Environmental Strategies for Increasing Human Resilience in Sudan: Lessons for Climate Change Adaptation in North and East African

A joint proposal of the Sudan Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources and SEI-Boston

Table of Contents:

1. PROJECT SUMMARY...... 2

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3

2.1 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS...... 3 2.2 PARTICIPATING RESEARCHERS AND INSTITUTIONS ...... 4 2.3 TECHNICAL APPROACH...... 5 2.3.1 Background and Rationale: ...... 5 2.3.2 Methodology: ...... 9 2.4 CAPACITY BUILDING...... 13 2.5 RELEVANCE TO DECISION MAKING...... 14 2.6 REFERENCES ...... 14 3. WORKPLAN...... 15

4. TRAINING AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT NEEDS ...... 18

5. PROJECT BUDGET ...... 19

5.1 BUDGET NARRATIVE...... 19 5.2 BUDGET OVERVIEW...... 21 APPENDIX 1: PROJECT TEAM BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES...... 23

APPENDIX 2: PROJECT PARTNER INSTITUTIONS...... 25

APPENDIX 3: CURRICULUM VITAE OF SEI-BOSTON PROJECT STAFF ...... 27

APPENDIX 4: CURRENT AND PENDING INVESTIGATOR SUPPORT...... 33 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version)

1. PROJECT SUMMARY Title: Environmental Strategies for Increasing Human Resilience in Sudan: Lessons for Climate Change Adaptation in North and East Africa Project Coordinators: Nagmeldin Goutbi, Balgis M. Osman and Erika Spanger-Siegfried Project Description: Measures that enhance both ecological and human resilience in the most vulnerable settings are crucial for mitigating the growing risk of climate-related disasters - particularly for the poor. In growing recognition of this, the disaster management community has been increasingly employing targeted environmental management measures in high-risk settings as a means of reducing human vulnerability. Integrated with climate change adaptation strategies, and applied as an adaptation tool, certain of these measures can serve as cost-effective means of increasing the resilience and adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities in drought-prone countries such as Sudan. The work proposed here seeks to advance this emerging understanding by exploring the relative resilience of communities and the productive systems on which they depend (specifically agriculture, including food crop production, silviculture and animal husbandry) in disaster-struck regions of Sudan, drawing out the interplay between vulnerability and prevailing environmental conditions, and synthesizing practical lessons for increasing adaptive capacity. In doing so, the project would explore the following operating premise: that targeted environmental management measures, employed as climate change adaptation options, can offer a cost-effective means of increasing community resilience and adaptive capacity both for today’s climate-related threats, and in preparation for future climate change. This project recognizes the critical knowledge gap between the environmental risk mitigation and climate change adaptation communities, and would respond by building a research framework and resource base for researchers and decision-makers alike. Specifically, we aim to: - identify, through a series of four case studies conducted in Sudan, cost effective environmental management activities that can contribute most to the resilience of agricultural systems and the communities dependent upon them - and thus, to food security and broader human security in North and East Africa. - enhance the role of these resilience-building options in adaptation and other planning processes by offering contextually specific lessons to relevant actors in policy-making, research, advocacy, environmental management and beyond. - promote dialogue among key stakeholders through project training and network building. - develop and strengthen national and regional capacity, by (a) involving national and regional researchers in case studies, (b) producing training material and (c) holding training workshops for those in the national and regional climate change communities. Countries and Sectors: Sudan is the focal point of the project from which major activities will be planned, undertaken, and managed. Agriculture is the key sector, including crop production, livestock, and silviculture. Estimated Budget: $200,000 Amount requested from AIACC = $150,000 Amount requested from UNDP-Khartoum = $50,000 Project Duration: 2 years; January, 2002 through December, 2003.

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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Objectives and Expected Outputs

The work outlined here is intended to: (a) strengthen the capacity of actors (decision-makers, researchers, community-based groups, intergovernmental agencies, etc.) in Sudan and surrounding countries to respond to climate change vulnerability with affordable adaptation options; (b) provide decision-makers with the most current information on environmental management strategies that can meaningfully increase the resilience of the most vulnerable groups; (c) contribute to national adaptation strategies (both National Communications and National Adaptation Programmes of Action) under the UNFCCC, (d) enhance and expand regional collaboration between institutions and agencies (e.g., HCENR) in the areas of environmental management, disaster mitigation and climate change adaptation; and ultimately (e) lead to real reductions in human vulnerability to both current climate extremes and climate change. Through this research, the project may also succeed in bringing to light those environmental management measures that can provide a ‘triple dividend’ - decreased climate-related disaster vulnerability, reduced demand for international humanitarian assistance in disaster response and recovery, and achievement of national and global sustainable development objectives.1 Specific outputs (described in greater depth in section 2.3) will include: (a) a series of four case study reports; (b) a series of three project synthesis reports; (c) peer-reviewed publication of one or more synthesis documents; (d) a series of four training modules; (e) three regional training workshops; (f) a dedicated web page; (g) a new regional network of actors engaged in one or more aspects of this work; and (h) increased technical, managerial and analytical capacity of local project researchers and participants. This project, though based in Sudan, is intended to extend and apply to the surrounding region in the following ways: In the first place, the task force will be charged with selecting case studies based on a small set of criteria. Key among these will be the extent to which the potential case study represents the experience of other countries in the region. For example, cases studies might include drought-related incidents in Central and Northern Sudan that are highly applicable to countries such as Ethiopia, Egypt and Chad. In many cases, droughts are regional in scope. Secondly, the training material to be developed will be geared specifically for use throughout the North and East Africa regions. And finally, training workshops, geared at national climate change research teams, policy-makers, and actors from the complimentary fields of environmental management, disaster management, etc., will be held in three locations within the region (e.g., Egypt, Sudan and Kenya).

2.2 Participating Researchers and Institutions

This project would engage two partner organizations - one southern and one northern - that share a several-year history of fruitful collaboration on climate change issues. The Higher Council for

1 Though the inclusion of carbon “sinks” in the Clean Development Mechanism has yet to be fully negotiated, the possibility exists of a fourth dividend from adaptation through improved environmental management – that of carbon emissions credits.

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Environment and Natural Resources has led Sudan’s climate change studies, development of its First National Communications under the UNFCCC, and now plans to undertake development of Sudan’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). The Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston Center has, since 1997, served as a backstop consulting organization to HCENR (as well as other North African countries), working in close support of its climate change activities. (See Appendices for more information.)

International Project Coordinator: Local Project Coordinators: Erika Spanger-Siegfried (USA) Balgis M. Osman (Sudan) and Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston Ctr Nagmeldin Goutbi (Sudan) 11 Arlington Street Higher Council For Environment and Natural Boston, MA 02116 USA Resources Phone: (617) 266-8090 Fax: (617) 266-8303 Khartoum, Sudan [email protected] Phone: 249 11 784279; Fax : 249 11 787617 http://www.seib.org [email protected]

Fund Manager: Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston Centre 11 Arlington Street Boston, MA 02116 USA Phone: (617) 266-8090 Fax: (617) 266-8303 [email protected]; http://www.seib.org Contact: Erika Spanger-Siegfried (above) Project Researchers and Institutions: The two partner institutes bring a unique combination of experience and expertise to this project. Each has made this effort a top priority and assigned senior staff to managing the project to success. (For more information, please refer to Appendices.) Below, we list the project’s national and international advisors.

· Dr. Tariq Banuri (Pakistan), Senior Research Director, SEI-B. Expertise: climate change and sustainable development strategies.

· Dr William Dougherty (USA), Senior Research Director, SEI-B. Expertise: climate change and sustainable development in North Africa and Arab States.

· Dr. Ismail El Gizouli (Sudan), Coordinator UNDP/GEF Climate Change Enabling Project for Sudan Expertise: climate change and development planning.

2.3 Technical Approach

2.3.1 Background and Rationale:

Climate change is widely and unequivocally anticipated to impact natural and human (social and “The vulnerability of human societies and economic) systems, most sharply through increased natural systems to climate extremes is climate-related disasters. It is likely, also, to inflict, demonstrated by the damage, hardship, and not just heavy, but devastating impacts on the poorest death caused by events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, avalanches and windstorms. populations - in particular, those living off …Some extreme events are projected to inherently fragile or degraded lands. In such increase in frequency and/or severity during the 21st century […] The impacts of future changes in climate extremes are expected to fall HCENR/SEI-Boston disproportionately on the poor.” 4 - IPCC Working Group II (2001), Third Assessment Report November 28, 2001 (Updated Version) circumstances, the baseline exposure of the population to climate impacts, such as drought or flooding, is high. Compounding this is a weak capacity of poor populations to adapt and the likelihood that their future will be increasingly compromised as such lands are further degraded. Indeed, this pattern is already transforming today’s climate extremes into increasingly catastrophic events.2 In the face of projected increases in extreme events, this pattern is cause for particular concern. Present Vulnerability in Sudan and Neighboring Countries: Extreme climatic events and climate variability have had devastating impacts on the people of North and East Africa - on livelihoods, health, and the natural systems upon which both depend. Above all other impacts, drought has taken and continues to take the greatest human toll. In March and April of this year, relief groups released the latest in a series of appeals for assistance to stem the worsening conditions in Sudan brought on by the latest drought. According to one group “severe drought across many parts of Sudan is affecting several million people, many of whom are at acute risk of severe food insecurity over the coming months. Low and sporadic rainfall has severely affected agricultural production and depleted water resources”.3 According to Sudan’s recently completed First National Communications to the UNFCCC, it is precisely these types of conditions that can be expected to worsen under climate change.4 Like many of its neighbors, Sudan is a country of inherently fragile ecosystems, frequent droughts, ongoing desertification, and as a result, pressing challenges to address the national priorities of food security, water supply, and public health. Of its diverse ecological zones, more than half the country can be classified as desert or semi-desert, with another quarter, arid savannah; much of the country’s land area is considered highly sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation.5 The country’s inherent vulnerability may best be captured by the fact that food security in Sudan is determined primarily by rainfall, particularly in rural areas, home to 70% of the total population. Under future climate change, projected changes in temperature and precipitation could cause shifts in the precarious distribution of these ecological zones, in the productive capacity of rainfed agriculture, and thus, in the security of the nation’s food supply. In countries where food insecurity can lead to massive dislocation and loss of life, food security becomes synonymous with human security in general. Climate Change Vulnerability in Sudan and “The implications of this state of food insecurity in Neighboring Countries: Under climate change Africa for climate change are significant. The conditions, the duration and intensity of drought in risks of adverse effects on agriculture, especially in much of North and East Africa is expected to increase, semi-arid and subhumid regions and areas with exacerbating desertification and posing a profound more frequent and prolonged drought, become life- 6 threatening risks. Internal coping mechanisms – challenge to food security. In its Third Assessment through farm improvement, employment and trade Report, the IPCC Working Group II builds upon past – are not likely to be adequate for many of the discussions of climate change vulnerability in Africa, vulnerable populations.” emphasizing the precarious nature of food security and - IPCC Working Group 2 (2001), Third Assessment the unique vulnerability of agriculture - used here to Report refer to crop production, animal husbandry, and silviculture (woodland resource management and harvesting). Food security, according to the Third Assessment Report, is already affected by extreme events and by the process of desertification, which, though not caused strictly by climatic conditions, is

2 In Africa, Latin America, and much of Asia, adaptive capacity of human systems is low, particularly with respect to extreme climate events; vulnerability throughout much of these regions is high (see, e.g., IPCC Working Group II (2001) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC.) 3 See Relief Web, Sudan: Drought Appeal No. 11/2001 http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/vID/7FC68B9789E06194C1256A0900590AFC?OpenDocument 4 Government of Sudan (forthcoming) (2002) First National Communications under the UNFCCC. 5 Ibid 6 IPCC Working Group II (2001) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC.

HCENR/SEI-Boston 5 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version) inextricably tied to it (see Box 1).7 The report points to the broad consensus that climate change will worsen food security in Africa, mainly through increased extremes and temporal/spatial shifts. The First National Communications of Sudan offers a more detailed picture of local vulnerability, using future scenarios of temperature and precipitation to model impacts on agriculture. In the key agricultural region of Kordofan, production of sorghum and millet food crops - critical to food security - was found to decline significantly by the years 2030 and 2060.8 Clearly, both the challenges and the urgency to identify agricultural adaptation Box 1: Climate Change, Desertification and Agriculture options within countries like Sudan - those Source: IPCC Working Group 2 (2001) “Climate change and desertification remain inextricably linked with limited infrastructure and financial through feedbacks between land degradation and precipitation. resources - are great. The evolving threat Climate change might exacerbate desertification through to vulnerable communities is particularly alternation of spatial and temporal patterns in temperature, grave in the face of declining development rainfall, solar insolation and winds. […] Ultimately, these adverse 9 impacts lead to socioeconomic and political instability. Potential assistance worldwide. Funding for increases in the frequency and severity of drought are likely to humanitarian emergencies, meanwhile, has exacerbate desertification.” risen dramatically, indicating that long- […] “The tragic death of as many as 250,000 people in the Sahel term efforts aimed at redressing the drought of 1968-1973 demonstrates the vulnerability of humans to desertification. As desertification proceeds, agricultural and underlying causes of vulnerability are livestock yields decline, reducing people’s options for survival.” increasingly being edged out by the need to respond to desperate situations today.10 Status of Adaptation in Sudan and Other Least Developed Countries: The threat of increased climate extremes has evoked responses by governments; today, some countries are beginning to explore and develop adaptation options to future climate change.11 Many countries - including Sudan - have completed their First National Communications to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Yet, Sudan and most other countries have yet to develop meaningful adaptation options. By contrast, many developing countries - and in particular, the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) - remain poorly adapted to today’s climate extremes, and lack the resources to undertake large-scale adaptation projects in anticipation of future climate change. Where they exist, responses of governments to climate change vulnerability have tended to be reactive in nature, and the types of adaptation options considered have tended to be gradual autonomous adjustments, or costly structural changes.12 Long-term efforts to enhance local-level adaptive capacity - though increasingly recognized as critical - are broadly lacking. The paucity of research, activity and funding for this area is cause for concern, particularly for these LDCs that are too burdened by debt and immediate domestic crises to devote scarce resources to preventive measures, no matter how well- advised.13 For such countries, what is needed is an array of affordable, “win-win” options to choose from, which can build local adaptive capacity, while extending international adaptation funding, attracting

7 See, e.g., IPCC Working Group II (2001) Chapter 10: Africa 8 Government of Sudan (forthcoming) (2002) First National Communications under the UNFCCC. 9 World Bank (1998) Assessing Aid—What Works, What Doesn't, and Why. 10 During the 1990s, countries spent nearly US$3 Billion per year in humanitarian assistance during the 1990’s, of which about one tenth went towards disaster response and rehabilitation. Meanwhile, ODA fell from US$56 Billion (0.3 % of OECD DAC GNP) in 1993 to US$47.6 Billion (0.22% of OECD DAC GNPs) in 1997. See for example, ActionAid. The Reality of Aid, 1995:10. 11 In the climate change context, adaptation can take several basic forms – autonomous, reactive, and preventive/anticipatory actions. 12 See, e.g., Smith et al. (1999) Compendium of Decision Tools to Evaluate Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change. UNFCC. 13 Within the UNFCCC framework, the questions of direct aid and various forms of compensation for losses are being negotiated. The July 2001 COP produced preliminary agreement on an adaptation fund generated from CDM proceeds, however, it remains unclear whether an effective funding mechanisms will emerge in the near-term.

HCENR/SEI-Boston 6 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version) unconventional funders (e.g., conservation and disaster management organizations) and supplementing costlier large-scale efforts. Currently, an important opportunity exists for Sudan and other “Adaptations to current climate and LDCs, as the climate change community enters a new phase climate-related risks (e.g., recurring of vulnerability and adaptation assessment activity. Many droughts, storms, floods and other countries - Sudan included - are beginning their second extremes) generally are consistent with adaptation to changing and changed round of this National Communications research (which will climatic conditions. Adaptation measures entail a second Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment). are likely to be implemented only if they In addition, Sudan, along with most LDCs, has recently are consistent with or integrated with decisions or programs that address committed to development of a National Adaptation nonclimatic stresses. Vulnerabilities Programme of Action (NAPA), in lieu of complete associated with climate change are adaptation assessments.14 The recently released IPCC Third rarely experienced independently of nonclimatic conditions.” Assessment Report, which will inform and guide these - IPCC Working Group II (2001) Third activities, is unequivocally recommending a greater focus on Assessment Report adaptation - and on adaptation options that are integrated with other national and global sustainable development goals.15 Further, under the auspices of UNDP and GEF, an Adaptation Policy Framework is in the process of being developed, which promises to guide adaptation inquiries toward national adaptation strategies that are integrated with other sustainable development goals. The stage is set, it would seem, for the climate change research community to meaningfully assist Sudan and other LDCs. By using available resources (such as support of the START Programme) to bring to light low-cost steps that can build resilience in human and natural systems, the research community can enable countries like Sudan to integrate an array of affordable options into their emerging adaptation strategies, while building the resilience of the most vulnerable human and natural systems. Rationale for Exploring Environmental Management Measures as Adaptation Tools: As has been argued above, all countries are not equally endowed with the financial and technical capacity to take on major infrastructure projects and large-scale structural adjustments in order to prepare for climate change. In the absence of unlimited funding and international support, countries like Sudan need a “toolbox” of straightforward, affordable, replicable measures to choose from, based on their unique domestic circumstances. The question, then, is not whether these types of “Most analysts in less-developed countries believe that the urgent need, in the face of both measures are valuable, but what specific measures might climate variation and prospective climate be involved? In other words, what should such a change, is to identify policies which reduce “toolbox” contain? Surely there are several answers to recurrent vulnerability and increase resilience. Prescriptions for reducing vulnerability span this question; the types of “alternative” adaptation drought-proofing the economy, stimulating measures should be diverse enough to meet a variety of economic diversification, adjusting land and national needs.16 However, as we will outline below, water uses, […] For the near term, development strategies should ensure that there is reason to suggest that environmental livelihoods are resilient to a wide range of management measures can serve among the most perturbations.” effective options. - Rayner and Malone (1998) Determining how best to adapt to climate change is not a

14 Adaptation assessment is an evolving analytical process, intended to generate measures to reduce the vulnerability and increase the resilience and adaptability of both human and natural systems. 15 See e.g., IPCC Working Group II (2001) “Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development and Equity”. Chapter 18 in the Third Assessment Report. 16 Sustainable livelihoods activities, for instance, are likely to be quite effective at increasing adaptive capacity of poor and vulnerable communities.

HCENR/SEI-Boston 7 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version) simple task, as evidenced by the immature nature of most adaptation assessments. However, a number of sources have suggested that the degree to which a sector, community, or system is adapted to today’s climate extremes and variability can serve as an indicator of how vulnerable or resilient that system is likely to be to future climate change conditions. According to the IPCC WG II (Summary for Policy Makers, 2001), for example, “Experience with adaptation to climate variability and extremes can be drawn upon to develop appropriate strategies for adapting to anticipated climate change”. In other words, for vulnerable communities and agricultural systems, the most logical first step in adapting to climate change is to assess - and where necessary, increase - their level of adaptation to current climate- related stressors. The disaster management community has long sought to reduce vulnerability to extreme climate-related events - drought, flooding, landslides, storm surge, etc. - and within this community, there is an emerging understanding that environmental degradation and vulnerability to such disasters are closely linked.17 In countries such as Sudan, the expansion of household and agricultural pressures on more fragile ecosystems - eliminating stabilizing vegetation from otherwise weak soils - has contributed to desertification and the intensification of drought. In mountainous regions, deforestation can increase runoff, exacerbate flooding and loss of productive soil, deepen poverty, and thus force further exploitation of forest resources to meet immediate needs. Regrettably, examples abound. An increasing body of voices within the disaster management community suggests that while ecological degradation increases vulnerability, measures to enhance ecological resilience can simultaneously reduce vulnerability of communities to climate-related shocks.18 Examples include hillside reforestation to mitigate landslides, wetland conservation to provide storm surge buffer, and watershed restoration to avoid flash flooding. Further, such measures can often do so in a more cost-effective manner than other options, and can provide co-benefits, such as achievement of sustainable development objectives (e.g., forest and biodiversity conservation and reduced desertification), and reduced need for humanitarian intervention, making these so-called “win-win” options attractive to funders as well as cash-strapped developing countries. In recent years, the disasters community has begun to integrate environmental management techniques into its efforts. The climate change community, however, while clearly recognizing the need for adaptation options that are consistent with national sustainable development goals, has not yet done so. This is likely due to the fact that adaptation assessment is a somewhat immature process, but the result is that this community has not yet assessed and articulated the importance of environmental management techniques.19 As these measures can provide both human and ecological systems with increased resilience to today’s climate impacts, it is critical that they begin to be considered as a tool for strengthening resilience to future climate change. This project aims to bridge this disciplinary gap. In doing so, it will provide the relevant research and policy-making communities with a sampling of the types of environmental management options that should be explored and employed in the important adaptation work ahead.

17 See, e.g., Blaikie, et al. (1994) At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability, and Disasters. Routledge. 18 Girot, P. IUCN Task Force on Environment & Security Case Studies: Hurricane Mitch, Publication forthcoming in 2001. Available on request :[email protected]. 19 Exceptions surely exist; in the coastal zone research community, for instance, the IPCC TAR reports that “assessments of adaptation strategies have shifted emphasis away from hard protection structures of shorelines (e.g., seawalls, groins) toward soft protection measures, (e.g., beach nourishment), managed retreat, and enhanced resilience of biophysical and socioeconomic systems […]. (See also, Klein et al. 1999)

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2.3.2 Methodology:

This project will explore its operating premise - that targeted environmental management measures, employed as climate change adaptation options, can offer a cost-effective means of increasing community resilience and adaptive capacity both to today’s climate-related threats and in preparation for future climate change - through two primary steps: case study development and synthesis/lessons- extraction. These steps - and the variables to be addressed - are discussed in some detail below. Case Study Development: A set of case studies will be undertaken by this project in Sudan to examine existing efforts to withstand and reduce vulnerability to climate-related stress, at the community level. Each case study will explore a discrete example of such stress in a single area within Sudan. It is anticipated that precise case study methods will be determined by the project Task Force as it develops the research agenda in its initial meeting. Nevertheless, this section outlines the primary components of the methodological approach. Case studies will be selected by the project Task Force based on the following criteria:

· Case studies will involve past or ongoing climate-related events that are representative of projected future climate change, as outlined most recently in the IPCC TAR, as well as the Sudan First National Communications (e.g., prolonged drought).20

· Case studies will involve climate-related events that are representative of experiences of neighboring countries, such as Egypt, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia.

· Case studies will explore specific examples of environmental management applications (e.g., collaborative management, soil conservation, water harvesting) that have been applied in Sudan, and could be applied in other countries. Each case study will work with a set of four major variables, outlined here. a) Climate Stressor - For each case study, a discrete climate-related event - past or ongoing - will be identified, around which the case study will be constructed. For the purposes of this proposal, the term “stressor” is meant to capture a climate-related phenomenon with direct impacts on human systems. In the Sudan context, this term will generally refer to drought (though flooding, forest fires, etc. will not be ruled out at this stage). The past or ongoing climate stressors will be used as proxies for future climate extremes.21 It is important to reiterate that this inquiry is intended to bring to light “no-regrets” adaptation options that can be taken in response to projections of future climate change, including changes in climate extremes. Such projections are outlined, most recently, in the IPCC Third Assessment Report, where general trends are presented with ranges of certainty. This inquiry is not intended to pinpoint measures that should be taken in response to specific temperature and precipitation scenarios. b) Agricultural System - Each case study will focus on a set of agricultural systems and dependent communities within a particular region that have been equally exposed to a climate stressor. The

20 According to both the IPCC Working Group II (2001) Third Assessment Report and the IPCC (1998) Report on Regional Impacts of Climate Change, adaptation efforts should be informed by the degree to which a system is resilient to today’s climate-related variability and extremes. 21 It is important to reiterate that this inquiry is intended to bring to light “win-win” adaptation options that can be taken in response to projections of future climate change, including changes in climate extremes. It is widely believed that current extremes can serve as examples of the types of climate events that will be increasingly common under future climate change. (Such projections are outlined, most recently, in the contributions of IPCC Working Groups I and II to the Third Assessment Report, where general trends are presented with ranges of certainty.) This inquiry it is not intended to pinpoint measures that should be taken in response to specific temperature and precipitation scenarios.

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term “agricultural system” is used here to capture a localized system of agricultural production that is at least partly responsible for sustaining the local population. Examples of such systems might include rainfed shorgum production, gum arabic production, or rangelands-based animal husbandry. Though slight variations within case studies may exist, the approach will in most instances involve one target system and one control system per case study.

· Target systems will be those in which an environmental management (EM) approach has been previously applied - i.e., an EM technique has been used in the system by individuals or organizations seeking to increase system resilience and/or productivity.

· Control systems will be those that share major relevant baseline (i.e., pre-EM activity) characteristics with the target system. Depending on the system in question, such characteristics will include approximate size, location, local climate, baseline productivity, etc. However, control communities will be those in which the EM measure has not been applied. c) Resilience Indicators - A set of uniform indicators of system resilience will be developed by the Task Force at the project’s outset. These indicators will be designed to measure both short- and long-term resilience in an agricultural system. Short-term indicators can be divided into (1) Economic - e.g., crop productivity, livestock productivity, local grain reserves; (2) Ecological - e.g., topsoil loss, soil water balance; and (3) Social - e.g., household income and dislocation in communities dependent upon the agricultural system. Longer-term resilience indicators will be more qualitative, aimed at capturing intangibles such as the level of economic, ecological and social stability within a system or community. Control systems will be selected, in large part, based on available evidence that their key baseline indicators (i.e., pre-EM intervention) are similar to the target community’s baseline indicators. d) Environmental Management Approach - The identification of the environmental management approach to be studied would occur in tandem with the identification of target systems (described above). The list below represents examples of the types of EM approaches that could be studied within the above context:22

· Soil Management - This approach to increasing the stability and productivity of soil is a general term which involves a range of specific techniques such as fallow cycling, forest buffering, selective planting, managed grazing, etc. Soil management is recognized as central to combating desertification.

· Water harvesting - Around the world, this approach has many variants - from the construction of johads (earthen dams) in Northwest India to rooftop collection in the Caribbean, to the forest zai in West Africa - and many champions. Water harvesting techniques have been used as a drought-proofing tool to increase water available for households, irrigation, as well as baseline water flow for watershed restoration. (In Western Sudan, for instance, the trunk of the Adansonia digtata tree is used for water harvesting, purification and storage.)

· Windbreak Construction - As wind erosion contributes significantly to the process of desertification, a number of environmental management methods have been applied, both through formal desertification projects and autonomous activities of farmers, to reduce its effect. Replanting of indigenous trees and shrubs for windbreaks, as well as ridging, mulching and rock bunds, are but a few methods.23

22 For the integrity of the methodology, we do not wish to be overly prescriptive at this stage. Instead, at the outset of the project, the Task Force will decide on the most relevant, discrete climate-related shocks in Sudan and will then identify an EM approach that has been applied in each area. 23 See, e.g., IPCC Working Group II (2001) “Africa”. Chapter 20 in the Third Assessment Report. IPCC.

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· Intercropping - The technique of planting selected food crops within stands of trees (e.g., in the case of Sudan, gum arabic stands) is suggested to provide local communities with added food security and income through livelihood diversification, while at the same time reducing deforestation and desertification. The many additional approaches that might be considered include collaborative management, selective biomass regeneration, rangelands management, livestock diversification, gully control, and organic matter management (to name but a few). The case studies will be developed through research involving fieldwork, literature review, interviews, questionnaires, etc. Each final case study will include: (a) Background - A background will be developed on the climate-related stressor, the geographic area, communities and agricultural systems studied, the EM approach itself, and the people or group applying the EM approach to the community. (b) Methodological Description - Unique methodological steps applied in developing the particular case study would be described here, as well as data and data sources, study limitations, etc. (c) Analysis - In this section, a comparison of the indicators between systems will be presented in an attempt to answer the question: did the presence of the environmental management measure translate into greater resilience to climate-related stressors? This analysis is expected to help illustrate the impact of selected EM measures. (d) Results - Here, an in-depth discussion will be presented on the relative effectiveness of the EM activity in reducing agricultural system vulnerability and increasing community resilience and adaptive capacity in the face of an extreme climatic event. Case studies will be led by a commissioned expert, who will conduct the fieldwork, research and writing with the support and close collaboration of the project partners. Project partners will assist with the drafting of final case study reports. With the completion of the four case studies - though each serves as a stand-alone report - they will be compiled into a single volume, which will include a description of the overarching study goals, approach, methodology and results. Synthesis and Extraction of Lessons: In this phase of work, the case study findings will be synthesized and analyzed for the purpose of preparing three separate reports, described below: a) Relevance to climate change: The first of these reports will explore, distill and discuss the significance of the climate change challenge for community and agricultural system resilience and the significance of the experiences outlined in the case studies for climate change adaptation planning. b) Lessons learned: The second report in this series will draw out and synthesize criteria for success and other lessons that can assist relevant actors in Sudan and the surrounding region in addressing questions of climate change adaptation with environmental management techniques. c) Synergies: In this report, the potential for synergy between the disciplines and research communities of environmental management and climate change adaptation will be assessed and discussed. These three reports can serve as stand-alone products, and will also be presented as chapters in the final project report. With the input of task force members and key project advisors, project partners will be able to draw forth key information on increasing community resilience and adaptive capacity, which

HCENR/SEI-Boston 11 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version) can help inform policy-makers, researchers and practitioners in both environmental management and V&A, as well as potential project funders.

2.4 Capacity Building

This project aims to enable the local and regional climate change communities to cultivate a more robust and complete conception of climate change adaptation, and how on-the-ground activities might best be approached. As such, capacity building (technical, analytical, managerial, institutional, etc.) is at the root of this collaborative effort, and will be undertaken in several ways. In the first place, the several-year relationship that exists between SEI-B and HCENR has itself been based on capacity building, wherein SEI-B has provided backstop consulting support to the HCENR Climate Change Team (as part of UNDP/GEF’s Climate Change Enabling Activities); the current project is envisioned by both partners as a logical extension of this relationship, through which SEI-B will help to strengthen the capacity of a new team of local researchers, in project management, research, analysis, training and network-building. Secondly, each of the four case studies is intended to be commissioned to a local or regional researcher. This individual will work closely with the local and international project teams as they develop the case study, interact with the project task force, and provide input to the synthesis reports - a multifaceted process which is intended to help strengthen their individual and institutional capacity. Next, a central component of this project is the training modules and workshops which will be developed and delivered expressly for local and regional actors. Through three regional workshops, this project hopes to engage and strengthen capacity of most national climate change teams in the North and East Africa regions, as well as relevant researchers, advocacy groups, decision-makers, etc. And finally, the regional, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary project network that will be developed will enable the sort of intellectual exchange and cross-pollination of ideas that can greatly enrich the capacity of its participants on a number of fronts. The result of these combined efforts will be: (a) a climate change research community in North and East Africa that is familiar with an alternative approach to adaptation, schooled in a useful methodology, and capable of undertaking the necessary widespread replication of these project activities. (b) a climate change policy-making community in North and East Africa that is prepared to bring a richer, more informed perspective to the tasks of assessing adaptation options and crafting effective adaptation strategies. (c) a new, multi-disciplinary community that is capable of the sort of intellectual bridging that will be required if adaptation strategies are to be effectively implemented.

2.5 Relevance to Decision Making

A central motivation behind this project is that there is incomplete information available to decision- makers who would undertake climate change adaptation planning. The objectives, therefore, include (a) providing decision-makers in Sudan and surrounding countries with the most current information on effective environmental management strategies for reducing local-level vulnerability, in order to (b) strengthen their ability to address climate change vulnerability by selecting meaningful, affordable adaptation options.

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2.6 References Benioff et al. (1996) Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments: and International Handbook. J Kluwer Academic Publishers. Blaikie, et al. (1994) At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability, and Disasters. Routledge. Feenstra et al. (1998) Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies. UNEP. Desanker et al. (2001) “Africa”. Chapter 10 in Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. Downing, T.E. (1996) Climate Change and World Food Security. Springer-Verlag. Gitay et al. (2001) “Ecosystems and Their Goods and Services”. Chapter 5 in Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. Government of Sudan (Forthcoming 2002) First National Communications under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. IPCC Working Group I (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. IPCC Working Group II (2001) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [McCarthy, J., O. Canziani, N. Leary, D. Dokken, K. White (eds.)] IPCC. IPCC (1998) The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)] IPCC. Kelly, P. and W.N. Adger (1999) Assessing Vulnerability to Climate Change and Facilitating Adaptation. Working Paper GEC. University of East Anglia. Klein, et al. (1997) Adaptation to Climate Change: Options and Technologies. UNFCCC. Munasinghe, M. and R. Swart (eds.) (2000) Climate Change and Its Linkages with Development Equity and Sustainability: Proceedings of the IPCC Expert Meeting held in Colombo, Sri lanka 27-29 April 1999. IPCC. Rayner, S. and E.L. Malone (eds.) (1998) Human Choice and Climate Change Volume 3: The Tools for Policy Analysis. Batelle Press. Smit et al. (2001) “Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development and Equity”. Chapter 18 in Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. Smith et al. (1999) Compendium of Decision Tools to Evaluate Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change. UNFCC. Schneider et al. (2001) “Overview of Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability to Climate Change”. Chapter 1 in Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. World Bank (1998) Assessing Aid—What Works, What Doesn't, and Why. World Bank.

HCENR/SEI-Boston 13 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version)

3. WORKPLAN The activities outlined below will be undertaken by the project team, which consists of the following individuals and roles: · National Advisor - Ismail El Gizouli · International Advisors - Tariq Banuri and Bill Dougherty · National Coordinators - Balgis M. Osman and Nagmeldin Goutbi · International Coordinator - Erika Spanger-Siegfried · Full Research Team - All of the above · Task Force - To be determined · Commissioned Researchers - To be determined Below, the five major phases of activity, and the tasks involved in each, are outlined. The timing of these phases is outlined in the table that follows. · In phase one of activity, project partners will scope the relevant issues and convene a task force of national, regional and international experts from the research and policy-making communities. Members of the task force will be brought together for a project launch meeting, in which they will fine tune the project methodology and establish a research agenda to test the linkages between environmental management and climate change vulnerability in Sudan. Specifically, a series of recent climate-related extreme events (or “stressors”) will be identified - these will be largely, if not entirely, occurrences of drought - which might offer insights into how environmental conditions and management measures can influence vulnerability and resilience.24,25 Task force members will include project partners, representatives of the IUCN/CEESP Task Force on Environment and Security, and individuals - local, regional and international - with expertise in climate change, environmental management, agriculture, arid lands, drought and desertification. This phase will put in place a process for participation which will continue through much of the project, and will serve to (a) ensure high quality project methodology and results, and (b) lay the groundwork for a high-caliber national and regional network, with strong linkages to international institutions and research efforts. Task 1: Develop Task Force [Full Project Team; January and February 2002] Task 2: Convene Task Force in project launch meeting [National and International Coordinators; March 2002] Task 3: Refine methodology, develop research agenda and select case studies [Task Force and Full Project Team; March 2002] Task 4: Finalize methodology and research agenda [Full Project Team; March 2002] · In phase two, a series of four case studies will be commissioned by national and regional experts to examine the relative impacts of four discrete climate-related events, using the project methodology. Through this process, the foundation will be laid for assessment of viable adaptation options by the project partners and task force. The task force will be active in guiding the case study research. (The case study methodology is outlined in section 4, below.) This phase will culminate in four stand-alone case study reports.

24 It has been widely suggested that measures for coping with climate change can be informed by successful responses to today’s climate-related challenges (see, e.g., IPCC WG II (2001) Third Assessment Report and IPCC (1998) Special Report on Regional Impacts of Climate Change). 25 In designing the project’s an analytical framework, the task force will take care to select case studies that can offer lessons for the broader North Africa region.

HCENR/SEI-Boston 14 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version)

Task 1: Commission case study researchers [National and International Coordinators; April 2002] Task 2: Coordinate case study research [National and International Coordinators; April through October 2002] Task 3: Conduct case study research and prepare draft reports [Commissioned Researchers; April through August 2002] Task 4: Prepare final case study reports [National and International Coordinators, with Commissioned Researchers; September and October 2002] In phase three, the case study findings will be synthesized and analyzed for the purpose of preparing three separate reports, described below: a) Relevance to climate change: The first of these reports will explore, distill and discuss the significance of the experiences outlined in the case studies for climate change vulnerability and adaptation planning, and the significance of extreme climatic events on community level stability and resilience. b) Lessons learned: The second report in this series will draw out and synthesize criteria for success and other lessons that can assist Sudanese and North African actors in addressing aspects of climate change vulnerability through environmental management. c) Synergies: The potential for synergy between the efforts of environmental management organizations (and potentially disaster management groups) and existing efforts to address climate change adaptation will be assessed and discussed by the project partners. These three reports (which can serve as stand-alone products) will also be presented as chapters in the final project report. Through this research and analysis, the project partners will be able to draw forth key information on reducing community vulnerability, which can help inform policy-makers, researchers and practitioners in both environmental management and V&A, as well as potential project funders. Task 1: Develop first drafts of each report [International Coordinator; November and December, 2002] Task 2: Iterate and prepare final drafts of each report [Full Project Team; December 2002 through February 2003] Task 3: Coordinate peer-reviewed and general publication of project reports [International Coordinator; March through June 2003] · In phase four project partners will assemble a series of training modules, through which project findings can be made widely accessible, and coordinate regional training workshops. Training material will also provide the project with an added type of long-term utility, following the completion of the research and dissemination of findings. A series of training modules (ranging from 2 to 6 hours in length) will be prepared on the following subjects - (1) the relevance of EM strategies to climate change adaptation; (2) specific EM lessons to be applied to adaptation needs; (3) synergies between the climate change V&A and environmental management (and potentially disasters management) communities. These modules will then be adapted by both SEI-B and HCENR into four user-specific packages - for (1) policy-makers, (2) V&A researchers, (3) environmental management practitioners, and (4) funding organizations. The packages will consist of CD-ROMs, overheads, and presenter material. This material will be made widely useable and available via direct mailings, related web sites and ideally, through relevant intergovernmental organizations (e.g., the UN Institute for Training and Research).

HCENR/SEI-Boston 15 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version)

Training material will be used for a series of three regional training workshops, in which relevant actors in the North and East Africa regions and beyond (such as national climate change teams engaged in their first or second Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment or NAPA preparation) will be invited to participate, as well as groups that might undertake the coordination of future trainings (e.g., the START Pan-Africa Network). Task 1: Develop draft training material [National Coordinators and National Advisor; March and April, 2003] Task 2: Iterate and prepare final training material [Full Project Team; May 2003] Task 3: Organize three training workshops [National Coordinators and National Advisor; May through July, 2003] Task 4: Conduct three training workshops [National Coordinators and National Advisor; August through November, 2003]

· In phase five, a national and regional network will be developed, and will include relevant Sudanese and North African organizations, businesses and government agencies operating at the nexus of these two fields of work - environmental management and climate change adaptation. To build such a network, extensive outreach will be conducted by HCENR project partners, a process through which the profile and the capacity of HCENR can be significantly raised. The network - and its web-based resources - will help to perpetuate the work begun by this project into the future and to encourage new collaboration among national and regional groups, across disciplinary and sectoral lines. Participants will include members of the project task force, and ideally, the START Pan-Africa Network, as well as a wide range of additional individuals and groups. Project partners will aim to integrate the network into other regional networks and will ensure long-term web page maintenance and support. Task 1: Coordinate development of web-based network resources [National Coordinators and National Advisor; January through March 2003] Task 2: Generate network participation [National Coordinators and National Advisor; March through December 2003] Task 3: Coordinate network activity and exchange [National Coordinators and National Advisor; March through December 2003] Timeline (in months): Activity 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24

(1) Task Force

(2) Case Studies: research and writing

(3) Analysis and Synthesis

(4) Training Material Development and Workshops

(5) Network Development

The role of countries involved in the project are outlined in the able below:

HCENR/SEI-Boston 16 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version)

Country Role Activities Sudan Active · Overall project coordination and monitoring Participant · Case study host and organizer · Analysis and synthesis of results · Development of training materials · Network development Egypt Passive · These countries do not have any management function but are Kenya Participants expected to benefit from project activities as follows: Eritrea · Invitation to participate in case studies Ethiopia · Sharing of lessons learned in the case studies Djibouti · Invitation to participate in training workshops Somalia · Invitation to participate in regional network development Chad Libya

4. TRAINING AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT NEEDS

Internal Training Needs: Project partners do not foresee the need for training or external technical support of project team members. This is due to our institutional experience in this area of inquiry, the fact that the case study researchers will be selected based on their existing expertise, the straightforward nature of our case study methodology, and the fact that the project does not make use of complex modeling tools or scenarios. Project Provision of Training: As outlined above, this project plans to provide a series of three training workshops for those engaged in climate change adaptation assessment and decision-making for adaptation strategies. These trainings are expected to directly target those research groups working on national Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments as well as National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs).

5. PROJECT BUDGET

5.1 Budget Narrative Amount requested from AIACC: 2002 = $75,000 2003 = $75,000 Total amount requested from AIACC = $$150,000 Amount requested from UNDP-Khartoum = $50,000 Project Total = $200,000

Additional fundraising efforts: UNDP-Khartoum: Earlier this year, project partners Bill Dougherty and Ismail El Gizouli discussed the proposal with a Senior Programme Manager with UNDP-Khartoum, and with Dr. Nadir, Senior Administrator with the HCENR. At that time, the strong links between this project and ongoing climate

HCENR/SEI-Boston 17 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version) change enabling activities within UNDP-Khartoum were recognized. It was suggested that UNDP might be prepared to co-fund this work at the level of US$50,000. Subsequently, it was decided that, with this funding, the scope of the project could be expanded to enable additional activities that directly compliment UNDP’s ongoing work - including national and sub-regional training workshops and local capacity building - while at the same time helping to strengthen institutional capacity within the HCENR. A conversation in this regard with the UNDP-Khartoum Resident Representative was recently opened and is ongoing. Though project partners are confident that a favorable arrangement will be made, we are unable to provide documentation of such an arrangement from UNDP, at this date. However, we expect to be have a response shortly, and will plan to supplement our submission to START/AIACC with this documentation as quickly as possible. Failure to obtain funds from UNDP-Khartoum will result in a contraction of project activities in the following ways: (a) general support of HCENR project coordinator capacity building will be reduced to the level of man-months supported by the START/AIACC budget; (b) more modest training workshops will be held (i.e., with fewer participants) (c) general institutional support of HCENR will be modestly reduced, and (d) HCENR equipment purchases will be cut. Partners expect that these changes should not have substantive impact on the project. In addition, we are presently pursuing modest fundraising activities with the Global Environment Facility and the Near East Foundation. Major budget elements: The budget below is based on the AIACC major budget elements.

· Personnel - Personnel costs are presented for each investigator. A major component of personnel costs are the capacity building activities of HCENR, which will be covered, by in large, under the UNDP budget.

· Materials & Supplies - The figure presented in this budget line is a combination of material costs for report preparation, training module preparation, as well network development (e.g., software for the web-based resources).

· Equipment - The START/AIACC component of the budget contains no equipment costs. All equipment is to be covered by UNDP contributions.

· Telecommunications - The budget contains no telecommunications costs. Partner institutions will incur all such costs.

· Computer services - The sum in this budget line is for web-hosting fees associated with the web-based network resources.

· Publication costs (including dissemination) - The sum in this budget line is a combination of both report and training material publication and dissemination costs.

· Travel - Costs presented in this budget line are a combination of (a) project team travel for the project initiation meeting (to be held in either Khartoum or Geneva; $1800 total); (b) task force travel for the project initiation meeting (eight at roughly $1000 each); and (c) travel costs and research expenses associated with the four case studies ($1200 per case study).

· Consultants - This project will convene a task force of recognized experts to guide our efforts. In compensation for (a) preparing for and attending the project initiation meeting and (b)

HCENR/SEI-Boston 18 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version)

providing sustained input to the project over its 2-year duration, each task force member will be provided a $1000 honorarium.

· Subcontracts - For the purposes of local capacity building, a key component of this project is the commissioning of local experts to undertake the case study research. The terms of the sub- contract are presented in this budget line (i.e., each commissioned researcher will receive $4800 to cover the costs of the case study research, report writing and subsequent input to the project).

· Indirect costs - This line includes 7% overhead and a small contingency fund.

· Workshop Expenses - This budget line has been added by project partners to capture the costs that will be associated with holding the three regional training workshops. Most of these will need to be clarified and itemized as the regional training needs become clearer, however, expenses are likely to include venue, equipment rental, ground transportation, etc. The majority of these costs will be covered by UNDP.

HCENR/SEI-Boston 19 5.2 Budget Overview

Monthly Year 1 Year 2 TOTAL Charge 2002 Man- AIACC funds Collateral 2003 Man- AIACC Collateral AIACC Collateral Rate Months funds Months funds funds funds funds Personnel *1 Ismail El Gizouli (Local Advisor)$3,000 1.05 $3,150 $0 1.05 $3,150 $0 $6,300 $0 Balgis M. Elhassan (Local Project$1,500 Coordinator)6.00 $2,850 $6,150 6.00 $2,850 $6,150 $5,700 $12,300 Nagmeldin Goutbi (Local Project$1,500 Coordinator) 6.00 $2,850 $6,150 6.00 $2,850 $6,150 $5,700 $12,300 Tariq Banuri (International Advisor)$14,400 0.25 $4,008 $0 0.25 $4,008 $0 $8,015 $0 Bill Dougherty (International $14,400Advisor) 0.25 $4,008 $0 0.25 $4,008 $0 $8,015 $0 Erika Spanger-Siegfried (International$8,360 Proj. Coordinator)2.00 $18,480 $0 2.00 $18,480 $0 $36,960 $0 SubTotal $35,345 $12,300 $35,345 $12,300 $70,690 $24,600 Materials & Supplies $2,500 $0 $2,500 $0 $5,000 $0 Equipment *2 $0 $2,500 $0 $2,500 $0 $5,000 Telecommunications $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Computer services $1,000 $0 $1,000 $0 $2,000 $0 Publication costs (including dissemination) $3,500 $0 $3,500 $0 $7,000 $0 SubTotal $7,000 $2,500 $7,000 $2,500 $14,000 $5,000 Travel Task Force Travel $5,150 $0 $5,150 $0 $10,300 $0 Case Study Travel $2,400 $0 $2,400 $0 $4,800 $0 SubTotal $7,550 $0 $7,550 $0 $15,100 $0 Consultants *3 Task Force Honoraria $4,000 $0 $4,000 $0 $8,000 $0 SubTotal $4,000 $0 $4,000 $0 $8,000 $0 Subcontracts *4 Local Case Study Researchers $9,600 $0 $9,600 $0 $19,200 $0 SubTotal $9,600 $0 $9,600 $0 $19,200 $0 Indirect costs *5 Overhead @ 7% $4,750 $0 $4,750 $0 $9,500 $0 Contingency $2,000 $0 $2,000 $0 $4,000 $0 HCENR Support $0 $1,500 $0 $1,500 $0 $3,000 SubTotal $6,750 $1,500 $6,750 $1,500 $13,500 $3,000 Workshop Expenses $4,755 $8,700 $4,755 $8,700 $9,510 $17,400 SubTotal $4,755 $8,700 $4,755 $8,700 $9,510 $17,400

TOTAL $75,000 $25,000 $75,000 $25,000 $150,000 $50,000 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version)

HCENR/SEI-Boston 21

Appendix 1: Project Team Biographical Sketches

Sudan Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) Ismail El Gizouli National Advisor, HCENR Ismail Holds a BSc In Physics and Mathematics From the University of Khartoum, MSc. In Operation Research and Statistics - University of Aston, U.K and Post Graduate Diploma in Energy Planning and management From Stony Brook Lab., State University of New York, USA. He has over 25 years experience in industrial planning, energy planning strategies, policy studies, demand management, information systems and bio-energy management. Formerly the Director General of Sudan’s National Energy Administration (NEA), now for the last four years he has worked as the UNDP/Sudan Climate Change Enabling Project Coordinator. Among his responsibilities is to develop plans and policies to address the climate change impacts and reduces GHG emissions and incorporate them in the national policies to achieve sustainable development Balgis M. Osman National Project Coordinator, HCENR Balgis holds a BSc. in Forestry and MSc. Degree in Environmental Studies. She has 17 Years experience in Environmental Planning and information development. During her four years work with the Climate Change Project/HCENR as Assistant Project Coordinator / Information Specialist, she has developed a good experience in information management and network development. She has also participated in Climate Change related training and studies including GHG inventory, climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment and mitigation assessment. Her work as information specialist has included preparation of reports, articles, presentations and awareness raising campaigns on climate change related issues. She has also participated in many climate change related conferences and workshops at the national, regional and international levels. Nagmeldin Goutbi National Project Coordinator, HCENR In his work as an environmental management specialist with climate change enabling project, Nagmeldin has been involved in the different project activities aiming at building the Sudanese capacity to response to their obligation and opportunities under the UNFCCC. These include GHG inventory, V&A assessment in the Agroforestry and water resources sectors and analysis of GHG mitigation options in the non-energy sectors. His work involved, data collection analysis, training. Coordination, work organization and management. As staff member of the UNFCCC focal point (HCENR), Nagmeldin has participated in a number of regional and international events organization by the UNFCCC secretariat, the IPCC and the NCSP.

Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston Centre Tariq Banuri International Advisor, Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston Dr. Tariq Banuri is Senior Research Director with the Stockholm Environment Institute-Boston Center. His work focuses on sustainable development policy, with special emphasis on the impact of such global trends as climate change, trade liberalization, and the changing nature of governance. He has broad experience in Pakistan in policy development through a combination of research and analysis, and organizing and leading multi-stakeholder participation. More generally, his work has focused on conceptual as well as practical issues in sustainable development - including the analysis of macroeconomic and trade policies, institutions, governance, legal systems, and community November 28, 2001 (Updated Version) development. Dr. Banuri has served as a leading member of two of the largest professional networks in the area of conservation and sustainable development: the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in which he is a Convening Lead Author; and the IUCN-the World Conservation Union, where he served as elected chair of the Commission on Environmental, Economic, and Social Policy (CEESP) from 1996 through 2000.

Bill Dougherty International Advisor, Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston

Dr. Dougherty is a Senior Scientist whose energy, environmental and climate change work pertain to fossil/renewable technology characterization and energy policy modeling. His major project focus on the support of national climate change analysis teams in developing countries, the evaluation of co- benefits from carbon reduction policies, and the development of analytical tools to assess air quality, health, and co-benefits of sustainable energy use. His research activities center around sustainable resource use strategies in the electric and transport sectors. Recent work relating to climate change and greenhouse gas mitigation has included: - evaluation of policies and measures for reducing greenhouse gas - development and application of integrated resource planning techniques - capacity building for developing National Communications under the UNFCCC - analysis of the co-benefits of higher-efficiency and alternative-fueled fleet vehicles

Erika Spanger-Siegfried International Project Coordinator, SEI - Boston In her work as a research associate with SEI-Boston, Erika Spanger-Siegfried focuses on the intersection of sustainable development and international environmental policy, with special emphasis on the impact of climate change - both as a policy construct and a biophysical driver. Her recent work has included close support of Sudan’s National Communications preparation, development of climate change training systems for Ukraine, coordination of the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy, and research on global public policy networks. Over this past year, Ms Spanger-Siegfried's writing has included a joint project background paper on climate change adaptation with IUCN and IISD, guidance to the UNEP Governing Council on how best to engage civil society in its future work, research for UNDP on equity within the Clean Development Mechanism, input to the UN Financing for Development Summit on alternative approaches to development finance, and to the Global Reporting Initiative on engaging the livelihood economy in sustainability reporting.

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Appendix 2: Project Partner Institutions

The HCENR and SEI-B will work together in carrying out the tasks outlined in this proposal, an effort that will benefit from fruitful past collaborative research in the area of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. Though both partners will share in each phase of the work, SEI-Boston will provide its most intensive input and support to phases 1 through 3, while HCENR will be the central coordinator of phases 4 and 5. Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources - The HCENR is the Technical arm of the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development. The HCENR is concerned with policies, legislation and strategic planning in relation to environmental and natural resources conservation and management. It adopt a range of policies for the protection of environment that include inter alia: encouragement, support and coordination of scientific research in all fields of the environment and natural resources development and conservation, adoption of environmental impact assessment studies and setting of an environmental management plan, environment conservation in coordination with the appropriate authorities in the states and work towards securing governmental, popular and international funding for the environment and natural resources development and conservation. The HCENR is the government coordinating body concerned with integration of environment in national development activities. HCENR is the focal point of all the Environmental Conventions which emerged from the UNCED Rio Summit, including the following projects :The Capacity 21 Project , Climate Change Enabling Project and the Biodiversity Project which are considered as institutional strengthening projects within the HCENR. The organization setup of the HCENR include coordination units for these projects and National Technical Committees representing all relevant sectors concerned with the implementations of the respective conventions. The activities of the HCENR include: - Assessment of Biodiversity resources and the preparation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan - Assessment of the National Capacities related to Environmental Management and the Preparation of Environment Strategy and Action Plan - Assessment of Environment & natural resources policies and legislation and the preparation of the Environmental Legislation - Assessment of GHG sources and sinks, V&A and GHG mitigation options and the preparation of Sudan’s National Communication. - Capacity building, environmental awareness and sustainable human development. Key staff: Ismail El Gizouli (National advisor), Balgis M. Osman (national project coordinator), Nagmeldin Goutbi (national project coordinator) National Experts: A number of relevant national experts will be identified for participation in the task force, as well as in case study research.

The Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston Center - an international research organization focusing on sustainable development - possesses particular strength around the issue of climate change. For over two decades, SEI-Boston has worked in every part of the world on new approaches for integrated analysis, long-range strategies and policies for a transition to sustainability, simultaneously building an increasingly skilled and effective climate change team. In addition to providing policy-

HCENR/SEI-Boston 25 November 28, 2001 (Updated Version) relevant climate change analysis, members of SEI-Boston’s climate change team seek to build the capacity for integrated planning and action throughout the world through training and project collaboration. The selection below outlines activities that contribute to SEI-B’s preparedness for this project.

- Lead, Coordinating Authorship in IPCC Working Group III Third Assessment Report: SEI-B senior research director, Tariq Banuri is the coordinating lead author of Chapter One: Scope of the Report of the IPCC Working Group III contribution to the Third Assessment Report. SEI-B director, Paul Raskin, has served as lead author of Chapter Two: Socio-economic and Emissions Scenarios.

- Support of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment in North Africa: On behalf of the UNDP/GEF, SEI-B staff (Bill Dougherty and Erika Spanger-Siegfried) have helped to develop and implement national capacity strengthening projects in Sudan and Tunisia (and in upcoming work, the Maghreb region) in support of these countries' submission of their first National Communications under the UNFCCC. In their capacity as lead international consultants, SEI-B staff have worked with national counterparts to develop assessments of national vulnerability and adaptation to climate change.

- Joint Research Effort on Natural Resource Management Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation: Together with IISD and IUCN, SEI-Boston staff (Erika Spanger-Siegfried and Tariq Banuri) are launching a joint effort to prepare a comprehensive background document and definitive set of global case studies that can inform the emerging dialogue on climate change adaptation strategies.

- Climate Change Training Initiative in Ukraine: On behalf of the USAID, SEI-B staff (Bill Dougherty, Erika Spanger-Siegfried) developed and implemented a comprehensive training strategy to strengthen technical capacity of strategic audiences within Ukraine.

- Coordination of IUCN Task Force on Climate Change: SEI-B staff (Tariq Banuri and Erika Spanger-Siegfried) launched and supported the IUCN Task Force on Climate Change, a research effort, led by Dr. Youba Sokona of ENDA, which concentrated on developing country vulnerability to climate change and variability. As Chair of Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP; 1998-2000) Tariq Banuri provided support and input to the IUCN/CEESP Task Force on Environment and Security. Key staff: Tariq Banuri (international advisor), Bill Dougherty (international advisor), Erika Spanger- Siegfried (international project coordinator)

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Appendix 3: Curriculum Vitae of SEI-Boston Project Staff

International Project Advisor: Tariq J. Banuri26 Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston 11 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 USA Tel. (617) 266-5400; Fax. 617/266-8303 Email: [email protected] Dr. Banuri is a Senior Research Director at SEI-B. His work focuses on sustainable development policy, with special emphasis on the impact of such global trends as trade liberalization, climate change, and the changing nature of governance. He has broad experience in Pakistan in policy development through a combination of research and analysis, and organizing and leading multi- stakeholder participation. More generally, his work has focused on conceptual as well as practical issues in sustainable development - including the analysis of macroeconomic and trade policies, institutions, governance, legal systems, and community development. Dr. Banuri is a leading member of two of the largest professional networks in the area of conservation and sustainable development: the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in which he is a Convening Lead Author; and the IUCN-the World Conservation Union, where he is the elected chair of the Commission on Environmental, Economic, and Social Policy (CEESP). EDUCATION Ph.D. Economics, Harvard University, 1986 M.A. Development Economics, Williams College, 1978 M.A. Economics, Punjab University, 1972 B.E. Civil Engineering, Peshawar University, 1970 EXPERIENCE 1999-present Current position: Senior Research Director Responsible for developing a program in sustainable development. The program includes theoretical as well as applied work in the area of climate change, conservation strategy development, governance and institutional development for the environment, and regional cooperation for sustainable development (focusing especially on South Asia region). 1997- present Research Advisor, SDPI Advising SDPI on its research program, fundraising, and international linkages. 1992-97 Executive Director, SDPI Founder member and chief executive of an independent, non-profit think tank, which undertakes policy-oriented research, advice, and advocacy in pursuit of sustainable development. In five years, SDPI has become one of the most influential sources of ideas and advice on sustainable development and governance in Pakistan. It also plays an important role in representing southern environmental concerns in international forums. 1991-92 Environmental Policy Advisor, IUCN-Pakistan Advice on the implementation of Pakistan's National Conservation Strategy (NCS), especially the design of new institutions (SDPI, and new units in the ministries of

26 Complete curriculum vitae, including past honorary positions, papers and publications, other reports, other activities, honors, and participation in international meetings, will be provided upon request.

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environment, and planning), preparation of Pakistan's National Report to the UNCED, and representing the government and environmental NGOs in UNCED negotiations. I helped introduce governance and institution-building as central focuses in the implementation phase of the NCS. 1990 Visiting Lecturer, Economics Department, Harvard University Taught modernization, development, and macroeconomic issues for developing countries. 1989-90 Consultant Advised the Government of Pakistan, the Government of NWFP, and USAID, on the design of such prospective institutions as the Sarhad Rural Support Corporation (SRSC), the Human Resource Development Centre (HRDC); and UN-ESCAP/UNDP on the social costs of economic restructuring and democratic decentralization. 1986-88 Research Fellow, UNU-WIDER, Helsinki Was part of a research group that explored cultural, social, human, and political costs of development, modernization and mainstream macroeconomic approaches. 1984-88 Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 1982-84 Instructor, Economics Department, Harvard University 1979-82 Teaching Fellow, Economics Department, Harvard University 1975-77 Chief (Coordination), Planning Department, Government of NWFP 1975 Assistant Commissioner, Nowshera, Government of NWFP 1974 Assistant Political Agent, Malakand Agency, Government of NWFP 1972-73 Probationer, Civil Service Academy, Lahore HONORARY POSITIONS 1998- Coordinating Lead Author, Third Assessment Report, Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1997- Member, Editorial Advisory Board, World Development 1996- Chair, Commission on Environmental, Economic, and Social Policy (CEESP), IUCN 1996- Member, Board of Governors, Ghazi Barotha Taraqqiati Idara; and member, NGO Standing Committee on the Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power project 1996- Senior Fellow, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) 1995- Member, National Advisory Board, Human Development Centre (HDC) 1995- Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Development and Change 1995- Contributing Editor, People-Centred Development Forum (PCDF) 1995- Member, Indian Ocean Research Network 1994- Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Development 1992- South Asian Perspectives Network (SAPNA)

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International Project Advisor: Bill Dougherty27

Senior Scientist Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston and Tellus Institute 11 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 USA Tel. (617) 266-8090; Fax. (617) 266-8303 [email protected] PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY Dr. Dougherty is a Senior Scientist whose energy, environmental and climate change work pertain to fossil/renewable technology characterization and energy policy modeling. His major project focus on the support of national climate change analysis teams in developing countries, the evaluation of co-benefits from carbon reduction policies, and the development of analytical tools to assess air quality, health, and co-benefits of sustainable energy use. His research activities center around sustainable resource use strategies in the electric and transport sectors. EDUCATION Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, City and Regional Planning, 1991. M.S. University of Pennsylvania, City and Regional Planning (Energy Management for Development), 1988. M.S. Drexel University, Philadelphia, Civil Engineering (Geotechnical), 1980. B.S. Drexel University, Philadelphia, Civil Engineering, 1978. EXPERIENCE 1994-present Stockholm Environment Institute/Tellus Institute. Senior Scientist. In the Stockholm Environment Institute Energy and Environment Program, work has focused on providing technical backstopping to national climate change teams regarding submission of national communications; work has also focused on applying methods to incorporate environmental factors in project design/energy system planning, environmental regulatory/institutional capacity analysis, use of analytical tools for environmental externalities and GHG mitigation analysis. 1985-1994 Independent Consultant in Energy and the Environment. Projects included an analysis of a World Bank-funded national wood trader survey in Pakistan (1993); assistance in development of a USAID-funded household energy survey in Somalia (1987); engineering analyses of solar thermosyphon systems in Nicaragua (1987); and technical assistance to Research Triangle Institute for their USAID contract with the Moroccan Center for the Development of Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Development Program, Morocco (1985-1986). 1988-1993 Research Fellow, Center for Energy and the Environment, University of Pennsylvania. As doctoral researcher (1988-1990), investigated rural energy systems in a region of Morocco's High Atlas. As postdoctoral researcher (1992-1993), carried out a follow- up research program that used the database to examine possible linkages between degradation of communal lands with patterns of fuel/fuel/fodder/fertilizer use. 1980-1985 Engineer, Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation, Cherry Hill, New Jersey. 1978-1980 Research and Teaching Assistant, Drexel University. 1979 Engineering Costep, United States Indian Health Service, Martin, South Dakota.

27 Complete curriculum vitae, including past honorary positions, papers and publications, other reports, other activities, honors, and participation in international meetings, will be provided upon request.

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1977 Cooperative Engineering Student, VME Nitro Consult Incorporated Abington, Pennsylvania. 1975 Cooperative Engineering Student, Watermation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1974-1975 Cooperative Engineering Student, City of Philadelphia Water Department, Pennsylvania. Selected SEI/TELLUS Research May Initial Application of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) in Saudi Arabia: 2000-2001 2001 UNDESA IRP Training Project, prepared for the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Co-author. July Initial Application of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) in Syria: 1998-1999 1999 UNDESA IRP Training Project, prepared for the Ministry of Electricity, Syrian Arab Republic. Co-author. March Capacity Building to Enable the Sudan’s Response and Communications to the UN 1995 Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report 95-060. LANGUAGES Arabic (Moroccan) French (S3/R3)

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Project Coordinator: Erika Spanger-Siegfried Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston Centre 11 Arlington Street Boston, MA 02116 USA Tel. (617) 266-8090 Fax. (617) 266-8303 Email: [email protected] PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY In her work as a research associate with SEI-Boston, Erika Spanger-Siegfried focuses on the intersection of sustainable development and international environmental policy, with special emphasis on the impact of climate change - both as a policy construct and a biophysical driver. Her recent work has included research on global public policy networks, development of climate change risk mitigation research strategies, close support of Sudan’s National Communications preparation, development of climate change training systems for Ukraine, development and coordination of a global civil society visioning process as input to the WSSD, and coordination of the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy. Over this past year, Ms Spanger-Siegfried's writing has included guidance to the UNEP Governing Council on how best to engage civil society in its future work, research for UNDP on equity within the Clean Development Mechanism, global public policy network case studies, input to the UN Financing for Development Summit on alternative approaches to development finance, and to the Global Reporting Initiative on engaging the livelihood economy. EDUCATION M.A. Energy and Environmental Analysis, Boston University, 1999 B.S. Fisheries Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 1992 EXPERIENCE 1999- Stockholm Environment Institute-Boston present Current position: Research Associate In addition to the research, report writing and project coordination activities outlined above, duties consist of representing the Institute from time to time at meetings and conferences, generating proposals, preparation of research reports and articles for publication, and other tasks in support of the SEI-B program. 1999 Project Coordinator. World Energy Modernization Plan, Brookline, MA Researched and developed background paper for World Energy Modernization Plan, under co-direction of WEMP and Boston University’s Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. Assisted in coordination of WEMP conference at UNFCCC-SBSTA, in Bonn, June of 1999. 1997-98 Research Assistant. HEED Global Change Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Using unique collection methodology, gathered and interpreted data on marine ecological disturbances, for NOAA/NASA grant funded project; served among primary authors of project’s final report. Presented project methodology at meetings of the National Academy of Sciences, Environmental Protection Agency, and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Assisted in development of interactive, relational database. 1996-97 Research Analyst. AIDS Surveillance Program, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA Coordinated innovative geo-coding project in conjunction with Brown and Harvard University public health researchers. Interacted with public to provide information

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on state of the AIDS epidemic. Assisted in management of highly confidential database. 1995-1996 Chemist I. Lead Laboratory/Environmental Laboratories, Massachusetts Health Research Institute, Boston, MA Conducted toxin screening using atomic absorption spectrometer. Developed innovative QA/QC methodology for the AAS. Conducted independent research revealing safety risk in use of laboratory instrument. SELECTED TELLUS RESEARCH Monitoring and Evaluation within the RAB Project Context: Considerations and Recommendations for Implementing an M&E System. Prepared for GEF/UNDP Project RAB/94/G31/1G/99. Spanger-Siegfried, E., B. Dougherty and W. Fisher. May 2001. UNEP and Civil Society: Recommendations for a Coherent Framework of Engagement. Prepared for the United Nations Environment Programme. Banuri, T. and E. Spanger-Siegfried. January 2001. The Global Reporting Initiative and the Human Economy: Notes on Inclusion. Prepared for the Global Reporting Initiative. Banuri, T. and E. Spanger-Siegfried. January 2001. Equity & The Clean Development Mechanism. Prepared for the United Nations Development Programme. Banuri, T. and E. Spanger-Siegfried. October 2000. Strengthening Demand: A Framework for Financing Sustainable Development. Prepared for the Ring of Sustainable Development Institutions. Spanger-Siegfried, E. and T. Banuri. March 2000. Ukraine Climate Change Initiative Training Strategy, prepared for United States Agency for International Development with Hagler Bailly Services, Inc. Co-author. March 2000. ARTICLES and PUBLICATIONS Banuri, Tariq and Erika Spanger-Siegfried (2001) "The Global Compact and the Human Economy". Journal of Human Development 2(1), 2001. Spanger-Siegfried, Erika and Tariq Banuri (2001) Spreading the capacity for effective demand for finance: a new cooperation framework. Chapter 17 in “Financing For Development: Proposals from Business And Civil Society”. Eds. Herman, Barry, Federica Pietracci And Krishnan Sharma Banuri, Tariq and Erika Spanger-Siegfried (2000) "Equity: the Key to a Successful Climate Change Regime". BRIDGES Between Trade and Sustainable Development: Special Climate Change Issue. Year 4 No.8. International Centre For Trade And Sustainable Development Epstein, P., B Sherman, E. Spanger-Siegfried, A. Langston, S. Prasad, and B. Mckay (1998) Marine Ecosystems: Emerging Diseases As Indicators of Change. Year of the Ocean Special Report on Health of the Ocean From Labrador to Venezuela. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

HCENR/SEI-Boston 32 Appendix 4: Current and Pending Investigator Support

% of Time Committed to Project Name of Investigator: Ismail El Gizouli Project Status Principal (active, Investigator or pending, Project Title Project Coordinator Supporting Agency proposed) 2001 2002 2003 2004 Environmental Strategies for Principal --- 10% 10% NA Increasing Human Resilience Investigator AIACC Proposed in Sudan: Lessons for North and East Africa National Adaptation Project Coordinator UNDP_GEF Proposed --- 30% 30% NA Programme of Action (NAPA) Adaptation funds for LDCs Other Project Coordinator Proposed --- 60% 60% NA

% of Time Committed to Project Name of Investigator: Nagmeldin Goutbi: Project Status Principal (active, Investigator or pending, Project Title Project Coordinator Supporting Agency proposed) 2001 2002 2003 2004 Environmental Strategies for Project Coordinator --- 50% 50% NA Increasing Human Resilience AIACC Proposed in Sudan: Lessons for North and East Africa National Adaptation Researcher UNDP_GEF Proposed --- 50% 50% NA Programme of Action (NAPA) Adaptation funds for LDCs

Name of Investigator: Balgis M. Osman % of Time Committed to Project November 28, 2001 (Updated Version)

Project Principal Status Investigator or Supporting Project Title Project Coordinator Agency 2001 2002 2003 2004 Environmental Strategies for Increasing Project Coordinator --- 50% 50% NA Human Resilience in Sudan: Lessons for AIACC Proposed North and East Africa National Adaptation Programme of Action Researcher UNDP/GEF LDC Proposed --- 50% 50% NA (NAPA) Adaptation funds

% of Time Committed to Project Name of Investigator: Tariq Banuri Project Principal Status Oct- Investigator or Supporting Dec Project Title Project Coordinator Agency 2001 2002 2003 2004 Coping with Climate Change in South Asia: Sustainable Livelihoods Strategies Project Coordinator AIACC Proposed 0 7% 2% N.A. for Increasing Community Resilience Environmental Strategies for Increasing Human Resilience in Sudan: Lessons for Project Coordinator AIACC Proposed 0 2% 2% N.A. North and East Africa Principal Civil Society Visions for Rio +10 Investigator UNEP Active 20% 15% N.A. N.A. Asian Development Bank Inspection Panel Principal Investigator ADB Active 60% N.A. N.A. N.A. Global Public Policy Network Research Principal Group Investigator Olin Foundation Active 10% N.A. N.A. N.A. Principal Financing for Development Research Investigator The RING Active 0 20% N.A. N.A. Principal Olin, UNEP, Assorted Consultancies Investigator UNDP, others Active 50% 56% TBD TBD

Bill Dougherty % of Time Committed to Project Name of Investigator:

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Project Status Principal (active, Investigator or pending, Project Title Project Coordinator Supporting Agency proposed) 2001 2002 2003 2004 Environmental Strategies for Principal AIACC Proposed 0 4% 3% NA Increasing Human Resilience Investigator in Sudan: Lessons for North and East Africa Sudan backstopping support Project Coordinator UNDP/GEF Active 10% 5% 5% NA on vulnerability and other studies Saudi Arabia resource Principal Investigator King Abdulaziz City Proposed 25% 25% 20% NA planning project for Science and Technology North Africa climate change Principal Investigator UNDP/GEF Active 25% 10% 0 NA project

Other international and US Principal Investigator Assorted agencies Active and 40% 54% 72% NA projects Proposed

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% of Time Committed to Project Name of Investigator: Erika Spanger-Siegfried Project Status Principal (active, Investigator or pending, Oct- Project Title Project Coordinator Supporting proposed) Dec 2002 2003 2004 Agency 2001 Coping with Climate Change in South Asia: Sustainable Livelihoods Strategies Project Coordinator AIACC Proposed 0 23% 11% N.A. for Increasing Community Resilience Environmental Strategies for Increasing Human Resilience in Project Coordinator AIACC Proposed 0 19% 19% N.A. Sudan: Lessons for North and East Africa Civil Society Visions for Rio +10 Project Coordinator/ Investigator UNEP Active 30% 14% N.A. N.A. Coping with Climate Change: Alternative Project Coordinator/ Strategies for Increasing Human Security Investigator SEI/IUCN Active 15% 20% N.A. N.A. Backstop Consulting: Sudan Climate Project Associate Change Enabling Activities UNDP/GEF Active 5% N.A. N.A. N.A. Project Coordinator/ Assorted Consultancies Investigator Various Active/Pending 0 19% TBD TBD

Other SEI Active 50% 0 N.A. N.A.

Notes: N.A. = Not Applicable TBD = To be determined

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