International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

IJESR/April 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-4/2863-2870 ISSN 2277-2685 International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION: AN ANOTHER LEAP IN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT Rashmi Deshmukh*1, Shweta Datey 2 1 Student, P R Pote (Patil) College of Engineering, Sant Gadge Baba University, Amravati, India. 2Lecturer, Jankidevi Bajaj College of Science, Wardha, India. ABSTRACT Near Field Communication is a type of communication that involves wirelessly transmitting data from one hardware device to another physical object, provided they are in short range within 10 cm of one another. It is a short-range high frequency wireless communication technology that enables the exchange of data.NFC is an upgrade of the existing proximity card standard (RFID) that combines the interface of a smartcard and a reader into a single device. It allows users to seamlessly share content between digital devices. The main advantage of NFC over Bluetooth is the shorter set-up time. Due to its shorter range, NFC provides a higher degree of security than Bluetooth and makes NFC suitable for crowded areas where correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device might otherwise prove impossible. The foundations of the NFC ecosystem are now largely in place, says Gerry Kelliher, Europe Sales Operations Leader at Research in Motion. "Large scale initiatives like Visa's Pay Wave and Master card's Pay Pass mean that NFC terminals are appearing in thousands of UK high street shops." NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identification, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio waves to a passive electronic tag for identification, authentication and tracking. Keywords: Near Field Communication, Technology, RFID. INTRODUCTION Near Field Communication abbreviated as NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies. It is the new communication technology used to transfer the data between an NFC supported device and a tag, as information in it may read or write in variety of formats. It allows peer to peer data exchange with supported devices. It allows you to share small payloads of data between an NFC tag and a one or two Android-powered device. Other companies also preparing NFC enabled phones. The only mobile phone that supports it was the Google Nexus S till Feb. 2011.Now; it is available in Android smartphones. However in a few years it may become an integral part of our lives and something we cannot live without. NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID).

*Corresponding Author www.ijesr.org 2863

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NFC offers a low-speed connection with extremely simple setup, and can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. It is a type of communication that involves wirelessly transmitting data from one hardware device to another physical object, provided they are in short range(within 10 cms) of one another. NFC might be new to us, but the technology isn’t. The industry standard for it was established previously. It’s a regular feature of our commute.One of more interesting use cases is about a beer dispenser created by Google’s employee.It uses an NFC tablet to scan a person’s badge and determine if he or she is authorised to drink the beer.But,so far,the most prevalent use of NFC has been in payments. Near Field Communication abbreviated as NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies. It is the new communication technology used to transfer the data between an NFC supported device and a tag, as information in it may read or write in variety of formats.It allows peer to peer data exchange with supported devices. It allows you to share small payloads of data between an NFC tag and a one or two Android-powered device. Other companies also preparing NFC enabled phones.The only mobile phone that supports it is the Google Nexus S till Feb. 2011.Now,it is available in Android smartphones.However in a few years it may become an integral part of our lives and something we cannot live without.NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing radio- frequency identification (RFID). NFC offers a low-speed connection with extremely simple setup, and can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. Tags can range in complexity. Simple tags offer just read and write semantics, sometimes with one-time-programmable areas to make the card read-only. More complex tags offer math operations, and have cryptographic hardware to authenticate access to a sector. The most sophisticated tags contain operating environments, allowing complex interactions with code executing on the tag. The data stored in the tag can also be written in a variety of formats, but many of the Android framework APIs are based around a standard called NDEF (NFC Data Exchange Format). HISTORY NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identification, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio waves to a passive electronic tag for identification, authentication and tracking. As explained in Wikipedia of NFC, History is,

• 1983 The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton.

• 1995 wallet paying and receiving electronic, described in the report and annexes describing the invention of Gaston Schwabacher in 0017 patented protocol 24/01/1995 at INPI Brazil with the IP number 9500345

• 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum

• 2006 Initial specifications for NFC Tags

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• 2006 Nokia 6131 was the first NFC phone • 2009 In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contact, URL, initiate Bluetooth, etc. • 2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone shown • 2011 Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app, video, etc. • 2011 NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile operating system with the release of Symbian Anna version.

• 2011 Research In Motion is the first company for its devices to be certified by MasterCard Worldwide, the functionality of PayPass.

• 2012 Sony introduces the "Smart Tags", which use NFC technology to change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range, included in the package of (and "perfectly paired" with) the Sony Xperia P Smartphone released the same year.2012 Samsung introduces TecTile; a set of MIFARE NFC stickers and a companion application for Android to read and write the TecTile stickers, and design macros that can be triggered by them. SPECIFICATION & RANGE NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 10 cm or less. NFC operates at 13.5on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target, the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries.NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered. A patent licensing program for NFC is currently under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary. A public, platform-independent NFC library is released under the free GNU Lesser General Public License by the namelibnfc. The NFC Forum defines four types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. Tags currently offer between 96 and 4,096 bytes of memory.

• As with proximity card technology, near-field communication uses magnetic induction between two loop antennas located within each other's near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed ±7 kHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using ASK modulation.

• Theoretical working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm (practical working distance of about 4 cm)

• Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit /s (the bit rate 848 kbit/s is not compliant with the standard ISO/IEC 18092)

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TWO MODES • Passive communication mode: The initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating the existing field. In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator-provided electromagnetic field, thus making the target device a transponder. • Active communication mode: Both initiator and target device communicate by alternately generating their own fields. A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In this mode, both devices typically have power supplies. COMPARISON WITH BLUETOOTH Speed Active device Passive device 424 kbit/s Manchester, 10%ASK Manchester, 10% ASK 212 kbit/s Manchester, 10% ASK Manchester, 10% ASK 106 kbit/s Modified Miller, 100% ASK Manchester, 10% ASK (Source: www.wikipedia.org) NFC works at slower speeds than Bluetooth, but requires very less power and doesn't need pairing.It sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has a less transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s). NFC particularly suitable for crowded areas where relating a signal with its transmitting physical device becomes difficult.In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is well suited with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures. The main advantage of NFC over Bluetooth is the shorter set-up time. Instead of performing manual configurations to identify Bluetooth devices, the connection between two NFC devices is established at once (under a 1/10 second). NFC can also work when one of the devices is not powered by a battery. Due to its shorter range, NFC provides a higher degree of security than Bluetooth. Aspect NFC Bluetooth Bluetooth Low Energy RFID compatible ISO 18000-3 Active active Standardisation body ISO/IEC Bluetooth SIG Bluetooth SIG Network Standard ISO 13157 etc. IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.1 Network Type Point -to -point WPAN WPAN Cryptography not with RFID Available available Range < 0.2 m ~100 m (class 1) ~50 m Frequency 13.56 MHz 2.4–2.5 GHz 2.4–2.5 GHz Bit rate 424 kbit/s 2.1 Mbit/s ~1.0 Mbit/s Set-up time < 0.1 s < 6 s < 0.006 s < 15 mA (transmit or Power consumption < 15mA (read) varies with class receive) ALTERNATIVE TO NFC NFC has alternative as tells (in what is NFC and why is it in your phone? (News TechRadar_files) and there are plenty within it, too. One debate in the mobile and finance

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industry is between the 'mobile wallet' as represented by NFC, or the 'digital wallet'. Calling NFC 'a technology, not a strategy,' PayPal's Kerry Wong, MD for Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan, promotes the latter. The 'digital wallet' exists in the cloud, and it is not tethered to one specific device such as a mobile phone, but accessible from a variety of devices such as laptop, iPad, ultrabook or even Xbox, she says. Wong thinks that it's the ability to work easily, safely and on any device or platform that will win the day. NFC is only one technology, with Bluetooth and RFID just as able to strike-up a conversation between two gadgets, but there are distinctions within NFC, too. In comes in both passive and active flavours, including P2P mode (exchanging information, such as business cards or contacts) and Secure Element NFC (where a machine recognises a NFC phone as a bankcard). At it is core, all NFC is doing is identifying us, and our bank account, to a computer. The technology is simple. It's a short-range, low power wireless link evolved from radio- frequency identification (RFID) tech that can pass small amounts of data between two devices held a few centimeters from each other. Unlike Bluetooth, no need of pairing code, and because it's very low power, no battery in the device being read. By tapping your phone on a contactless payment terminal in a shop, train station or coffee shop is able to identify your account and takes payment through an app on your phone. Passive NFC 'tags' on posters, in shops and on trains could contain a web address, a discount voucher, a map or a bus timetable that passers-by could touch their phones on to receive – or to instantly pay for absolutely anything. "The SIM card in your mobile phone is a smart card identifying your account to the network," says John Elliott, Head of Public Sector at Consult Hyperion, who's worked on the Oyster Card. "On NFC phones; the SIM is being extended to act as the Secure Element that can hold other apps such as payment cards." It does away with plastic, but otherwise it's very similar to the chip-and-PIN killer. Most new Barclaycard, American Express, MasterCard PayPass and Visa Europe cards have NFC contactless tech within, and with 30 million already in circulation in the UK this is where the 'digital wallet' exists for now; in, err, your wallet. Such cards can be used to make small purchases (typically under £15) in shops – and, since last week, on London buses. "The foundations of the NFC ecosystem are now largely in place," says Gerry Kelliher, Europe Sales Operations Leader at Research in Motion. "Large scale initiatives like Visa's PayWave and Mastercard's PayPass mean that NFC terminals are appearing in thousands of UK high street shops." DATA MODIFICATION

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Data can be modifiedas it briefly noted in Wikipedia of near field communicatin. It is easy to destroy data by using a jammer. There is no way currently to prevent such an attack. However, if NFC devices check the RF field while they are sending, it is possible to detect attacks. It is much more difficult to modify data in such a way that it appears to be valid to users. To modify transmitted data, an intruder has to deal with the single bits of the RF signal. The feasibility of this attack, (i.e., if it is possible to change the value of a bit from 0 to 1 or the other way around), is amongst others subject to the strength of the amplitude modulation. If data is transferred with the modified Miller coding and a modulation of 100%, only certain bits can be modified. A modulation ratio of 100% makes it possible to eliminate a pause of the RF signal, but not to generate a pause where no pause has been. Thus, only a 1 that is followed by another 1 might be changed. Transmitting Manchester-encoded data with a modulation ratio of 10% permits a modification attack on all bits. NFC PHONES A surprisingly huge number, largely because NFC has long been supported by the makers of Android handsets. Though Apple is yet to embrace NFC, flagship and mid-range handsets from the likes of Samsung, HTC, Motorola, Nokia, LG and Blackberry all include NFC. The latter all feature BlackBerry Tag, a peer-to-peer feature in the BlackBerry 7.1 OS that allows users to share contact information, documents, URLs, photos and other multimedia content by tapping their BlackBerry smartphones together. Microsoft's Windows Phone 8 OS supports NFC, too, so expect upcoming smartphones from Samsung, Nokia and HTC to be compatible. The full list includes almost all Android tablets, too. NFC is still in its trial phase, but it's got a big future. ABI Research predicts that 1.95 billion NFC-enabled devices will ship in 2017, largely in smartphones, though NFC will also enter the living room. Wi-Fi routers will swap passwords for a simple 'tap' from any smartphone, tablet or games console, with 395 million consumer electronics devices to ship in 2017 – in other words, NFC will be in everything. NFC APPLICATION Android smartphones can take advantage of several NFC application designed for everything from reading NFC tags to swapping business cards with another NFC compatible device. Download one or more of these popular Android apps to your Android smartphone and start seeing how near field communication can benefit you and make everyday tasks a little easier. NFC TagInfo NFC tags are very inconscipous, and might show up in places you never expected. Whether you’ve seen NFC tags on a smart poster or are curious whether that square on the back of your new library book is hiding an NFC tag, this app will pick up the tag’s info and tell you all you need to know about what it is and what it does. NFC TagWriter by NXP

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The NFC TagWriter lets you add your own content to your NFC tags. If you need to add a new phone number to your business card or want to create a URL for your company’s smart poster, this app will do it for you. You can also read the contents of an existing NFC tag and keep records of tags you’ve read and written. WiFiTapWiFi NFC This Wi-Fi app combines Wi-Fi and NFC so your friends and family can connect to your wireless network quickly and easily. Instead of typing in the username and password to connect, friends can simply wave their smartphone over your NFC tag and connect instantly. No need to type in passwords on cramped phone keyboards. NFC Task Launcher NFC Task Launcher focuses on creating different types of NFC tags. You can create task tags that cause a certain action to happen when scanned, URL tags for launching websites, and create several other tag types including URI tags and text tags. NFC Classic Tag Reader Writer For those who simply want to read NFC tags with no extra frills attached, the Android marketplace has the NFC Classic Tag Reader Writer. You can read and save NFC tag information and set up peer-to-peer connections with friends. (It’s from way to use NFC)Where ever you go, you’ll meet unexpectedly ways to make your day easier using near field communication. Below is a list of ways everyday people can or will be able to interact with NFC.

• Commuting to the office : During the drive to and from work, NFC can unlock your car, adjust your seats, and even admit you to the company’s secure parking garage.

• At the office: Once you’ve arrived, you can gain access to your office building and clock in by swiping your smartphone or other device. Paying for snacks out of the vending machine or clocking in and out for breaks takes only seconds using NFC technology.

• On the bus: If you commute to the office, you can pay for your bus or subway pass and wave your phone to pass through the gates. Tapping your phone at a kiosk gives up-to-date information about schedules and delays, while interacting with advertisements and bulletin boards lets you access coupons or learn more about current events in your area.

• At the store: On the way home from work you stop to buy groceries. Coupons and customer reward points are already pre-loaded on your smartphone and are applied to your total automatically when you check out. Payment occurs when you wave your smartphone over the card reader and you’re ready to go without ever opening your wallet.

• At a concert: Like purchasing a bus ticket, you can purchase concert tickets and use your NFC compatible smartphone to gain access to a concert. You can also interact with smart posters at the concert for information about the band, the current schedule of events, and upcoming performances. When you’re thirsty, just wave your phone at a merchant's register to buy a drink. Less tickets and cards to juggle makes the event hassle-free and reduces your chances of being pickpocketed.

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• Hanging out with friends: Finally, when you need some down time you can share games, links, and info with friends by bumping phones. NFC can establish a Bluetooth connecting between your phones for sending large amounts of data from a further distance range than NFC covers. You can even send money to each other all with the wave of a smartphone. The possibilities are limited only by the imaginations of those manufacturing this technology. NFC can replace barcodes with more intelligent NFC tags and allow smartphone users to interact with objects to find out information such as a bus schedule or learn more about a product they want to purchase. NFC technology is designed to increase convenience when learning, shopping, and sharing data. CONCLUSION NFC, which stands for Near Field Communication, is a type of communication that involves wirelessly transmitting data from one hardware device to another physical object, provided that the devices are in short range within 10 cm of one another. In order for NFC to work, both devices, smart phone and a payment terminal at your local CVS — have to have NFC chips and antennas embedded in them. NFC has become more prominent, but it’s still requiring a long way from mass adoption. The proponents of NFC on mobile argue that it’s even faster and easier to use the device that’s likely already in your hand — your smart phone — rather than digging around for the wallet that holds that credit card. If your NFC phone is stolen, you can freeze or disable your payment account by calling the services or visiting a website. You can also call the credit card issuers directly and cancel your cards — just as you would if you lost your leather wallet. NFC proponents say a mandate requiring retailers to update their payment terminals by 2015 could help nudge the technology along. And NFC is expected to be in more and more phones. REFERENCES • Carter J. hat is NFC and why is it in your phone?” News TechRadar files, Retrieved on 14 March 2013. • http://www.nearfieldcommunication.org/bluetooth.html. Near Field Communication Versus Bluetooth "Retrieved on 16 March 2013. • http://www.nfc-forum.org/aboutnfc/. What is NFC?" NFC Forum .Retrieved on 14 March 2013. • http://www.nfc-forum.org/specs/spec_list/. "Technical Specifications". NFC Forum. Retrieved on 14 March 2013. • Near field communication Applications and Its uses Retrieved on 14 March 2013. • www.Wikipedia.com Near field communication, - Retrieved on 13 March 2013. • Goode L.(2013), ”NFC:What You Need to Know”, All Things D, Retrieved on 25 March 2013.