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Foreign Policy and Political Leadership: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Angela Merkel

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Foreign Policy and Political Leadership: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Angela Merkel FOREIGN POLICY AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: RECEP TAYYIP ERDOĞAN AND ANGELA MERKEL ŞUAY NILHAN AÇIKALIN JUNE 2020 FOREIGN POLICY AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: RECEP TAYYIP ERDOĞAN AND ANGELA MERKEL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ŞUAY NILHAN AÇIKALIN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JUNE 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Nail Alkan (Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., ULUS) Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Fırat Purtaş (Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., ULUS) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevilay Kahraman (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özgehan Şenyuva (METU, IR) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Şuay Nilhan Açıkalın Signature : iii ABSTRACT FOREIGN POLICY AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: RECEP TAYYIP ERDOĞAN AND ANGELA MERKEL Açıkalın, Şuay Nilhan Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı June 2020, 376 pages This thesis analyzes to highlight Erdoğan and Merkel’s influence on foreign policy making vis-à-vis Syrian refugee crisis and Western Balkan region. In this respect, a new political leadership model called SNA Leadership Model is developed to analyze two leaders’ influence on foreign policy making in the selected case studies. Under this model, this thesis also highlight how background of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Angela Merkel shape their approaches and behaviors. As a result of this holistic and multidimensional analysis, it is possible to conclude that Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Angela Merkel have been prominent political figure in the Syrian refugee crisis and Western Balkan region thanks to their foreign policy formulation their vision and values, which sourced from their countries’ and personal background. Keywords: Political Leadership, Foreign Policy, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Angela Merkel, Syrian Refugee Crisi iv ÖZ DIŞ POLİTİKA VE SİYASAL LİDERLİK: RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN VE ANGELA MERKEL Açıkalın, Şuay Nilhan Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Haziran 2020, 376 sayfa Bu tez, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ve Angela Merkel'in Suriye Mülteci Krizi ve Batı Balkan bölgesi özelinde izlenen politikaların oluşmasındaki liderliklerinin etkisini araştırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, seçili vaka çalışmalarında iki liderin dış politika yapımına etkisini analiz etmek için SNA Liderlik Modeli adı verilen yeni bir siyasi liderlik modeli geliştirilmiştir. Bu model kapsamında Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ve Angela Merkel'in geçmiş yaşantılarının yaklaşım ve davranışlarını nasıl şekillendirdiğini de içermektedir. Bu bütünsel ve çok boyutlu analiz sonucunda Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ve Angela Merkel'in kendi ülkelerinin ve kişisel geçmişlerinin de etkisiyle Suriye mülteci krizinde ve Batı Balkan bölgesinde önemli bir siyasi figür oldukları sonucuna varmak mümkündür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siyasal Liderlik, Dış Politika, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Angela Merkel, Suriye Mülteci Krizi v DEDICATION To My Mom Prof. Dr. Şefika Şule ERÇETİN who is source of love and power in our family... To my sister Dr. Nihan POTAS who encouraged me endlessly... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I want to emphasize that President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has been my inspiration for this thesis work. I would like thank to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı who always remind me that Phd process is full of ups and downs where he showed his supports during my study. I would like to express my regards to Prof. Nail Alkan and Prof. Fırat Purtaş for their support and encouragement. Besides, I would like to thank to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevilay Kahraman and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özgehan Şenyuva for their contributions as a Examining Committee member. Also, I wish to thank to Prof.Claudia Matthes who was having me as a doctoral reserarcher in Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin. I want to thank to Dr. Fatma Betül Sayan Kaya, I always feel her heartfelt support. There is no doubt, I thank to interview participants who enriched the content of this as follow; Ravza Kavakçı Kan, Ahmet Büyükgümüş, Egemen Bağış, Yavuz Selim Kıran, Prof. Dr. Lüdger Künhardt, Wolf-Ruthard Born, Josef Janning, Paul Ziemiak, Robin Alexander, Stefan Kornelius, Ozan Ceyhun, Mustafa Erkan and Interview Participant 1 and 2. I am thankful to Cengizhan Güngör for his continuous and generous endorsement. Also, I am pleased to Hasan Aktan who supports me in difficult times. I want to thank to my father Prof. Dr. Aytaç Açıkalın supports me in my education life. vii Last but not least, I am especially grateful to my mom Prof. Dr. Şefika Şule Erçetin who is my most beloved treasury in my life, believe and support in me always. Furthermore, I owe thank to my sister Dr. Nihan Potas for her endless support. Lastly, I want to thank to my nephews Mihri and Uraz who brought amazing energy and cheer to my phd process. This study was supported by Jean Monnet Scholarship 2018-2019 with contract of TR2016/DG/04/A1-01/376. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research Design ............................................................................................... 2 1.2. Contribution of the Study ................................................................................. 6 1.3. Methodology ................................................................................................... 11 2. POLITICAL LEADERSHIP .................................................................................. 15 2.1. Traditional Approaches in Political Leadership ............................................. 16 2.1.1. Asabiyyah: Ibn Khaldun on Leadership ................................................ 16 2.1.2. Prince of Machiavelli: The age of Great Man and Ultimate Power ...... 19 2.1.3. Thomas Carlyle and the Great Man Approach ...................................... 22 2.1.4. Weber and Types of Leadership ............................................................ 24 2.1.4.1. Authority and Power ................................................................ 24 2.2. Contemporary Research on Political Leadership ........................................... 26 2.3. Overview and Challenges of Political Leadership Literature from Traditional to Contemporary ......................................................................... 32 2.4. Political Leaders and Foreign Policy .............................................................. 35 2.5. The SNA New Political Leadership Model .................................................... 39 ix 2.5.1. D 1. The Contextual Background of the Leader's Country in Which the Leader was Born and Raised .......................................................... 42 2.5.2. D 2. The Background of Leader ............................................................ 43 2.5.3. D 3. Approaches and Behaviors of the Political Leadership ................. 43 2.5.4. D 4: Reflections of Backgrounds on Foreign Policy Making ............... 50 3. THE CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND OF THE LEADER'S COUNTRY ........ 55 3.1. Political Systems of Turkey and Germany ..................................................... 55 3.2. Federalism vs. Unitary System ....................................................................... 56 3.3. Chancellor Democracy vs. Turkish Parliamentary ......................................... 59 3.4. Coalition Culture vs. Strong Leadership ........................................................ 61 3.5. Political Atmospheres in the World, Turkey and Germany at 90s till mid of 2000s ......................................................................................................... 64 3.5.1. Turkey ..................................................................................................
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