 16 Helicobacter pullo- a a + + - - ÀÀ À Helicobacter Canaden- Helicobacter macacae; 30, 93 % strains positive; 8, – 23, a - U U U + U U U + U U U + À , Helicobacter felis; , Helicobacter typhlonius; a a + U U - - U U U U + UUUU U + À À 15 37 Helicobacter brantae; ÀÀÀÀÀÀ À À ÀÀÀ ÀÀ À À À À Helicobacter pametensis; 7, Helicobacter japonicus; 29, 58 % strains positive; M=83 22, – + + + + U Helicobacter equorum; 14, + + UU UU UU UU À , Helicobacter trogontum; 36 Helicobacter jaachi; FUUV F + + V U + + + + U U V À À Helicobacter bizzozeronii; , Helicobacter mustelae; 21, 6, 28 29 % strains positive; V=33 – + M + + À ÀÀ À ÀÀ À , Helicobacter suis; 35 Helicobacter cynogastricus; + U U U + Helicobacter bilis; 13, 5, + U + U + + U V V U U + + + U V V U U Helicobacter himalayensis; , Helicobacter muridarum; 27 20, 92 % strains positive; F=6 – UUUUU ÀÀ À À ÀÀ À Helicobacter salomonis; Helicobacter cinaedi; 34, 12, ÀÀÀ ÀÀÀÀÀÀÀ ÀÀÀ ÀÀ ÀÀÀÀÀÀ ÀÀÀÀ ÀÀ Helicobacter baculiformis; 4, Helicobacter hepaticus; 67 strains positive; []=77 19, – Helicobacter mesocricetorum; Helicobacter saguini; 26, + + + 33, Helicobacter cholecystus; , Helicobacter aurati; 3 + + + + À 11, +=all strains examined give a positive result. -=all strains examined give a negative result. O2, aerobic conditions; mO2, microaerobic conditions; + UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU ÀÀÀÀÀÀ Helicobacter heilmannii; 18, 27 % strains positive; ()=33 – À À ÀÀ À Helicobacter rodentium; Helicobacter mastomyrinus; , Helicobacter anseris; Helicobacter cetorum; 32, 2 25, + U U U U U U U + + + + + + + + + 10, U UUUUUUUU UUUUUUUU U + ÀÀ 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 , Wolinella succinogenes. 39 , when API method used; I, intermediate resistance; a, assumed; no growth on 1.5 % NaCl media. † , Helicobacter ganmani; 17 Helicobacter pylori; cont. Helicobacter canis; 31, 9, Helicobacter marmotae; on 0.1 % TMAO NaCl fluoride orange transpeptidase (30 mg) Nalidixic acid (30 mg) Helicobacter acinonychis; Anaerobic growth 1 % glycine + Selenite reductionGrowth on: 2 % U U U U U U U U Hippuricase 0.1 % sodium 0.032 % methyl 0.04 % TTC + U U U U U U Growth on: 3.5 % NaCl U U U U U U U TTC reduction U Desirable features: g-glutamyl Cephalothin Resistance to: bacter valdiviensis; Weak growth; ANO2, anaerobic conditions. <>=18 sis; rum; 24, 1, fennelliae; Table 3.

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965305 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 69.5 ‡ Formula 1 Formula 2 Formula 3 fragments 4839 12.7 28.5 12.6 13.1 28.6 13 27 12.7 19.8 13.1 using Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) [65] and Genome SD No. of ANI Outputs* GBDP outputs* ANI Helicobacter hits hits hits and 157] was also undertaken. ANI, Average Nucleotide Identity; GBDP, Genome Blast Dis- – NC_022759.1 91.32 2.97 7293 86.6 46.6*NC_013949.1 79.7 Insufficient NC_014810.2 76.97NC_020555.1 Insufficient 8.29 69 12.8 19.7 13.2 NC_022347.1 84.92 6.65 4142 75.5* 27.5 59.9 NC_022347.1 99.05 2.38 7593 97.6 89.1 97.9 T T T T MLST [155 J99 NC_000921.1 93.65* 2.44 6360 92.1 54* 87.1 CVM CVM 82-40 NC_008599.1 99.8 1.03 8390 94.5 97.3 96.6 81116 NC_009839.1 97.83 1.81 6804 89.3 79.9 90.5 India7 NC_017372.1 94.85* 2.36 6580 91.4 59.4* 88.1 ATCC NCTC Shi470 NC_010698.2 94.38* 2.59 6303 91.5 56.4* 87.3 CCUG 81-176 NC_008787.1 98.08 2.09 7029 93.9 81.6 94.3 12198 18818 49179 N29710 N29710 L269.97 NC_009707.1 95.97 2.3 6387 75.2 67 76.3 03-427 RM4018 NC_009850.1 78.09 4.7 1555 17.5 19.7 17.2 Campylobacter, Arcobacter cfvi03/293 CP006999.2 99.87 1.28 8908 98.8 97.4 99.3 15-537360 NC_022660.1 85.18 6.84 4191 73.1* 27.9 58.7 LMG 9260 NZ_CP015575.1 82.26 6.82 2223 34.4 22.1 30.1 LMG 15993 NZ_CP015576.1 94.65* 3.16 5862 70 57.6 LMG 15993 NZ_CP015576.1 80.77 6.22 2013 28.9 21.6 26.2 SouthAfrica7 NC_017361.1 90.52* 3.16 5815 85.5 42.6* 77 ATCC 51449 NC_004917.1 77.94 4.84 1126 17.7 19.8 17.4 ATCC 51449 NC_004917.1 Insufficient NCTC 12740 NZ_KI669458 83.78 8.63 285 14 26.2 14.3 70 % [65]. For GBDP, values are proposed equivalent to conventional DDH [66]. Genome designations are  Comparator C. hyointestinalis, bv. lawsonii lawsonii and subsp. subsp. subsp. jejuni doylei fetus testudinum Taxon Strain no. Genome Two way . jejuni . venerealis subsp subsp. subsp. subsp subsp. subsp. C. coli, C. fetus Intermedius hyointestinalis H. pylori H. pylori H. pylori H. mustelae H. pylori C. hyointestinalis H. canis H. hepaticus A. butzleri H. hepaticus H. felis C. fetus C. fetus H. cinaedi C. hyointestinalis C. hyointestinalis C. jejuni C. jejuni C. jejuni C. coli C. coli C. coli C. fetus subspecies, C. jejuni /LMG 9260 / /CP001999.1 NCTC 11168/AL111168.1 T 95 were proposed to mimic conventional DDH results of  jejuni / NC_020555.1 T hyointestinalis /84-112/NZ_HG004426.1 / DSM 7299 subsp. subsp. venerealis / CCUG 18818 / 26695 / NC_000915.1 Exemplar results of whole-genome comparisons for well-characterized strains of subsp. /15-537360/NC_022660.1 NZ_CP015575.1 H. pylori H. cinaedi Arcobacter nitrofigilis C. hyointestinalis Reference taxon/strain/genome Campylobacter jejuni C. coli C. fetus *Denotes results that are discordant with current classifications. Table 4. Blast Distance Phylogeny (GBDP) [66] Genomes were accessed from publicber databases 2016. and For ANI ANI, and GBDP values values calculated using online tools (http://enve-omics.ce.gatech.edu/ani/ and http://ggdc.dsmz.de respectively) during Decem- GenBank reference numbers. The identitytype of strains non-type (Fig. strain 1 genomes and was further Table verified S1). by For determining the phylogenetic relationship of their 16S rRNA gene sequences with those derived from tance Phylogeny; SD, standard deviation;RM, Robert NCTC, Mandrell National collection, Collection US of Department Type of Cultures, Agriculture; England; ATCC, CVM, American Center Type for Culture Collection. Veterinary T, Medicine, type Maryland, strain. USA; LMG, Laboratorie Microbiologie Ghent, Belgium;

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 18.51.0.965306 On: Wed, 29 Aug 2018 17:58:42 On et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:5296–5311 with which a close phylogenetic relationship has been indi- of prokaryotes for taxonomic purposes [54–56], and (iii) the cated, to determine interspecific genomic relatedness. emerging discipline of genomic taxonomy, which is in a rel- Computational approaches described include Average ative state of infancy and indeed flux [70–73]. At present, Nucleotide Identity (ANI: [65]) and Genome Blast Distance the continued need for a polyphasic taxonomic approach to Phylogeny (GBDP: [66]). Each algorithm is available online achieve stable and robust classifications remains critical. (presently http://enve-omics.ce.gatech.edu/ani/ for ANI: These standards support that need. and http://ggdc.dsmz.de for GBDP). For new species pro- posals, we recommend both these analyses be presented where whole-genome sequences are used as the source of Funding information the genomic data. Complete or draft sequences of appropri- The authors received no specific grant from any funding agency. ate comparator type strains should be used as the basis for Acknowledgements comparison. Table 4 lists comparisons between selected The authors would like to thank all of the members of the International complete genomes of well-characterised members of the Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxon- omy of Campylobacter and Related Bacteria for their comments on this families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae, using manuscript. This document owes much to this committee’s previous the default parameters suggested online for ANI and GBDP publication of Minimal Standards for describing new species of the algorithms as exemplar output. These data identify some family Campylobacteraceae [13] and Helicobacter spp. [14]. Alyssa Ter- discordance between certain comparator taxa among almost estre Pappa (MIT) is thanked for the updates to the Tables in the revised manuscript. all outputs and presently-accepted classifications; Formula 3 used for GBDP analysis performed optimally on this data Conflicts of interest set (Table 4). Nonetheless, a continued validation of For- The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. mula 3 for GBDP analysis is prudent. References Description of subspecies 1. Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. Family II. Helicobacteraceae fam. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (editors). 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