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The Union of City and Sea the Evolution of Venetian Environmental Adaptability

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The Union of City and Sea the Evolution of Venetian Environmental Adaptability The Union of City and Sea The Evolution of Venetian Environmental Adaptability Urban History, ARCH 4330 Gina Stovall, Spring 2014 THE URBAN ECOSYSTEM; A CLIMATE CONUNDRUM “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” -George Santayana This largely over-employed aphorism from the early 20th century Spanish philosopher is popular for good reason. Over half of the world’s inhabitants call cities home. Urban development, or urbanization, involves transitions over many indicators, including demographic, economic, and land-use changesi and has a considerably long history with the earliest urban centers dating back to antiquity. The 21st century is experiencing the “mega trend” of mass urbanization, with rural areas urbanizing at speeds never before witnessed. Although the rate of todays urbanization is unprecedented, the problems encountered during early history’s dense development are fundamentally the same, maybe it is time to look back for clues toward solutions. In the face of climate change, cities have been assigned to the challenge of leading in mitigation and adaptation. Urban areas are both the largest emitters of greenhouse gases when viewed as a whole, but the most efficient when examined per capita. It is this fact that motivates our present environmental conundrum. Mankind’s dominance over the environment is not novel phenomena. Throughout history humanity has triumphed through feats of innovation, engineering, and organization to build societies. We have become so good at it we moved past lives of sustenance, and into eras that can produce of great art, culture, and technology. Despite progress, humankind still must face the environment in which we live. The urban environment, in particular, has a unique sensitivity to environmental climate impacts engendered by a distinct physical, social, and political constitution, which creates an immediate need for adaptation planning strategy. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 2014 report entitled Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability stated, “hazard risks in urban settlements are enhanced by the concentration of populations, economic activities, cultural amenities and built environments...ii” A consequence of urban density is the intensified impact of climate due to the volume vulnerable people and their demographic diversity, the existence of many cross-sectoral infrastructure systems, and the economic dominance of urban regionsiii. Given all of this knowledge, the fact that densely populated areas are not a modern invention, nor are adverse environmental affects what can be learned? Granted the climate is changing at a magnitude greater than anything seen by the eyes of a modern man, but what can be said about the role development of a city plays in current resiliency strategies? Did our ancestors who built these metropolis’ from the dirt-, or at times water-, up have more insight as to what determines strength? VENICE, THE ADRIATIC’S BRIDE “Oh Venice! Oh Venice! When thy marble walls Are level with the waters, there shall be A cry of nations o’er thy sunken halls A loud lament along the sweeping sea!” -Lord Byron, Ode to Venice (1819) gds2124: 2 The city of Venice rises from the waters of the Adriatic Sea, proud and dynamic, an example of innovation throughout its history. Lord Byron’s crying ode eloquently expresses the wide influence Venice has in Europe, and alludes to the natural crisis it was accustomed to. Made up of 118 islands connected by canals and bridges, Venice is “married” to the lagoon in which it sits. The marshy waters are littered with millions of wooden piles hidden beneath the artificial islands the city is built on. Even though the Doge would wed Venice to the sea on Ascension Day every year, this marriage is comparable to that of a “shotgun wedding;” a forcible and urgent union borne out of necessity, and not necessarily love. The isles lagoon, from which the city grew, served as a temporary refuge from invading Germanic Huns in the 5th century AD, Yet Venice was not developed until the 9th century AD as a permanent settlement. Venezia (as Venice is referred to in Italian) has an aqua-culture that was engendered by the lagoon and Adriatic. Canals, the main mode of transport, weave through the classical city as streets do most other cities. Seasonal flooding called Acqua Alta, or “high waters,” are a product of the natural climate variability in the region and historically exerted little harm to ancient Venetians. The relationship between man and water began benign, but has swollen in modernity to a relentless struggle. Studies reveal that the city sank approximately 10cm every one hundred years until 1900AD. After 1900 that rate doubled and Venice sank 20cm in a single century. The “floating city” sinks due to geologic characteristics inherent to the lagoon and land-use traditions associated with modernization. Wooden stakes supporting foundational platforms were driven into the clays below and natural sinking of the soils was the original driver for the 10cm per century lowering. But as the city developed and industrialized groundwater extraction exacerbated the subsidence of Venice. The city is presently sinking at an accelerated rate due to withdrawal of water from aquifers beneath the city, which is to fast for precipitation to recharge them. This overextension of the subsurface water table leaves voids underground that enable further gradual collapse of the topographyiv. More recently, the high waters have become a major concern for the city. As global atmospheric temperatures rise due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the oceans warm and thermally expand (and therefore rise). To make matters worse, sea ice and ice sheets in the northern Polar Regions are Traditional Venetian foundation cross section; World Monuments Fund (iv) gds2124: 3 melting, adding water volume to the oceans. This sensation manifests as mean sea level rise across the worlds oceans. The seas of the Mediterranean, including the Adriatic are experiencing the effects of this sea level riseii. Natural flooding, natural and artificial subsidence, and man-induced higher seas is causing Venice to become inundated ten times more frequently this century than last. In 1900AD Saint Mark’s Square (the lowest lying area in the city) would flood when water levels reach 120cm above mean sea level (msl), today it only requires 100cm. Likewise, the rest of the city would flood at 140cm above msl; now 120cm will produce the same flood conditions, and more portions are being affected by flooding above 120cmiv. Map of Venice inundation locations 1900 to present; World Monuments Fund (iv) gds2124: 4 The Italian Environmental Protection Agency has measured an increase of 10cm for Venice’s summer sea levels higher and 20cm higher for winter sea levels in the three-year period from 2007-2010; longer analysis shoes since the 1870s sea levels have risen about 40cm. Some of this increase can be attributed to natural climate oscillations, but the trend is amplified and will continue to increase with climate changev. Global estimates for sea level rise by 2100 vary: the IPCC forecasts global average sea level can increase from approximately a quarter of a meter to about one meter by 2100vi. Such increases would Venice, turning it into a year round city submerged in the swampy waters of it’s lagoon. To address the impending problems of higher high waters, Venice has implemented early warning flood systems and will soon unveil large-scale flood barrier, MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico also known as MOSEii. Yet even the massive infrastructure investments to isolate the lagoon from the rising Adriatic will limit impacts for just a few decadesiv. It is important here to ask, how did Venetians of the past adapt to the climate variability of the Acqua Alta they likely did not anticipate when first seeking refuge from the barbarians? THE EMERGENCE OF A GENIUS CITY "There is no more magnificent absurdity than Venice. To build a city where it is impossible to build a city is madness in itself, but to build there one of the most elegant and grandest of cities is the madness of genius." -Alexander Herzen (ca. 1850) th The city of Venice was founded in 421AD on March 25 according to legend. Although the date is dubious, the timeline for the city’s establishment is generally agreed upon. Initially under the rule of the falling Roman Empire, Venice and its neighboring mainland Venetia were absorbed into the rising Byzantine (or Eastern Roman) Empire. Prior to the invasions of Attila the Hun in the 5th century, and as early as Roman rule fisherman inhabited the lagoon. These fishermen were referred to as referred to as incolae lacunae or “lagoon dwellers.” It was not until the end of the 6th century AD that pressure from invaders pushed wealthy from the mainland province to the marshy islands of the lagoon where they could remain under Byzantine Rulevii. Since Roman times, the lagoon was experiencing a rise in sea level due to a melt in the polar ice capsviii; melt was induced by the warmer global temperatures of the Holocene interglacial period. Native Venetians were accustomed to lunar tides and the less predictable tides determined by weather conditions in the Adriatic Seavii. In spite of the terrain, or lack thereof, the Venetians managed to conquer the landscape. Typical Venetian foundation consisted of wooden piles hammered into the muddy silt, clay, and bedrock below the lagoon surface. On top of that is a stone able to resist erosion. Above the footings brick and stone buildings were constructed. Venetians also maintained their canals and channels by dredging them, and the resultant silt was used to form more “building land.” The settlers adapted to their surroundings using the unfamiliar resources they had. They evolved into a maritime people, taking advantage of fishing and merchant trade; building an equitable society on the one advantage they had, the sea.
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