09:00 – 10:00

Auditorium 10:15 – 11:55

Elizabeth Marsh - ‘Acquiring Papers and Symposia misconceptions: The role of knowledge neglect’ Room 1

Why do many students think Toronto is What happens to our memories when we the capital of Canada and the yen is the lie?: New directions for research in currency of China? This talk will focus on memory and deception one way that such errors enter the Chair: Donna Li knowledge base, through knowledge The study of deception has been a major neglect. Knowledge neglect occurs when focus on applied psychological research in students have the requisite knowledge recent years, with particular focus on the stored in memory, and yet fail to detection of deception in legal settings. recognize a contradiction of that This symposium, more specifically, focuses knowledge. Knowledge neglect is on how active imagery and processing observed across a variety of situations, associated with the act of deception can including when learners fail to detect affect the memory of the liar. Despite inaccuracies in fictional sources or notice having obvious practical and theoretical incorrect presuppositions in questions. implications, this question has received Importantly, knowledge neglect has surprisingly little attention until now. In implications for later memory. Reading this session, researchers from Australia, errors increases their later rated truth UK and USA will describe their novel value (an illusory truth effect), and leads research designed to address this issue. them to be produced as answers to The research presented employs a range general knowledge questions. Surprisingly, of paradigms, studying memory for focusing attention on the incorrect autobiographical events, mock crimes and information, activating prior knowledge, for videos, and measures the impact of and warnings all have no effects or even deception on a variety of measures, ironically increase the acquisition of false including timing, consistency and knowledge. Practical implications for accuracy. Together, the studies point to an building a critical learner will be discussed, interesting and complex relationship as well as theoretical issues involving between deception and memory. The comparisons of different types of memory findings suggest that deception may limit errors. access to the original memory and that this effect is moderated by the context of the lie. Further, it is possible that a better 10:00 – 10:15 understanding of the interaction may lead to improved techniques for the detection Break Coffee/tea/water (provided) of deception. The symposium will end

with a discussion led by Amina Memon, statements were accurately classified (# of which will consider practical and detail, # words, ttr, admission of potential theoretical implications of this work. error).

D. Polage - Telling lies makes the truth less Donna Li & Richard Kemp - Do lies certain become truths over time? An experimental investigation of the impact The current experiment investigated of deception on memory whether consistency and timing of lies influences autobiographical event In two experimental studies of the effect memory. Seventy-three participants rated of lying on memory, participants watched the likelihood that events happened to a videotaped robbery, before truthfully or them before age ten and were then deceptively answering questions about interviewed and prompted to either tell the event. After a delay of either 15 the truth, alternate truth/lying, or lie minutes (Experiment 1; N=62), or one about the events in two sessions. On day week (Experiment 2; N=76), participants two, participants again rated the attempted to recall the film accurately. likelihood of the events. Results showed Liars tended to make more errors than that memory for the truth became more truth tellers, but these errors typically uncertain after lying and shifted towards involved new confabulations rather than the lied-about response for both made-up details that they had made up as part of affirmations and denials. Therefore, lying their lie. That is, liars did not come to may result in memory change for the liar. believe their own lies. The practical and Psychology and law applications will be theoretical implications of these findings discussed. will be discussed.

Cheryl Hiscock-Anisman - Differential K. Colwell, C. K. Hiscock-Anisman, M. R. recall enhancement, ACID, and deception Evans, A. Kansinally, G. Stanley, & J. Clayton - Differential recall enhancement 56 students participated in a “realistic (DRE): The interaction among memory experiment”. Each group was interviewing, memory, and deception. told to investigate and remember everything, and not get caught to win $5. Honest respondents benefit from Deceivers were told to steal a wallet. mnemonics; deceivers do not. This Before being interviewed all Ps were told Differential Recall Enhancement (DRE) to report completely. In addition improves the ability to detect deception. Deceivers were told to hide the wallet 60 undergraduates provided an honest or theft. All were eligible for 2 $100 prizes for deceptive statement about an interaction “most convincing stories,” and given a with authority. Statements were elicited week to plan. Investigation followed the using the Reality Interview, which triggers ACID process of interviewing and DRE. Dependent measures were the assessment. Mnemonics improved honest number of details added at each stage of recall and hindered deception. 92% of the interview. Honest respondents added

significantly more detail during the self function may result in improved mnemonics. This allowed for a 91.7% psychological well-being, and that failures classification accuracy. The increase in in the updating function may contribute to detail shows the interaction between a loss of a stable sense of self across time interviewing, memory, and deception. and relationships. Each statement was unique, unlike the Nicole Alea & Susan Bluck - A Tale of two typical lab design where everyone Cultures: The Functions of describes the same event. Autobiographical Memory in Young and Discussant: Amina Memon Older Adults

Room 2 The study examined age and cultural differences in the use of autobiographical New frontiers for the functions of memory (AM) to serve self-continuity, autobiographical memory social-bonding, and directive functions. Chair: Theodore Waters American (n = 292) and Trinidadian (n = Psychologists have proposed that 181) young and older adults completed autobiographical memory serves at least the Thinking About Life Experiences Scale three basic functions: to define self, (TALE; Bluck & Alea, 2011). Across both facilitate and maintain social relationships, cultures, older adults report using AM less and direct future behavior. Early research frequently to serve all functions. Cultural has found substantial initial support for differences, however, did emerge: the self, social, and directive functions of Trinidadians endorse the self-continuity autobiographical memory. In this and directive functions of AM more than symposium, we highlight several Americans. Effects were robust: promising new directions for research on controlling for demographic variables such the functions of autobiographical memory. as gender, and sociocultural differences in Across papers, we examine: the extent to education and perceived health, did not which the functions of autobiographical affect findings. memory vary across culture and across the Burcu Demiray Batur & Alexandra M. lifespan; the links between the functions, Freund - The Self-enhancement Function autobiographical narrative, and of Autobiographical Memory Across the psychological well-being; and the possible Adult Life Span extension of the current scope of the functions of autobiographical memory to Two studies examine the self- include an updating function. Results enhancement function of autobiographical suggest that culture, developmental time memory by exploring the relation of one’s period, and life events have a significant age and self-esteem to the subjective influence on the use of autobiographical temporal distancing of their memories. memory to serve specific functions. Two lifespan samples recalled memories Further, the use of certain of achieving and failing in significant goals, autobiographical memories to serve the and rated how temporally distant these

memories psychologically felt. In general, is in some way related to healthy participants felt closer to achieved goals psychological functioning. We tested this than failed goals. In Study 1, increased age assumption by examining relations was associated with feeling closer to between narrative coherence of achieved goals (controlling for self- personally significant autobiographical esteem). Study 2 examines the impact of a memories and psychological well-being. self-esteem manipulation on temporal Further, we tested the potential distancing (ongoing). Results are discussed moderation of the relation between in relation to positivity effect in aging and coherence and well-being by assessing the goal orientation (Freund, 2006). functions served by those memories (self, social, and directive). Results confirmed Tilmann Habermas & Christin Köber - that the ability to construct coherent Does Autobiographical Reasoning Support autobiographical narratives is related to Self-continuity? psychological well-being, especially when The most important self-function of the memories served a self-defining autobiographical remembering is function. considered sustaining a sense of self- Ira Hyman, Alexandra Roach, & Sarah continuity. Besides the mere act of Drivdahl - The Updating Function of remembering a past experience, self- Autobiographical Memory-Keeping the continuity may also be more actively Self Located in Time, Place, and reconstructed across biographical Relationships ruptures and turning points by autobiographical reasoning. To date, a Autobiographical memory is constantly sense of self-continuity has never been being updated. Through updating, the self empirically tested neither in relation to is changed and modified. The updating of autobiographical remembering nor to autobiographical memories is evidenced in autobiographical reasoning. In a lifespan long term recency effects in which cues study of life narratives we test the trigger recollections of more recent contribution of autobiographical autobiographical episodes. Updating is reasoning to a self-reported sense of self- also clear in relationship memory continuity concurrently and longitudinally transformations in response to changes in across eight years, and explore whether it relationship status: Currently dating is specific to times of biographical change. individuals have more dynamic memories than individuals recalling previous Theodore Waters & Robyn Fivush - relationships. Failures in memory Relations between Narrative Coherence updating may also contribute to confusion and Psychological Well-being: Moderation experienced by individuals with by Function Served Alzheimer’s disease. Without updating, It has been a broadly held assumption in people become lost in their memories and psychology that the ability to construct a fail to track the self in time, place, and coherent account of personal experience relationships.

Qi Wang - The Autobiographical Self have implications for eyewitness Online testimony, eyewitness memory, and learning within the classroom. Internet technology provides a new means of constructing autobiographical memory Yana Weinstein, Kathleen B. McDermott, and identity in the modern era. The telling Adrian W. Gilmore, & Karl K. Szpunar - of personal life stories is now open to the Testing during Study Insulates against the public, with the intension of soliciting Buildup of Proactive Interference: The feedback from others. We present a study Role of Text Expectancy in which college students recalled We examined the hypothesis that autobiographical memories in either an interpolated testing in a multiple list online blog environment or a private diary learning paradigm protects against environment. Participants also completed proactive interference by sustaining test a series of personality measures such as expectancy. Participants were either extraversion, disclosiveness, and need for tested on all lists or only the last (5th) list, relatedness. Preliminary analyses showed and were either warned or not that a test that online memories exhibited distinct would definitely be occurring on the last characteristics compared with offline list. We thus independently manipulated memories, and personality traits test expectancy both via consistent sometimes moderated the differences. testing, and via instructions. As a

manipulation check, half of our Room 3 participants indicated the perceived likelihood of receiving a test on each Testing and memory studied list. Our results suggest that Chair: Gregory Franco testing protects against proactive For nearly 75 years, research has interference in part via maintaining repeatedly demonstrated the mnemonic attention during encoding. benefits of taking a test. In this Gregory Franco & Maryanne Garry - The symposium, we discuss some relatively Order of Items on a Test Affects People’s new and less-documented effects of Predictions about Future Test testing on memory. These findings can be Performance loosely categorized into two topics. First, we present research showing that the The order of items on a test can make construction of a test itself biases people’s people overestimate or underestimate confidence in their memory, and in their their performance. We used a similar predicted performance on future tests. approach to determine the effect on Second, we present research showing that people’s estimates about their when people take a test, they allocate performance on a similar future test. more attention when learning future People who took a test with items information—particularly when they arranged from the easiest question to the expect to be tested again. These studies hardest were overconfident in their future

performance; those who took a test with reading sentences that included items arranged from the hardest to the misleading details as compared to easiest were underconfident. These biased participants who did not take the initial estimates of performance have test. Thus initial testing enhanced learning implications for decisions about studying. of the misinformation.

Robert B. Michael, Gregory Franco, Eryn Discussant: Andrew C. Butler J. Newman, & Maryanne Garry - The Matt Jones,Lindsay S. Anderson, Alice F. Order of Items on a Memory Test Affects Healy, & Lyle E. Bourne Jr. - Eyewitness Confidence Representation and Processing of Post-event questions influence eyewitness Response Distribution Feedback in Group reports. But does the mere order in which Learning those questions matter? We asked The type of feedback available with group subjects to watch an event, and then learning (e.g. classrooms) is richer than asked them non-misleading questions with individual learning. In addition to the about that event. The questions appeared correct answer instructors can present the in one of two orders: easiest to the group response distribution. Incongruent hardest, or hardest to easiest. Although distributional feedback “when the most order had no effect on actual test popular response is incorrect”may make performance, subjects who saw hardest that answer more salient (impeding questions first were more pessimistic learning) or may highlight popular about their performance and were less misconceptions (improving learning). We confident as eyewitnesses. These results found incongruent feedback hurts posttest have implications for the ways in which performance on questions a student eyewitness memory is tested. initially gets wrong but on questions the Ayanna Thomas, John B. Bulevich, & student initially answers correctly the Leamarie Gordon - Testing Potentiates probability of subsequently responding New Learning in the Misinformation with the popular incorrect answer is Paradigm reduced. These results have implications for effective usage of distributional Taking a test prior to receiving misleading feedback in classrooms. information enhances misinformation susceptibility (Chan Thomas & Bulevich 2009). In the present study we tested the Room 4 hypothesis that taking a test leads participants to differentially allocate New challenges in the detection of attention to the post-event learning. We concealed information tested this attention allocation hypothesis Chair: Kristina Suchotzki by measuring reading time of post event Investigating whether a suspect possesses information. Participants who took a test crucial crime knowledge is a promising before misinformation spent more time alternative to methods aiming to detect

deception. During a Concealed in the three-item-CIT. RC was manipulated Information Test (CIT), questions referring within-subjects. In the standard-CIT to crime details are presented with several condition, participants were instructed to response alternatives. Whereas for an acknowledge recognition of target items, innocent suspect all alternatives are equal, but deny recognition of probe and only the guilty suspect shows an orienting irrelevant items. In the reversed-CIT response towards the correct answer. condition, they were instructed to deny Unlike most deception detection methods, recognition of target items, but the CIT is based on a sound psychological acknowledge recognition of probe and theory and its validity has been irrelevant items. We expected the probe- investigated empirically. However, irrelevant difference to be smaller in the adaptations of the paradigm, the reversed-CIT condition compared to the development of advanced neuroscientific standard condition. Error and reaction methods and changing security threats time results were mixed, indicating a need created new challenges. The present for more research on the contribution of international symposium addresses a few RC in this paradigm. of these challenges. Results regarding the Ernst Noordraven & Bruno Verschuere - question whether changes of the CIT Predicting and Increasing the Sensitivity of paradigm also affected the underlying the Reaction Time-based Concealed mechanisms will be presented as well as Information Test an approach for increasing the sensitivity of the reaction time-based CIT. Current lie detection works in some Continuous recording of skin conductance individuals but not others. Here, we will be discussed as an alternative to investigate whether we can statistically discrete recordings and the predict the accuracy of the Concealed psychophysiological CIT has been Information Test (CIT). We examined the examined in the challenging situation CIT´s potential by, (1) its sensitivity on an where crime-related information shared unrelated set of autobiographic questions by a group of suspects is unavailable to and (2) by using mock crime Target- the investigators. Additionally, the CIT has Irrelevant differences. The mock crime CIT been combined with fMRI, to compare discriminated (ROCa = .87) between the suspects possessing only abstract crime criminal intent and control condition. knowledge with innocent but informed Target-Irrelevant differences, but not suspects. autobiographical questions, successfully screened out individuals and increased the Kristina Suchotzki, Bruno Verschuere, & CIT´s accuracy (ROCa = .95). Our study Geert Crombez - The Contribution of provides preliminary evidence that we can Response Conflict to the Three-item CIT predict for whom the CIT is likely to work. Effect

Four experiments were conducted to examine the role of response conflict (RC)

Ewout H. Meijer - Continuous differentiation efficiency was significantly Psychophysiological Measurement during greater than chance, but somewhat lower a CIT than that obtained with the standard CIT.

Typically, Concealed Information Tests Matthias Gamer - Using fMRI to Reveal (CITs) use responses elicited by several Concealed Crime-related Knowledge discrete stimuli such as weapons or This study used a Concealed Information locations. The research question Test in conjunction with fMRI to addressed in the current study is whether determine whether neuroimaging the CIT rationale can also be applied using methods outperform autonomic measures a continuous recording of skin in critical situations where suspects have conductance. Participants received only abstract knowledge or where information about the location of an innocents became aware of crime related upcoming ambush on a money car on details. Our data show that the pattern of route from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv. Next, neural activity was comparable between the participant was shown an animation of participants who only planned and those this route on a map. During this who actually carried out a mock crime. animation, skin conductance was However, similarly enhanced activity was continuously recorded. The extent to also observed in innocents who were which the location could successfully be exposed to crime related details in a derived from the continuous data will be neutral context before. Results will be discussed. discussed with respect to other possible Gershon Ben-Shakhar, Dafna Zidenberg, advantages of fMRI techniques in this Assaf Breska, & Nurit Gronau - domain. Psychophysiological Detection of Michelle Mattison, Coral J. Dando, Concealed Information shared by Groups: Thomas C. Ormerod, & Melissa Allen - An Empirical Study of the Searching CIT Sketching to remember: Assisting Children We examined whether the CIT can be with Autistic Spectrum Disorder to Access applied to situations where crime-related Justice information shared by a group of suspects For adult witnesses and victims of crime is unavailable to the investigators. Twenty the Mental Reinstatement of Context one groups of 4-6 participants planned technique (MRC) is an effective one of two crimes (kidnapping or bank mnemonic. However for both typically robbery). Groups chose 5 critical items developed children and people with (e.g., the bank's location), each out of a Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) the MRC fixed set of 6 alternatives. Then, the CIT technique is less effective. We was administered individually and investigated the efficacy of a modified participants were tested on both crimes MRC with 45 ASD children matched to (they were "guilty" in one crime and typically developed children. After having "innocent" in the other). Electrodermal witnessed a mock crime participants were

interviewed using our modified Sketch having performed the action oneself: the Reinstatement of Context (SRC) the observation-inflation effect. We examined traditional MRC or a Control. The SRC social conditions of this self-other technique was most effective improving confusion specifically whether the effect participant's remembering without a depends on the observed actor’s group concomitant increase in intrusions. Our membership. Group-membership was findings are reported and discussed. manipulated based on physical appearance that is complexion of the actor’s hands (fair-skinned for the in- Room 5 group vs. dark-skinned for the out-group Chair: Sue Sherman actor). False memories were significantly reduced when the actor was from the out- Kristy Nielson Arousal-induced group (vs. in-group). These findings are Modulation of Memory Consolidation in discussed in light of social-neuroscience the DRM paradigm studies demonstrating the impact of an observed person’s group membership on We examined the effect of arousal motor simulation. induced after learning on false recognition in the DRM paradigm. 130 subjects Sue Sherman False Memories can increase studied and recalled six DRM lists, then over time – Comparing the ‘better’ and watched an arousing or neutral video. ‘lesser’ DRM lists Delayed recognition showed arousal participants had better retrieval and False memories (FM) for non-presented significantly less false memory. Sensitivity words can be created using the Deese- measures (A') showed good distinction of Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm by studied items from unrelated foils, but presenting lists of associated words. FM is poor distinction of lures from studied more persistent than correct memory but words. Yet, through modulation of rarely demonstrates an actual increase memory consolidation, arousal over time except with specific non- significantly improved sensitivity to standard stimuli. One possibility is that studied words vs. lures. The effect was standard DRM lists display ceiling FM associated with less liberal responding (B'') effects. We present 2 experiments by the arousal group when distinguishing comparing performance over time of DRM studied words from lures. lists which elicit higher (better lists) and lower (lesser lists) levels of FM. In both Isabel Lindner, Cécile Schain, René experiments the ‘lesser’ lists Kopietz & Gerald Echterhoff Observation demonstrated an increase in FM over time deflation: Reduced false memories of self- whilst the ‘better’ lists demonstrated a performance after observing actions by an constant level of FM across time. out-group versus in-group actor

Observing another person performing an action can lead to a false memory of

Sarah Garner, & Mark L. Howe False at priming solutions than other-generated Memories from Survival Processing Make information following a one-week delay. Better Primes for Problem-Solving We conclude that false memories are more effective primes following a delay Research has demonstrated that because they are self-generated. participants remember more survival- related information and information that Rochelle Cox, Jocelyn Elliott & Amanda J. is processed for its survival relevance and Barnier Confabulation during a hypnotic that this results in more false memories Fregoli delusion although ones that are adaptive in priming In this paper we used hypnosis to model insight-based problems. Importantly false Fregoli delusion which is the belief that memories for survival-related information strangers are familiar people in disguise. facilitate problem solving more than those We gave subjects a hypnotic suggestion for other types of information. The that a confederate was somebody they present study explores this survival knew in disguise and then asked the advantage using an incidental rather than confederate to enter the room. We tested intentional memory task. Results showed: subjects’ beliefs about the confederate’s CRATs were primed by false memories in identity and challenged those who this incidental task; this effect was greater displayed a delusion. Many high for participants rating items for survival hypnotisable subjects misidentified the than moving; processing items for survival confederate and confabulated to support improved overall problem solving their belief. These subjects also performance. maintained their delusion when Samantha Wilkinson & Mark L. Howe I challenged. We discuss subjects’ ability to hear I forget. I do I remember: Self- re-interpret conflicting information and generation is the key to false memory the strengths and limitations of our priming success approach.

False memories in particular negative false 11:55 – 13:30 memories are more successful at priming related insight-based problem solutions Room 1 (i.e. Compound Remote Associate Task; Break & Workshop in Cognitive Science CRAT) than true memories following a one-week delay. One factor that may 13:30 – 15:00 account for this advantage is the self- generation effect; false memories are self- Papers and Symposia generated whereas true memories are Room 1 other-generated (experimenter presented). The current research showed New findings in the realm of adaptive that self-generated information (especially memory: Proximate and Ultimate when it was negative) was more effective Mechanisms

Chair: Henry Otgaar & Mark Howe The main objective of the current experiments was to test developmental Although much knowledge exists about trends and possible proximate which mechanisms underpin our memory mechanisms (elaboration and system, less is known about why our distinctiveness) in the evolutionary memory evolved and which functions it foundation of memory using different had to address. However, to completely types of stimuli and paradigms. In three grasp all intricacies of our memory system, experiments, we found unequivocal knowledge about its functional role is evidence that memory is sensitive for the essential. Recently, evidence is processing of survival-relevant accumulating that our memory has been information in both children and adults. carved to process information relevant for Furthermore, we found that survival survival purposes (Howe & Otgaar, in processing increased false memory press; Nairne & Pandeirada, 2008). These propensity. Collectively, our results studies show that our memory works evidently show that the survival superior when participants have to processing advantage is developmentally process stimuli for survival value. To date, invariant and that certain proximate however, it is unclear which processes are mechanisms (elaboration and involved in this survival processing distinctiveness) underlie these advantage. In the present symposium, developmental trends. novel findings will be highlighted regarding the mechanisms underlying the Meike Kroneisen, Jan Rummel, & Edgar survival function of memory. Erdfelder - Working memory load eliminates the survival processing effect Presenter 1 (Otgaar) will provide novel evidence about developmental Nairne et al. (2007) discovered a robust trends in the evolutionary foundation of memory advantage for word-material memory. Presenter 2 (Kroneisen) will processed in a survival-related encoding describe whether adaptive memory context. Kroneisen and Erdfelder (2011) effects are caused by distinctiveness by argued that it is not survival processing using a concurrent working memory task. per se that facilitates recall but the The third presentation (Bell) will discuss richness and distinctiveness with which new findings regarding memory of information is encoded. Hence, when cheaters. Presenter 4 (Howe) will explain participants are asked to provide whether different survival scenarios lead relevance ratings about words, they need to superior retention. Finally, a synopsis sufficient working memory capacity to will be provided about the findings process information elaboratively. To test described in this symposium (Toglia). this hypothesis, we combined both the typical survival-processing task and a Henry Otgaar, Mark L. Howe, Tom control task with a concurrent working- Smeets, & Sarah Garner - Developmental memory task. In line with our predictions trends in adaptive memory

the survival-processing advantage terms of fear, disgust, and cheating. The diminished under dual-task conditions. results indicated that recognition did not depend on ancestral relevance. Like a Raoul Bell, Axel Buchner, Meike growing body of research, our findings Kroneisen, & Trang Giang - Remembering demonstrate that ancestral relevance is cheaters: How adaptive is memory for neither a necessary or sufficient condition reputational information? for adaptive memory effects. Theories in Evolutionary Psychology claim Discussant: Mike Toglia that social exchange is supported by cheater detection modules. Given that Room 2 reciprocal strategies in social exchange rely heavily on memory, it has been Clinical cognition: Interpretation of argued that people should be especially Ambiguity in Negative Emotional States good at remembering cheaters because Chair: Paula Hertel doing so would help them to avoid social A variety of cognitive biases characterize exploitation. Inconsistent with these emotionally disordered states, whether assumptions, memory for social those states be induced or acquired exchange partners depends on people’s naturally. Our symposium addresses expectations. Information that is biases in the interpretation of ambiguous incongruent with people‘s expectations is real-world situations, along with their remembered best. Focusing possible consequences for later cognitive on expectancy-incongruent information and affective measures. In the vein of may represent a more flexible, general, depressive states, we describe the and hence more adaptive memory outcomes of training dysphoric students strategy for remembering social to make positive interpretations (Koster & information than focusing only on Everaert), the consequences of taking a cheaters would. “big picture” perspective for later Mark L. Howe & Emma Threadgold - reactions to failure (Rude & Miller), and Adaptive memory: It’s just not ancestral the effects of the induction of sad mood anymore on interpretation tasks (Woud, Vrijsen, Fitzgerald, & Becker). Salemink reveals The adaptive memory effect refers successful attempts to train socially memory enhancement when information anxious adolescents to look on the bright is processed for its relevance to survival. side. The symposium begins with a Howe and Derbish (in press) have argued description of results from a longitudinal that this superior effect is due to the study. Becker, Woud, Zhang, and Margraf distinctiveness or elaboration of survival- provide the first evidence for the ability of related scenarios. This paper presents an negative interpretation bias to predict experiment where participants rated panic disorder. These experiments all information for their relevance to illustrate the application of methods from ancestral or non-ancestral scenarios in cognitive psychology in the service of

understanding mechanisms central to effects were most pronounced in the clinically relevant cognitive phenomena. more vulnerable individuals (strong threat-related interpretive bias and low Eni S. Becker, Marcella Woud, Xiao Chi executive control). No effects on state Zhang, & Jürgen Margraf - Interpretation anxiety were observed. bias as a predictor of the onset of panic disorder Stephanie S. Rude & Janna V. Miller - Training big picture appraisal Cognitive models of panic disorder postulate that misinterpretations of Participants were trained to appraise in ambiguous, threatening material is a terms of the “big picture,” viewing maintaining factor. Do those biases situations in terms of a larger context, or precede the development of the disorder? in terms of personal attributes (see Using data from a longitudinal Watkins, Moberly, & Moulds, 2008). epidemiologic study we looked at the Participants read and imagined predictive power of biased themselves as the central character in 64 interpretations. An interpretation vignettes (half positive; half negative) that questionnaire including two types of differed between conditions only by a final ambiguous scenarios (panic-related, word or phrase that included a to-be- general threat-related) was administered. completed fragment. Interpretations on a Panic-related interpretation bias as well as transfer task were consistent with a more general threat bias were predictive training, and participants in the big picture for the onset of a panic disorder. This is as compared to personal-attributes the first study showing a relationship training showed lower emotional between interpretation bias and the reactivity (negative mood) to a failure development of panic disorder. induction.

Elske Salemink - Looking at the bright side Ernst H. W. Koster & Jonas Everaert - The of life: Modifying Threat-Related direct and indirect malleability of Interpretations in Adolescents depression-related interpretive bias

In adults, interpretive biases associated Although the empirical evidence is mixed, with social anxiety can be modified using it is believed by many that depression is Cognitive Bias Modification procedures. associated with a stable tendency to The current study examined whether this interpret ambiguous information in a training has similar effects in adolescents negative, depression-congruent way. and what factors moderate the Methods are now available to modify effectiveness of training. Unselected interpretations of ambiguous scenarios adolescents were randomly allocated to but, surprisingly, little work has examined either a positive interpretation training or whether it is possible to modify a placebo-control condition. Results depression-related interpretive bias. We revealed that the training was successful examined whether it is possible to train in modifying interpretations and these dysphoric students to generate more

positive interpretations. In Study 1 we than encoding and retrieval of provided a direct training of interpretive information; Accuracy is heavily using methods used previously with dependent on decisions about which anxiety. In Study 2 we examined whether memories will be reported. Students training attention towards positive decide which SAT questions to answer and information influences interpretive bias. witnesses judge which information to report to police. This symposium presents Marcella L. Woud, Janna N. Vrijsen, research investigating a variety of Daniel A. Fitzgerald, & Eni S. Becker - potential influences on the ability of Mood reactivity and cognitive rememberers to adaptively monitor and vulnerability: The effects of a mood control the reporting of their memories. manipulation on the interpretation of Our first two papers investigate effects on ambiguous depression-relevant monitoring (confidence) and subsequent information control (report/withhold decisions): There is much evidence showing that Hanczakowski, Zawadzka, and Higham depressed individuals interpret ambiguous discuss the impact of implausible multiple- information negatively. There is little choice alternatives and Pansky and evidence, however, regarding the causal Goldsmith investigate the effect of initial role of such interpretation biases. item difficulty on metacognitive ratings Therefore, the present study investigated and decisions about subsequent items. the effect of a mood manipulation on the Our next papers focus on multiple-choice occurrence of negative interpretation decisions where none of the above is a biases in a healthy student sample: First, possible answer. Perfect and Weber participants received ambiguous open- explore participants’ ability to adaptively ended scenarios and categorized probes use a don’t know option in answer- disambiguating the scenarios as either present versus answer-absent trials, and grammatically correct or incorrect. Weber and Molloy examine the impact of Second, participants listened to auditory varying the cost of errors on participants’ presentations of ambiguous stimuli and decisions to choose an answer (or not) had to select the word they thought they and to report (or withhold) their decision. heard. This presentation will give an Finally, Reid and Weber present an overview of the results of these two examination of the role of informativeness information processing tasks. in witness’ decisions about the level of detail to report. Room 3 Maciej Hanczakowski, Katarzyna Monitoring and control of memory Zawadzaka, & Philip Higham - The dud- reports alternative effect and subjective Chair: Nathan Weber confidence

The accuracy of memory reports in many The dud-alternative effect is the finding real-world situations depends on more that the addition of implausible

alternative(s) to multiple-choice questions Timothy Perfect & Nathan Weber - None increases, rather than decreases, of the above confidence in the plausible alternatives. Previous studies of memory report control Two explanations have been offered: the have focused entirely on positive memory contrast account, whereby the focal decisions. Little attention has been given alternative is perceived to have more to negative memory decisions such as the supporting evidence when contrasted with decision that none of the options available the duds, and the perceptual-similarity provides an acceptable response. In our account, whereby inclusion of duds makes study, participants answered questions in the focal alternative subjectively more free- and forced-response format, similar to a representation in memory. We choosing from a set which always included present data from an associative- "none of the above" as an option (that recognition paradigm that distinguishes was correct 50% of the time). For answer- between these accounts. We also examine present trials, free-report accuracy the effect of duds on report/withhold exceeded forced-report, but this was not decisions and “don’t know” responding. seen for answer-absent trials. People Ainat Pansky & Morris Goldsmith - seem unable to judge when "none of the Metacognitive effects of initial question above" is the right answer. difficulty on subsequent memory Nathan Weber & Charlotte Molloy - A performance new take on not knowing versus knowing We examined the influence of initial item not difficulty on confidence in answers to Lineups differ from most multiple-choice subsequent items, affecting the tendency tests as the correct answer can be “none to report rather than withhold those of the above”. Consequently, a free-report answers on a free-report general- lineup requires participants to use two knowledge test. A set of target questions decision criteria: one regarding whether to of intermediate difficulty was preceded by choose from (or reject) the lineup and a a set of either difficult or easy questions. second regarding the decision to Whereas forced-report performance was volunteer or withhold an answer. We used unaffected by initial question difficulty, a a face recognition mini-lineup task and predicted metacognitive contrast effect manipulated false alarms versus misses as was found to affect free-report the more costly errors. Despite a large performance: When preceded by the impact on choosing rates in forced-report, relatively difficult questions, answers to the cost-of-error manipulation showed no the target questions were more effect for free-report. Participants confidently held and hence more likely to appeared to use “none of the above” as be reported, yielding a larger number of “don’t know” when not free to withhold. correct reported answers. Nicole Reid, Neil Brewer & Nathan Weber - Why do eyewitnesses withold

information? The role of informativeness Test. In a second talk, studies will be in grain size choice presented that found evidence for the role of response inhibition in lying by plotting Eyewitnesses frequently withhold coarse- the cognitive cost of lying in RTs as a grained (general) information from their function of response speed. A third talk memory reports. Literature suggests that will discuss the innovative way of tracking this occurs to maximise informativeness arm movements to reveal the competition (i.e., the proportion of fine grained, effect when overcoming the truth specific, details). We manipulated response. A fourth talk demonstrates that informativeness to test the hypothesis in response to opportunities for dishonest that coarse-grain withholding would be behavior, both dishonest behavior and the driven by informativeness. Results activity of the prefrontal control network indicated that coarse-grain information can be predicted by reward sensitivity in continued to be withheld even when it the ventral striatum. The final talk will was the most informative option. This point out that the cognitive costs of lying suggests that informativeness may not be are malleable through extensive training. driving coarse-grain information withholding or that existing conceptions of George Visu-Petra, Mihai Varga, Laura informativeness differ from what Visu-Petra, & Mircea Miclea - Executive participants actually do. A new measure of functions involved in deception: An informativeness and its relationship with individual differences perspective grain size choice will be discussed. A growing body of research points to the Room 4 involvement of executive functions in deceptive behavior. We adopted an The cognitive psychology of deception individual differences approach, Chair: Evelyne Debey identifying individual strengths and Previous research has shown that lying is weaknesses in executive functioning, and associated with more prefrontal activity relating them to the efficiency of than truth telling, and comes with a deception assessed in the RT-based cognitive cost in errors and reaction times Concealed Information Test. The first two (RTs). This suggests that being truthful is studies revealed that distinct executive the default mode and that lying requires functions (inhibition, shifting, updating) executive control, such as response were related to deception efficiency as a inhibition, to overcome the dominant function of the type of stimuli (verbal vs. truth response. This symposium comprises visual-spatial). A third study, using visual five talks that support the involvement of stimuli, revealed the important role of executive control in deception. The individual differences in processing speed research that is discussed in the first talk in explaining the relationship between shows that individual differences in deception speed and executive functions. executive functioning predict performance in the RT-based Concealed Information

Evelyne Debey, Bruno Verschuere, the time given to prepare a deceptive Richard Ridderinkhof & Jan De Houwer - response, and whether deception Delta plots reveal the role of response contradicts semantic versus inhibition in lying autobiographical knowledge.

Lying takes more time than truth telling. Nobuhito Abe - Neural reward sensitivity Because lying involves withholding the predicts dishonest behavior truth, this ‘lie effect’ may be due to the In this talk, I will present functional time-consuming process of response neuroimaging data showing that inhibition. We investigated this hypothesis neuralreward sensitivity is an important using the delta-plot method, in which determinant of dishonesty. Subjects differences between conditions are undergoing functional magnetic resonance mapped as a function of reaction time. imaging completed a monetary incentive Delta plots prototypically have a positive delay task, used to measure reward slope, but tend to level off when inhibition sensitivity in the ventral striatum, and an is involved. This leveling-off is more incentivized prediction task, offering real pronounced in people with better and repeated opportunities for dishonest inhibitory control abilities. In line with our gain. Reward sensitivity in the ventral hypothesis, the delta plot of the lie effect striatum predicted both dishonest leveled off for slow responses, but only in behavior and the engagement of the participants with better inhibition skills. prefrontal control network in response to Nicholas Duran, Nicholas Duran, Maryam opportunities for dishonest gain. These Tabatabaeian, & Rick Dale. The temporal results elucidate the cognitive and unfolding of response competition during neurobiological determinants of dishonest deception behavior.

Reaction time measures provide only Bruno Verschuere - Learning to lie: Effects indirect evidence of the competition of practice on the cognitive cost of lying effects involved in overcoming a truth bias Cognitive and neuroscience models of during deception. To avoid this limitation, deception hold that truth telling we employ a novel approach that captures constitutes the dominant response, and the moment-by-moment changes of arm that deception always comes with a movements during deceptive responding. cognitive cost. Empirical support for these Properties of these movements, such as assumptions comes from studies showing the velocity, acceleration, entropy, and that sporadic, unprepared lies bring about curvature towards a “truth” response a cognitive cost. Many lies, particularly option, allow new insights into the nature high stake lies, are repeated lies. In a set of response competition. Here, we of studies, we investigated the effect of examine movement signatures across task practice on the cognitive costs of lying. conditions hypothesized to make The cognitive costs of lying appear deception more or less difficult, including malleable, with frequent lying making

lying easier. For extensively trained procedures before considering other questions, practice effects persist after eyewitness factors during a crime. In two training. experiments after viewing the I-I-Eye or control aids participants read a trial Ting Ting Chung & Enrique Mu - A New transcript about a criminal case that Approach to Eyewitness Identification: contained either strong or weak Pairwise Presentation and the Analytic eyewitness evidence. Only the I-I-Eye Hierarchy Process participants demonstrated sensitivity to Presenting police line-up for eyewitness this evidence by rendering more guilty identification using either simultaneous or verdicts in the strong versus the weak sequential presentation of suspects case. The I-I-Eye teaching aid provides a remains problematic because the error framework for analyzing eyewitness rate is still rather significant. This study testimony that may improve jurors’ and examines the feasibility of applying the legal professionals’ assessments of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) eyewitness accuracy. framework to eyewitness identification by Kathy Pezdek, Daphna Ozery & Benjamin presenting the police line-up in a pairwise Marsh The flexibility of the cross-race fashion. Over 80 participants were effect for bicultural individuals instructed to identify the criminal suspect they witnessed in a videotaped crime Does cultural priming moderate the Cross- scene simulation 48 hours ago. Race Effect (CRE)? Participants were Preliminary results show that eyewitness Latino Americans considered to have a screening based on levels of logical bicultural self; they identify with their consistency with pairwise presentation ethnic group (Latino) and their nationality leads to a significantly higher rate of (American). They were primed to focus on correct identification in comparison to the either their Latino or American self and sequential condition. then viewed Latino and White faces. A recognition memory test followed. Those primed with their Latino self exhibited the Room 5 CRE with higher face recognition accuracy Chair: Richard Kemp for Latino than White faces; those primed with their American self were equally Martin A. Safer, Nell B. Pawlenko, Ryan accurate recognizing Latino and White Murphy, Richard A. Wise & Brett Holfeld faces. The categorization of in-group and Demonstrating a teaching aid for out-group faces is not a fixed automatic improving jurors' assessments of process. eyewitness accuracy Daisy A. Segovia, Eryn J. Newman & The Interview-Identification-Eyewitness (I- Maryanne Garry More evidence, less I-Eye) teaching aid directs jurors to attend guilty to how law enforcement interviewed eyewitnesses and conducted identification

Information that is easily retrieved from Perceptions of live and video-recorded memory is often categorized as familiar adult rape complainant evidence frequent and true. Researchers have Previous research suggests that playing manufactured this feeling of easy retrieval the complainant’s video-recorded police in the lab and found that it can lead interview to the jury in the courtroom is people to mis-categorize information as likely to provide significantly more detail credible familiar and true when it is not. about the issue of consent and what One situation where we might be happened during the commission of the influenced by the ease of retrieving alleged offence than eliciting evidence-in- information is in the courtroom. We chief live. Lawyers however are reluctant investigated whether recalling either 3 or to use video-evidence citing concerns that 20 pieces of evidence affected jurors’ long narrative responses in police decisions in a mock armed robbery trial. interviews have less impact when Results showed that recalling more pieces compared to sound bite responses of evidence elicited lower ratings in guilt traditionally elicited by legal questioning. confidence and shorter prison sentence A series of experimental studies examined recommendations. how contrasting the level of detail and Beth Richardson, Paul Taylor, Brent interview formats of video-recorded and Snook & Craig Bennell Interpersonal live evidence-in-chief influence Behaviour and Interviewee Cooperation perceptions of simulated rape complainant testimony. Interpersonal behavior plays a key role in interviewee cooperation. We examined Richard I. Kemp, Angus Yu & Emily Chew how interpersonal behaviour specifically Lost in translation: Interviewing witnesses the amount of verbal mimicry between a in a non-preferred language may result in police interviewer and interviewee is retrieval induced forgetting related to interviewee cooperation. 65 Interviewing witnesses soon after an Canadian police interviews ending in event can result in more complete recall either confession or no confession were and affords some protection from analysed for the degree of function word memory contamination leading to matching between interviewer and suggestions that first-responders should interviewee. Confession was more likely interview witnesses immediately on arrival when the interviewer led the mimicry at an event. However the language used in behaviour than when reverse patterns the initial interview may not be the were shown. The research highlights the preferred language of the witness need for interpersonal training to extend resulting in an incomplete report which beyond traditional methods of active could lead to Retrieval Induced Forgetting. listening and the cognitive interview. We report two studies. As predicted Nina Westera, Mark Kebbell & Becky participants whose initial recall was in Milne Is the story lost in the detail? their second language subsequently had

poorer memory for the event even when Bridget Irvine & Rachel Zajac - Preparing the second interview was in their children for cross-examination: Can preferred language. Practical and children generalise from practice theoretical implications are discussed. questions to the real deal?

15:00 – 15:15 Research suggests that the negative effect of cross-examination-style questions on Break Coffee/tea/water (provided) children’s accuracy can be reduced with a brief intervention involving practice and feedback. We examined how overlap 15:15 – 16:25 between practice questions and cross- examination questions influences Papers intervention efficacy. Children aged 6-11 years experienced a unique memory event Room 1 and were then interviewed with analogues Chair: of direct-examination and cross- examination. Prior to cross-examination Mike Rinck, Anke Klein, Rian Bakens, some children were given practice Rianne van Niekerk, & Eni Becker - answering cross-examination-style Automatic Interpretation Bias in Children questions about a video and feedback on with Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety their responses. We manipulated the Disorder overlap between the practice questions We used an Auditory Interpretation Task and the subsequent cross-examination (AIT) to investigate automatic questions. Regardless of overlap the interpretation biases in children with GAD intervention increased children’s cross- symptoms. In this AIT, two words that examination performance relative to differ by a single phoneme are "blended" controls. and presented auditorily, such that Celine van Golde & Pauline Howie - perceivers hear one or the other word, but Retrieval-induced forgetting for events neither both nor a blend. One word was always neutral, and the other word was When people are repeatedly asked to positive, GAD-related, spider-related, or retrieve the same information related general-fear-related. In total, 223 children facts can be inhibited and therefore performed a multiple-choice version of ‘forgotten’ a phenomenon known this AIT, and 226 children an open-ended as Retrieval-induced Forgetting (Anderson version. The multiple-choice version Bjork & Bjork 1994). Current study revealed a specific interpretation bias: assessed whether RIF would occur when Children with GAD symptoms showed children (7 years) participated in pirate- more negative interpretations of GAD- themed activities and were questioned related word blends. about them either immediately or one week later. RIF was found and was

independent of time condition. Included Timothy Dillingham - Relationships measures of working memory did not between PTSD related arousal, predict the size of the RIF effect but with depression, and cognitive complaints working memory controlled for there was Psychopathologically related arousal’s some evidence of the predicted influence on memory and cognition is not association between inhibition and RIF. well understood. This study investigated Implications will be discussed. relationships between cognitive

complaints, PTSD and depression Jacqueline de Nooijer, T. van Gog, F. Paas, hypothesizing that PTSD related arousal & R.A. Zwaan - When Left Is Not Right: but not depression would relate to Handedness Effects on Learning Object- cognitive complaints. Measures were manipulation Words Using Pictures with completed of PTSD, depression and the Left or Right-handed First-person Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, which Perspectives assesses complaints about memory and other cognitive aspects. Regression According to the Body Specificity analysis indicated that PTSD-related Hypothesis reading an action word leads arousal and depression-related somatic to creating body specific mental symptoms were related to cognitive simulations of this action. Left and right- complaints. Results indicated that these handers should therefore make different clinical symptoms with physiological mental simulations. We investigated components may influence cognitive whether seeing a picture with a left- functioning by consuming attentional handed right-handed or bimanual capacity. It is also possible that these perspective which either matches or symptoms promote the search for other mismatches the participants’ mental symptoms. simulation would differentially influence left and right-handers in the number of object-manipulation words they learned Lynn Watson & Dorthe Berntsen - from an artificial language. We found that Negative life-events in childhood are right-handers but not left-handers recalled associated with higher levels of less word definitions when the picture psychopathology mismatched their own mental simulation. Two robust findings within memory These results are in line with theories of research are the reminiscence bump and embodied cognition. that positive events are rated as central to

life-story. We investigated these findings Room 2 in high and low PTSD symptom groups. 1040 participants between 20-69 Chair: Lynn Watson completed the Centrality of Events Scale William Lorber, Eric Read Larson, Liliana (Berntsen & Rubin, 2006) for their most Pezzin, Emily McGuire, Erin McGinley, & positive and negative memories and dated

these events. The reminiscence bump for Inhibitory Control and Rumination in positive events was present in both Children groups. For negative life-events there was Overgeneral memory (OGM) the tendency a significant trend that the high PTSD to report general memories when asked to group reported high numbers of childhood recall a specific event is associated with events. The high PTSD group also depression but little is known about the reported negative events from childhood causal mechanisms. We examined the as most central. relationship between OGM and depressive

symptoms in a community sample of 246 Seema L. Clifasefi, Brian D. Ostafin, Katie youth (10-14 years). OGM was positively Witkiewitz, Joel Grow, & Sarah Bowen - associated with increased depressive Using the tortoise to stop the hare: Trait symptoms and although rumination and mindfulness moderates the relation inhibitory control mediated this between response inhibition and post- relationship when both were treatment alcohol use simultaneously entered inhibitory control became non-significant. It is possible that Previous studies have shown that in a feedback loop OGM promotes individuals with poor response inhibition rumination and depletes cognitive are susceptible to substance-related resources available for inhibitory control impulses a risk factor for addiction. further increasing rumination and Mindfulness (paying attention in the resultantly depressive symptoms. present moment) has been proposed as a potential moderator between impulsivity and behavior. To test this hypothesis 117 Room 3 participants with alcohol use problems completed baseline assessments including Chair: Sandra Buratti measures of alcohol use trait mindfulness Maryanne Garry, Robert B. Michael, Eryn and response inhibition (go-nogo task) J. Newman, Matti Vuorre, & Geoff prior to taking part in one of three 8-week Cumming - On the (non)persuasive power relapse prevention interventions. Poor of a brain image response inhibition predicted frequency of alcohol use and this relation was The finding that a brain image makes moderated by individual differences in accompanying information more credible mindfulness. (McCabe & Castel 2008) has captivated scholars in many disciplines. But when our attempts to build on this effect failed we Karen Salmon,Charlotte Gutenbrunner, instead ran a series of systematic Samuel Ponniah, Paul Jose, & Rebecca replications of the original study’s Burson - The Relationships amongst comprising ten experiments and nearly 2 Overgeneral Memory Depression 000 subjects. When we combined the original data with ours in a meta-analysis

we arrived at a more precise estimate of recollection in addition to familiarity. the effect determining that a brain image Further we manipulated participants’ time exerted little to no influence. The to respond and therefore their ability to persistent meme of the influential brain use recollection. Results demonstrated image should be viewed with a critical eye. that both confidence and response latency Carol A. Vazquez, Nathan Earl & Cecelia were stronger predictors of accuracy for Lillard - Do Principles of Evolutionary negative decisions in conditions allowing Psychology Affect Iconic Memory? recollection supporting the theory. Implications for the role of different Evolutionary psychology (EP) criticizes evidence bases in eyewitness decisions cognitive psychology for ignoring how will be discussed. cognition is constrained by hardwired evolutionary mechanisms tied to mating behavior. Emphasizing factors such as Sandra Buratti & Carl Martin Allwood - attractiveness and gender they report The effects of advice and “try more” evidence that evolutionary principles do instructions on improving the accuracy of influence cognition. EP experimental tasks confidence judgments however are not based on traditional This study investigated whether cognitive paradigms. In our Sperling task participants have the ability to improve letter matrices were superimposed over the accuracy of their confidence pictures used in previous EP research. If judgments and if advice and “try more” gender and attractiveness automatically instructions can help participants become affect cognition iconic memory could be even more accurate. The participants (n = boosted or disrupted depending on the 220) made confidence judgments of their type of face presented. While the Sperling answers to 50 recall questions on a video effect was replicated EP factors of gender clip. After this they were asked to try to and attractiveness did not influence increase the accuracy of their confidence performance. judgments by modifying those they

believed to be the least accurate. The Sarah Fletcher & Nathan Weber - It's all a participants managed to increase the bit too familiar: Recollection and the accuracy of their confidence judgments. positive-negative difference in predictors However neither the advice nor the “try of recognition accuracy more” instructions further improved their accuracy. Confidence and response latency consistently predict accuracy for positive but not negative eyewitness recognition Room 4 decisions. To test the explanation that this reflects neglect of recollection in negative Chair: Alice Healy decisions we set participants a recognition Alice F. Healy, Vivian I. Schneider, Blu task that was known to require McCormick, Deanna M. Fierman, Carolyn

J. Buck-Gengler, & Immanuel Barshi - to individual differences such as emotional How Much is Remembered as a Function regulation. Methodological variations and of Presentation Modality? applications of findings to the effects of SBHEM and emotion on memory are Three experiments tested the widespread discussed. claim that students remember 10% of what they read 20% of what they hear 30% of what they see and 50% of what Carla MacLean, Don Read, & D. Stephen they see and hear. The task used to test Lindsay - Investigating Investigators: this claim involved receiving and following Tunnel Vision and Investigation Protocol. navigation instructions. When there were The current study explored confirmation differences between single modalities bias (i.e. tunnel vision) in the industrial they conformed to the order but not the investigation specifically the impact of a magnitudes specified in the claim. Cause Analysis (CA) Chart as a debiasing However information presented in two intervention. Workplace accident modalities did not yield better memory investigations play an important role in than information presented twice in one preventing future accidents by modality. Also practice had an determining direct and contributing overwhelming effect. Thus the widespread causes. A common investigation protocol claim should not be treated with any is the CA Chart that requires that credibility. investigators select from a number of

substandard act/condition options Angela R. Birt, Emad E. Talisman, Sarah whereas other protocols encourage a Fanning, & Emma M. Ells - The Effects of more open-ended approach. Our findings Bilateral Saccadic Eye Movements on indicated that participants who used the Memory for Emotional Scenes CA Chart demonstrated significantly less bias than those in control. The relevancy Performing saccadic bilateral horizontal of these findings to the literature will be eye movements (SBHEM) while awake discussed. before retrieval can enhance episodic memory. To test whether an optimal time for SBHEM exists 145 participants visually Kate A. Houston, C. A. Meissner, & J. R. tracked either a horizontally moving dot or Evans - Developing a Psychological Model photographic scenes (positive negative of Interrogation neutral) either before during or after Controversies over the use of encoding during retrieval or control. interrogation methods by U.S. law Overall d’ recognition scores were enforcement highlight the need for an highest before encoding and lowest during evidence-based understanding of the encoding and during retrieval with effects mechanisms which drive a suspect to especially pronounced for negative confess. Several theories have been scenes. d’ scores also varied according proposed to explain the psychological

processes leading to confession though Adults with ADHD commonly report few have been supported by empirical prospective memory (PM) failures. data. We present a meta-analysis of Researchers have proposed that PM interrogation studies which assessed failures are related to difficulties in social cognitive and affective factors Executive Function (EF) which are among leading to confession. Our findings suggest manifestations of ADHD. It is unclear to that current theories vary in their ability to what extent EF is involved in PM predict true and false confessions and we difficulties in adults with ADHD. Eighteen offer a conception based upon internal adults with ADHD and 20 controls and external psychological processes that performed the Virtual Week task and EF influence guilty and innocent suspects was assessed. Adults with ADHD respectively. demonstrated fewer correct PM responses across all task types. Results suggest that not all EF measures are vital Room 5 mechanisms for PM and importantly Marlene Abadie, L. Waroquier & P. working memory was an essential aspect Terrier Gist memory in the Unconscious of PM across and beyond attention. Thought Effect Chiara Mirandola, Nunzia Losito, Simona The Unconscious Thought Effect (UTE) Ghetti & Cesare Cornoldi Negative events refers to an improvement in complex don’t always protect from memory decision-making following distraction. This distortion: the case of children with finding has often been interpreted as nonverbal learning disability. evidence of unconscious thinking. In two This study investigated whether children experiments we provide initial evidence with nonverbal learning disability (NLD) that the UTE is accompanied by an who suffer from emotional difficulties increase in gist memory and demonstrate would be more vulnerable to emotional that the cognitive demands of the false memories compared to both children distraction task moderate its effect on with typical development and with decision-making and gist memory: only dyslexia. Participants were tested on a the completion of a low-demanding recognition memory task which included distraction task improves complex previously seen and unseen photographs decision-making and enhances gist of common episodes. Embedded among memory. These findings suggest that the the photographs depicting each episode UTE occurs only if cognitive resources are there was the effect of an action “either available and that it is accompanied by emotional or neutral “ whose cause was enhanced gist memory. presented only at recognition. Results Daniella Karidi, P. G. Rendell & S.G. showed that children with NLD produced a Zecker Adults with ADHD and prospective higher proportion of causal errors memory associated with negative events compared to the other groups.

Pilar Andres, Laura Pérez, Concepción Disorder (PTSD) evaluated in the light of Padilla, & Fabrice Parmentier Attentional autobiographical memory research” networks and exercise: Greater According to a prevalent view, improvement on executive control autobiographical memory of trauma The aim of this study was to test the victims is disturbed in at least two ways. hypothesis that chronic physical exercise Victims of trauma have intrusive, improves attentional control in young involuntary recollections of the traumatic healthy participants. We compared the event. At the same time they have performance of physically active and difficulties voluntarily remembering passive participants in the Attentional important parts of the event—a feature Network Task (Fan et al., 2002), which known as dissociative amnesia. These allows for the assessment of the three characteristics are not just observations attentional networks: executive, orienting made by PTSD researchers. They are also and alert. The results showed a included as PTSD-symptoms in the DSM-IV significantly better control of interference (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) in the executive network (RTs and errors) as well as in the proposed revision in DSM- and a smaller benefit of spatial cues V. In my talk I will challenge both of these (orienting network) in the active interrelated ideas. First, an accumulating participants. There was, however, no amount of evidence contradicts the idea difference between groups in the alerting of involuntary remembering being a network. These results suggest that special medium for stressful and negative exercise can improve executive control in material by demonstrating that emotional healthy young participants, adding to stress at encoding enhances both evidence gathered in children, older adults involuntary and voluntary recall. Second, and certain clinical populations. These studies based on the Centrality of Event results have potential practical Scale (CES) consistently show robust implications for health authorities and the positive correlations between PTSD general public by strengthening the view symptoms and the accessibility and that exercise, beyond its physical health centrality of the traumatic memory for life benefits, also has effects on cognitive story and identity. Third, little evidence functioning. supports the idea that trauma memories are inherently fragmented. I conclude

that key assumptions of PTSD should be 16:40 – 17:40 reconsidered in the light of recent findings in the autobiographical memory literature. Auditorium

Dorthe Berntsen - “Involuntary and voluntary remembering of trauma: Key 17:30 – 19:00 assumptions of Posttraumatic Stress 16th floor

Poster Session 1 + Drinks

See abstracts on SARMAC website