Secondary Growth in Woody Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

2/2/2015 Concepts Secondary growth in woody plants Secondary growth, 2 lateral meristems involved Outline: - Concepts - Monocots vs dicots - Xylem development Vascular cambium Cork cambium 2o xylem 2o phloem Periderm = wood Concepts Concepts •An herb’s conducting capacity is set after a portion of •An herb’s conducting capacity is set after a portion of stem or root is mature stem or root is mature •Woody plants become wider by accumulation of wood •Woody plants become wider by accumulation of wood and bark, giving them greater conducting capacity and bark, giving them greater conducting capacity •Longevity and size involves advantages and new challenges Cross sectional area of a ring of wood Concepts Monocots vs dicots • Monocots stems have neither a vascular cambium • The cambia of gymnosperms and angiosperms nor a cork cambium. are thought to be homologous – Primary xylem and phloem in vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem • True secondary growth occurs in: - Most angiosperm lineages (even in many herbs • Dicot stems have vascular bundles arranged in a there is some degree of woodiness) cylinder. - All gymnosperms - Not in ferns or monocots 1 2/2/2015 bark Xylem development • Due to xylem expansion, cambium is •cell division pushed outward •cell expansion •secondary cell wall deposition •programmed cell death • Seasonal changes in cambial activity result in growth rings (what about tropical trees?) • How much xylem is produced relative to phloem? From Schreiber, Hacke, stem center Hamann, submitted Development of the vascular cambium Periderm Cork (phellem) • Cork cambium (phellogen) Phelloderm (sometimes) • Lenticels for exchange of gases The vascular cambium is a continuous band, which is formed from the fascicular cambium (in the vascular bundles) and the interfascicular cambium (which forms de novo between vascular bundles). Lenticel Cork (phellem) Cork cambium Photo: L. Plavcova Periderm Protection of inner bark and vascular cambium from – Anything that wants to feed on inner bark – Water loss (cork cells contain suberin, a waxy water impermeable substance) – Frost – Fire Photo: S. Schreiber 2 2/2/2015 Lenticels bochum.de bochum.de - - Paper birch Photo: U. Hacke www.botanik www.botanik Platanus x hispanica Quercus suber Acer griseum Related to American Sycamore Cork Oak Paperbark Maple 3.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Transcript Profiling of a Novel Plant Meristem, the Monocot Cambium
Journal of Integrative JIPB Plant Biology Transcript profiling of a novel plant meristem, the monocot cambiumFA Matthew Zinkgraf1,2, Suzanne Gerttula1 and Andrew Groover1,3* 1. US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California, USA 2. Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, USA 3. Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, USA Article *Correspondence: Andrew Groover ([email protected]) doi: 10.1111/jipb.12538 Abstract While monocots lack the ability to produce a xylem tissues of two forest tree species, Populus Research vascular cambium or woody growth, some monocot trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis. Monocot cambium lineages evolved a novel lateral meristem, the monocot transcript levels showed that there are extensive overlaps cambium, which supports secondary radial growth of between the regulation of monocot cambia and vascular stems. In contrast to the vascular cambium found in woody cambia. Candidate regulatory genes that vary between the angiosperm and gymnosperm species, the monocot monocot and vascular cambia were also identified, and cambium produces secondary vascular bundles, which included members of the KANADI and CLE families involved have an amphivasal organization of tracheids encircling a in polarity and cell-cell signaling, respectively. We suggest central strand of phloem. Currently there is no information that the monocot cambium may have evolved in part concerning the molecular genetic basis of the develop- through reactivation of genetic mechanisms involved in ment or evolution of the monocot cambium. Here we vascular cambium regulation. report high-quality transcriptomes for monocot cambium Edited by: Chun-Ming Liu, Institute of Crop Science, CAAS, China and early derivative tissues in two monocot genera, Yucca Received Feb.
[Show full text]
Tansley Review Evolution of Development of Vascular Cambia and Secondary Growth
New Phytologist Review Tansley review Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth Author for correspondence: Rachel Spicer1 and Andrew Groover2 Andrew Groover 1The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2Institute of Forest Genetics, Pacific Tel: +1 530 759 1738 Email: [email protected] Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA, USA Received: 29 December 2009 Accepted: 14 February 2010 Contents Summary 577 V. Evolution of development approaches for the study 587 of secondary vascular growth I. Introduction 577 VI. Conclusions 589 II. Generalized function of vascular cambia and their 578 developmental and evolutionary origins Acknowledgements 589 III. Variation in secondary vascular growth in angiosperms 581 References 589 IV. Genes and mechanisms regulating secondary vascular 584 growth and their evolutionary origins Summary New Phytologist (2010) 186: 577–592 Secondary growth from vascular cambia results in radial, woody growth of stems. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03236.x The innovation of secondary vascular development during plant evolution allowed the production of novel plant forms ranging from massive forest trees to flexible, Key words: forest trees, genomics, Populus, woody lianas. We present examples of the extensive phylogenetic variation in sec- wood anatomy, wood formation. ondary vascular growth and discuss current knowledge of genes that regulate the development of vascular cambia and woody tissues. From these foundations, we propose strategies for genomics-based research in the evolution of development, which is a next logical step in the study of secondary growth. I. Introduction this pattern characterizes most extant forest trees, significant variation exists among taxa, ranging from extinct woody Secondary vascular growth provides a means of radially lycopods and horsetails with unifacial cambia (Cichan & thickening and strengthening plant axes initiated during Taylor, 1990; Willis & McElwain, 2002), to angiosperms primary, or apical growth.
[Show full text]
Mechanical Stress in the Inner Bark of 15 Tropical Tree Species and The
Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, Tancrède Alméras To cite this version: Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, Tancrède Alméras. Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure. Botany / Botanique, NRC Research Press, 2019, 10.1139/cjb-2018-0224. hal-02368075 HAL Id: hal-02368075 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02368075 Submitted on 18 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure1 Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, and Tancrède Alméras Abstract: Recent studies have shown that the inner bark is implicated in the postural control of inclined tree stems through the interaction between wood radial growth and tangential expansion of a trellis ﬁber network in bark. Assessing the taxonomic extent of this mechanism requires a screening of the diversity in bark anatomy and mechanical stress. The mechanical state of bark was measured in 15 tropical tree species from various botanical families on vertical mature trees, and related to the anatomical structure of the bark.
[Show full text]
Chapter 5: the Shoot System I: the Stem
Chapter 5 The Shoot System I: The Stem THE FUNCTIONS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SHOOT SYSTEM PRIMARY GROWTH AND STEM ANATOMY Primary Tissues of Dicot Stems Develop from the Primary Meristems The Distribution of the Primary Vascular Bundles Depends on the Position of Leaves Primary Growth Differs in Monocot and Dicot Stems SECONDARY GROWTH AND THE ANATOMY OF WOOD Secondary Xylem and Phloem Develop from Vascular Cambium Wood Is Composed of Secondary Xylem Gymnosperm Wood Differs from Angiosperm Wood Bark Is Composed of Secondary Phloem and Periderm Buds Are Compressed Branches Waiting to Elongate Some Monocot Stems Have Secondary Growth STEM MODIFICATIONS FOR SPECIAL FUNCTIONS THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WOODY STEMS SUMMARY ECONOMIC BOTANY: How Do You Make A Barrel? 1 KEY CONCEPTS 1. The shoot system is composed of the stem and its lateral appendages: leaves, buds, and flowers. Leaves are arranged in different patterns (phyllotaxis): alternate, opposite, whorled, and spiral. 2. Stems provide support to the leaves, buds, and flowers. They conduct water and nutrients and produce new cells in meristems (shoot apical meristem, primary and secondary meristems). 3. Dicot stems and monocot stems are usually different. Dicot stems tend to have vascular bundles distributed in a ring, whereas in monocot stems they tend to be scattered. 4. Stems are composed of the following: epidermis, cortex and pith, xylem and phloem, and periderm. 5. Secondary xylem is formed by the division of cells in the vascular cambium and is called wood. The bark is composed of all of the tissues outside the vascular cambium, including the periderm (formed from cork cambium) and the secondary phloem.
[Show full text]
Eudicots Monocots Stems Embryos Roots Leaf Venation Pollen Flowers
Monocots Eudicots Embryos One cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaf venation Veins Veins usually parallel usually netlike Stems Vascular tissue Vascular tissue scattered usually arranged in ring Roots Root system usually Taproot (main root) fibrous (no main root) usually present Pollen Pollen grain with Pollen grain with one opening three openings Flowers Floral organs usually Floral organs usually in in multiples of three multiples of four or five © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Reproductive shoot (flower) Apical bud Node Internode Apical bud Shoot Vegetative shoot system Blade Leaf Petiole Axillary bud Stem Taproot Lateral Root (branch) system roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Storage roots Pneumatophores “Strangling” aerial roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Stolon Rhizome Root Rhizomes Stolons Tubers © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Spines Tendrils Storage leaves Stem Reproductive leaves Storage leaves © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Parenchyma cells with chloroplasts (in Elodea leaf) 60 µm (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Collenchyma cells (in Helianthus stem) (LM) 5 µm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 5 µm Sclereid cells (in pear) (LM) 25 µm Cell wall Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Vessel Tracheids 100 µm Pits Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM) Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls Tracheids © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Sieve-tube elements: 3 µm longitudinal view (LM) Sieve plate Sieve-tube element (left) and companion cell: Companion cross section (TEM) cells Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate 30 µm Nucleus of companion cell 15 µm Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
[Show full text]
Cork Cambium - Produces Cork (Outer Most Layer of Bark) Pine Tree W/ 8 Cotyledons!
Plantae Seed Plants Vascular Plants • Formation of vascular tissue – Xylem (water) – Phloem (food) – True leaves, roots, and stems • Lignin • ____________ generation dominate Alternation of Generation Alternation of Generation • Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte – mosses • Large sporophyte and small independent gametophyte – ferns • Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte – seed plants Why be Sporophyte Dominant? • Reduced mutations – UV light harmful to DNA – Diploid (2n) form copes better with mutations • two alleles Why Retain Gametophyte Generation? • Ability to screen alleles – doesn’t require a large amount of energy • Sporophyte embryos rely on some gametophyte tissue Seeds • A seed is a sporophyte in a package – spores are only single cells – packaged with food • All seed plants are _____________ (more than one kind of spore) – megasporangia – microsporangia From Ovule to Seed Develops from megaspore Whole structure Embryo, food supply, protective coat Overview of Seed Plants • Produce Seeds – Can remain dormant for years – Pollination replaces swimming sperm • Gametophyte generation reduced – Gymnosperms lack antheridium – Angiosperms lack both archegonium and antheridium Phylogeny Gymnosperms (Naked Seed) • Division: Cycadophyta • Division: Ginkgophyta • Division: Gnetophyta • Division: Coniferophyta Ginkgophyta • Ginkgo or Maidenhair Tree • Characteristic leaves • Only one species • Only ______ are planted Cycadophyta • Cycads • Palm-like plants – Sago Palms • Leaves in cluster at top of trunks • True __________ Gnetophyta • 3
[Show full text]
Plant Structure and Growth
Plant Structure And Growth The Plant Body is Composed of Cells and Tissues • Tissue systems (Like Organs) – made up of tissues • Made up of cells Plant Tissue Systems • ____________________Ground Tissue System Ø photosynthesis Ø storage Ø support • ____________________Vascular Tissue System Ø conduction Ø support • ___________________Dermal Tissue System Ø Covering Ground Tissue System • ___________Parenchyma Tissue • Collenchyma Tissue • Sclerenchyma Tissue Parenchyma Tissue • Made up of Parenchyma Cells • __________Living Cells • Primary Walls • Functions – photosynthesis – storage Collenchyma Tissue • Made up of Collenchyma Cells • Living Cells • Primary Walls are thickened • Function – _Support_____ Sclerenchyma Tissue • Made up of Sclerenchyma Cells • Usually Dead • Primary Walls and secondary walls that are thickened (lignin) • _________Fibers or _________Sclerids • Function – Support Vascular Tissue System • Xylem – H2O – ___________Tracheids – Vessel Elements • Phloem - Food – Sieve-tube Members – __________Companion Cells Xylem • Tracheids – dead at maturity – pits - water moves through pits from cell to cell • Vessel Elements – dead at maturity – perforations - water moves directly from cell to cell Phloem Sieve-tube member • Sieve-tube_____________ members – alive at maturity – lack nucleus – Sieve plates - on end to transport food • _____________Companion Cells – alive at maturity – helps control Companion Cell (on sieve-tube the side) member cell Dermal Tissue System • Epidermis – Single layer, tightly packed cells – Complex
[Show full text]
Tree Physiology Lindsay Ivanyi Resource Specialist Forest Preserves of Cook County What Is a Tree?
Tree Physiology Lindsay Ivanyi Resource Specialist Forest Preserves of Cook County What is a Tree? A woody plant having one well- defined stem and a formal crown. Also, a tree usually attains a height of 8 feet. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/anthro/caribarch/images/da nceiba.jpg Tree Parts What are the Three Main parts of a tree and What are Their Functions? 1. Crown: Manufactures food, air exchange, shade 2. Trunk/Branches: Transports food, minerals, & water up and down the plant 3. Roots: Absorb water and minerals, transport them up through the trunk to the crown, and stabilize the tree Tree Anatomy and Purpose Leaves… FIRST! Describing a tree without addressing leaves is like describing a cat without hair… it happens but is not as functional, nor as huggable. LEAVES Leaves can be needle- shaped, scale- shaped, or broad and flat, and simple or compound Canopy/Leaf Function Leaves produce food for the tree, and release water and oxygen into the atmosphere through photosynthesis and transpiration. Buds occur at the ends of the shoots (terminal buds) and along the sides of the shoot (lateral buds). These buds contain the embryonic shoots, leaves, and flowers for the next growing season. Lateral buds occur below the terminal bud at leaf axils. If the terminal bud is removed, a lateral bud or two will grow to take its place. Meristematic Growth Breaking Leaf Buds A leaf bud is considered “breaking” once a green leaf tip is visible at the end of the bud, but before the first leaf from the bud has unfolded to expose the leaf stalk at the base.
[Show full text]
Tree Anatomy Stems and Branches
Tree Anatomy Series WSFNR14-15 Nov. 2014 COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS OFOF STEMSSTEMS by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Trees attempt to occupy more space and control available resources through cell divisions and cell expansion. From the end of a shoot tip to the end of a root tip, trees elongate. Along this axis of growth, trees also expand radially, which is termed “secondary growth.” Tree growth is initiated in the shoot tips (growing points / buds), root tips, vascular cambium (i.e. or simply cambium), and phellogen which generates periderm. The first two meristems are primary generation systems and the second two are termed secondary meristems. Cambial activity and xylem formation, as seen in visible increases in growth increment volume is radial growth, and reviewed in the next two chapters. Cross-Section Tree stem anatomy is usually visualized in cross-section. In this form, two-demensional “layers” or “rings,” and tissue types can be identified. More difficult is to visualize these two-dimensional cross- sections and incorporate them into a three dimensional object which changes and grows over time. Moving from outside to inside a stem, tissues encountered include those associated with periderm, secondary cortex, phloem, xylem, and pith. A traditional means of describing a mature tree stem cross-section defines which tissue type is cut first, second and third using a handsaw. A list of generic tissues in stems from outside to inside could include: (Figure 1). epidermis and primary cortex = exterior primary protective tissues quickly rent, torn, and discarded with secondary growth (expansion of girth by lateral meristems – vascular cambium and phellogen).
[Show full text]
Botany of Trees 2
Botany of Trees California’s Part 2: How Wood Forms Iconic Flora North Coast California Na.ve Plant Society Free Webinar 7 PM Tomorrow Night Dr. Ma9 Ri9er h9ps://us04web.zoom.us/webinar/register/ WN_s4i_BmnlTryUe_7t45a9Qw Botany of Trees Tuesday, April 14th: IntroducTon to trees, growth, development, leaves, and morphology • Five part series -Tuesdays, 11 AM to 12:30 PM • Each will be ~1 hour with 30 minutes of ques.ons Tuesday, April 28th: Tree names, Tuesday, April 21st: Trunks, branches, diversity, and why names change tree form, branching pa9erns, and shape, and how wood forms Tuesday, May 5th: Water in trees, Tuesday, May 12th: ReproducTon, photosynthesis, and respiraTon flower formaTon, fruit, and seeds All aboveground plant structures are: Interpret the sharp structure: stems, leaves, or buds Modified leaf - spine bud becoming a new branch Pointy Structures on Plants Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) Thorn Spine Prickle modified branch modified leaf epidermal that comes from that comes from outgrowths that an axillary bud below the occur at random on axillary bud the stem (not necessarily at nodes) Big Leaf Maple (Acer Pine Leaves macrophyllum) • Leaves of two kinds: primary scales and secondary needles • Primary leaves of pines are membranous scales • A set number of needle leaves are produced on short branches (fascicles) • Each bundle (fascicle) of needles is surrounded by membranous bud scales Leaf Leaf Leaf Stump SprouTng & Epicormic Growth Meristems: where growth occurs • Apical Meristems • Form primary .ssues • Increase in
[Show full text]
H. G. Richter Institut Fur Holzbiologie Und Holzschutz, Bundesforschungsanstalt Fur Forst- Und Holzwirtschaft, Leuschnerstrabe 91, 2050 Hamburg 80, F
IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (1), 1990: 47-56 WOOD AND BARK ANATOMY OF LAURACEAE m. ASPIDOSTEMON ROHWER & RICHTER by H. G. Richter Institut fUr Holzbiologie und Holzschutz, Bundesforschungsanstalt fUr Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, LeuschnerstraBe 91, 2050 Hamburg 80, F. R. O. Summary A group of Madagascan species hitherto (1. Rohwer, Institute of Systematic Botany, ascribed to the genus Cryptocarya is segre University of Hamburg) these earlier findings gated on account of its widely differing mor were revived as a valid contribution to the phology and anatomy of wood and bark. The ever more complex taxonomy of the laurel new genus, Aspidostemon Rohwer & Richter, family. constitutes a small and very homogeneous Taxonomic background taxon, and its wood and bark characteristics The pantropical genus Cryptocarya R.Br. are described in detail. Aspidostemon con (approx. 250 species) presents itself as a trasts Cryptocarya proper in nearly all qualita rather homogeneous taxon despite its wide tive and quantitative features to a high degree. distribution in tropical and subtropical regions This does not only justify its segregation of the southern hemisphere. A small group of from, but also precludes any close relation Madagascan species, however, possess a ship with Cryptocarya. In order to properly ac wood structure incompatible with that of commodate Aspidostemon in the framework Cryptocarya (Richter 1981a). More recently of lauraceous taxonomy, additional evidence these species were reinvestigated morpho from other botanical disciplines is required. logically and found to be indeed very dif Key words: Lauraceae, Aspidostemon, Cryp- ferent from Cryptocarya (Rohwer & Richter tocarya, wood anatomy, bark anatomy, 1987). As there was not sufficient agreement taxonomy.
[Show full text]
Propagation of Plants by Grafting and Budding
Propagation of Plants by Grafting and Budding "1"$*'*$/035)8&45&95&/4*0/16#-*$"5*0/t1/8 WBTIJOHUPO4UBUF6OJWFSTJUZt0SFHPO4UBUF6OJWFSTJUZt6OJWFSTJUZPG*EBIP Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Reasons for propagating plants by grafting or budding ............................................................ 1 Grafting and budding vocabulary ............................................................................................... 2 Factors affecting success of grafting or budding ........................................................................ 3 Time of Year Compatibility of stock and scion Temperature Age of plant parts Scion orientation Care of grafted plants Soil moisture Contact of stock and scion Tools and materials required for grafting and budding .............................................................5 Collection and handling of scion material .................................................................................. 8 Methods of grafting and budding .............................................................................................. 9 Splice grafting Whip-and-tongue (whip) grafting Cleft grafting Bark grafting Side grafting Bridge grafting Inarching Approach grafting Four-ﬂap (banana) grafting Topworking T or shield budding Chip budding Patch budding and related forms Repair grafting ..........................................................................................................................
[Show full text]