Near Field Communication

Near ﬁeld communication

A summary of near-ﬁeld communication

An NFC-enabled mobile phone interacting with a SmartPoster A ticket stamping machine of the Austrian Federal Railways that can be used to purchase mobile tickets (“Handy-Ticket”). Near-field (or nearfield) communication (NFC) is a form of short-range wireless communication where the antenna used is much smaller than the wavelength of the carrier signal (thus preventing a standing wave from developing within the antenna). In the near-field (approx- imately one quarter of a wavelength)[1] the antenna can produce either an electric field, or a magnetic field, but not an electromagnetic field. Thus NFC communicates either practice a metre or more. If the antenna is just a few by a modulated electric field, or a modulated magnetic centimetres long, it will only set up the ‘near-field’ around field, but not by radio (electromagnetic waves). For ex- [2] itself, with length, width and depth of the field roughly the ample, a small loop antenna (also known as a magnetic same as the dimensions of the antenna. Very little energy loop) produces a magnetic field, which can then be picked will radiate away, it is essentially a stationary electromag- up by another small loop antenna, if it is near enough. netic field pulsating at 13.56 MHz. If another similarly Magnetic NFC has a useful property of being able to pen- small antenna comes into this field, it will induce an elec- etrate conductors[3] that would reflect radio waves. tric potential into it, alternating at the same frequency. Many mobile phones now use electric-field NFC (oper- By modulating the signal in the active antenna, one can ating at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, corresponding to a transmit a signal to the passive, receiving antenna. wavelength of 22.11 m) for certain special transactions Present and anticipated applications include contactless because the very short range of NFC makes it difficult to transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more eavesdrop on. To efficiently generate a far-field, which complex communications such as Wi-Fi.[4] Communica- means to send out radio waves of this wavelength, one tion is also possible between an NFC device and an un- typically needs an antenna of a quarter wavelength, in powered NFC chip, called a “tag”.[5]

1 2 1 USES

devices,[5] it is also capable of replacing earlier one-way applications.

1.1 Commerce

NFC devices can be used in contactless payment systems, similar to those currently used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards, and allow mobile payment to replace or supplement these systems. With the release of Android 4.4, Google introduced a new platform support for secure NFC-based transactions through Host Card Emulation (HCE),[6] for payments, loyalty programs, card access, transit passes, and other custom services. With HCE, any app on an Android 4.4 device can emulate an NFC smart card, letting users tap to initiate transactions with an app of their choice. Apps can also use a new Reader Mode so as to act as readers for HCE cards and other NFC-based transactions. On September 9, 2014, Apple also announced support for NFC-powered transactions as part of their Apple Pay program.[7] Apple stated that their version of NFC payment is more secure than competitors because Apple Pay An NFC enabled parking meter label used by the city of San implements tokenization of its data in order to encrypt it Francisco for payment and phone reminders of time remaining. and protect it from unauthorized use.[8] Developed by Cellotape/Tap4Mor.

1.2 Bootstrapping other connections

NFC offers a low-speed connection with extremely simple setup, and can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections.[9] For example, the Android Beam software uses NFC to complete the steps of enabling, pairing and establishing a Bluetooth connection when doing a file transfer, disabling Bluetooth automatically on both devices once the desired task has completed.[10] Nokia, Samsung, BlackBerry and Sony[11] have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets, media play- ers, and speakers with one tap in its NFC-enabled devices. The same principle can be applied to the con- figuration of Wi-Fi networks. This only works between Android devices version Jelly Bean and above. Samsung N-Mark Logo for NFC-enabled Devices Galaxy devices have a feature named S-Beam, an extension of Android Beam that uses NFC (to share MAC Address and IP addresses) and then uses WiFi Direct to 1 Uses share files and documents. The advantage of using WiFi Direct over Bluetooth is that it permits much faster data NFC builds upon RFID systems by allowing two-way transfers, having a speed of up to 300Mbit/s for sharing communication between endpoints, where earlier sys- large files.[12] tems such as contactless smart cards were one-way only. It has been used in devices such as Google Nexus since the Nexus S, but wasn't really used until Android 4.0 1.3 Social networking Ice Cream Sandwich was released with a feature called "Android Beam" which was first introduced with the NFC can be used in social networking situations, such as Galaxy Nexus. sharing contacts, photos, videos or files,[13] and entering Since unpowered NFC “tags” can also be read by NFC multiplayer mobile games.[14] 3

1.4 Identity and access tokens • 2009 In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contact, URL, initiate Blue- The NFC Forum promotes the potential for NFC-enabled tooth, etc.[22] devices to act as electronic identity documents and keycards.[9] As NFC has a short range and supports en- • 2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone cryption, it may be more suitable than earlier, less private shown[23][24] RFID systems. • 2010 The city of Nice in Southern France launches the “Nice City of contactless mobile” project, pro- 1.5 Smartphone automation and NFC tags viding inhabitants with new NFC generation mobile phones and bank cards, and a real “bouquet of ser- Smartphones equipped with NFC can be paired with vices” for their daily lives covering transportation, NFC Tags or stickers which can be programmed by NFC tourism and student’s services apps to automate tasks. These programs can allow for a change of phone settings, a text to be created and sent, an • 2011 Tapit Media launches in Sydney Australia as app to be launched, or any number of commands to be the ﬁrst specialized NFC marketing company executed, limited only by the NFC app and other apps on • the smartphone. 2011 Google I/O “How to NFC” demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app, These applications are perhaps the most practical current video, etc.[13] uses for NFC since it does not rely on a company or man- ufacturer but can be utilized immediately by anyone any- • 2011 NFC support becomes part of the Symbian where with an NFC-equipped smartphone and an NFC mobile operating system with the release of Sym- tag.[15] bian Anna version.[25]

• 2011 Research In Motion is the first company for its 1.6 Gaming devices to be certified by MasterCard Worldwide, the functionality of PayPass[26] See also: List of gaming NFC platforms • 2012 March. EAT., a well-known UK restaurant NFC has been used in video games starting with chain, and Everything Everywhere (Orange Mobile Skylanders: Spyro’s Adventure. With it you buy figurines Network Operator), partner on the UK’s first na- which are customizable and contain personal data with tionwide NFC-enabled smartposter campaign, led each figure, so no two figures are exactly alike. The Wii by René Batsford, head of ICT for EAT., also U is the first system to include NFC technology out of the known for deploying the UK’s first nationwide con- box. tactless payment solution in 2008. A specially created mobile phone app is triggered when the NFC enabled mobile phone comes into contact with the [27] 2 History smartposter. • 2012 Sony introduces the “Smart Tags”, which use NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identifica- NFC technology to change modes and profiles on tion, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio waves a Sony smartphone at close range, included in the to a passive electronic tag for identification, authentica- package of (and “perfectly paired” with) the Sony tion and tracking. Xperia P Smartphone released the same year.[28]

• [29] • 1983 The first patent to be associated with the ab- 2012 Samsung introduces TecTile; a set of breviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton.[16] MIFARE NFC stickers and a companion application for Android to read and write the TecTile stick- • 2002 Sony and Philips agreed on establishing a new ers, and design macros that can be triggered by them. technology specification and created a technical out- line on March 25, 2002.[17] • 2013 Samsung and Visa announce major partnership to develop mobile payments. • 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum[18] • 2013 IBM Scientists from Zurich, in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches have come up with • [19] 2006 Initial specifications for NFC Tags a new mobile authentication security technology • 2006 Specification for “SmartPoster” records[20] based on Near-Field Communication (NFC). IBM’s new technology works on similar principles to that • 2006 Nokia 6131 was the first NFC phone[21] of a dual-factor authentication security measure.[30] 4 3 STANDARDS

• 2014 Apple Inc. announces Apple Pay, an NFC pay- NFC tags contain data and are typically read-only, but ment feature for the iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus and may be rewriteable. They can be custom-encoded by their Apple Watch manufacturers or use the specifications provided by the NFC Forum, an industry association charged with pro- • 2014 Nintendo announces amiibo, a series of fig- moting the technology and setting key standards. The urines for use with the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U tags can securely store personal data such as debit and gaming platforms. credit card information, loyalty program data, PINs and networking contacts, among other information. The NFC Forum defines four types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of con- 3 Standards figurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. Tags currently offer between 96 and 4,096 3.1 Overview bytes of memory.

NFC standards cover communications protocols and • As with proximity card technology, near-field com- data exchange formats, and are based on existing munication uses magnetic induction between two radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards includ- loop antennas located within each other’s near field, ing ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa.[31] The standards include effectively forming an air-core transformer. It op- ISO/IEC 18092[32] and those defined by the NFC Forum, erates within the globally available and unlicensed which was founded in 2004 by Nokia, Philips Semicon- radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most ductors (became NXP Semiconductors since 2006) and of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed ±7 Sony, and now has more than 160 members.The Forum kHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral enve- also promotes NFC and certifies device compliance[33] lope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using ASK and whether it fits the criteria for being considered a modulation.[35] personal area network. In addition to the NFC Forum, • the GSMA has also worked to define a platform for the Theoretical working distance with compact standard deployment of “GSMA NFC Standards”. within mo- antennas: up to 20 cm (practical working distance of bile handsets. GSMA’s efforts include “Trusted Services about 4 cm) Manager”., Single Wire Protocol, testing and certifica- • Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s (the tion, “secure element”.. The GSMA standards surround- bit rate 848 kbit/s is not compliant with the standard ing the deployment of NFC protocols (governed by the ISO/IEC 18092) NFC Forum) on mobile handsets are neither exclusive nor universally accepted. For example, Google’s deployment • There are two modes: of Host Card Emulation on Android KitKat provides for software control of a universal radio. In this “HCE De- • Passive communication mode: The initiator ployment”., the NFC protocol is leveraged without the device provides a carrier field and the tar- GSMA standards. get device answers by modulating the existing field. In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator-provided 3.2 Essential specifications electromagnetic field, thus making the target device a transponder. NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typi- • Active communication mode: Both initiator cally requiring a distance of 10 cm or less. NFC operates and target device communicate by alternately at 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at generating their own fields. A device deacti- rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always vates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively gen- this mode, both devices typically have power erates an RF field that can power a passive target. This supplies. enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require • NFC employs two different codings to transfer data. batteries. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit/s, a [12] provided both devices are powered. A patent licens- modified Miller coding with 100% modulation is ing program for NFC is currently under deployment by used. In all other cases Manchester coding is used France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. The pro- with a modulation ratio of 10%. gram under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories, termi- • NFC devices are able to receive and transmit data at nated in May 2012. A public, platform-independent NFC the same time. Thus, they can check for potential library is released under the free GNU Lesser General collisions, if the received signal frequency does not Public License by the name libnfc.[34] match with the transmitted signal’s frequency. 5.2 GSMA 5

4 Comparison with Bluetooth NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 both Type A and Type B, and FeliCa. NFC and Bluetooth are both short-range communica- NFC enabled phones work at a basic level with existing tion technologies that are integrated into mobile phones. readers. In “card emulation mode” an NFC device should As described in technical detail above, NFC operates transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to an ex- at slower speeds than Bluetooth, but consumes far less isting reader. In addition, the NFC Forum has defined power and doesn't require pairing.[36] a common data format called NFC Data Exchange For- mat (NDEF), which can store and transport various kinds NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but of items, ranging from any MIME-typed object to ultra- has a lower transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy. With short RTD-documents,[39] such as URLs. The NFC Fo- NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to rum added the Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol to the identify devices, the connection between two NFC de- spec that allows sending and receiving messages between vices is automatically established in less than a tenth of two NFC-enabled devices.[40] a second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s). With a maximum working distance of less than 20 cm, 5.2 GSMA NFC has a shorter range, which reduces the likelihood of unwanted interception. That makes NFC particularly The GSM Association (GSMA) is the global trade asso- suitable for crowded areas where correlating a signal with ciation representing nearly 800 mobile phone operators its transmitting physical device (and by extension, its user) and more than 200 product and service companies across becomes difficult. 219 countries. Many of its members have led NFC tri- In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is compatible with exist- als around the World and are now preparing services for [41] ing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infras- commercial launch. tructures. NFC requires comparatively low power, sim- GSM is involved with several initiatives: ilar to the Bluetooth V4.0 low energy protocol. When NFC works with an unpowered device (e.g., on a phone • that may be turned off, a contactless smart credit card, a Standard setting: GSMA is developing certification and testing standards to ensure the global interoper- smart poster), however, the NFC power consumption is [41] greater than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy, since ability of NFC services. illuminating the passive tag needs extra power.[36] • The Pay-Buy-Mobile initiative seeks to define a common global approach to using Near Field Com- munications (NFC) technology to link mobile de- 5 Standardization bodies and in- vices with payment and contactless systems.[42][43]

dustry projects • On November 17, 2010, after two years of dis- cussions, AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile launched a 5.1 Standards joint venture intended to develop a single platform on which technology based on the Near Field Com- NFC was approved as an ISO/IEC standard on December munication (NFC) speciﬁcations can be used by 8, 2003 and later as an ECMA standard. their customers to make mobile payments. The new venture, then known as Isis Mobile Wallet and now NFC is an open platform technology standardized in as Softcard, is designed to usher in the broad deploy- ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards spec- ment of NFC technology, allowing NFC-enabled ify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and cell phones to function similarly to credit cards for frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as the 200 million customers using cell phone service well as initialization schemes and conditions required for provided by any of the three carriers throughout the data collision-control during initialization for both pas- United States. sive and active NFC modes. Furthermore, they also de- ﬁne the transport protocol, including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. The air interface for NFC is standardized in: 5.3 StoLPaN

StoLPaN ('Store Logistics and Payment with NFC') is ISO/IEC 18092 / ECMA-340 Near Field Communica- a pan-European consortium supported by the European tion Interface and Protocol-1 (NFCIP-1)[37] Commission's Information Society Technologies program. StoLPaN will examine the as yet untapped poten- ISO/IEC 21481 / ECMA-352 Near Field Communica- tial for the new kind of local wireless interface, NFC and tion Interface and Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2)[38] mobile communication. 6 8 NFC-ENABLED HANDSETS

5.4 NFC Forum detail how to leverage NFC’s resistance to man-in-the- middle attacks to establish a specific key.[45] Unfortu- The NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association nately, as this technique is not part of the ISO standard, formed on March 18, 2004, by NXP Semiconductors, NFC offers no protection against eavesdropping and can Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC short-range be vulnerable to data modifications. Applications may wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile de- use higher-layer cryptographic protocols (e.g., SSL) to vices and PCs. The NFC Forum promotes implemen- establish a secure channel. tation and standardization of NFC technology to en- The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked sure interoperability between devices and services. As up with antennas. The distance from which an attacker is of June 2013, the NFC Forum had over 190 member [44] able to eavesdrop the RF signal depends on numerous pa- companies. rameters, but is typically a small number of metres.[46] Also, eavesdropping is highly affected by the commu- 5.5 Alternative form factors nication mode. A passive device that doesn't generate its own RF field is much harder to eavesdrop on than an active device. An attacker can typically eavesdrop To realize the benefits of NFC in cellphones not yet within 10m and 1m for active devices and passive devices, equipped with built in NFC chips a new line of com- respectively.[45] plementary devices were created. MicroSD and UICC SIM cards were developed to incorporate industry stan- Because NFC devices usually include ISO/IEC 14443 dard contactless smartcard chips with ISO14443 inter- protocols, the relay attacks described are also feasible on face, with or without built-in antenna. The microSD and NFC.[47][48] For this attack the adversary has to forward SIM form factors with built-in antenna have the great po- the request of the reader to the victim and relay back its tential as bridge devices to shorten the time to market answer to the reader in real time, in order to carry out of contactless payment and couponing applications, while a task pretending to be the owner of the victim’s smart the built in NFC controllers gain enough market share. card. This is similar to a man-in-the-middle attack. For more information see a survey of practical relay attack concepts.[49] One of libnfc code examples demonstrates 5.6 Other standardization bodies a relay attack using only two stock commercial NFC devices. It has also been shown that this attack can be prac- Other standardization bodies that are involved in NFC in- tically implemented using only two NFC-enabled mobile clude: phones.[50]

• ETSI / SCP (Smart Card Platform) to specify the interface between the SIM card and the NFC chipset. 8 NFC-enabled handsets • GlobalPlatform to specify a multi-application architecture of the secure element. Main article: List of NFC-enabled mobile devices • EMVCo for the impacts on the EMV payment applications In 2011, handset vendors released more than 40 NFC- enabled handsets. The iPhone 6 line is the first set of handsets from Apple to support NFC,[51] and will use Apple Pay for payment services. Google also includes 6 Community and open source NFC functionality in its Android mobile operating sys- projects tem and provides an NFC payment service, Google Wal- let. Google Wallet is officially supported on most NFC A growing number of online communities and open equipped mobile devices running Android 4.4 Kit Kat source projects contribute to the growth of NFC. Projects which introduced Host Card Emulation for NFC pay- range from full NFC stacks to NFC message composition ments. BlackBerry devices have also supported NFC and platform-specific tools. using BlackBerry Tag on a number of devices running BlackBerry OS 7.0 and greater.[52] Mastercard has added further NFC support for PayPass for the An- droid and BlackBerry platforms, enabling PayPass users 7 Security to make payments using their Android or BlackBerry smartphones[53] in addition to a partnership between Although the communication range of NFC is limited to a Samsung and Visa to include a 'paywave' application few centimeters, NFC alone does not ensure secure com- on the Galaxy S4 smartphone.[54] Microsoft added na- munications. In 2006, Ernst Haselsteiner and Klemens tive NFC functionality in their mobile OS with Windows Breitfuß described different possible types of attacks, and Phone 8, as well as the Windows 8 operating system. Mi- 7 crosoft provides the “Wallet hub” in Windows Phone 8 officially launched in April 2014 and is the 1st of its for NFC payment, and can integrate multiple NFC pay- kind offered in Canada.[58] ment services within a single application.[55] • According to the Ministry of Industry & Commerce, Sri Lanka's first workforce smartcard, uses NFC. 9 Deployments • As of December 13, 2013 Tim Hortons TimmyME BlackBerry 10 Application allows users to link their Main article: List of applications of near field communi- existing prepaid Tim Card to the app, allowing pay- cation ment by tapping the NFC enabled device to a standard contactless terminal. An Android version of the application is expected in January 2014.[59] As of April 2011, several hundred NFC trials have been conducted. Some firms have moved to full-scale service • Google Wallet allows consumers to store credit deployments, spanning either a single country or multiple card and store loyalty card information in a vir- countries. Multi-country deployments include Orange's tual wallet and then use an NFC-enabled device rollout of NFC technology to banks, retailers, transport, at terminals that also accept MasterCard PayPass and service providers in multiple European countries,[56] transactions.[60] and Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologies deploying • [61] [62] [63] to 15 countries throughout Africa.[57] Germany, Austria, Finland, New Zealand,[64] Italy,[65] Iran,[66] and Turkey[67] have trialed NFC ticketing systems for public • China telecom (China’s 3rd largest mobile operator) transport. The Lithuanian capital of Vilnius fully made its NFC rollout in November 2013. The com- replaced paper tickets for public transportation with pany has signed up nearly 12 banks to make their ISO/IEC 14443 Type A cards on July 1, 2013.[68] payment apps available on its SIM Cards. China telecom stated that the wallet would also support • NFC stickers based payments in Australia’s coupons, membership cards, fuel cards and boarding Bankmecu and card issuer Cuscal have completed passes. The company wishes to achieve targets of an NFC payment sticker trial, enabling consumers rolling out 40 NFC phone models and 30 Mn NFC to make contactless payments at Visa payWave SIMs by 2014. terminals using a smart sticker stuck to their phone. Bankmecu now plans to further test the service • Softcard (formerly Isis Mobile Wallet), a joint ven- before launching it to its wider cardholder base in ture from Verizon Wireless, AT&T and T-Mobile, the next few months. focuses on in-store payments making use of NFC technology. After doing pilots in some regions, they • India is implementing NFC based transactions in launched across the US recently. box offices for ticketing purposes.[69] • • Vodafone recently announced the launch of an A partnership of Google and Equity Bank in Kenya NFC-based mobile payment service in Spain. The has introduced NFC payment systems for pub- Vodafone SmartPass service has been developed in lic transport in the Capital city Nairobi under the partnership with Visa. It enables consumers with branding “Beba Pay” an NFC enabled mobile device to make contactless payments via their SmartPass credit balance at any POS. 10 See also • OTI, an Israeli company that designs and develops • CIPURSE contactless microprocessor based smart card technology, recently signed a major contract to supply • EZ-link NFC-readers to one of its channel partners in the • U.S. According to the terms of the agreement, the M-Pesa partner is required to buy $10MM worth of OTI • Near and far field NFC readers over 3 years. • Object hyperlinking • Rogers Communications announced on 7 Novem- ber that it is launching a new virtual wallet Sure- • Poken tap that works on NFC technology to enable users • to make payments with their phone. Rogers now RuBee struck a deal with MasterCard that allows users of • TecTiles Suretap to load up gift cards and pre-paid Master- Cards from national retailers. The Suretap wallet • TransferJet 8 11 NOTES

• UICC conﬁguration [20] “NFC Forum Publishes Speciﬁcation For “SmartPoster” Records”. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2011. • Wii U GamePad [21] “Nokia 6131 NFC”. 7 January 2007. Retrieved 14 June • New Nintendo 3DS 2011.

[22] “NFC Forum Announces Two New Speciﬁcations to Fos- ter Device Interoperability and Peer-to-Peer Device Com- 11 Notes munication”. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2011.

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[15] Wrye, Eric. “NFC Tag Ideas and Video Demos”. [35] Patauner, C. “EuraSIP” (PDF). |chapter= ignored (help)

[16] Charles A. Walton “Portable radio frequency emitting [36] “Near Field Communication Versus Bluetooth”. Re- identiﬁer” U.S. Patent 4,384,288 issue date May 17, 1983. trieved 28 November 2012.

[17] “PHILIPS AND SONY ANNOUNCE STRATEGIC [37] Ecma International: Standard ECMA-340, Near Field COOPERATION TO DEFINE NEXT GENERATION Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1), De- NEAR FIELD RADIO-FREQUENCY COMMUNICA- cember 2004 TIONS”. Sony Global. 5 September 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2013. [38] Ecma International: Standard ECMA-352, Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol–2 (NFCIP-2), [18] “Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Com- December 2003 munication (NFC) Forum”. NFC Forum. 18 March 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2011. [39] “NFC-forum.org”. NFC Forum. Retrieved 9 October 2014. [19] “NFC Forum Unveils Technology Architecture And An- nounces Initial Speciﬁcations And Mandatory Tag Format [40] Electronista Article: New NFC spec lets two phones swap Support”. 5 June 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2011. messages, October 2011 9

[41] World’s leading mobile operators announce commitment [59] Rian Boden (13 December 2013). “Tim Hortons launches to NFC technology, GSMA press release, corporate web- NFC payments service using Host Card Emulation”. NFC site, February 21, 2011. World+. Retrieved 9 October 2014.

[42] GSM Association Aims For Global Point Of Sale Pur- [60] “Google Wallet — where it works”. Google. Retrieved chases by Mobile Phone, GSM Association, 13 February 11 December 2011. 2007 [61] “Germany: Transit Officials Enable Users to Tap or Scan [43] Momentum Builds Around GSMA’s Pay-Buy Mobile in New Trial”. NFC Times. February 11, 2011. Project, GSM Association, 25 April 2007 [62] “Austria: 'Rollout' Uses NFC Reader Mode To Sell Tick- [44] Verizon Wireless and Discover Financial Services Join the ets and Snacks”. NFC Times. March 1, 2011. NFC Forum as Principal Members, NFC Forum Press [63] Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Release, June 19, 2013. Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1593157203. [45] Ernst Haselsteiner, Klemens Breitfuß: Security in near field communication (NFC) PDF (158 kB), Philips Semi- [64] “Telecom New Zealand and Westpac test NFC with Auck- conductors, Printed handout of Workshop on RFID Secu- land Transport”. NFC World. April 30, 2012. rity RFIDSec 06, July 2006 [65] “Italy: Telecom Italia and ATM to launch NFC ticketing [46] Hancke, Gerhard P (July 2008). “4th Workshop on RFID service in Milan”. NFC World. April 24, 2009. Security (RFIDsec'08)". pp. 100–13. |chapter= ignored (help) [66] “Irancell demonstrates NFC payments and ticketing”. NFC World. Retrieved 2 April 2014. [47] Gerhard P. Hancke:A practical relay attack on ISO/IEC 14443 proximity cards, February 2005. [67] “Turkcell Wallet Transport”. NFC. April 30, 2012. [68] Vilniaus miesto viešojo transporto ELEKTRONINIS [48] Timo Kasper et al. 2007 BILIETAS - Dažniausiai užduodami klausimai apie [49] Gerhard P. Hancke, et al.:Confidence in Smart Token pokyčius viešojo transporto bilietų sistemoje. Vil- Proximity: Relay Attacks Revisited nieciokortele.lt. Retrieved on 2013-08-23. [69] “India: NFC used for ticketing”. Financialexpress. June [50] Lishoy Francis, et al.:Practical Relay Attack on Contact- 2012. less Transactions by Using NFC Mobile Phones

[51] COOK, JAMES. “In Challenge To Android, Apple Has Banned Apps From Using The iPhone 6’s NFC Pay- 12 References ment Chip Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/ apple-bans-developers-from-using-iphone-6-nfc-2014-9# • ixzz3Gtwanzil". http://www.businessinsider.com/ Ortiz, C. Enrique (June 2006). “An Introduction apple-bans-developers-from-using-iphone-6-nfc-2014-9. to Near-Field Communication and the Contactless businessinsider. Retrieved 22 October 2014. Communication API”. Retrieved 2008-10-24. • [52] BlackBerry - BlackBerry 7 OS - BB7 - BB 7 OS - New Kasper, Timo; Dario Carluccio; Christof Paar (May BlackBerry 7 for the new Torch, Curve, & Bold - Canada. 2007). “An embedded system for practical se- Ca.blackberry.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-23. curity analysis of contactless smartcards” (PDF). Springer LNCS (Workshop in Information Secu- [53] MasterCard Bets On NFC: Releases PayPass Developer rity Theory and Practices 2007, Heraklion, Crete, Toolkit For Android, BlackBerry Platforms. TechCrunch Greece) 4462: 150–60. (2012-09-17). Retrieved on 2013-08-23.

[54] Murph, Darren. (2013-02-25) Visa and Samsung ink worldwide NFC deal, practically guarantees payWave on 13 Further reading your Galaxy S IV. Engadget.com. Retrieved on 2013-08- 23. • Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology and [55] Fingas, Jon. (2012-06-20) Windows Phone 8 to support Measurements multi-core CPUs, HD resolutions, SD cards and NFC. En- • Andreas Prinz: Interaction Design Patterns for NFC- gadget.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-23. based Electronic Data Capture Applications. Prinz [56] “NFC World”. December 10, 2010. |chapter= ignored Publishing, Dieburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816875-0- (help) 7.

[57] “NFC World”. February 14, 2011. |chapter= ignored • Memory Capacity and Compatibility of Common (help) NFC Chips

[58] “Redirect to the right page”. Retrieved 9 October 2014. • Verifying very-near-ﬁeld antenna measurements 10 14 EXTERNAL LINKS

14 External links

• A day at MIT with Near-Field Communication 11

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.1 Text • Near field communication Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near%20field%20communication?oldid=635772184 Contributors: Kp- jas, JeLuF, Heron, Edward, Ellywa, Ronz, William M. Connolley, Jiang, Conti, Juxo, RickK, Andrewman327, Trivee, Radiojon, Omegatron, Sander123, Pigsonthewing, Xanzzibar, Tobias Bergemann, Andries, Orangemike, Zigger, Theon, Markus Kuhn, Pascal666, Rchandra, Bobblewik, Alister, Alexf, OwenBlacker, DmitryKo, Perey, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Horkana, Bender235, ESkog, Danielbutler, Geekjim, Dirkx, Polluks, Cncxbox, Cavrdg, Dtynan, Disneyfreak96, Walter Görlitz, Wtshymanski, Saxifrage, Dismas, Brycen, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, David Haslam, FvdM, Armando, Ruud Koot, Knuckles, GregorB, Eyreland, Mandarax, BD2412, Pmj, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Vegaswikian, FlaBot, Tedder, Chobot, Benlisquare, Bgwhite, Mahahahaneapneap, Ericyu, RussBot, Wid- dma, Bhny, Jengelh, Sneak, Afiler, Dureo, Malcolma, Peter Delmonte, Tim baker, Mcicogni, Dan Harkless, Sandstein, Ninly, E Wing, Alevchuk, Back ache, Allens, NeilN, Mrslippery, SmackBot, Pjthompso, Grye, Agentbla, Mauls, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Lak- shmin, GBL, Bluebot, Thumperward, Jazmatician, Mdwh, Adpete, Nbarth, Jdthood, Zouzzou, Frap, Easwarno1, Gabi S., Cyberco- bra, Sbeitzel, ChaoticPup, Romanski, Amendt, Wenom, CmdrObot, Barryred, Neelix, Timtrent, Leon Vandenberg, Phatom87, La- dida, Wikien2009, Steel, MB-one, Gogo Dodo, Christian75, JohnInDC, JRI, ChrisEich, Zzyss, NocNokNeo, Dawnseeker2000, Kraka- toaKatie, Obiwankenobi, [email protected], Kbthompson, Rsocol, Skaterkfbs, Sss333, Dougher, JAnDbot, Barek, Mtmchn, Severo, Xyberdawg, Magioladitis, Siamax, BobTheMad, Adrianski, Steven Walling, Nikevich, Timoarnall, LorenzoB, JefeMixtli, Der- Hexer, Jim.henderson, Nikpapag, J.delanoy, Mojodaddy, Tobytobsen, Sigmundpetersen, Roseau, Engr97035, RenniePet, Wiki timo, Suavi, Wallacrw, Tweisbach, Lamp90, Jös, RVJ, CrZTgR, RAWINPUT, Dave Andrew, Rrobason, RingtailedFox, Jmrowland, Bluhd, Kyle the bot, Nikao, TXiKiBoT, Wikidemon, Sid.iit.cse, Kevin Steinhardt, Martin451, Broadbot, Xlfutur1, PDFbot, PhilippeTeuwen, Andy Dingley, Haseo9999, Robatenderley, Ka6s, Prolixium, Vicmaxabc, Id027411, SieBot, ToePeu.bot, Gerakibot, Toh-maag, Flyer22, Dnathe4th, Lightmouse, Pvdl, JohnnyMrNinja, Rstonehouse, Go2Null, Henk Poley, Bmduffy, EoGuy, Curiouscitizen, CounterVandalism- Bot, Niceguyedc, JJuran, GlobalPlatform, Bbb2007, Excirial, Nathan Laing, Joosteto, Apaus, B.Zsolt, JasonAQuest, Dank, Pmc4ever, Hellinx.kelly, Apparition11, SF007, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, OhioTrivium, Ost316, Libcub, Mitch Ames, Gabriel2008, Addbot, Mortense, ,Wireless friend, Ben Ben, Legobot, Yobot ,ماني ,Ghettoblaster, Milominderbinder2, Cst17, MrOllie, Download, Glane23, Lightbot WikiDan61, Kamesenin, Kirov Airship, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Piano non troppo, Pete463251, Mihal Orela, BASWIM, ChristopheS, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, Quebec99, Xqbot, Pboonpume, Caloss, Alexander U. Ivanov, Cpaternain, Roeylee, Tinkles, GrouchoBot, Ivanmilara, Mytroshyn, FrescoBot, Marcelolima, Lnp80, Alexkozak, Sae1962, Avbentem, I dream of horses, LittleWink, Toro laurent, Npelly, Ltomuta, Full-date unlinking bot, Expertcom, Adelya, Chris Caven, Lotje, Jgrellet, Eebrah, Aoidh, Sideways713, DARTH SID- IOUS 2, RjwilmsiBot, Davidrr, Chanchal1987, DRAGON BOOSTER, Lmkahn, EmausBot, Ton Brasvetico, Interframe, WikitanvirBot, Hirsutism, Mstintino, CharlesVercauteren, GoingBatty, RenamedUser01302013, Ondr, Kb9oee, Emrahyilmaz, ZéroBot, Kalpesh.v.mistry, Bollyjeff, NFCEXPERTS2010, Mzetlin, Pierre.mullin, Rol-mich, Sheng-pps, Kasm279, Sahimrobot, Donner60, Jaydenfin, MainFrame, Tot12, Manipande, DrTheNewWay, Top Jim, Hsiaoya, AndUde, ClueBot NG, Taret, PratKrishnan, Chester Markel, Mackwho, Doug Grinbergs, Nesa0treb, Rikisoumya, MarcusKabele, Amr.rs, Luckydb, Ravinadha, Widr, Smart Poster, Rfidwriter, CasualVisitor, Choe- ichiu, Helpful Pixie Bot, Jprzybylowska, Evegard, Cowthief, BG19bot, Thedonutguy, DupontC, BendelacBOT, Space Rubbish, Drizzt- fire, Mclark5587, Shaolinx, Ravid1323, Mopius, Neøn, Ak-4kev, Jtangsw, Paganinip, Delioglan, Anubhab91, Sandakelum, Compfreak7, Arkhandar, Ed Koush, Numquam1, Cadiomals, Rt kukadiya007, VirusKA, Per1234, HLBG, Asok.prakash, Amirnor9, Leightski, Ron- sarweh, Johnschmoker, Andyindevon, ALSIN73, Yohaneslelono, Habencius, Agent 78787, BattyBot, Pai Walisongo, Divonnais, Pratyya Ghosh, SergeantHippyZombie, Mrt3366, ChrisGualtieri, Mediran, Renebatsford, Khazar2, Jegan11, Orentc, Rezonansowy, Schmutziiik, Pama73, Mogism, TapitNFC, Katestoney, Drjoergschmidt, Morfusmax, FaradayLupin, AgnesLP, Razibot, Theonlyanil, Hollywoodfrodo, Epicgenius, Damianpsp, Wagnerah, Szchanghong, Arami76, Melonkelon, Chum63, Wikikashish, Babitaarora, Cellotape1, Motivational online radio, Belunga40, Haidernawaz99, LokeshRavindranathan, Sncp07, Prateeksarpal91, Jozef Stodulski, J8048188, Justas1356, Con- tingentNecessity, Longcao, RyDawg96, Cop epaste, Ksayli, Noah Colon, Hdrien, Monkbot, JackKoszela, Noyesclt, Scarlettail, Hmisland2, GrahamJohnEdwardWright, Pas75, Unrequestedsillything, Paul Badillo, Uttster, Jack Matelot, Wlulc, Simpleshow foundation, SteveRob- bins91302, Einstein371, FacultiesIntact and Anonymous: 583

15.2 Images • File:Acap.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Acap.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Ambox_important.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs) • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:NFC-Fahrscheinentwerter.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/NFC-Fahrscheinentwerter.jpg Li- cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sae1962 • File:NFC-N-Mark-Logo.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/NFC-N-Mark-Logo.png License: Fair use Con- tributors: The logo is from the http://www.nfc-forum.org website. Original artist: ? • File:NFC_touch_interactions_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/NFC_touch_interactions_2.jpg Li- cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Timo Arnall, Oslo School of Architecture & Design • File:Near_Field_Communication_in_a_nutshell.webm Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Near_Field_ Communication_in_a_nutshell.webm License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDfdXzYssMFD_ lQOrN5WXUg Original artist: Linda Mueller, Christian Lipowsky • File:Paybyphone.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Paybyphone.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contrib- utors: took picture with camera Previously published: www.tap4mor.com Original artist: Cellotape1 12 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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