Easy Homepages Frontpage

Table of Contents

About Web Pages & Web Sites ...... 2 Opening FrontPage...... 2 Opening Your Web Site on the KU Server ...... 3–4 Standard Toolbar...... 5 Adding Pages ...... 6 Saving Your Work ...... 6 Choosing a “Theme”...... 7 Adding a “Link Bar” ...... 8–10 Entering & Formatting Text ...... 11 Adding Graphic Images ...... 12–14 Adding Other Links to Your Pages ...... 15 Your World Wide Web Address ...... 16 Where Do You Go From Here? ...... 16 Glossary ...... 17 Appendix A (Finding Graphic Images on the Web)...... 18 Appendix B (Equation Editor, Print Screen, & TI Capture) .... 19–20 Appendix C (Server File Names) ...... 21

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 1 About Web Pages & Web Sites A Web “page” is a single document containing text and graphic images. As a member of the World Wide Web, you can have a collection of any number of such pages, each a separate document. Such a collection is usually called a “Web site.” A “home page” is typically the main page that a user first encounters when viewing your Web site. Some people put everything on one single page, which a user then has to scroll through to find what he or she is looking for. By putting your different pieces of information on a collection of separate but related pages, the user has to do much less scrolling, and you can update individual pages without having to change everything. Think of your Web site as a book, your home page as its table of contents, and all of your other pages as chapters in the book. As in a real book, a user can bounce back and forth from the table of contents to its various chapters. For example, if you were a teacher, you could have a site containing such things as your current classes where you list important things such as homework assignments, information about yourself, information for parents, links to other math-related Web sites, a link to your school’s Web site, etc. Your home page would be a simple listing of these various categories. Then each of your classes, for example, could be a separate page with a link to it from your home page (and back again).

Opening FrontPage Begin by opening FrontPage from the “Start” menu. The first time you do this, you should see the following screen:

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 2 Opening Your Web Site on the KU Server Pull down the “File” menu to “Open Site…” (not just “Open”). At the bottom of the resulting window, enter your site address:

http://studentwebs.kutztown.edu/flast123 where “flast123” is your user name (consisting of the first letter of your first name, followed by the first four letters of your last name, followed by a three-digit randomly-assigned number).

Click on the “Open” button, and you should see the window to the right. Enter your user name and password, and click on OK. (Unless you are working on your own computer, you probably do not want to click on the “Remember my password” box.) Since it sometimes takes a while to connect, please be patient.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 3 After the connection is made, you should see the following window. Since you haven’t created any files yet, your file list will be a little shorter, but there might be a file named “index.htm” and a folder names “images.”

Double-click on the “index.htm” in either the left- or righthand side of the window. The Web page that opens up is your so-called “home” page. The KU server will always recognize the file name “index.htm” as the home page. Do not change the name of this file. However, you can and will probably want to change the “title” of this page. To do so, pull down the “File” menu to “Properties.”

In the window that follows, you should see the full pathname of your file listed as the “Location.” Use the next box to enter your page’s title. This is the name that will appear in the task bar when someone views your page on the Internet. The rest of the boxes are used by Internet search engines to index your page. You may leave them blank. When you are finished, click on “OK.”

Below are descriptions of the most commonly-used buttons on the standard toolbar. You will probably recognize many of them as being the same as those on other Microsoft toolbars. Please note that all of the same actions can be achieved by using the pulldown menus instead.

NEW (new page, folder, web, or more): If you click once on the button, a new blank page will be created. If you click on the arrow, you can select from creating a new web, folder, or other options.

OPEN: Clicking on the button allows you to open an existing file. If you click on the arrow, you can choose to open a web folder.

SAVE: This button saves your page.

FIND: This button brings up a window that lets you search for text in your Web page. There are also tabs for Replacing text. Replace is a useful command if you want to replace a misspelled word or phrase that shows up multiple times on your Web page (or even your entire Web site).

PREVIEW IN BROWSER: This button allows you to preview your page in a browser. Although FrontPage is supposed to be WYSIWYG, it is not foolproof. It is a good idea to occasionally check to see what others will eventually see when they look at your Web pages.

CUT: This button removes the selected item (text, graphic, etc.) from the page and stores it on the Clipboard so that you can paste it somewhere else instead (on the same page or on another page).

COPY: This button copies the selected item and stores it on the Clipboard so that you can paste it somewhere else as well. The original is not removed as it is with Cut.

PASTE: After cutting or copying an item, use this button to place the item somewhere else (either on the same page or on another page).

UNDO: Clicking on this button will take you back one step. Clicking on the arrow will show you a list of commands that you’ve recently made and allow you to go back as many steps as you want.

INSERT PICTURE: Clicking this button brings up the “Insert Picture from File” window.

INSERT HYPERLINK: Clicking this button brings up the “Insert Hyperlink” window.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 5 Adding Pages To add another page to your site, pull down the “File” menu to “New…” A new “pane” will open up on the right side of the screen. Click on “Blank Page” to create a new page.

A new page with a new “tab” will appear in the center part of the window. At this point, you may begin adding some content, such as text, to the page. Until you save it, its name will be “new_page_1.htm.” To save the page to the server and give it an appropriate name at the same time, pull down the “File” menu to “Save.” In the window that follows, at the bottom of the window, enter a file name for your page. This will be an internal name that will be used by the server, so it does not have to be “pretty.” Since it is a file name, you must follow certain rules:

1. No spaces. 2. Only letters, numbers, underlines, and hyphens (no unusual characters such as colons, slashes, etc.) 3. End in “.htm”

Before clicking “OK,” you might want to change the page’s title. Click on the “Change title…” button, and fill in a title as before.

Repeat the process for all your pages.

• images for navigation buttons • images for page banners • images for bullets • background image • image for horizontal rule • font color, style, and size information • additional style sheet information

Applying a theme allows you to get graphic elements of Web sites such as rollover buttons, page backgrounds, matching font sizes and colors, etc., without needing to know anything about making your own graphics!

To choose a theme, pull down the “Format” menu to “Theme…” A pane opens up on the right- hand side of the screen. Scroll through this list until you find one you like. When you move your cursor over a theme’s thumbnail, a pulldown arrow should appear. Select “Apply as default theme” to have the theme used on all your pages. (At this point, don’t worry too much about your choice, since you can use this process to change it later on to a different one and have it change all your pages automatically. That’s the beauty of themes!) Unless you already have formatted text on your page, you probably won’t see very much difference except for a background color or pattern. The other parts of the theme will show up when you begin adding text and applying formatting to it.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 7 Adding a Link Bar Once you have selected a theme, you can then add a “link bar,” a set of fully-functional buttons that will allow the user to easily move among the pages that make up your site. In order to set up a link bar, however, those pages must first exist and be saved. You can always add more pages later, but you have to have a few in order to get started. Those pages don’t have to be fully developed; in fact, they can be blank, just so they are named and saved.

To add a link bar, pull down the “Insert” menu to “Navigation…” In the window that follows, accept the default setting (“Bar with custom links”) by clicking on the “Next” button.

If you have not already chosen a theme, here’s your chance to choose one. If you have already chosen a theme, then it is already selected for you (indicated by the blue box around “Use Page’s Theme.” You may choose a different theme for the particular page that you are working on (which defeats the whole purpose of a theme!). When you have decided on a theme, click on the “Next” button.

In the window that follows, choose either vertical or horizontal orientation. Click on the “Finish” button.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 8 Adding Links to Your Link Bar At this point, your link bar has no buttons on it because you haven’t set up any links. To add the actual links to your navigation bar, in the “Link Bar Properties” window that should have followed when you clicked the “Finish” button in the last window, click on the “Add link…” button.

In the list that follows (all of your saved pages), click on the first one you want to add (probably “index.htm,” your home page. In the “Text to display” box at the top of the window, type the name that will appear on the navigation button. Since the size of navigation buttons is limited, keep it short and simple. Repeat this process for any other pages you want to add to

the link bar. If you want to add a button to another page on the Web, such as that of your favorite professor, type in the full URL address (http://etc.) in the “Address:” box at the bottom of the window (you can “capture” such an address by going to the page on the Internet and copying its address to the Clipboard and then pasting it in here).

Repeat this process for each of the pages that you want to add to the link bar. The order that you do this will determine the order that they appear on the link bar. However, in the “Link Bar Properties” window you can rearrange the order by using the “Move up” and “Move down” buttons if you want to change the order later on.

When you are all done adding links, click on “OK.” The link bar will appear on the page you are currently working on. It probably will not be positioned on the page exactly the way you want it, however. FrontPage treats the entire link bar as one graphic, which means that you can enter text, spaces, and returns before or after it; you can click and drag it to another location on the page; etc. However, any text you add next to it will either move directly above or below it. To get text to appear next to it, you have to tell FrontPage how to “wrap” text around it (the same thing you have to do with any graphic on the page).

If you chose a vertical navigation bar, then you probably want your link bar to reside on either the left- or right-hand side of each page. In order to have any text you add to the page “wrap” around the link bar, you have to “position” it. First select the link bar by clicking on it to highlight it. Next pull down the “Format” menu to “Position…”

In the window that follows, choose “Left” or “Right” for the wrapping style of your link bar. Leave everything else as is, and click on “OK.”

Putting Your Link Bar on Other Pages The link bar you just created exists only on the page where you created it. In order to add it to all your other pages, you could repeat the above procedure, page by page, one at a time. An easier way to do this is by simply copying and pasting.

Select the link bar (by clicking on it), choose “Copy” from the “File” menu. Move to another page, make certain the insertion point is located where you want the link bar to appear, and then choose “Paste” from the “File” menu. The link bar should be inserted, complete with all its links and position formatting.

Repeat the process for each of your pages. It is important that you place the link bar in the exact same position on each page. Otherwise, it will appear to jump around as users move from one page to another.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 10 Entering & Formatting Text Although FrontPage is not a full-fledged word processor, you still enter text in essentially the same way you do with a real word processor. As you type, you do not have to insert a “Return” at the end of a line unless you want to end the paragraph. Simply let the text wrap around from one line to the next. That way, the text will automatically be re-sized to match the width of the user’s window.

Formatting Your Text To change a block of text’s attributes (bold, italic, font size, etc.), simply click-and-drag across it to select it, and then apply the attribute desired using either the formatting toolbar or the Format pulldown menu. Once the text has been selected, you can use the appropriate button or command for bold, italic, etc., the same as you do in Microsoft Word.

Using Styles Since you have used a theme for your pages, certain decisions about what fonts, sizes, colors, etc. have already been decided. To access these choices, use the “Style” feature of FrontPage. With the cursor flashing anywhere in a line or paragraph of text, pull down the “Style” menu on the Formatting toolbar. You should get a fairly long list depending on which theme you used. You may have to experiment to find the one(s) you want to use for such things as titles, body copy, links, etc. (The ones at the top of the list are standard ones. The ones at the bottom of the list, the ones beginning with a dot, are the ones unique to the theme you have chosen.) Styles are designed to work at the paragraph, not individual word, level. When you choose a style, the entire paragraph of text has the style applied to it. (To format individual words, use the usual technique described above of selecting the words and then choosing the formatting you want.) The point of styles is that once you decide on which one to use for what purpose, you can then use that same one for that same purpose on every page without having to remember all the formatting details yourself, since the style remembers it all for you.

Fonts While your computer may have dozens or even hundreds of fonts installed on it, not every user can be expected to have exactly all the same fonts installed on his or her computer. Consequently, you should choose fonts that are common to most people’s systems. If you pick an unconvential font that others don’t have, when they view your Web site, the text will be displayed in a default font (usually Times New Roman) that will totally change the entire look and feel of your page.

To be absolutely safe, stick to these fonts (and their bold and italic versions):

Arial Courier Helvetica Times New Roman Σψµβολ (Symbol) Verdana

Underline is used on the Internet to indicate a hyperlink, so you shouldn’t use it except for that purpose (underlining happens automatically when you insert a hyperlink on selected text).

If for some reason you do want a special font (for a logo or special heading), create a graphic with your text in that special font, and insert the graphic into your Web page instead.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 11 Adding Graphic Images Although the World Wide Web is very text oriented, graphic images can be an integral part of a Web page. You might want to include diagrams, illustrations, formulas, and photos, for example, to help explain and elaborate on the contents of your page. Or you might want to add graphic images just for the aesthetic appeal they provide by breaking up vast amounts of text. Graphic images can be as simple as small, colored bullets and thin, horizontal lines, to full-color, large-size, high- resolution photographs.

There are numerous ways to acquire graphic images: ◆ Draw them yourself in a program such as Adobe Illustrator or Adobe Photoshop. ◆ Take them from CD-ROMs of clip art. ◆ Use a scanner or digital camera to input images to your hard disk. ◆ Use Equation Editor, Print Screen, or TI Capture: see Appendix B. ◆ Acquire images directly from any World Wide Web page. ◆ Use the built-in clip art library that comes with FrontPage.

Capturing an Image on the World Wide Web

To capture an image you see on any Web page, move the cursor over top of the image, hold down the right mouse button, and a menu should pop up. Since you need to save the image onto the hard disk or removable media (and eventually onto your server), you need to save the image. Move the cursor over “Save this Image as…” and release the mouse button. You will be greeted by the usual “Save” dialog box with the original name of the image already entered for you. You can change the name if you want, but there are certain rules you must follow (see Appendix C for more information about server file names). When you are certain that you are saving to the appropriate directory, click “OK.”

Creating Your Own Images Although creating your own images is beyond the scope of this introductory workshop, there are a few things to keep in mind if you have the program(s) and you choose to do so. There are only two formats that can be used: GIF and JPEG. GIF is used for images consisting of areas of solid colors, such as logos, buttons, and other simple graphic images. JPEG is used for photo-realistic images. Also, since most browsers recognize only 256 colors for GIF images, you should reduce your palette to 256 (or fewer) colors for GIF images to avoid unexpected results when users view your page. JPEG images have no such restriction. Finally, since the image will be viewed only on a computer screen, use a resolution of 72 pixels per inch.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 12 FrontPage Clip Art For beginners, the easiest method is undoubtedly FrontPage’s built-in clip art library. To insert a piece of FrontPage clip art, first make sure the flashing cursor is at the point where you want to insert the graphic, then pull down the “Insert” menu to “Clip art...” In the “pane” that opens on the right-hand side of the window, enter a keyword in the “Search for:” box to search for clip art that will suit your purpose. Scroll through the list until you find one you like, and then simply click on it. It will be inserted into your page at the insertion point.

Inserting Other Graphic Images

To insert a graphic image on your page (assuming that you have already acquired such an image from one of the sources cited on the previous page), pull down the “Insert” menu to “Picture,” and select “From file…” on the resulting submenu. A standard dialog box for selecting a file will appear. Navigate through the file structure to locate the image you want, and then click on “OK.”

You can then use the “Position” command (as described in the section on “Link Bars”) to determine how text wraps around the image.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 13 Saving Graphics to the Server Although you have added a graphic to your page, at this point it is not yet on the server and therefore not available to anyone else who views your page. You need to transfer the image to the server. Fortunately, FrontPage automates the process for you the next time you save the page.

Pull down the “File” menu to “Save.” If you have added any new graphic images to the page, you will be greeted by the window to the right, which lists all of the recently-added graphics.

Before leaving this window, it is advised that save all your graphic images to the “Images” folder. Doing so will make it easier to navigate through your main directory which will contain only your Web pages. To change where the graphic images are stored, click on the “Change Folder…” button. You’ll next get the window shown to the right.

Double-click on the “Images” folder to open it. Click on “OK” to return to the “Save Embedded Files” window. Finally click on “OK” in that window, and your image(s) will automatically be uploaded to the server along with your page.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 14 Adding Other Links to Your Pages In addition to your link bar, you may want users to click on a word or picture and be taken to some other Web page. For example, you might have text that says something like, “To learn more about Pythagoras, click HERE.” When users clicks on the word “HERE,” they will be directed to a Web site (not yours) that has information about Pythagoras. Or you may have text that says, “Click HERE to e-mail me with a question.” When users click on “HERE,” their e-mail program will open a window for them to send their message to you.

Adding Hyperlinks to Text or Graphics The process for setting up a link to a different page (yours or someone else’s) is a simple one-step process. Select the text or graphic users will have to click on, and pull down the “Insert” menu to “Hyperlink.” In the window that opens, enter the full Web address of the Web page in the “Address” box at the bottom of the window. Probably the easiest way to do this is to “capture” such an address by going to the page on the Internet and copying its address to the Clipboard and then pasting it in here.

Adding a Link to Your E-mail Mailbox If you want to give users the opportunity to send e-mail directly to you when they are viewing your Web page, you can insert a link directly to your e-mail mailbox. There is even a style—“Address” on the paragraph style pull-down menu—specifically designed and universally recognized for e-mail addresses. First type the text telling the user to click on to send you e-mail (something like “Click HERE to send e-mail to me.”). Next select the text, and pull down the “Insert” menu to “Hyperlink…” as before. This time, enter the following in the “Address” box:

mailto:your-e-mail-address

(where your actual e-mail address replaces “your-e-mail-address”). Note that “mailto” is one word, followed by a colon, with no spaces, followed by your e-mail address, again with no spaces.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 15 Your World Wide Web Address Now that you’ve done all your hard work, it’s time to share your results with the rest of the world. Your WWW address is as follows (where once again your actual login replaces “yourlogin”):

http://studentwebs.kutztown.edu/flast123 (where flast123 is your login)

This address will take visitors to your home page (the one named “index.htm”). If you don’t have such a page, or you named it incorrectly, visitors will be greeted instead with a “page not found” message.

Where Do You Go From Here? FrontPage allows you to do more sophisticated things not covered in this workshop. To lean how to do these things, there is online help available as in all Microsoft products. There are also countless books and online resources available.

However, now that you have several pages, you can add others, all linked to your home page and each other.

Adding New Pages & Editing Existing Ones To add pages, or to update existing ones, simply open your Web site as you did at the beginning of this workshop, and double-click on the page you want to change. It will open in the central window and will then be ready for changes.

Deleting Pages If you decide you want to remove pages from your site, simply select them in the left-hand “navigation” pane, and pull down the “File” menu to “Delete.” Understand that any links to that page will then be “dead,” which means that when users click on such a link, they will get a “page not found” message. Also, don’t delete your home page, since you have to have a page named “index.htm” or your site won’t work at all!

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 16 Glossary browser A program, such as Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer, used to view Web pages. clipboard A temporary storage area in your computer’s memory. FTP “File Transfer Protocol” is the method by which files (pages and graphic images) are electronically transferred from one computer to another. GIF “Graphics Interchange Format” is a universally-recognized format used for graphic images. The GIF format is used for images that tend to have large, flat areas of a few colors, such as you might find in a logo, a chart, or a diagram. HTML “HyperText Markup Language” is the computer programming language that Web pages are actually written in. Netscape Navigator write this code for you, so you never have to get your hands dirty. JPEG “Joint Photographics Expert Group” is a universally-recognized format used for graphic images. The JPEG format is used for images that tend to be photo-realistic. link A piece of text or a graphic image that can be clicked on to take the user to another Web page. login The name you use to log on to KU’s UNIX server (for a student, a typical login follows the format “flast123” and for a faculty member, the first eight letters of your last name). pixel A screen “dot.” There are 72 pixels per inch. publish To make your Web page accessible to the entire world by uploading it to a server. server A mainframe computer where Web pages reside. upload To electronically transfer your Web pages and/or graphic images from your computer to the server, usually using a process called FTP-ing. Web See World Wide Web. WWW “World Wide Web” (or simply the “Web”) is a collection of servers, such as the one at KU, all linked together electronically and used for sharing information WYSIWYG “What You See Is What You Get” is an expression that means what you see while you are working on a document is exactly what you will get when you publish the document. Netscape Composer is almost, but not quite, WYSIWYG.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 17 Appendix A Finding Graphic Images on the Web The following sites are good beginning sources for graphic images. Most of them have links to other clip art sites. If you are looking for a particular image, you might also want to try any of the large search engines such as Googol (http://www.googol.com/).

http://www.clipartconnection.com/ http://dir.yahoo.com/computers_and_internet/graphics/clip_art/ index.html http://www.barrysclipart.com/ http://webclipart.miningco.com/ http://www.geocities.com/ginis/ http://www.animfactory.com/

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 18 Appendix B Equation Editor Equations Although you can’t save an equation in Equation Editor, you can use Microsoft Word to save it for you. After creating an equation in Equation Editor, place it into a blank Word document in the usual manner. Then pull down the “File” menu to “Save as HTML.” You will be prompted for a name for the Word document. You can name it anything you like since you will be trashing the document later anyway. When you save a document as HTML, Word automatically saves each graphic image in the document (and an equation is considered a graphic image) as a separate GIF file in the same directory or folder that you saved the document itself in. Word simply names this graphic image file as “Image1.gif.” If you know how, you can change this name to a more meaningful one before you place it on your Web page, but you don’t have to.

If you place several equations into a Word document before you save it as an HTML file, then each one will be converted into a GIF file when you save: “Image1.gif,” Image2.gif,” “Image3.gif,” etc. Again, you can change these names to more meaningful ones.

At this point, you can delete the document itself since each of the equations is now an independent graphic image file. To place an equation in your FrontPage page, follow the directions for placing graphic images elsewhere in this document. When you save the page, any graphic image files are automatically uploaded to the server.

Print Screen Use the PrtSc (Print Screen) key on your keyboard (immediately to the right of the F12 key) to capture the entire screen to the Clipboard. If you want to capture only the most immediately front window, instead of the entire screen, hold down the Alt key while you press the PrtSc key. Now that the image is on the Clipboard, you have to save it as a document. Open the Windows Paint accessory (on the Start menu under Programs, Accessories) and paste the contents of the Clipboard into the Paint program. At this point you can modify the image using Paint’s tools. When you are ready, save the image to disk using the “Save” command on the File menu. Name it whatever you like (following the naming rules described in Appendix C). Before finishing the save, you will see a box at the bottom of the window labeled “Save As Type.” Pull down the list and select “JPEG File Interchange Format” so it will be recognized by the Web. Make sure you are saving it where you want, then click “OK.”

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 19 Appendix B, continued TI Capture When you use the TI Connectivity kit to “capture” a calculator screen, you can then use that screen on a Web page as a graphic image. You have two choices for saving a screen capture. The first one described below is for older versions of the TI connectivity software. The second one is for the newer versions.

METHOD 1: After you have captured the screen, open Window’s Paint accessory, paste, and save (as described above under “Print Screen” above).

METHOD 2: After establishing the connection to your calculator, lick on the “TI Screen Capture” icon.

Your TI calculator’s screen should be displayed in the resulting window. If you want to add a border around it, click on the “Border” icon .

At this point you can save it by pulling down the “File” menu to “Save” (or you can click on the “Save” icon ). You will then have to name it appropriately and save it to the correct location.

You might also want to edit the picture by adding text or circles, for example. To do so, click on the “Paint” icon to open the built-in paint program. After editing, save it in the same manner as described above.

© 2005. R.S. Schaeffer Building Web Pages in Microsoft FrontPage • page 20 Appendix C Server File Names Server file names are usually constructed using letters, numbers, and a few other special characters. Since many of the other characters have special meanings on servers, it is strongly suggested that you restrict these other characters to the dot (.), the minus or dash (–), and the underline (_). In particular, don’t use a colon (:), a space ( ), a slash (/), or an asterisk (*). Additionally, do not begin a file name with a minus or dash (–). You may use a combination of lowercase and uppercase letters, but the KU studentwebs server is not case-specific. That is, “Junk” is the same as “JUNK” as far as the server is concerned.

If you are using a PC, the operating system (Windows 2000, for example) may automatically add a so-called “extension” (a dot followed by three letters indicating the type of file) to some files. Such extensions have no special meaning to the server, but they do in the PC’s operating system, so it is suggested that you leave them as they are. Additionally, such extensions (“.gif,” for example) can help you remember the significance of particular files after you haven’t seen their names in a while.