SUBJECT INDEX

as supplied by the contributing authors

Abies religiosa, 152, 754, 758, 770 differences in zugunruhe, 570-575 Acanthllster piiJnd, 253 differential migration, 554-555, 558­ Acanthephyra spp., 61 566 Acartio spp., 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82 dominance, 559, 565-561 A. cltwsi, 74, 76 fidelity to previous wintering site, A. tonsa, 74, 76, 79 561-564 acclimation partial migration, 554, 551, 564 , 178-179, 179 survivorship, 556, 560-566 , 178, 179-180 timing of migration, 570-575 definition, 178 aggregation, 425, 426-427, 430-432, , 176, 178, 181, 182, 185, 648 186, 188 breeding, 252 Acmaea spp., 215 aggression, intraspecific: see also acridids, II, 687-699: see also despotism in birds, dominance in birds, grasshoppers, locusts, migration of 260, 261-262 grasshoppers and locusts Agraulis wmillae, 704, 705, 706, 707 Acrocephalus palustris (marsh warbler), boundary layer, 704-705 525-526 migrants Acrochaetium jlexuosum, 231 numbers of, 705, 7fY1, 7CYJ, 714, Acyrthosiphon pisum, 31, 628, 819 718 adipokinetic hormone (AKH), 799, 808, orientation, 713 810, 817, 826, 827, 829, 832 agroecosystems, 643 and flight behavior, 830, 832 Alces alces, 458 and flight fuel , 827 , 114-194, 227-239 and hemolymph lipid, 817, 826, 827, epiphytic, 227, 228, 233, 234, 236 829 growth rates, 116, 125, 129 in Carausius morosus, 829 movement (of) in Danaus plexippus, 799, 808, 810, blue-green algae, 114, 116, 118, 830, 832 123, 124, 125, 127' 128, 129 in locusts, 826 , 117, 124 in Manduca sexta, 829 factors affecting, 114, 115, 118, in Periplaneta, 829 119, 123, 124 aeroplankton, 16, 644 , 114, 118, 119, 124, aestivation: see diapause 129 Africa, north, 318 physical considerations, 114-115, age and migration in birds 117' 127' 129' 129 Subject Index 843

rates of, 115, 117, 119, 123, 125, Artibeus 127, 128-129, 129 A. jatnaicensis, 411 Alosa sopidissima (American shad), 34, A. liturotus, 411 35, 277' 279-284, 280, 283, 361 Asclepiadaceae, 648 Alosysia spp. (whitebrush), 739 Asclepias spp., 749, 750, 757, 766, altitude, of bird flight, 614 767, 768 ~rica,4S4489,493,495,496 Asterias rubens, 250, 253 American shad (Alosa sopidissima Asterionella formostJ, 117, 121, 124, effects of water temperature on 125, 126, 126, 128, 169, 170, 171, migration of, 279, 280, 283 172 eggs and larvae of, 279, 280, 280 Astropecten spp., 250 general biology of, 279, 280 A. aranciacus, 250 reproductive success of, 277, 278, A. jonstoni, 250, 254 279, 280 Atlantic Amiet, 483, 497 coast, 277, 279, 281, 281, 282, 282 amphibians, 426 Ocean, 608, 614-615, 615 Anabaena spp., 127, 128 north, 317, 326 A. circi1111lis, 122 salmon, 291 A. spiroides f. spiroides, 122 Atolla vanhoef/eni, 64 Anachis avaro semplicata, 227, 228, , spp. 102, 103, lOS 229, 235 Australia, 414, 416, 752, 769 Anchoa spp. (anchovies), 340 avoidance of periodic currents, 93 androgens Aymara, 496, 497 activational effects of, 398 hyalinum, 121 dispersal behavior and, 397, 488, 400 Bahamas, 316, 323, 326, 331, 332 organizational effects of, 398, 404­ Bahrain, 482, 497 405,406 Balanus perjorotus, 74 Anguilla , 641 A. anguilla, 316, 317 balsa raft, 487-490, 493, 494 A. rostrata, 316, 317 barriers, topographical, 545 antelope, saiga, nomadism, 444, 451 Barro Colorado Island, 415 Antrozous pallidus, 411 bathypelagic, 52, 57 Aphanizomenon jlos-aqUIJI!, 116, 121 bats, 466, 468 Aphidoidea (), 8, 11, 31, 33, cues for orientation, 410 628,629,643,644 radio-tracking, 410, 411, 417 life history correlates, 626, 627-630 random movements, 410 response to crowding, 630 roost fidelity, 410, 411 response to host nutrition, 624, trans-Atlantic dispersal by Myotis 627-630 lucifugus, 420 wing polymorphism, 624, 626 Bay of Biscay, 323 Aphis fabae, 33, 629, 819 beaches Apis meUijero (honeybees), 10, 518 spawning on, 271, 279, 285 Aplysia brasUiana, 212, 213, 216, 217, in Newfoundland, 285 218, 221, 222 mixing waters off of, 285, 287 Apodemus sylvaticus (woodmouse), 470 sediments of, 287, 289 Arabia, 482-484 bear, grizzly, home ranges, 452 archaeology, 481, 482, 484 Bedouin, 467 armyworm moths, 533 behavior 844 Subject Index

ecology, 6, 17 Branta canadensis (Canada goose), 528 evolution, 10, 17 breeding populations, 750, 751, 752, exploratory, 5, 10-11 , 17, 20 758 diapause, 724, 726-731, 728, 734, Bregmaceros nectabanus, 50 743, 744 Brevicoryne brassicae, 628 flight, 12, 13, 15-16, 644, 645, 817, Brevoortia tyrannus (menhaden), 340 818, 820, 822, 823, 824, 826 British Columbia, 494 homing, 280 Bullia, spp. 214 innate, 516,517,521-523,526,527, bundle boats, 493 528-530, 531 Bursatella leachii, 213, 216 migratory, 279-292, 516-532, 726­ bus experiments 729, 728, 734, 817, 818, 820 in Britain, 470, 473 reproductive, 727, 728, 728, 730 in USA, 470, 473 Behring Straits, 485 butterflies: see also species names, 11, Belding's ground squirrels, 397, 402 12, 13, 369, 704-705, 706, 708, 709, Benthosema glaciale, 64 714, 717, 718, 720, 746-816, 817, Bermuda, 614 818, 820, 829-831, 832, 833 Beroe spp., 103 Cachonina niei, 184 bioluminescence, 91, 93, 100, 104-105 Calanoides Cllrinatus, 56 biophysical models, 176, 177, 181, 183, Calanus spp., 56 189 C. chilensis, 81 Bison bison, 451, 454, 455 C. finmarchicus, 56, 75-76, 78, 81 dispersal, 451 C. glacialis, 81 migratory population, 451, 454 C. helgolandicus, 51, 80, 81 nomadism, 444,451 C.pac~,56, 74,81 Bittium (o) varium, 229, 233 calendar, internal, 516, 517, 526-527 black bean , 643 Calidris Blarina brivicauda (shrew), 378, 379 C. canutus (red knots), 596 blood groups, 487 C. alpina (dunlins), 596 blue crabs, 213, 340 California, 495, 749, 751, 752, 753, body size and migration in birds 757, 760, 762, 763, 767, 769 sex-age variation, 558-559 Caligus rapax, 18 and physiology, 559 Callinectes sapidus, 78, 227, 230, 238 and dominance, 558-559 Canada, eastern, 604, 605, 606, 607, boreal forest ecosystems, 748, 754, 758, 609, 615 759 Canis lupus (wolt), 452 boring worms, 490 cannibalism, 262, 269, 683 Borrichia frutescens, 635 Cape Hatteras, 332 botany, 486,487,493 Cape Romain, 332 boundary layer, 754 capelin (Mallotus viUosus) bouyancy, algal adults of, 285 ballast molecules, 156-158 effects of and temperature on, determinations, 154, 155 285, 286, 287, 289, 290 regulation, 153-163, 156 general biology of, 285 responses, 153-154, 159, 160-163 larvae of, 285-291, 288, 290 status, 153, 155, 159, 162 predators of, 286, 290, 291 brachypter, 623, 624, 626, 627, 628, prey of, 289 630, 632 Subject Index 845

reproduction of, 285, 291 Chlamydomonas spp., 96, 139, 181 Carausius morosus, 829 Choristoneura fumijerana, 659 Carcinus spp., 78 Chrysaora spp., 101, 102 cardenolides, chemical defense Ciconia ciconia (white stork), 501, 590 fmgerprints, 767 circannual rythms, 516, 517-520, 526 caribou, 15, 448-450 circulation dispersal, 450 oceanic, 318, 330 lateral migration, 444 Langmuir, 324 reintroduction, 448-449 eddy, 332 Carinaria spp., 103 Cladophora spp., 231, 233 Carollia perspecillata, 411 clams, 212, 213 Caudisoma guanhumi (blue land crab), Clethrionomys rujOCilnus (red-backed 258, 260, 262, 262, 264, 267, 268 vole), 378 Cellana spp., 215 Clio, spp. 103 Celtis pallida, 726, 732-733, 735-740, clouds and bird migration, 604, 609, 735, 741, 742, 743, 744-746, 744 612, 613 Centropages brachiatus, 81 Clupea harengus (herring), 91 Ceratium codlet, 50 C. jurca, 184 Coelosphaerium naegelianum, 122 C. jusus, 118 Coenobitidae (land hermit crabs), 257, C. hirundinella, 118, 119, 121, 124, 258, 268 125, 126, 128 Coenobita clypeatus, 258, 264, 268, C. tripos, 118, 146 269 Ceratoscopelus warmingi, 48, 50 coevolution, 750 Cerithidea Coleomegilla maculata, 29 C. decollata, 213 Coleoptera, 8, 10, 28. 675, 817, 818, C. scalarijormis, 213 820, 821-823, 824-828, 835 Cervus elaphus nannodes (tule elk), collared peccary dispersal, 455 454 colonization, 10, 27, 28. 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 647, 648, 650, 651, 663, 664, C. didymus, 120 672, 688, 698-699 C. gracile, 120 in birds, 27, 35 c. lauderi, 120 in Tribolium, 33 chaetognaths, 286, 60, 61, 63 colonizing habitat, 375-376, 376 chamois (Rubricapra rubicapra), colonizing life history, 817, 835 dispersal rate, 453 Coluber constrictor, 426 Chaoborus, spp. 101, 103, 104, lOS Columbus, 484, 486, 487 character displacement, 62 compass chemical defenses: see also cues, interactions among, 516, 517 cardenolides, 91, 92, 103, 106, 107 magnetic, 516, 517, 522 chemoreception, 249, 253, 255 star, 516, 517, 522 chemostat experiments, 159-160 sun, 516, 517, 518, 793-794 Chile, 488, 490, 495 competition Chilomonas paramecium, 180 for burrows, 260-261 Chimu, 488, 493 for food, 257, 260 China, 484, 486 intraspecific, 650-651, 654, 656 Chirundina streetsi, 49 Conchoecia Chitty-Krebs model, 369, 374, 380 846 Subject Index

c. imbricata, 50, 53 cyclostat experiments, 159 C. spinurostris, 52, 78 Cyclotella meneghinimul, Ill ConnechDetes taurinus (wildebeest), Cyclura spp., 436 444, 451' 452, 455 CypraetJ spp., 215 Connecticut, 281, 284 Cyprus Dalca, 484, 494 Conolophus spp., 436 Cystosoma spp., 103 con~ation, 748, 769, 770 Danaidae, 750 contact zone, 419 Danaus plexippus, 29, 717, 786-796, ,46,48,49,52, 56,57,63 799, 803, 817, 818, 820, 829-831, Corfu, 494 832,833 corpus allatum (CA), 818, 819, 821, height of flight, 705 829,830,832,833 navigation, 719 allatectomy 807 Daphnia spp., 55, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80, corpus cardiacum (CC), 826, 828, 829, 81' 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101, 103, 104, 830, 832, 833 lOS, 108 nerves to (NCCI & m, 828, 829 D. magna, 76, 79, 80, 103 Chortoicetes terminijna, 689, 696, 699 D. pula, 15, 80 Coscinodiscus wailnii, 120 D. pulicaria, lOS cost D. rosea, 105 avoidance, 345, 349 daylength, 756-757 behavioral, 346 DDT, 416 fitness, 342 decapods,48, 50,60,63, 64 foraging, thermoregulation, 339 deep scattering layers, 55 tolerance, 346, 349 deer, black-tailed (0. h. columbianus) nrignrtory, 581, 588, 589, 596, 600 altitudinal nrigration, 450 countersbading, 316, 324 dispersal, 447, 454 covariance deer, mule (0. hemionus) genetic, 663~, 669-672 altitudinal nrigration, 445, 446, 450 phenotypic, 663-664, 667, 669-672 social structure, 447 Crete, 484, 494 deer, white-tailed Crocuta crocuta (hyena), 452 dispersal, 453 crosswinds, 709 lateral nrigration, 450 crown conches, 213 proximal/ultimate factors for crypsis, 100, 227, 228, 233, 236, 238 nrigration, 453 Cryptomonas site fidelity, 453 C. marsonii, 167, 169, 170, 171, wintering areas, 450 171, 173 defoliation of host , 730, 731, C. Ol'Otll, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 733, 735, 738, 739, 740, 742 174 Delphacidae, 623, 628, 629 C. rostratijormis, 167, 169, 170, Delphllcodes 171 ' 172' 173 D. detecta, 635 ctenophores, 290 D. floridae, 635 currents (water), 15, 205, 208 D. propinqull, 635 avoidance, 93 demes, 417-418 Cyanea spp., I 03 demographic advantage of vertical , see also blue-green algae, migration, 99, 106, 108 143, 144, 145 demography and nrigration in birds Cyclaspis spp., 80 Subject Index 84 7

temperate vs. tropical winterers, 554, carnivores, of, 456 556, 564 definitions, 378-379, 445 migrants and non-migrants, 557-575 demographic implications, 369, 372­ short- and long-distance migrants, 377 553-575 distances, 380 Dendroica during winter in birds, 561 D. corooota (yellow-romped evolution of, 371, 372, 379, 381 warblers), 567 fluctuating environments, in, 458 D. discolor (prairie warbler), 555 frustrated, 375-376, 376 density-height profile, 644 genetic benefits of, 458 Dermatolithan pustulatum, 231, 233 historical overview, 369,370-372 despotism in birds and distance hormonal effects on, 397-398, 400, migrated, 557-558 402-403' 405' 406 developmental interference, 379 ascent, 53 large herd species, in, 454 polymorphism, 684 models, 426 rate differences, 684 natal, 498-499 diapause, 28-30, 47, 56, 623-624, 625, causal basis, 387, 394-385 633, 647' 726, 727' 728, 729, 734, sexual differences, 387, 389 748-749, 752, 756-758, 767' 799, 802, ontogenetic 805-806, 807, 808, 808, 812, 817, population regulation, 457 · 819, 820, 822, 825, 830, 835 pre-saturation, 369-372, 375, 376, evolution, 624 378-379 life history trait, 623-624 saturation, 371, 371, 372, 379-380 aestivation, 7 seasonal, 369, 370, 377, 378-379 dormancy, 7 sex-ratio, 430, 432 hibernation, 7 sexual dimorphism in, 397, 402-403, inhibition of vegetative responses 404-405' 406 during, 6, 7-8, 12, 13-14, 16, 17 sink, 375-377, 377 Diaptomus gracilis, 76 small group species, in, 453-454 Dicotyles tajacu (peccary), 455 solitary species, in, 453-5-454 : see vertical stable environments, in, 451, 457 migration dispersers, nature of diffusionists, 485, 486 behavior, 369, 370, 371, 375, 379, , 135-141,147 380 columns, 184, 185, 187 genetics, 369, 371, 381 field, 176, 177, 179 reproduction, 369 orientation, 183 sex, 369, 370, 371, 380 swimming speed, 176, 180, 182, 184, dissimilation, avian, 516, 517 186, 188-189 distance: see movement directional preferences, 581, 588, 589, Distichlis spicata, 635 596, 600 distribution of , 318, 319, 320 disinhibition: see inhibition Ditylum brightwelli, 120 dispersal: see also flight, migration, diuretic hormone (DH), 799, 809, 809, movement, 425, 426-427, 430-432, 810 433, 663 and migration, 799, 800, 813 breeding, 498-499 reproductive tracts, 803, 811-812, 813 848 Subject Index

senescence, 807, 812 enemies, 642-643, 647, 648, 654, 655, Dodiscus gigas, 12 656, 657-658, 659 dog, wild energetics, 16, 267-268, 761 home ranges, 452 Enright hypothesis, 93, 95, 97 dispersal, 456 environmental Doliolum spp., 103 complexity, 360-361 dominance in birds factors affecting age, and, 558-560, 565-567, 573 migration, 724-746, 687-688, 691, effect on migration, 557, 558-560, 693-695, 698 565-567' 573 reproduction, 724, 728 sex, and, 558-567, 573 heterogeneity DoTUU spp., 214, 215 spatial 725, 726, 737 D. parvula, 215 temporal, 725, 726, 737 dormancy: see diapause predictability, 278 downwind flight, 604, 610-612, 614 role of behavioral responses, 279, drag reduction, 202 291 Drepanosiphum platDnoides, 628, 629 stability, 360-361 Drosophila melanogaster, 684 stochasticity, 278,285, 289, 291 Dunaliella, 139 template, 642, 647, 657 dusk, 517, 518 uncertainty, 279, 291 Dysdercus spp., 30, 32, 37, 820 variability, 277, 278, 279, 291 D. bii1Ulculatus, 30 epidemic population, 653, 659 Easter Islands, 482, 487, 493-495, 498 Epomops buettikoferi, 411 ecological community, 642 Eponophorus gambianus, 411 Ecuador,487, 488,490,493 Eptesicus juscus, 411 eel equinox, 757 American, 316-319, 320, 325-328, Equus 327, 330, 331, 332, 333 E. burchelli (zebra), 451, 452, 455 European, 316-318, 320, 321, 322, E. caballus, 455 323, 324-327. 326, 330, 333 Erithacus rubecula (European robin), glass phase, 317, 331 517, 519, 575 silver phase, 318, 323-325, 329-330 ethology, 17, 18 yellow phase, 317, 320, 321, 322, Eucalanus spp., 81 323, 324 Euchaeta spp., 99 effort, reproductive, 278 E. elongatD, 52, 81 Egypt, 482-484, 494, 495 Euchirella curticauda, 49 Eidolon helvum, 412-413 Eucopia unguiculatD, 47 electrophoretic analyses, 417-418 Euglenia gracilis, 180 elk (Cervus elaphus) Euides triloba, 635 altitudinal migration, 445, 448 euphausiids, 53, 59, 60, 63, 64 social structure, 448, 454 Euphausia spp., 99 dispersal rate, 453 E. diomedeae, 81 dispersal, 448, 454 E. krohni, 64 elk, tule, dispersal, 454 E. pacifica, 59, 64 emetic poisons, 749 E. superba, 53, 55, 81 emigration, 6, 12, 14 Euphrates, 482 endocrine cycles, 517 Eurydice pulchra, 78 endogenous rhythms, 48, 516, 518, 521 Eurygaster integriceps, 817, 818, 820 Subject Index 849

Eurytemora hirundoides, 80 geographic variation in, 561 Eutamias minimus (least chipmunk), fir forest: see Abies religiosa 380 fish, 13-15, 47, 50, 52, 57, 60, 61, 61, Eutima gracilis, 79 63, 64, 99, 275-356, 369 evolution (ot), 5-6, 15, 17-18, 19 anadromous, 279 bird migration demersal spawners, 291 age variation, 558, 565, 566-567 early development of, 278 differential migration, 555-560, eggs of, 317, 318 566-567 energy costs of, 278 dominance, and, 559, 5~567 juvenile estuarine partial migration, 555-558, 564-566 refuge from predation, 347-348 sexual variation, 554, 564-566 surplus power allocation, 339, 347 social organization, and, 565 tolerance vs. avoidance, 349 dispersal, 6 7 5 life history traits of, 278-279 models, 676 migration of, 278 winglessness, 674, 675, 680 pelagic spawners, 282, 289, 291 Exosphaeroma spp., 80 predation, 98, 99-100, 101, 104 exploration, 466-472, 474-475 fitness, 27, 37, 651, 659 excursions, 369, 376, 379, 381 migration, and 27. 37 behavior, 5, 10-11 , 17, 20 Flabellula mira. 178. 179 extinction, 647 flight: see also, migration, movement, extrarenal reprocessing, 265, 266 dispersal failure, reproductive, 278 altitude, 645 fall migration, 7 48-770 behavior, 12, 13, 15-16, 644, 645, familiar area, 466-470 822,823,824,826 fat capacity: see duration avian, 516, 517, 518, 527 distance, 642, 645, 646, 646, 650, deposition, 580, 588, 596, 597, 599, 653 600 direction, 604, 610 metabolism, 827, 829 food shortage response. 642, 643, fecal 647' 650, 652, 653 flux, 64 fuel, 828, 829, 834, 835 material, 62 metabolism 828, 829, 834, 835 fecundity, 52, 663, 664, 666-671, 669, effect of AKH on, 829 748, 762, 763 effect of octopamine on, 834, 835 feeding, 49, 53, 55, 57, 61-62, 228, life cycle phase, 641, 646 229-230, 232-233, 232 life history, 642, 647 sounds, 228, 229-230, 232-233, 232 mills, 645, 655 threshold, 55 mortality, 658 Felis concolor, 452 muscle histolysis, 820, 835 fence effect, 375 path, 643 Baccharis halimifolia (sea myrtle), 790 phases of, 645 Butso platypter (hawk), 796 polymorphism (in), 819, 820 Ficedula hypoleuca (pied flucatcher), aphid, 624, 626 517' 544-551 determination in planthoppers, fidelity to previous wintering site, birds 630-631 age, and, 560-561, 567 evolution, 624 850 Subject Index

locust, 624 Gecarcinus milkweed bug, 624 G. lagostoTIUl (red land crabs), 258, planthopper, 623, 626 266, 269 Prokelisia TIUlrginatll , 623, 626, G. latera/is (red land crabs), 257-269, 628, 634, 635, 635 261, 267 potential: see flight duration G. planatus, 269 propensity, 663-671, 671 gene flow, 441 recruitment, 643 generations, numbers thereof, 750 repeated, 645, 650, 658 genetic(s) reproductive correlates, 626 analysis of life histories, 28, 36, 37, speed of, 644, 645 38 tests, 817~ 818, 820, 823~ 825, 831, correlations, 28, 32, 36, 37~ 38 832, 833 covariance, 664, 669-671, 672 tethered, 663, 665, 666, 668, 823, drift, 750 825, 831' 832, 833 ecological, 663-672 velocity, 754 influence on migratory behavior, flightless 16 687-688, 691' 695-696, 698 Aorida, 279, 281 polymorphisms in insects, 374, 380 migration through, 751, 753, 755, variance, 664, 671 758, 763, 766 Gennadas elegans, 64 food, 8, 11, 14, 16 Geochelone availability, 45-46, 56 G. gigantea (Aldabran giant tortoise), foraging 467 adaptive significance, 244, 249-250 G. pardalis (leopard tortoise), 467 definition, 11-12 geological history, 758 extended, 12, 13, 14 Gerridae, 30, 675 local, 7, 12-14 Gerris optimal, 244, 249 G. asper, 681 path, 244, 246, 250, 253, 255 G. lacustris, 681 , 682 scanning, as, 11 Geryon quiquedens, 56 search, as, 11 Gibbula, spp. 215 shifting, 14 glaciation, 362, 363 trivial movement, as, 12, 19 Gleba, spp. 103 , 55 Gonyaulaux spp., 180, 181, 182, 188 founder effect, 750 G. polyedra, 118, 188, 138, 139, Fragilaria crotonensis, 121, 127 144, 145 Fringilla coelebs (chaffinch), 519 G. taTIUlrensis, 118 fronts, oceanic, 45, 46, 55-56, 58, 59­ Gossea corymetes, 79 60, 325, 612 grasshoppers: see also acridids, locusts, Fundulus sp. (killifish), 340 migration of grasshoppers and locusts Gaetllnus minor, 49 outbreaks and migration, 688, 689, Galapagos, 493 695, 699 gannet (Sula bassana), 501 grazing, 228 gastropods, 228, 239 omniverous, 246 Gazella thomsonii, 451 microphagous,244, 249 gazelle, Thompson's, lateral migration, great circle route, 753 451, 452 Greek, 484 Gecarcinidae (land crabs) Greenwood's hypothesis, 386-387, 392, Subject Index 851

394 Heteroderma lijolisii, 233, 234 ground squirrels, Belding's hibernation: see also diapause, 648, (Spermophilus belding~), 397-408, 402 650-651 , 651 growth, 6, 7, 166-173 Hippodamia convergens, 28, 817, 818, bouyancy effects of, 156, 158 820, 821-823, 824-828, 835 nutrient limited, 153, 156, 158, 162 Hippopodius spp., 101, lOS photosynthesis, in balance with, 153, H. commersoni, 415 162 Histioteuthis heteropsis, 57 Guaya, 497 home range, 445, 446, 452, 453, 454, Gulf coast, 748-749, 752-753, 755-757, 455 761, 763, 765, 767 homing (in), 244, 245, 253, 353-363 Gulf of Mexico, 317, 740, 748, 755 geese, 470 Gulf Stream, 316, 331, 332, 333 horses, 472 gull, herring (Larus argentatus), 501, humans, 466-468, 470-471, 473-475, 502 474 Gymnodinium spp., 184 mice, 466, 472 G. sanguineum (splendens), 138, pigeons, 466, 470, 471, 472, 473, 144, 146, 184 544, 550 Gyrodinium sp., 180, 181, 182, 188 turtles, 468, 470 G. dorsum, 188 Homoptera: see also Aphidoidea and habitat, 641-651, 649, 651, 655 planthoppers, 623, 628, 629, 630 exposed rocky shores, 214-215 horizontal dispersion, 48 exposed sandy shores, 214 hormones non-breeding, 18 activational effects of, 398, 402 patchiness, 369, 372 dispersal behavior and, 397-398, 400, preferences, 600 402-403, 405, 406, 817-835 protected shores, 213 spatial movement, and, 10, 16, 19 adipokinetic hormone (AKH), 799, template: see environmental template 808, 810, 828, 832 trap, as, 19, 20 diuretic hormone (DH), 799, 809, vegetative, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18 810 Haematopus ostralegus (oyster ecdysone, 826 catchers), 596 juvenile hormone (and), 818-822, Halocypria globosa, 52, 54 824-827, 830, 831, 832, 833, 835 Halodule wrightii, 231 , 236 flight behavior, 817, 818, 822, Harappa, 482 823,824,826,828,830,832, headings of birds, 610 833, 835 Hemiptera, 29, 648-652, 654, 664, 674, flight muscle histolysis, 820 675, 678, 680, 817, 818, 820-823, flight muscle regeneration, 820 826, 827, 830, 833, 834, 835 ovarian development, 820, 821, heritability (of), 30, 36 823, 824, 825, 830 age at frrst reproduction, 30 titers, 821 birds, in, 36 wing polymorphism, 819 clutch size, 30 organizational effects of, 398, 404­ inter-clutch interval, 30 405,406 herring, 291 ovarian, 398 Heterocapsa (Cachonina) niei, 139, testicular, 400-403, 404, 405 140, 141, 143, 145, 146 horses, feral 852 Subject Index

dispersal , 455 Junco hyemalis hyemalis (dark-eyed social system, 455 juncos), 553-575 Humboldt Current, 488 ]uncus roemerianus, 635 humidity, 20 juvenile hormone (IH), 756, 799, 800­ hydrodynamic orientation 801' 806, 811, 818-822, 824-827' 830, water currents, 205, 208 831' 832, 833, 835 wave surge, 205, 207-208, 209 flight behavior, and, 817, 818, 822, Hylobius abietis, 641-648, 644, 646 823,824,826,828,830,832,833, hyperphagia, avian, 516, 527 835 Hypsignathus monstrosus, 411 flight muscle histolysis, and, 820 Ianthina spp., 103 flight muscle regeneration, and, 820 Iceland, 318 ovarian development, and, 820, 821, Iguana iguana (green iguana), 435-441, 823, 824, 825, 830 438, 439, 440 titers, 821 imprinting, 329 wing polymorphism, and, 819 inbreeding, 394-395 kangaroo rats Indus, 482, 483 Dipodomys merriami, 381 inheritance of migratory behavior, 687­ D. microps, 381 688, 691' 695-696, 698, 750 karyotypes, 419 inhibition Kaspar Hauser animals disinhibition, and, 8, 13-14 Keyflana lulstus, 635 locomotion, of, 6, 14 klinokinesis, 20 orientation reactions, of, 13 KON-TIKI, 489-493 vegetative responses, of, 6, 7, 12-13, Kricogonia lyside, 724, 725, 726-731, 14 728, 730, 733, 739-740, 743, 746 instrumentation diapause, 726, 727, 728, 729 temperature gradient plate, 183, 185­ migration, 728, 729 186, 188 factors inducing, 730, 731 water-jacketed cuvette, 183, 186-187 reproductive activity, 728, 729 water columns, 176-177, 187 Kroepelien library, 486 predation, 50, 54 Labrador, 285, 317 Ips Lagodon rhomboides, 238 I. amitinus, 653 lake I. conjusus, 820 experiments, 160-162, 161 I. typographus, 653-658, 655, 656, stratification/zonation 657 epilimnion, 159 Iraq, 497 hypolimnion, 156 isolation, reproductive, 280 metalimnion, 156, 159, 162, 163 isolationist, 485, 495 photic zone, 153, 154, 156, 163 Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 758 trophic status iteroparity, 278 , 154, 159, 163 Iva frutescens, 635 eutrophic state, 154, 155 jaegers, 36 mesotrophic state, 155 Japan Current, 485 oligotrophic state, 154, 155 Jasus edwarsii, 198 Lake Chad, 495 Javesella pellucida, 626, 627, 629 Lake Tana, 495 , 286 Lake Titicaca, 495, 496 Juan and Ulloa, 492 landmarks, 7, 19, 517, 521-522 Subject Index 853

Laodelphax striatella, 627 genetic covariance in, 28, 36, 37, 38, Lapplanders, 467 663-672 large pine weevil: see Hylobius abietis genetic variance in, 663-672 Larus theory, 27-42 L. argentatus (herring gull), 501, 502 adaptive significance, 277 L. canus (common gulls), 590 population consequences, 278 L. ridibundus (blackheaded gulls), predictions, 277, 278, 282 590 role of migration in, 278, 292 larvae strategies, 748-749 insect, II, 16 traits, 277, 278, 279, 282, 285, 291 , marine, 13 292 as migrants, 16 variation, 675 Lasiurus borealis, 419 life-cycle migrations, 46, 56, 62 law, Taylor's, 9, 15 lifetime track, 466-467, 468 learning, 19 light, 166-175 Leiostomus xanthurus (spot), 340 bouyancy effects, 154-156, 159 lemmings, 378 cycle, 48, 49 Dicrostonyx, 378 intensity, 153-160 Lemmus, 378 interaction with nutrients, 153-160 Lepidochecys kempi, 426 interaction with temperature, 157 Iepidoptera: see also butterflies, 11, 12, limitation, 154, 159, 162, 163 13, 16, 369, 533, 644, 645, 704-705, Limnoporus canaliculatus, 6 74, 6 78, 706, 708, 709, 714, 717, 718, 720, 680 724,746-816, 817, 818, 820, 829-831, Limosa lapponica (bar-tailed godwits), 832, 833, 834 591 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 820 Linckia laevigata, 250, 253 Leptocephali, 316, 326-332, 326, 327, lion 329, 331, 333 home ranges, 452 Leptodora spp., 101, 104, 105 dispersal, 456 Libytheana bachmanii (snout butterfly), lipid reserves and utilization, 516, 517, 724, 726, 731, 732, 733-745, 735, 742 518, 527, 580, 588, 596, 597, 599, biotic interactions, 732 600, 761-762, 827, 829 effect of drought on movement, Uttorina spp. 725, 726, 739, 740 L. brevicula, 215 host plant defoliation 733, 735, L. irrorata, 213, 222 738, 739, 740, 742 L. littorea, 215 diapause, 734 Lizarraga, 488 male-biased sex ratio of migrants, lizards, 435-436 732, 736-738, 741 lobster, 197-198, 199, 202, 203, 206, migratory activity, 734, 743 207' 208, 238, 369 direction of movement, 744-745 locomotion: see also movement, numbers of migrants, 732, 742 arrest (inhibition), 6, 7, 12, 14, 20 sex differences, 736 excitability of, 14 population increase, 742, 743 medium of, 5, 15, 16 life history, 27-42 mode of, 5, 15, 16 adaptations, 27-42, 278, 279 inhibition of , 6, 14 colonizing ability and, 27, 28, 30, 32, persistence of, 5, 8, 12, 14 33, 35, 37' 663-672 854 Subject Index

track patterns, 5, 13, 15, 19 whale,6 Locusta migratoria, 687-688, 693, 696, wolf, 14-15 829, 834 man, 466-490 locusts, 643 Manduca sexta, 810, 829, 834 outbreaks and migration, 688-689, marine environment, 227-239 692, 699 marking methods, 648 phase theory, 691-693 Marquesas Islands, 486, 487, 491 Loxia curvirostra (crossbill), 519 marriage dominance function, 427-428 Lurdis merula (blackbird), 528, 530 mass migration, 197-199, 200, 201, Luscina megarhynchos 203-204' 205 (nightingale) ,523 mechanisms, 197-209 Lycaon pictus (wild dog) local, 452 Mastigias spp., 55 Lygaeidae, 29, 664 mating, 6, 12, 16, 19, 756-758, 762­ Lygaeus equestris, 29, 648-652, 649, 763 651' 652, 654 systems, 387, 389, 393-394, 418-419 macroclimate, 755 maturation, sexual, 7, 12 Macropipus sp., 78 McLaren hypothesis, 94, 96 macropter, 623, 624, 626, 627, 628, mechanical methods, 259 630, 631, 632, 632, 633, 634, 635 Mediterranean Sea, 317, 484, 495 Macrotus califomicus, 419 Mediterranean warbler, 519, 528 magnetic Megamelus field, 13, 250, 516, 517, 519, 520, M. lobatus, 625 522, 544-551, 584, 586, 755, 794, M. trifidus, 625 796 Meganyctiphanes norvegica, 53 orientation, 755 Megoura viciae, 819 receptor, 466, 472-473 meiofauna, 238 magnets Melampus bidentatus, 213 birds, 466, 473 Melanesia, 493 horses, 473 Melanoplus sanguinipes, 688-691, humans, 466, 473-475 693-696, 699, 818 woodmice, 466, 473 adaptive value of migration, 696-698 Ma-gur, 496 colonization of disturbed habitats, male-biased sex ratio of migrants, 732, 688, 690, 698 736-738, 741 migration of, 688-691, 693-698 Mallotus villosus (capelin), 277, 279, environmental factors affecting, 285-291 ' 288' 290 688' 693-694' 698 Malta, 482, 494 genetic influence on, 695-696, 698 mammals individual flight, 688-689 bats, 409-425 mass swarming, 688-689 caribou, 15 variation distance, 8 individual, 691 in general , 5, 8 interpopulation, 689-690, 695 large, 369, 444-466 outbreaks, 688, 695 seal, 14 possible phase polymorphism, 693, small, non-volant, 369-386, 386-409 698 definition of, 369-370 tethered flight assay, 690, 691 ungulates, 14 variation in habitat quality, 696-697 Melanoplus spretus, 688 Subject Index 855

Melolontha melolontha, 820 annual variation, 567, 515 Melongeno corona, 213, 214 complete, 499-500 Melosiro differential, 499 M. agassizii, 121 distance, 5 M. itaUca subsp. subartica, 121 dominance 558-559, 565, 566, 567, Meoma ventricosa, 252 573 Mesochaetopterus sagittarius, 72 downwind, 468 Mesopotamia, 482-484, 486, 494, 496 experience, 566-567 metabolic functions, 517 fidelity to previous wintering sites, Metapolophiwn dirhodum, 32 561-564 meteorological synchronization, 787, food availability, 558, 567, 515 791, 792, 796 irruptive, 500, 503 Metridia spp., 74-75, 82 partial' 499 M. lucens, 49, 74-75 physiological basis for variation in, M. pacijictl, 48 565 Mexico, 495 population density and, 557-558, mice, see also: Clethrionomys, 565-566 post-breeding, 468 lemmings, Microtus Peromyscus, post-fledgling, 468 pocket mice, Reithrodontomys, productivity and, 556-558, 563 rodents, Sigmodon house (Mus regulation, 556-558, 561-515 musculus), 381, 466, 472, 473 reversals, 468 microclimate, 7, 642, 643, 651, 155 seasonal return, 468 Microcystis aeruginosa, 116, 121, 127 sex, 558-575 micronekton, 47, 49-50, 56, 60, 61, 63, social organization and, 565 64 strategies, 493, 494, 502 Micropogonias undulatus (croaker), 340 survivorship, 555-558, 561-564 Microtus (meadow mice, voles) timing of breeding, 556-551, 565 M. agrestis, 377 weather, and, 563-564, 512-515, M. breweri, 372, 381 604-615 M. mlifomicus, 373, 374, 377 benthic, 227, 228, 239 M. ochrogaster, 377, 380 biogeographic, 500 M. oeconomus, 378 butterfly, 11, 12, 13, 369, 704-705, M. pennsylvanicus, 377, 379 706, 708, 709, 714, 717, 718, 720, migrants 746-816, 817, 818, 820, 829-831, intertidal, 212, 215 832, 833 subtidal, 215 circuits, 467 migration see also: dispersal, flight, climate, and, 556, 561 movement, migratory behavior, 197­ complete, 499-500 208, 244-245, 248, 435, 436 cost-benefit analysis of, 338-339 age, 553-575 , 257-269 algal, 114-175 cues, 212, 219, 257, 258, 516-522 light-induced, 159 definitions, 5-6 nutrient-induced, 154, 159, 162 destination, 786-787 annual variation in, 567, 515 diapause, 6, 7, 8 altitudinal , 444, 448, 450, 452, 456 diel, vertical, 135, 141, 227-239 avian differences in migration, phenotypic, age, 558-575 227-228, 233-235, 238 856 Subject Index

differential (and/in), 499 effects of wind on, 287, 287, 288, age, 553-575 289 climate, 556,561, 565 energy costs of, 279, 280, 282 dominance, 557-558, 565-567, 573 epipelagic, 324 fitness, 556-558 evolution of, 624, 633, 634, 635 Junco hyemalis, 558-574 experience, and, 566-567 polymorphism, 556-567 feeding and, 343, 344, 346 population dynamics, 554, 556­ fidelity to previous wintering sites, 558, 561-564, 563 and, 561-564 regulation of distance migrated, fitness advantage of, 623, 624, 625 557' 566-570 fitness and, 338-340, 342, 347-348, sex, 553-575 556-558 social organization, 565 food availability, and, 558, 567, 575 survivorship, 555-558, 561-564 freshwater, 279-285 winter population structure, 558­ genetic control of, 456 564 genetics, avian, 516, 522-523, 528 directions, 753, 755 grasshoppers and locusts, of 687-699 dispersal, vs., 6, 9-10 adaptive significance, 688, 696-698 distance, 257, 258, 260, 267-268, environmental influences 267, 748, 760, 761, 763, 765 density, 688-689, 691-694, 698 in birds (and) food quality, 691 , 693 age, 558-575 photoperiod, 691, 693 annual variation, 567, 575 relative humidity, 693 dominance, 558-559, 565-566, seasonal, 687-688 567, 573 temperature, 691 , 693 experience, 566-567 genetic influence on, 687, 691 , fidelity to previous wintering 695-696, 698 sites, 561-564 outbreaks and, 688-689, 695, 699 food availability, 558, 567,575 variation in migratory behavior physiological basis for variation geographic, 687-689 in, 565 individual, 687-688, 691 population density, 557-558, interpopulation, 688-690, 695, 565-566 698 productivity, 556-558, 563, 564­ habitat preferences, 517, 526, 530­ 565 531 regulation, 556-558, 567-575 heading, 786, 789, 790, 791, 794, sex, 558-575 795, 795 social organization, 565 high altitude, 787, 792, 795, 796 survivorship, 555-558, 561-564 insect, 786, 787, 794, 799, 800, 812, timing of breeding, 556-557, 565 813 weather, 563-564, 572, 575 intertidal, 212, 215 dominance, and, 557-559, 565-567, irruptive, 500, 503 573 Junco hyemalis, 558-574 drift, 316, 317, 320, 326, 330, 331, of juvenile estuarine fish 331, 332 cost-benefit analysis of, 338-339 ecological vs. behavioral, 5-6, 8-10, feeding, 343, 344, 346 16-19 feeding advantages of, 343 Subject Index 857

fitness of , 338-340, 342, 347-348 population density, and, 557-558, thermal advantage, 344 565-566 Leiostomus xonthurus, 340 population dynamics, and, 554, 556­ Micropogonills unduiiJtus, 340 558, 561-564, S63 lake, 357-359 productivity, and, 556-558, 563, larval fish, 338, 339, 340-342, 343, 564-565 348-349 proximate basis of, 557-558, 565 lateral, 445, 449 regulation, 556-558, 566-575 life history trait, 623, 624, 625, 634 reproductive, 212,277,279,285 light-induced, 159 reproductive success and, 554-558, macroscale, 277, 279, 291 565 marine animals, 213, 215, 221 river, 354-363 medium and mode of, 5, 15, 16 role of learning, 446, 456 mesopelagic, 324, 329, 332 role of tradition, 444, 446, 448, 450, microscale, 277, 279, 289, 291, 292 451, 454 models, 319, 330-332 round-trip, 370 monarch, 786-796, 817, 818, 820, routes, 753, 755, 756, 758, 762, 763, 829-831, 832, 833 764 nesting, 436 seasonal, 213, 216 nocturnal, 544, 545, 548 sex and, 553-575 nutrient-induced, 154, 159, 162 social organization and, 565 obligatory and facultative, 12, 14 spawning, 338, 340, 343, 348, 349 oceanic, 285-291, 359 stock-specificity of, 285 orientation, 786, 791, 796 strategies, 493, 494, 502, 749, 754, oriented, 318, 323 765 origin, 786, 791, 796 subtidal, 215 partial, 499, 516, 528-530 survivorship and, 554-58, 561-564 age, and, 557, 565-566 thermal advantage, 344 climate, and, 556, 565 tidal, 212, 213, 214, 215 donrinance, and, 557-558 timing, 257 fitness, and, 556-558 timing of breeding and, 556-557, 565 polymorphism, and, 556, 557 vertical, 228 population dynamics, and, 556-558 weather and, 563-564, 572, 575 proximate basis of, 557-558, 565 migratory reproductive success,_and, 554-558, behavior, 277-292, 817, 818, 820, 565 821' 822, 823 sex, and, 558, 564-565 assay, 823 survivorship, and, 554-558, 564 definitions of, broad, 5-7, 9-10, 17 photoperiodic influences, 516, 517, definitions of, particularized, 6-10, 520, 521' 526 17, 817 physiology delta model of attraction/repulsion, avian, 516,517,528,580,581 9 basis for variation in, 565 effect of AKH on, 828, 832 planthopper, 624, 630, 631 effect of ecdysone on, 826 role of host plants, 624, 625, 631, effect of juvenile hormone on, 817, 633, 634 821' 822, 823, 824, 826, 828, polymorphism, and, 556-567 830, 832, 833, 835 858 Subject Index

effect of food quality on, 824 moose, 458 effect of photoperiod on, 820, 823 Morocco, 494-496 effect of precocenes on, 817, 818, Morone samtilis (striped bass), 340 820,821,822,823,826,827, mortality: see also survivorship, 9, 416, 830, 833' 834, 835 753, 756, 770 selection on, 821 moth: see also Iepidoptera, 533, 829, vs. migration ecology, 6, 10 834 inhibition of vegetative responses movement (see also dispersal, in, 6, 7' 12-13, 14 locomotion, migration), 444-458 in nomadism, 6, 14, 16 accidental, 6, I 0 dllection, 581, 583, 584, 590, 591, crawling, 213 592-592, 593 directional foraging, 244-255 flight, 821' 833, 835 distance of, 8, 9 phase, 822 geotaxis, and, 212, 213, 215, 222 response, 822, 825 minor, 9 restlessness in birds: see zugunruhe nonbreeding (diapause) sites, to and time-program, 580, 590 from, 7, 8 milkweed: see also Asclepias phototaxis, and, 212, 213, 215, 222 bugs, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 663, 664, redistribution by, 8, 9 665, 667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 817, straightening out and unidirectionality 818, 820, 821' 822, 823, 826, 827' of, 6, 8, 20 830, 833, 834, 835 swimming, 212, 214, 216, 217-221, , 665 217, 222 Miniopterus tUJtalensis, 415 track patterns of, 5, 13, 19, 20 , phoretic, 11 trivial 5, 10, 18, 19, 21 Mochica, 493 vs. natality and mortality' 9 Mohenjo-Daro, 482, 483 wave displacement, 212, 214 molluscan Muggiaea spp., 103 behavior, 212-213, 214, 222, 223 Mullerillnello field experiments, 227, 229, 230, M. br~,627 231, 238 M. jairmairei, 6rT, 629 movement patterns, 213, 214, 215, multi-annual cycles, density 221, 222 Chitty-Krebs model, 369, 374, 380 orientational strategies, 212, 214, Mus musculus (house mice), 381 215, 217-219, 220, 221' 222 myctophid, 48, 50, 57, 61 molt, 580, 581, 599, 600 Myonyceris torquata, 412-414 molting, 54 Myotis monarch butterflies, 646, 748-816, 817, M. evotis, 419 818' 820' 829-831' 832, 833 M. grisescens, 416, 419 M. leibii, adipokinetic hormone, 799, 808, 810, 419 830, 832 M. lucijugus, 417-420, 418, 419 body size, 803, 811 M. -volans, 419 diapause, 799, 802, 805-806, 807, M. yumanensis, 419 808, 808, 812, 829-831 mysid, 47 Monarcha A.C., 770 Mysis relicta, 80 MotUJrdill, 727 Myxobolus neurobius, 354-357, 356, Monodonta, 215 358 moonlight, 48 Myzus persictJe, 628 Subject Index 859

2 N , 126-127, 128, 129 Numenius arquata (curlews), 591 Nanonycteris veldkampi, 412-414 nutrient Nassarius spp., 215 bouyancy effects, 153-154, 156, 159 natal dispersal, 397-406 concentration, 154, 159, 161, 163 natality, 9 interaction with light, 153, 154, 156, natural enemies: see enemies 158 natural selection, 277, 285 limitation, 154, 157, 159-163, 162 nature reserves, 372 transfer through copulation, 763 navigation, 257, 369, 381, 466, 467, uptake, 135-146, 140 755 Nympha/is antiopa (mourning cloak), definition, 469 799, 810 location-based, 471-472 Ochotoma princeps (pika), 380, 386, route-based, 466, 471-472 387 Nazca, 488 octopamine, 817, 818, 826, 828, 834, nectar sources in spring and fall, 762, 835 769 Octopus spp., 216 Nematoscelis megalaps, 60 Ocypodidae (ghost crabs), 258-262, Neomegamelanus 265, 268 N. dorsalis, 635 Ocypodia N. elongatus, 635 0. cordimana, 263 N. penilautus, 635 0. quadrata (ghost crab), 258-264, Neomysis sp., 80 266, 267 Nerita textilis, 215 odors, 645 nest, 7, 11 Oedaleus senegalensis, 688 neuroendocrine system, 516, 817, 818, olfaction, amino acids, 330 826, 830, 834, 835 Olivella, 214 New Brunswick, 279 Oncopeltus jasciatus, 29, 32, 33, 37, New~and, 486,494 38, 663, 664, 665, 667, 668, 669, Newfoundland, 284, 285, 286, 286, 670, 671, 817, 818,820, 821,822, 288, 289, 291 823, 826, 827, 830, 833, 834, 835 niche, 172, 174, 174 Oncorhynchus spp., 34 Nilapanata spp. 0. keta, 360 N. lugens, 627, 628, 629, 630 0. kisutch, 360 Nile, 482-484, 495 0. gorbuscha, 353, 360 Nin Current, 487 0. nerka, 353-363 nitrogen, 257, 268-269 eggs, 357, 359, 360 Nitzschia seriata, 121 fry' 357' 358, 359 nocturnal activity, 517, 524, 526 smolts, 354-355, 356, 358, 359 Nomadacris septemfasciata, 689 adults, 354-355, 356, 358, 360-363 nomadism, 6, 14, 16, 34, 35, 369, 378, ontogenetic migration, 47, 49, 56 -444, 500 oogenesis, 767 avian, 14 oogenesis-flight syndrome (in) nonmigrant populations, 750, 762 Oncopeltus fasciatus, 820 nonvisual predation, 50, 52 Danaus plexippus, 830, 831 North Sea, 316, 317, 319, 320 Hippodamia convergens, 823, 824 Notoscopelus elongatuS, 47 Opsamus beta, 230 Nototropis sp., 80 optimization, 135, 136-137, 138, 142, noxious chemicals, 106 147 860 Subject Index

Oreaster reticulfltus, 244-255 0. redekei, 122 organizational levels, 641, 642 Oscinellfl frit, 33 orientation, 11, 13, 15, 197, 198, 203, osmoregulation, 264-267 206-208' 257' 258 osprey (Pandion haliaetus), 501 atmospheric visibility, and, 787 ostracods, 50, 53 avian, ll, 13, 604, 610-613 Otomops 11Ulrtiensseni, 415 celestial, 212, 219, 324 outbreaks: see epidemic populations cloud effects, 604, 609, 610, 613 outrigger, 486 compass, 316, 318, 319, 359 overcast, 519-520, 521 cues overwintering celestial, 212, 219 behavior, 7 48-770 landmarks, 517, 521-522 colony characteristics, 752-753, 755, light, 176, 177, 180, 183, 516, 518 758 magnetic fields, 516, 517, 519, distrubution, 749, 752, 753, 754, 755 520, 522 drinking, 7W s~. 516,517,518,519,520,522 duration, 759 sun, 516, 517, 518, 520 Gulf coast, 749, 753 sunset, 516, 517-520, 519, 522 inside logs refuted, 7W temperature, 176-189 oviposition, 7, 11, 12, 16, 750, 757, wind, 516, 518-520, 521-522 765, 766 environmental stimuli, 544, 545, 550 oxygen depletion, 233 geomagnetic field, 544-551 Pandion haliaetus, (osprey), 501 gravity, 183 Paniluris guideposts, 214, 218, 219, 221, 222 P. argus, 197-198, 199, 200, 201, Langmuir circulation, to, 324 202 light, 176, 177, 180, 183, 545 P. cygnus, 198 magnetic field, 13, 250, 516, 517, P. femorestriga, 198 519, 520, 522, 544-551, 584, 586, P.guuatus, 198,201 755, 794, 796 P. laevicauda, 201 mode, 786 papyrus, 495, 496 night sky, 548-550 Paralichthys spp. (flounder), 340 ontogeny, and, 544 Paramecium spp., 181, 183 orthokinesis, 20 P. caudatum, 183 rheotactic, 357 parasites, 20, 648 sensory basis, 219-220 Parathemisto japonica, 81 setting sun, 516, 517-520, 522, 550 parental care, 7 sun compass, 793-794 Parus 11Uljor (great tit), 36, 37, 562 to swell, 324 Paspalum vaginatum, 635 visibility of sun, 787 Passerculus sandwichensis (savannah visual, 219, 220 sparrow), 517, 518, 545, 547, 549, waves, 212, 214, 218-219, 220 550 wind, and, 221, 516, 518-520, 521­ Passerina cyanea (indigo bunting), 517, 522, 604, 786-796 548 Oscillfltoria passerines, in general, 522 0. agardhii, 122 Pate/Ill, 215 0. agardhii var. isothrix, 116, 121 pathogens, 648 0. bou"ellyi, 125, 126 Patinigera, 215 Pemphigus betae, 629 Subject Index 861 penaeid shrimp, 340 Pieris brassicae (cabbage white), 810 Peridinium cinctum forma Westii, 124 pigmentation, 91, 97, 98, 100-101, Perinema trichophorum, 179, 180 103-104, 108 Periplaneta spp., 829 pika periwinkles, 213 dens, 388, 389 Perkinsiella vitiensis, 628 dispersal patterns, 389 Perognathus, (pocket mice), 380-381 mating system, 390-391 P. formosus, 380 reproductive success, 390-391 P. longimembris, 381 pilotage, 469 Peromyscus (deer mouse) spp., 377, Pissonotus 378, 380, 381 P. albovenosus, 635 P. boylii, 378 P. quadripustulatus. 635 P. maniculatus, 380 Pizarro, 488, 498 P. polionotus, 381 , 14, 16, 166, 167, 168, 173, Persian Gulf, 482 174, 286, 291 Peru, 487-495, 498, 499 planthopper Peyssonellia, 235 development, 623, 626, 627, 630 Phalacrocorax carbo (cormorants), 591 life history correlates, 623, 626, 627, Pharoah, 482, 484 627, 630 pheromones, 52, 361, 653 migration, 630, 634 Phiallidium hemisphericum, 19 reproduction, 623, 624, 626, 627, Philipine Sea, 485 627 philopatry, 441 response to crowding, 623, 630, 631, natal site, 441 632, 635 Phoebis sennae, 707, 711 response to host plant nutrition, 623, numbers of, 705, 707, 709, 714, 718 627' 630, 632, 632 orientation, 713 wing polymorphism, 623, 624, 626, traps for migrants, 705, 707, 717 627, 630, 632, 635, 635 philopatry in birds: see fidelity to Platymops setiger, 415 previous wintering site in birds pleiotropy, 664 Phoenician, 494, 495 Pleurobrachia, spp. I03 photoprotection hypothesis, 93, 108 P. pileus, 72, 79 photosynthesis, 138, 141-142, 143, 144, Pleuromamma robusta, 49 146 polarized light, 258,518 bouyancy effects, 156 Polynesia, 486-497 light limited, 153, 162, 163 Polyorchis spp., 101, 102, lOS carbon limited, 158, 161, 162, 163 Polysiphonca denudata, 231 phototaxis, 13, 16 Pontella sp., 78 Phronima, 103 population Phylloscopus spp. (European warblers), dynamics, spatial, 6, 9, 17, 18-20 566 dynamics, temporal, 17, 18-19 P. trochilus (willow warbler), 519 growth rates Phyllostomus hastatus (leaf-nosed bat), U.S.A., 369, 373, 374 411, 420, 470 redistribution of, 8, 9 physical transport regulation, 260-261, 269 of migrating , 137 structure, winter, in birds Physophora spp., 103 density, effect on migration, and, phytoplankton, 136-139, 141, 147 557-558, 565-566 862 Subject Index

and differential migration, 555-570 response to host plant nutrition, maintenance from year to year, 625, 627-629, 628, 631, 632, 554-558, 560-566 633, 635 and partial migration, 556-558, 565 wing form determination, 631, 634, Porlieria augustijoliD, 726 635 Portunus spp., 78 wing polymorphism, 623, 626, power of migrants, 15 628,634,635,635 prairie dog, black-tailed (Cynomys , 370 ludOViKianus), 380 Prorocentrum precocene, 819 P. mariae-lebouriae, 136 effect on flight behavior, 821, 823, P. micans, 118 824, 826, 828 P. micans,l88 effect on reproductive development, proximate and ultimate factors, 92 825, 830 relationship to radiance matching, effect on wing morphology, 819 104-105 precipitation, 604, 606, 609 Prunella modularis (duonocks), 519 predation, 262-263 Pseudocalanus spp., 52, 80-81, 99, lOS bird, 770 P. elongatus, 80 migration or aggregation to avoid, Pseudodillptomus hessei, 81 137 pseudodrift, 610, 611 predator: see also enemies, 20 Pteronemobius taprobanesis, 33 benthic, 228, 239 Pteropus predictability, environmental, 278 P. polioceplullus, 414 pressure P. scapulatus, 414 high, 606-608, 606 Pterostichus anthracinus, 679 low, 606-608, 606 Puerto Rico, 615 pre-treatment (magnetic), 473, 474 Puffinus puffinus (Manx shearwater), priming, 202-203 501 queuing, 197-199, 200-203, 209 Pygoscelis adeliae (adelie penguin), 580 storm-related stimuli, 197, 198-199, Pyrosoma spp., 101 200, 202, 203-204 queuing, 197, 199, 200-203, 202, 204­ triggering stimuli, 198, 204, 205 205, 207 products, reproductive, 278, 283 RA expedition, 494-498 Prokelisia racer, 426 P. dolus, 635 radar, 516, 520, 521, 522, 605, 610, P. marginata, 31, 658 611, 612, 612 behavior, 623-635 radio tracking, 435, 436, 437, 438, 440 development, 626, 627-629, 627, , 55 628, 635 Rangifer tarandus, 448 habitat selection, 625, 633 recolonization of the breeding range, host plant relationship, 623, 624, 748, 752, 762, 765, 766 625' 627-629 red tides, 135, 136, 137, 139 life history, 624, 625, 627-629, red-sided garter snake, 426 629' 630' 634 reed ship, 481, 483, 484, 493-497 migration, 625, 633, 634, 635 refUge, benthic, 227, 228 reproduction, 626, 632 regulation of migration in birds (and) response to crowding, 629, 630, distance migrated, 566, 575 631' 632, 635 Subject Index 863

endogenous programs, 566-570, 574 site fidelity, 7 50 experience, 567-575 strategies, 749, 752 experimental analysis of, 561-515 tracking,643,647,651, 659 food availability, 561, 515 resting sites, 7, 11-12,19 social conditions en route, 567, 515 restlessness, migratory: see also timing of migration, 570-575 zugunruhe, 517, 520-525, 521, 526, weather, 572, 515 528 Regulus regulus (Finnish goldcrest), return migrations, 10 551 reverse migration, 52 reindeer Rhizosolenia setigera, 110 lateral migration, 450 RhizostomtJ spp., I 03 Reithrodontomys fulvescens (harvest Rhodnius spp., 819 mouse), 373 RhodomotUJS spp., 118 remigration, 748, 749, 756-759, 761 R. minuta, 167, 169, 170, 171 172, reorientation, 604, 614 173 reproduction, 7 R. lens, 167, 169, 170, 171 171, 173 catasttophic, 2-78 Rhopalodio gibbnvla, 231 repeat, 285 Rhynchonycteris ntUO, 411 reproductive Richardson number, 115 age, 360-361 Ridley turtle, 426 cycles, 258 Rio Grande plain, 725 development, 821, 824, 825, 826, rivers 827,830,832,831,833 natal, 279 diapause, 675, 677, 820, 822, 827 role in shad migration, 279-282 form, 819 thennal regime of, 279-282, 282 output, 820, 821, 835 rodeo~: see also ElltmlliGs, mice, parameters, 279, 291, 835 prairiedog, 466, 468 requnemen~. 277,279 microtine,369,374,375, 376,376, strategies, 278-279 380 success, 650-651 Roman, 482 timing, 358, 359-360 roosting, 7 trap, 758 routes, migratory, of birds, 604, 605, variance, 283 613-615 reptiles, 426 Rubricapra rubicapra (chamois), 453 resource holding power in birds: see S8amanos,487,488 despotism in birds, dominance in birds Saccarosydne sacchariWJra, 628 resource template: see environmental Stlccopteryx template S. bilineata, 393 resources, 642, 645, 647, 651, 653, S. bilineata, 411 657, 659 S. leptura, 411 asynchronous fluctuations in, 503 Sagitta spp., 77, 79, 81, 82, 99, 103 availability, absolute (ARA), 494, S. elegans, 52, 77, 81-82 496,497,497,498,499,501 S. euneritica, 11 availability, relative (RRA), 501 S. nagae, 82 holding potential (RHP), 495-496, S. setosa, 11 498, 499' 503 Saiga tatarica, 451 synchronous fluctuations in, 503 sails, 481 , 485, 488 response to smoke, 760 Salmo spp., 33, 329, 360 864 Subject Index

S. salar, 361 sheep, bighorn salmon, silver, 329 altitudinal migration, 448, 449 salp, 49, 50, 62 traditional routes, 444, 454 Salpa, spp. 103 reintroduction, 449 S. aspena, 47, 50, 79 dispersal, 448, 449, 454-455 S. fusiformis, 19 shelter, 7, 19 Salsoli kali, 690, 699 shrews, 378 salt balance, 264-267 Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat), 372, Salvelinus spp., 360 373 Sardinia, 494 Sierra Madre Oriental, 753, 755, 758, Sargasso Sea, 318,327,329,330 762 scanning: see foraging signals, environmental, 279, 291 Schistocerca gregaria, 687-688, 690, sinuses, sphenoid/ethnoid, 473, 475 692-693, 696, 829, 834 site fidelity, 435-436, 439, 441, 499 Scirpus riparius, 493 tenacity, 499, 500 Scolytidae, 644 Sitobion a venae, 31, 32 Scotoecus hindei, 415 Sitona hespidula, 619 Scotophilus size of migrants, 5, 15-16 S. leucogaster, 410, 411 size spectra, 49-50, 51 S. nigrita, 415 Skeletonema costatum, 120, 139 scyphozoan, 55 skylight polarization, 519 sea hare, 212, 213, 216, 217, 217, sliding set-point mechanism 218-221 Smithsonian Institution, 493 sea urchins, 238 snails: see also gastropods, 213 seagrass, 227-239 snake search: see foraging red-sided garter, 426 seasonal migrations, 4 7, 56 racer, 426 sedentary bats, 417 snowy owl, 36 sedentary behavior 727, 731 soaring, 762 selection social insects, 468 artificial, 670, 672 social organization and migration, birds, correlated response to, 663-671 557-558, 565-566 natural, 664, 665, 666 Sogata jurcifera, 627 semelparity, 278 Solidago sp. (golden rod), 790 senescence, 807, 812 source-sink hypothesis, 135, 141-147 sensory physiology, 16, 517 space/time variability, 56 sex spacing out, 12 and bird migration Spain, 487, 494 distance traveled, 558-575 Spaniards, 484, 485, 488 dominance, and, 557-558, 566-567 Spartina survivorship, and, 553, 564-566 S. altemiflona, 624, 627, 628, 629, timing at migration, and, 573-575 632,633,633,634,635,658 zugunruhe in sexes of }uncus S. patens, 634, 635 hyemalis hyemalis, 566-515 S. spartinae, 635 differences in insect migration, 732, spatial orientation, 517 736-738, 741 spawning shearwater, Manx (Puffinus puffinus), areas, 316, 318, 319, 320, 325, 330, 501 331, 332 Subject Index 865

times, 316, 317, 318, 325, 329 Strombus species richness, 642 S. gigas, 215 Spermophilus beldingi, 397-406 S. tricomis, 215 , gossamer, 16 subpopulations, 641, 650, 651 spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), 197­ success, reproductive, 277, 278, 279, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208 280, 285, 291' 292 mass migration suction traps, 644-645 adaptiveness, 199, 201 Sula bassana (gannet), 501 energetics, 198 Sumer, 482, 483, 496, 497 environmental correlates, 198, 199, sun, 13 201' 202-204 sun compass, 755 evolution, 198, 199, 201 sunset orientation cues, 516, 518-519, hydrodynamic stimuli, 203, 206, 519,520,522 208 super-adult, 16 orientational mechanisms, 197-198, survival habitat, 375-376 203' 206-208' 209 survival: see mortality Spizella arborea (American tree survivorship in birds sparrow), 518, 519 age, and, 558, 561-564 spotted hyenas annual, 561-563 home ranges, 452 distance migrated. and. 556-558, dispersal, 452, 456 564-565 spring migration: see remigration productivity, and. 556-562 spruce bark beetle: see Ips typographus seasonal variation in. 556, 562 spruce budwonn: see Choristoneura sex, and, 558, 561. 562. 565 fumiferana winter climate, and 561-564 squid, 57 sweet potato, 486, 487 St. Lawrence River, estuary of, 291 swimbladder, 316, 324 stage in life history, 15-16 Sylvia spp. 517, 519, 521 stars, 13, 548-550 S. atricapilla (blackcap), 521, 522­ sun, 550 523, 524, 524, 528-530, 530. 554 station-keeping, 5, 7, 8, 14, 19-21 S. borin (garden warbler), 517, 518, statistics, 188-189, 188 518, 519, 520-521. 523. 525. 526 elliptical, 322 S. cantillans (subalpine warbler), Stercorarius parasiticus (arctic skuas), 521, 523 591 S. communis (whitethroat). 521, 523 Sterna S. curruca (lesser whitethroat) 521, S. hirundo (common tern), 580-600 530, 531 S. paradisaea (arctic tern), 580-600 S. hortensis (Orphean warbler), 523 Stemus vulgaris (European starling), S. melanocephala (Sardinian 520, 528, 591, 567 warbler), 520, 521. 524, 525 Stoke's equation, 115, 117 S. sardi (Marmova's warbler), 521, storage product 524 carbohydrate, 135, 141-144, 142, sylviid, 517 145, 146, 146, 147 synchronization stork, white (Ciconia ciconia), 501 Systellaspsis debilis, 61 , 63, 64 storms, 760, 761 Tabellaria jlocculosa var. straightening out: see movement asterionelloides, 127 straying, 353-363 Tadarida 866 Subject Index

T. bemmeUni, 415 fishes, of 321, 323 T. brasiliensis, 416 pattern, 5, 13, 15, 19 T. condyluro, 415 simulated, 319, 320, 323, 330, 331 T. pumila, 415 techniques, 19 Tai Ki, 490 tracking take off, 644, 650, 658 cloud cover, 787 wind-aided, 644 flasher tag, 259 wind effects, 641, 645 naked eye, 787 teleology, 92 telemetry, 259 Temoro sp., 78 visibility, 787 temperate bats, 416 ttansience, 468 temperature, 608-609 ttansparancy, 97, 98, 100-101, 103-104, temperature-salinity correlation, 325, 108 327 Transvolcanic Range, 759 Tenebrio moUtor, 829 Tribolium spp., 33, 34 Terebro spp., 214 T. castaneum, 33, 34 Terrapene caroU1U1 triunguis, 425, 432 T. conjusum, 33, 34 territorial behavior, 391-392 Trichodesmium spp., 116, 122 Testudo hemuJnni (Hermann's tortoise), T. contortum, 122 470 T. 'erythraeum, 122 Texas, south, 724-747 T. thiebautii, 122 Thais spp., 215 Trinectes 11IIICUllltus (hogchoker), 340 Thalassia testudinum, 229 trivial movements: see movement TluJlassiosiro tropical/temperate relationships, 748, T. cf. 1UI1UI, 120 750, 757' 759 T. rotula, 120 Tuamotu Islands, 489-491 T. weissjlogii, 120 Tuberolachnus salignus, 628 Thalassoica antarctica (antarctic Tumidllgeoo petrel), 580 T. minuta, 635 Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, 426 T. terminalis, 635 thennal constraints, 755, 757, 759 Turbo spp., 215 thermocline, 325 turbulence, 166, 167 thermoregulation, 761 Turdus meruiiJ (European blackbird), thin layer chromatography, 767 554 Thyroptero tricolor, 410 turtle Thysanoessa raschi, 53 three-toed box, 432 Thysanopoda sp., 72, 81 Ridley, 426 T. acutifrons, 72 sex determination, 432 TIGRIS, 482 Typha spp., 496, 497 TIGRIS expedition, 497, 498 ultraviolet radiation, 100, 108 time/space variability, 46, 46 UmWoniac~ko~,629 Tomopteris sp., 72, 103 uncertainty Tongue of the Ocean, 323 environmental 279, 289 Totora, 493, 495 reproductive, 283 track Undeuchaeta birds, of, 19-20, 610-612, 611, 612, U. major, 49 613, 614 U. plumosa, 49 unidirectionality: see movement Subject Index 867 upwelling, 45, 46, 47, 56 occurrence, 71, 72-73 Urbanus protens, 704, 705, 706, 7fY1, other factors, 71, 73, 74, 82 718 polyphylenic origin, arguments for 92 UrodemuJ bilobatum, 419 predation, 71 , 73, 77-79 Urosalpinx, 215 pressure, 71, 73, 77-79 Ursus rev~. 72, 79, 81, 82 u. horribilis, 452 twilight, 72 U. m~.~ritimes, 458 Vicugna vicugntl, 455 vacuolation, gas vicuna bouyancy regulation, 153, 154-159 dispersal, 455-456 gas vesicles, 155-159 Vincetoxicum hirundinarill, 648 protein composition, 155, 159 Virginia, 281 turgor-collapse mechanism, 155-157 visual predation, 45, 46, 48, 54, 98, Vampyrodes caraccioli, 411 99-100, 108 Vampyrum spectrum, 411 visual system Vanessa cardui (painted lady butterfly), retinal morphology, 324 799, 810 retinal pigments, 324 variance vulnerability environmental, 277, 279, 291 organisms in pelagic zone, 97, 99 additive genetic, 664, 669, 670 waders, 522 phenotypic, 664, 670, 671 w~utex~u.474-475 vegetative water functions, 6-7 avoidance, 756 habitat, 8, 16-17' 18 balance, 263, 266 inhibition of responses, 7, 12, 16-17 masses, upwelling or mixing of, 285­ stimuli and responses, 7, 12-14, 16 291 vehicle, transporting, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, storage, 493, 494 17 effects on capelin migration, 285­ vertical flux of , 59 291 vertical migration, diel effects on development and survival defmition, 72 of capelin eggs and larvae, 285­ demographic advantage of, 91, 92, 291, 288, 290 93, 94, 99, 106, 108 effects on development and survival endogenous rhythms, 71, 73, 79-80 of shad eggs and larvae, 279-282, energetic, demograhic hypothesis, 93, 281 94-97 effects on shad migration, 279-282, experimental design, 71, 73, 74, 75 281 feeding, 71, 73, 77-79 waterstriders, 675 gravitation, 71 , 73, 77-79 waves light, 71, 73, 74-77 swell, 324 major hypotheses, 93-94 wind, 324-325 metabolic, photosythesis w~er, 520, 641, 643, 648, 650 hypothesis, 93, .94-97 bird migration, and, 563, 564, 572, photodamage hypothesis, 94, 100 575, 604-615 predator avoidance hypothesis, 93, responses to, 604-615 97-100 and timing of migration, 604-615 nocturnal, 72, 7 4 west Africa, 412 West Indies, 604, 605, 607, 608, 614­ 868 Subject Index

615, 615 Zonotrichia albicollis (white-throated whales, 45, 47 sparrow), 518, 520 wildebeest zugunruhe, 545 lateral migration, 451 interspecific variation, 564 dispersal, 451 intraspecific variation of, in Junco wildlife management, 372 hyemalis hyemalis, 567-575 wind, 13, 606-608, 610-612, 614-615 quantitative measurement of, 570-572 crosswind, 786, 787, 789, 792 as reflection of the migratory state, direction, 519, 520, 521 566-567 drift, 521-522, 786, 788, 789, 792, and weather, 572 793, 793 of birds, 610-611 effects on coastal water exchange, 285-291 offshore, 284, 285,286, 289 onshore, 284, 286, 287, 287, 289, 290 systems, 754, 756 tailwind, 786, 789, 792, 796 wing length, artificial selection for, 663, 666, 667' 669 loading, 767 morph ·determination sex influences, 678, 680, 681 environmental effects, 674, 675, 676 genetic effects, 674, 675, 676, 677, 680-683' 681 morphs fitness differences, 676, 684 differential survivorship, 674, 676 fertility differences, 682, 684 wing polymorphism, 28, 30, 33, 38 evolution of dominance, 680 heterozygote superiority, 680 wolf home ranges, 452 dispersal, 452 World Wildlife Fund, 769, 770 Yucatan, 748, 755, 756, 758 Zarate, 488 zebra lateral migration, 451 dispersal, 451 inbreeding potential, 455 zeitgeber, 519 Zimbabwe, 415