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Epa's Advance Notice of Proposed BEIJING BRUSSELS CHICAGO DALLAS FRANKFURT GENEVA HONG KONG LONDON LOS ANGELES NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO SHANGHAI SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO WASHINGTON, D.C. EPA’S ADVANCE NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING OF GREENHOUSE GASES: HEAVY DUTY TRUCK AND ENGINE DIGEST (SUPPLEMENT VOLUME IV) Washington, D.C: Chicago: Roger Martella James Cahan [email protected] [email protected] Chris Bell California: [email protected] Judith Praitis [email protected] New York: Maureen Crough [email protected] CONTENTS Supplement Volume I Total GHG Emissions for U.S. Sources Automatic Tire Inflation Systems Single Wide-Based Tires Supplement Volume II Improved Aerodynamics GAO Report: National Policy and Strategies Can Help Improve Freight Mobility Improved Freight Logistics The Potential Effect of Future Energy-Efficiency and Emissions-Improving Technologies on Fuel Consumption of Heavy Duty Trucks Supplement Volume III Best Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation Transportation Sector Key Indicators and Delivered Energy Consumption Roadmap and Technical White Papers Vehicle Control using Preview Information Supplement Volume IV Technology Roadmap for the 21st Century Truck Program Idle Reduction See Heavy Duty Truck Digest (Vol. I) for ANPR (excerpted) Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emission Control Technologies for Heavy Duty Trucks Not Included Due to Size, but in ANPR Docket at regulations.gov NRC/NRCan Fuel Efficiency/Greenhouse Gas Program May 2005 Working Group Meeting on Heavy Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag NOTE: This is a digest of some pertinent publicly available information and does not constitute legal advice. Further, it is not intended to be a comprehensive account of information potentially affecting the sector. 2 21CT-001 Technology Roadmap for the 21st Century Truck Program A Government-Industry Research Partnership December 2000 This report is available via the DOE Information Bridge. Web site http://www.doe.gov/bridge This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. 21CT-001 TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR THE 21st CENTURY TRUCK PROGRAM December 2000 GENERAL DISCLAIMER This document may have problems that one or more of the following disclaimer statements refer to: ! This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the sponsoring agency. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. ! This document may contain data which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the sponsoring agency and is the best copy available. ! This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures which have been reproduced in black and white. ! This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. ! Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. CONTENTS FIGURES............................................................................................................................................... v TABLES................................................................................................................................................ vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................................... xiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... xv 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 The 21st Century Truck Program............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Program Goals and Research Objectives ................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Participants in the Technical Program and Roadmap.............................................................. 1-2 2. STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF THE 21st CENTURY TRUCK PROGRAM ........................... 2-1 2.1 Program Strategy..................................................................................................................... 2-2 2.2 Benefits of a Successful Program............................................................................................ 2-3 3. SELECTION OF VEHICLE PLATFORMS .................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Fuel Consumption by Truck Class and Truck Use Patterns.................................................... 3-1 3.2 Representative Driving Cycles................................................................................................3-4 4. TECHNICAL PLAN....................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Large Truck—Tractor-Trailer ................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.1 Vehicle Efficiency....................................................................................................... 4-2 4.1.2 Emissions..................................................................................................................... 4-13 4.1.3 Truck-Related Safety (Truck-Trailer Systems) ........................................................... 4-16 4.2 Transit Bus .............................................................................................................................. 4-20 4.2.1 Vehicle Efficiency....................................................................................................... 4-22 4.2.2 Emissions..................................................................................................................... 4-25 4.2.3 Bus-Related Safety ...................................................................................................... 4-26 4.3 Medium Truck—Enclosed, Single-Axle Delivery Truck ....................................................... 4-26 4.3.1 Vehicle Efficiency....................................................................................................... 4-27 4.3.2 Emissions..................................................................................................................... 4-33 4.3.3 Truck-Related Safety (Medium Trucks)...................................................................... 4-33 4.3.4 Summary of Potential Efficiency Benefits .................................................................. 4-34 4.4 Small Truck—“Working” Pickup (>8500 lb GVW)............................................................... 4-35 4.4.1 Vehicle Efficiency....................................................................................................... 4-35 4.4.2 Emissions..................................................................................................................... 4-38 4.4.3 Truck Safety ................................................................................................................ 4-39 4.5 Military Vehicles..................................................................................................................... 4-39 4.5.1 The Systems Analysis Process .................................................................................... 4-39 4.5.2 Deriving System Requirements................................................................................... 4-40 4.5.3 Analysis of Selected Current Military Vehicle Fuel Efficiencies................................ 4-40 4.5.4 Impact of Aggressive Improvements on Military Truck Efficiencies ......................... 4-41 4.6 Crosscutting Technologies ...................................................................................................... 4-45 4.6.1 Alternative Fuels ......................................................................................................... 4-45 4.6.2 Internal Combustion Engine Technology.................................................................... 4-49 iii 4.6.3 Aftertreatment.............................................................................................................. 4-52 4.6.4 Hybrid Electric Propulsion Technologies.................................................................... 4-58 4.6.5 Mechanical Hybrid Truck Technology........................................................................ 4-71 4.6.6 Fuel Cells..................................................................................................................... 4-77 4.6.7 Auxiliary
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