IJESR/April 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-4/2863-2870 ISSN 2277-2685 International Journal of Engineering & Science Research NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION: AN ANOTHER LEAP IN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT Rashmi Deshmukh*1, Shweta Datey 2 1 Student, P R Pote (Patil) College of Engineering, Sant Gadge Baba University, Amravati, India. 2Lecturer, Jankidevi Bajaj College of Science, Wardha, India. ABSTRACT Near Field Communication is a type of communication that involves wirelessly transmitting data from one hardware device to another physical object, provided they are in short range within 10 cm of one another. It is a short-range high frequency wireless communication technology that enables the exchange of data.NFC is an upgrade of the existing proximity card standard (RFID) that combines the interface of a smartcard and a reader into a single device. It allows users to seamlessly share content between digital devices. The main advantage of NFC over Bluetooth is the shorter set-up time. Due to its shorter range, NFC provides a higher degree of security than Bluetooth and makes NFC suitable for crowded areas where correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device might otherwise prove impossible. The foundations of the NFC ecosystem are now largely in place, says Gerry Kelliher, Europe Sales Operations Leader at Research in Motion. "Large scale initiatives like Visa's Pay Wave and Master card's Pay Pass mean that NFC terminals are appearing in thousands of UK high street shops." NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identification, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio waves to a passive electronic tag for identification, authentication and tracking. Keywords: Near Field Communication, Technology, RFID. INTRODUCTION Near Field Communication abbreviated as NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies. It is the new communication technology used to transfer the data between an NFC supported device and a tag, as information in it may read or write in variety of formats. It allows peer to peer data exchange with supported devices. It allows you to share small payloads of data between an NFC tag and a one or two Android-powered device. Other companies also preparing NFC enabled phones. The only mobile phone that supports it was the Google Nexus S till Feb. 2011.Now; it is available in Android smartphones. However in a few years it may become an integral part of our lives and something we cannot live without. NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID). *Corresponding Author www.ijesr.org 2863 IJESR/April 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-4/2863-2870 ISSN 2277-2685 NFC offers a low-speed connection with extremely simple setup, and can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. It is a type of communication that involves wirelessly transmitting data from one hardware device to another physical object, provided they are in short range(within 10 cms) of one another. NFC might be new to us, but the technology isn’t. The industry standard for it was established previously. It’s a regular feature of our commute.One of more interesting use cases is about a beer dispenser created by Google’s employee.It uses an NFC tablet to scan a person’s badge and determine if he or she is authorised to drink the beer.But,so far,the most prevalent use of NFC has been in payments. Near Field Communication abbreviated as NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies. It is the new communication technology used to transfer the data between an NFC supported device and a tag, as information in it may read or write in variety of formats.It allows peer to peer data exchange with supported devices. It allows you to share small payloads of data between an NFC tag and a one or two Android-powered device. Other companies also preparing NFC enabled phones.The only mobile phone that supports it is the Google Nexus S till Feb. 2011.Now,it is available in Android smartphones.However in a few years it may become an integral part of our lives and something we cannot live without.NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing radio- frequency identification (RFID). NFC offers a low-speed connection with extremely simple setup, and can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. Tags can range in complexity. Simple tags offer just read and write semantics, sometimes with one-time-programmable areas to make the card read-only. More complex tags offer math operations, and have cryptographic hardware to authenticate access to a sector. The most sophisticated tags contain operating environments, allowing complex interactions with code executing on the tag. The data stored in the tag can also be written in a variety of formats, but many of the Android framework APIs are based around a standard called NDEF (NFC Data Exchange Format). HISTORY NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identification, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio waves to a passive electronic tag for identification, authentication and tracking. As explained in Wikipedia of NFC, History is, • 1983 The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton. • 1995 wallet paying and receiving electronic, described in the report and annexes describing the invention of Gaston Schwabacher in 0017 patented protocol 24/01/1995 at INPI Brazil with the IP number 9500345 • 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum • 2006 Initial specifications for NFC Tags Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved 2864 IJESR/April 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-4/2863-2870 ISSN 2277-2685 • 2006 Nokia 6131 was the first NFC phone • 2009 In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contact, URL, initiate Bluetooth, etc. • 2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone shown • 2011 Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app, video, etc. • 2011 NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile operating system with the release of Symbian Anna version. • 2011 Research In Motion is the first company for its devices to be certified by MasterCard Worldwide, the functionality of PayPass. • 2012 Sony introduces the "Smart Tags", which use NFC technology to change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range, included in the package of (and "perfectly paired" with) the Sony Xperia P Smartphone released the same year.2012 Samsung introduces TecTile; a set of MIFARE NFC stickers and a companion application for Android to read and write the TecTile stickers, and design macros that can be triggered by them. SPECIFICATION & RANGE NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 10 cm or less. NFC operates at 13.5on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target, the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries.NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered. A patent licensing program for NFC is currently under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary. A public, platform-independent NFC library is released under the free GNU Lesser General Public License by the namelibnfc. The NFC Forum defines four types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. Tags currently offer between 96 and 4,096 bytes of memory. • As with proximity card technology, near-field communication uses magnetic induction between two loop antennas located within each other's near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed ±7 kHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using ASK modulation. • Theoretical working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm (practical working distance of about 4 cm) • Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit /s (the bit rate 848 kbit/s is not compliant with the standard ISO/IEC 18092) Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved 2865 IJESR/April 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-4/2863-2870 ISSN 2277-2685 TWO MODES • Passive communication mode: The initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating the existing field. In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator-provided electromagnetic field, thus making the target device a transponder. • Active communication mode: Both initiator and target device communicate by alternately generating their own fields. A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In this mode, both devices typically have power supplies. COMPARISON WITH BLUETOOTH Speed Active device Passive device 424 kbit/s Manchester, 10%ASK Manchester, 10% ASK 212 kbit/s Manchester, 10% ASK Manchester, 10% ASK 106 kbit/s Modified Miller, 100% ASK Manchester, 10% ASK (Source: www.wikipedia.org) NFC works at slower speeds than Bluetooth, but requires very less power and doesn't need pairing.It sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has a less transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s). NFC particularly suitable for crowded areas where relating a signal with its transmitting physical device becomes difficult.In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is well suited with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures.