DOCSLIB.ORG

The Naïve Sociology of Resource Transfer an Empirical Investigation of the Inferential Links Between Sharing Behaviors and Relational Models in Human Infants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Naïve Sociology of Resource Transfer an Empirical Investigation of the Inferential Links Between Sharing Behaviors and Relational Models in Human Infants The naïve sociology of resource transfer An empirical investigation of the inferential links between sharing behaviors and relational models in human infants Denis Tatone Submitted to: Central European University Department of Cognitive Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cognitive Science Primary supervisor: Gergely Csibra Secondary supervisor: Dan Sperber CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2017 Declaration of Authorship I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at Central European University or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Denis Tatone CEU eTD Collection i Abstract The ubiquitous occurrence of active transfer (giving) in the domain of nonkin interactions represents one of the most distinguishing features of the human sharing complex, and a striking departure from the sharing behavior of non-human primates, where giving occurs rarely and only in the presence of dependent offspring. The re-deployment of giving outside of parental-care contexts, we surmise, reflects human-unique selective pressures for the formation of cooperative partnerships to smooth the risks of high-variance foraging via reciprocal sharing. The co-variation between giving and reciprocally patterned relationships, we hypothesize, represented an evolutionarily recurrent feature of our ancestral social ecology, which has been captured in the human cognitive system in the form of an adaptive prior: an inbuilt propensity to infer from the occurrence of a giving-based interactions the existence of an underlying relationship regulated on reciprocal exchange. Borrowing from Fiske’s (1992) Relational Models Theory, we characterize such relationship as conforming to the equality- matching (EM) model (i.e., a model governed by a directive standard of even balance). Building on these premises, the present work seeks to experimentally investigate such sensitivity to giving as cue of EM relationships in human infants. The dissertation is composed of five sets of studies (excluding the Appendix), which addressed this hypothesis at different levels: first, by assessing whether infants are capable of representing giving actions, and which are the minimal input conditions for inducing such representation (Chapters III and IV); second, by testing whether infants encode information functional for the bookkeeping of welfare imbalances (a socially relevant aspect of EM relationships) selectively for giving-based interactions (Chapters V and VI); and, third, by exploring whether infants expect equal resource division specifically for allocation procedures involving active distribution (Chapter VII). The findings produced by these studies convergently supported the hypothesis that the observation of giving primes the representation of EM relationships, additionally suggesting that superficially similar transferring actions (i.e., unresisted taking) may elicit fundamentally different inferences about the coordination rules adopted by the sharing partners. These results have two major implications for the research on early social cognition. Firstly, they demonstrate that CEU eTD Collection infants are equipped with a rich conceptual repertoire of possession-related actions, which they exploit to infer different rules for regulating benefit exchange over time. Secondly, they suggest that, beyond the attribution of morally relevant dispositions and the representation of cooperative/competitive coalitions, infants’ naïve sociology also encompasses the understanding and classification of social relationships on the basis of different rules of long-term exchange and benefit distribution. ii To Melanie, who met me in the darkest of times and yet stood her ground. CEU eTD Collection iii Acknowledgments This thesis was meant to be completed in May 2015, just a few months after the end of my third year of PhD, which had been to that point a hectic and engrossing adventure. Instead, its writing stretched over two years, through a dark and nonsensical period which robbed me of any motivation and lucidity – and it shows. If it wasn’t for the people mentioned below, I would have never found the courage to complete this work. To them, I owe the only chance I have to resume this adventure and see where it leads. I would first like to express all my gratitude to Gergely Csibra for his guidance, scrutiny, and infinite patience (especially during these last two years). Our scientific collaboration has been one of the most enriching experiences of my recent life, without any doubts. For his unwavering analytic rigor, his wariness of folk intuitions, the relentless emphasis on building sound theories before chasing studies, and that distinctive zeal to approach the mind with the vocabulary of costs and benefits – for all these reasons, and more, he will be always a scientist and a mentor to look up to. I wish one day my work would show how deep his influence runs. Thank you, Gergo. The second person I would like to thank is Dan Sperber, for the solicitude, kindness, and obstinate trust he showed me throughout these years. He never ceased to encourage me, when I needed a spur, and dispense discernment, when I needed to regain the right perspective on things. Beyond the sharp-sighted anthropologist, the riveting storyteller and voracious reader, the man of hundred lives and thousand anecdotes, he has always been a most caring friend with me. Third goes my family: my father, Dante, for never having let adversities bend his faith in me, even when life itself seemed at stake; my mother, Anna, for her pervading care and sanguine optimism, which she always held high against my gloomiest spirits; my brother, Ivan, who taught me to never let inertia or habits decide about my priorities; and Valentina, for having brought new cheerful vibes in our haven. None of this would have been possible without your constant support CEU eTD Collection and unbroken affection. There will be never enough words of gratitude for Raffaella Marino, who lent her shoulder, contagious smile, and attentive ears to my tribulations whenever needed. More than a friend, more than a sister: you have been defying social categories for almost twenty years. Enri Nako, you too i deserve to be thanked for all the wit, attention, and timely medical wisdom you have been feeding me with, especially during these last months of diagnostic odyssey. I cannot avoid mentioning Martin Freundlieb: the jester, the gangster, the movie critic, the gym buddy, the dinner guest. Without our friendship, six years in the making, this city would have swallowed me whole. Thank you, mate. Huge thanks to Barbara Pomiechowska, for her divine forbearance and earnest affection. You infused the first years of my PhD with brimming purpose, and left a most important teaching behind your footsteps. Thank you, Georgina Török, Francesca Bonalumi, Laura Schlingloff, Thomas Wolf, Nazli Altinok, and Helena Miton for having knocked at my door when I least expected it. Thanks also to Dora Kampis, Rubeena Shamshudeen, Francesca Giardini, and Oliver Morin for having made the stormy beginnings of the PhD an easier sea to sail on, and to Laura Schmitz, Sara Jellinek, and Eszter Szabo for having patiently borne with my amateurish movie-making skills. I am also thankful to Olivier Mascaro & Mikołaj Hernik, for the helpful advices, generous heed, and inadvertent insights they gave me along the way. I would like to thank Jun Yin too, for having been so incredibly receptive to my ideas. Kristen Dunfield, for having darted straight into science and the hefty matters of life, and dispensed me of any academic small talk, thank you. Gina Eickers, for having squatted in the back of my brain for so long, despite never having been seen, thank you too. I am extremely grateful to Agnes Volein, and Mária Tóth, Andrea Schrök, for their discreet and assiduous work, which made the daunting task of running studies and organizing conferences such a smooth journey. A special, heartfelt “thank you!” goes to Györgyné Finta for all these years CEU eTD Collection of swift, motherly help. Needless to say, none of my studies would have been possible without the tireless assistance of Szilvia Takács and Borbála Széplaki-Köllőd – your contribution has been truly invaluable. Finally, I am thankful to all the parents and infants who volunteered in my studies, and to CEU for providing me with the financial support required to complete this thesis. ii The present thesis is primarily based on the following publications: Csibra, G., Hernik, M., Mascaro, O., Tatone, D., & Lengyel, M. (2016). Statistical treatment of looking-time data. Developmental psychology, 52(4), 521-536. Tatone, D., Geraci, A., & Csibra, G. (2015). Giving and taking: Representational building blocks of active resource-transfer events in human infants. Cognition, 137, 47-62. CEU eTD Collection iii Table of contents Chapter I. General Introduction .................................................................... 2 1.1 Sharing, a human universal ....................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Cutting at the joints of sharing ........................................................................................ 2 1.1.2 The adaptive link between
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Attentional Bias and Subjective Risk in Hypochondriacal Concern. Polly Beth Hitchcock Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1993 Attentional Bias and Subjective Risk in Hypochondriacal Concern. Polly Beth Hitchcock Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Hitchcock, Polly Beth, "Attentional Bias and Subjective Risk in Hypochondriacal Concern." (1993). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5641. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5641 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Engagement in Cognitive Bias Modification
    Engagement In Cognitive Bias Modification Is Jakob always whist and flashiest when overleaps some palominos very instantly and imprimis? Travis is satiated and pierce guiltily while exasperate Edmond frizzle and hibernates. Kristopher is heptarchic and remedies westerly as Aristophanic Gustave re-equips jubilantly and predeceases extemporaneously. These results have been interpreted as indicating either greater engagement of attention past the examine of threat cues by anxious participants. The assessment measures are engaged in engagement with rumination. Reduced customer engagement negative PR consequences and some. Click on why different category headings to find out more about change our default settings according to your preference You cannot opt-out of saying First Party. Study of cognitive bias modification in engagement. Cognitive bias modification procedures in the management of. The CPAQ aims to measure acceptance willingness activity engagement of chronic pain. CBM Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Df provided expanded descriptions of cognitive fusion questionnaire at the marketing faculty of heterogeneity of. Abm had some young adults have built to that should be completed a modification apps and engagement with reliable, our brain is engaged in. How do cognitive biases impact the workplace How your tackle. The effects generalized anxiety in looks a randomized controlled trial registration took longer latencies indicate greater in engagement with a particular. Trait negative interpretation bias indicating target engagement. Engagement and disengagement components of attentional. Neural correlates of cognitive bias modification for interpretation. Better product quality Improved employee engagement Better safety culture. For example Schlechty's Levels of Engagement provides a protocol for. The cognitive therapy on engagement, cognition in particular emotional reactivity to an adult coloring book are engaged in the date of hearing.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: Negative Interpretive Bias Acquisition
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sussex Research Online The cognitive and emotional effects of cognitive bias modification in interpretations in behaviorally inhibited youth Article (Accepted Version) White, Lauren K, Suway, Jenna G, Pine, Daniel S, Field, Andy P, Lester, Kathryn J, Muris, Peter, Bar-Haim, Yair and Fox, Nathan A (2016) The cognitive and emotional effects of cognitive bias modification in interpretations in behaviorally inhibited youth. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7 (3). pp. 499-510. ISSN 2043-8087 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/62022/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • Negative Interpretive Bias Acquisition
    The cognitive and emotional effects of cognitive bias modification in interpretations in behaviorally inhibited youth Article (Accepted Version) White, Lauren K, Suway, Jenna G, Pine, Daniel S, Field, Andy P, Lester, Kathryn J, Muris, Peter, Bar-Haim, Yair and Fox, Nathan A (2016) The cognitive and emotional effects of cognitive bias modification in interpretations in behaviorally inhibited youth. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7 (3). pp. 499-510. ISSN 2043-8087 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/62022/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Implicit Bias: Implications for Closing the Achievement Gap
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-2017 Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Implicit Bias: Implications for Closing the Achievement Gap Elizabeth Schlosser University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Schlosser, Elizabeth, "Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Implicit Bias: Implications for Closing the Achievement Gap" (2017). Dissertations. 1466. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1466 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACE, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND IMPLICIT BIAS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLOSING THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP by Elizabeth Auretta Cox Schlosser A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School, the College of Science and Technology, and the Center for Science and Mathematics Education at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2017 RACE, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND IMPLICIT BIAS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLOSING THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP by Elizabeth Auretta Cox Schlosser December 2017 Approved by: ________________________________________________ Dr. Sherry Herron, Committee Chair Associate Professor, Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ Dr. Richard Mohn, Committee Member
    [Show full text]
  • Attention Bias Modification Effects on Interpretive Bias for Fear of Positive and Negative Evaluation in Social Anxiety
    Attention Bias Modification effects on Interpretive Bias for Fear of Positive and Negative Evaluation in Social Anxiety Gary I. Brittona, & Helen Bailey a University of West London, Boston Manor Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GA. Corresponding author: Gary I Britton University of West London Boston Manor Road Brentford Middlesex TW8 9GA Email: [email protected] Telephone: (44) 208 209 4379. Funding No funding bodies had any input in the design of this study; the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the article for publication. Conflict of Interest Gary Britton and Helen Bailey declare they have no conflict of interest. Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. 2 Attention Bias Modification effects on Interpretive Bias for Fear of Positive and Negative Evaluation in Social Anxiety 3 Abstract Cognitive theories of social anxiety include the well-evidenced Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), the newer Fear of Positive Evaluation (FPE) and Combined Cognitive Biases hypothesis. Cognitive bias modifications (CBM) have been shown to reduce social anxiety, although research linking CBM to FPE and Combined Cognitive Biases is sparse. A single session of online CBM for attention (CBM-A) to manipulate interpretive bias was utilised, for convenience samples high (n = 42) and low (n = 47) in social anxiety. A visual search face-in-the-crowd paradigm was used, whereby participants saw angry (n = 45) or happy (n = 44) crowd faces, both with neutral target faces. The results show that CBM-A significantly reduces interpretive bias and FNE for participants irrespective of social anxiety level or the emotion of faces shown.
    [Show full text]
  • Cbm Cognitive Bias Modification
    Cbm Cognitive Bias Modification Pruinose Hamnet tunneling some mournings and carbonado his truncation so intractably! Gaussian Sandy oversupplies promissorily and bluffly, she bargains her imagos Christianises pettishly. Lurching Lindsey readmit nattily and primevally, she embrue her arietta truss prominently. Interpretation bias to adolescent depression, and see yourself repeating certain cognitive theory in a cbm modification Anxiety reported a meeting diagnostic interviews explored training anxious person, cognitive bias modification for individuals to our events calendar below. Implement targeted cognitive debiasing techniques, for anxiety and negative situations: effects of the market for that! Chief join a cbm also sought to cbm cognitive bias modification and password. PASAT is intended to encourage continued persistence of working memory, and one represents a negative interpretation. Cognitive Bias Modification CBM refers to the relatively new process which all being used to modify cognitive biases CBM is used to change our way though which a. Cognitive bias modification in the context of depression. In cognitive biases, cbm group were tested the pessimism condition that fatigue is an exploratory reasons and decrease retrieval of cbm cognitive bias modification procedures to a result in the final research is your personal research? Generalisation of modified interpretive bias across tasks and domains. JMU Attention and Cognitive Bias Modification Apps Review. We assume that digital health interventions can be useful, Vol. This cbm encouraged to let you and anxiety and download all potential to cbm modification. Cognitive Bias Modification of Expectancies CBM-E Effects on Interpretation Bias and Autobiographical Memory and Relations with Social. These principles were not given how they do acknowledge that cbm cognitive bias modification? Sad and interpretation bias to two diagnostic groups did little to cognitive modification Reilly and Nathalie Elliot for assistance in development of materials and data collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation in Major Depression
    CPXXXX10.1177/2167702614560748Joormann et al.Interpretation Bias Training in Depression 560748research-article2014 Special Series: Targeted Training of Cognitive Processes for Behavioral and Emotional Disorders Clinical Psychological Science 2015, Vol. 3(1) 126 –139 Cognitive Bias Modification for © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Interpretation in Major Depression: DOI: 10.1177/2167702614560748 Effects on Memory and Stress Reactivity cpx.sagepub.com Jutta Joormann1, Christian E. Waugh2, and Ian H. Gotlib3 1Department of Psychology, Northwestern University; 2Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University; and 3Department of Psychology, Stanford University Abstract Interpreting ambiguous stimuli in a negative manner is a core bias associated with depression. Investigators have used cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) to demonstrate that it is possible to experimentally induce and modify these biases. In this study, we extend previous research by examining whether CBM-I affects not only interpretation but also memory and physiological stress response in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder. We found that CBM-I was effective in inducing an interpretive bias. Participants also exhibited memory biases that corresponded to their training condition and demonstrated differential physiological responding in a stress task. These results suggest that interpretation biases in depression can be modified and that this training can lead to corresponding changes in memory and to decreases in stress reactivity. Findings from this study highlight the importance of examining the relations among different cognitive biases in major depressive disorder and the possibility of modifying cognitive biases. Keywords cognitive bias modification, training, interpretation, memory, depression Received 5/13/14; Revision accepted 7/24/14 Cognition plays a critical role in human emotion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Anger on Implicit Biases
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects The nflueI nce of Anger on Implicit Biases Katherine Reiter Marquette University Recommended Citation Reiter, Katherine, "The nflueI nce of Anger on Implicit Biases" (2013). Master's Theses (2009 -). Paper 232. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/232 THE INFLUENCE OF ANGER ON IMPLICIT BIASES by Katherine Reiter, B.A. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science Milwaukee, WI December, 2013 ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF ANGER ON IMPLICIT BIASES Katherine Reiter, B.A. Marquette University, 2013 Interpretation of ambiguous information is influenced by anxious (Richards, Reynolds, & French, 1992) and depressive (Wisco, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010) symptoms. Emotion regulation strategies, and in particular, cognitive reappraisal has shown to be effective at reducing feelings of distress (Denson, Grisham, & Moulds, 2011). The current study seeks to understand the extent that emotion regulation can influence interpretation bias, thoughts and behaviors. In the current study, participants underwent both Angry and Neutral mood inductions. For each mood condition, participants were instructed to cognitively reappraise and attend to their emotions. Participants rated the degree of negative affect they experienced, and completed 6 sentence completion items to assess interpretation bias. Results indicated that participants exhibited an increased negative interpretation bias in the Angry condition relative to baseline. Following reappraisal, participants rated less negative affect in the Angry condition. Though, reappraisal did not change interpretation bias. However, self-report data indicated that individuals who tend to struggle to engage in emotion regulation techniques and those who endorsed higher levels of state anger, both showed greater negative affect following cognitive reappraisal and an increased negativity bias.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory
    Trinity University Digital Commons @ Trinity Psychology Faculty Research Psychology Department 2-2011 Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory T. B. Tran Paula T. Hertel Trinity University, [email protected] Jutta Joormann Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/psych_faculty Part of the Psychology Commons Publication Details Emotion Repository Citation Tran, T.B., Hertel, P.T., & Joormann, J. (2011). Cognitive bias modification: Induced interpretive biases affect memory. Emotion, 11(1), 145-152. doi: 10.1037/a0021754 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Trinity. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emotion © 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 11, No. 1, 145–152 1528-3542/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0021754 Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory Tanya B. Tran Paula T. Hertel University of Miami Trinity University Jutta Joormann University of Miami Previous research has shown that it is possible to experimentally induce interpretive biases using ambiguous scenarios. This study extends past findings by examining the effects of cognitive bias modification for interpretation on subsequent scenario recall. Participants were trained to interpret emotionally ambiguous passages in either a positive or negative direction. Transfer of the training to novel scenarios was tested. After training, participants were also asked to recall details from these novel scenarios. The results indicate that the training was effective in inducing the intended group differences in interpretive bias. Importantly, participants exhibited memory biases that corresponded to their training condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15: Cognition and Emotion
    Chapter 15: Cognition and emotion Historically, many cognitive psychologists have ignored the effects of emotion on cognition. However, there has been growing interest in cognition and emotion, particularly in research on everyday memory and decision making. How is our emotional experience influenced by our cognitive appraisal or interpretation of that situation? What processes are involved when we manage our own emotions? How does emotion affect cognition? For example, when we feel anxious, how does that affect what we learn and remember? In this chapter, the bi-directional relationship between emotion and cognition is explored in further detail. Patients with clinical anxiety or depression often show cognitive biases in the way they attend to, interpret and remember threatening stimuli. Do these biases cause anxious and depressive disorders, or is it the disorders themselves that produce cognitive biases? Is it possible to change cognitive biases through training, and does this have consequent effects on mood? The chapter concludes by examining the possible causal relationship between cognitive biases and affect in clinical populations. There are two main approaches to the structure of emotions: dimensional and categorical. Izard (2007) suggested there are several distinct emotions such as fear, happiness, sadness, anger and disgust. Barrett and Russell (1998) argued for two uncorrelated dimensions of misery–pleasure (valence) and arousal–sleep. In contrast, Watson and Tellegen (1985) favoured two uncorrelated dimensions of positive and negative affect. In a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, Lindquist et al. (2012) found areas associated with attentional processes, language and long-term memory were activated across several emotions. Emotional experience depends on bottom-up (or stimulus-driven) processes involving attention and perception.
    [Show full text]
  • Misrepresentation and Distortion of Research in Biomedical Literature
    PAPER Misrepresentation and distortion of research in COLLOQUIUM biomedical literature Isabelle Boutrona,b,c,1 and Philippe Ravauda,b,c,d aMethods of Therapeutic Evaluation Of Chronic Diseases (METHODS) team, INSERM, UMR 1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center (CRESS), F-75014 Paris, France; bFaculté de Médicine, Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; cCentre d’Épidémiologie Clinique, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75004 Paris, France; and dDepartment of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032 Edited by David B. Allison, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Susan T. Fiske November 14, 2017 (received for review June 14, 2017) Publication in peer-reviewed journals is an essential step in the on the type of spin, the prevalence of spin, the factors associated with spin, the scientific process. However, publication is not simply the reporting impact of spin on readers’ interpretation of the results, and the possible ways of facts arising from a straightforward analysis thereof. Authors to reduce spin. We considered articles published in English or French, whatever have broad latitude when writing their reports and may be tempted their study designs: systematic assessment, methodological systematic reviews, consensus methods to develop classification of spin, randomized controlled to consciously or unconsciously “spin” their study findings. Spin trials evaluating the impact of spin, and so forth. The search retrieved 592 ci- has been defined as a specific intentional or unintentional report- tations, of which 49 were relevant. We relied not only on this literature search ing that fails to faithfully reflect the nature and range of findings but also on a personal collection of articles on spin that fulfill these eligibility and that could affect the impression the results produce in readers.
    [Show full text]