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Earth Negotiations Bulletin FINAL COP 21 Earth Negotiations Bulletin FINAL . A Reporting Service for Environment and Development Negotiations Online at http://www.iisd.ca/climate/cop21/enb/ Vol. 12 No. 663 Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Tuesday, 15 December 2015 SUMMARY OF THE PARIS CLIMATE Minister-led indabas, bilaterals and other consultations CHANGE CONFERENCE: took place under the Comité de Paris from Sunday through 29 NOVEMBER – 13 DECEMBER 2015 Saturday, 6-12 December. Following intensive consultations by the COP 21 Presidency on Thursday and Friday, 10-11 The Paris Climate Change Conference convened from 29 December, the Comité de Paris convened briefly on Saturday November to 13 December 2015, in Paris, France. It included morning, 12 December, for the presentation of the final text. the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 21) to After consultations by groups of parties, the Comité de Paris the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reconvened in the evening to forward the final text of the Paris and the 11th session of the Conference of the Parties serving Agreement and associated decision to COP 21. At 7:29 pm, COP as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 11). 21 adopted the Paris Agreement and the associated decision. Three subsidiary bodies (SBs) also met, the 43rd sessions of Parties also adopted 34 decisions, 23 under the COP and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice 12 under the CMP, that, inter alia: adopt the Paris Agreement; (SBSTA 43) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI enhance technology development and transfer through the 43), and the 12th part of the second session of the Ad Hoc Technology Mechanism; decide on the process to assess Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action progress made in the process to formulate and implement (ADP 2-12). national adaptation plans (NAPs); extend the mandate of The Paris Climate Change Conference brought together over the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG); adopt 36,000 participants, nearly 23,100 government officials, 9,400 the terms of reference for the third comprehensive review representatives from UN bodies and agencies, intergovernmental of the implementation of the capacity-building framework; organizations and civil society organizations, and 3,700 address methodological issues under the Kyoto Protocol, members of the media. Focus in Paris centered on advancing negotiations on the Paris Outcome, including a legally-binding agreement and IN THIS ISSUE associated decisions, to fulfill the mandate outlined in Durban, A Brief History of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. .2 South Africa, at COP 17, for the ADP “to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force Paris Climate Conference Report ....................3 under the Convention applicable to all Parties” to be adopted at Leaders Event .................................3 COP 21. The ADP opened a day early, on Sunday, 29 November, COP 21 and CMP 11 Joint High-level Segment .......3 in order to launch technical negotiations. The Paris Agreement ..............................4 A leaders event, which brought together over 150 Heads of Conference of the Parties .......................23 State and Government, was held on Monday, 30 November, Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting to generate political will towards an agreement. During the of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol ...............28 first week, work concentrated under the ADP, which launched Subsidiary Body for Implementation ..............31 a contact group to consider crosscutting issues and items not Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological associated with agreement articles, and established spin-off Advice ......................................36 groups to work on the text of individual articles in the draft agreement text and their associated decision text, as well as A Brief Analysis of the Paris Climate Change decision text on pre-2020 ambition. Conference .....................................42 Following the closure of the ADP on Saturday, 5 December, and the transmission of the ADP’s outcome to the COP, the Upcoming Meetings ..............................45 Comité de Paris was established under the COP 21 Presidency to continue work on the draft agreement and decision text. Glossary .......................................47 This issue of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin © <[email protected]> is written and edited by Jennifer Allan, Beate Antonich, Rishikesh Ram Bhandary, Mari Luomi, Ph.D., Anna Schulz, and Virginia Wiseman. The Digital Editor is Kiara Worth. The Editor is Pamela Chasek, Ph.D. <pam@iisd. org>. The Director of IISD Reporting Services is Langston James “Kimo” Goree VI <[email protected]>. The Sustaining Donors of the Bulletin are the European Union, the Government of Switzerland (the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)), and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. General Support for the Bulletin during 2015 is provided by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, SWAN International, the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Japanese Ministry of Environment (through the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - IGES), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Specific funding for coverage of this conference has been provided by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the European Union (EU), the Austrian Federal http://enb.iisd.mobi/ Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment, and Water Management, the Ministry of the Environment of Finland and the Italian Ministry for the Environment Land and Sea. Funding for translation of the Bulletin into French has been provided by the Government of France, the Wallonia, Québec, and the International Organization of La Francophonie/Institute for Sustainable Development of La Francophonie (IOF/IFDD). The opinions expressed in the Bulletin are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IISD or other donors. Excerpts from the Bulletin may be used in non-commercial publications with appropriate academic citation. For information on the Bulletin, including requests to provide reporting services, contact the Director of IISD Reporting Services at <[email protected]>, +1-646-536-7556 or 300 East 56th St., 11D, New York, NY 10022 USA. Earth Negotiations Bulletin Tuesday, 15 December 2015 . Vol. 12 No. 663 Page 2 including clarification of the Section G, Article 7.3ter of the CANCUN: The UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Doha Amendment; provide methodological guidance for Mexico, took place in December 2010, where parties adopted reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in the Cancun Agreements and extended the mandates of the two developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable AWGs for another year. Parties agreed to consider the adequacy management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon of the global long-term goal during a 2013-2015 review. The stocks (REDD+); provide guidance to the Clean Development Cancun Agreements also established several new institutions Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI); and approve and processes, including the Cancun Adaptation Framework, the the programme budget for the UNFCCC for the biennium 2016- Adaptation Committee and the Technology Mechanism, which 2017. includes the Technology Executive Committee (TEC) and the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN). The Green A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNFCCC AND THE Climate Fund (GCF) was created and designated as an operating KYOTO PROTOCOL entity of the Convention’s financial mechanism. The international political response to climate change began DURBAN: The UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, with the 1992 adoption of the UNFCCC, which sets out a South Africa, took place in November and December 2011. The legal framework for stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of Durban outcomes covered a wide range of topics, notably a greenhouse gases (GHGs) to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic decision on long-term cooperative action under the Convention interference with the climate system.” The Convention, which and agreement on the operationalization of the GCF. Parties also entered into force on 21 March 1994, has 196 parties. In agreed to launch the ADP with a mandate “to develop a protocol, December 1997, delegates to COP 3 in Kyoto, Japan, agreed to a another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force protocol to the UNFCCC that committed industrialized countries under the Convention applicable to all Parties.” The ADP is and countries in transition to a market economy to achieve scheduled to complete these negotiations no later than 2015, emissions reduction targets. These countries, known as Annex with the new instrument entering into force in 2020. In addition, I parties under the UNFCCC, agreed to reduce their overall the ADP was mandated to explore actions to close the pre-2020 emissions of six GHGs by an average of 5% below 1990 levels ambition gap in relation to the below 2°C target. in 2008-2012 (the first commitment period), with specific targets DOHA: The UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar, varying from country to country. The Kyoto Protocol entered took place in November and December 2012. The conference into force on 16 February
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