A Surveyof the of White Sands National Monument,Tularosa Basin, '

ClydeP. Stroud Universityof Chicago

INTRODUCTION Most of the insectsreported here were collectedin and around White Sands National Monumentbetween June 5, 1947 and August 9, 1947. There are a fewrecords from collections made June20-21, 1946 and recordsof two furnishedby othercollectors. A large numberof recordsof other arthropocswill be reportedin a subsequentpaper. The White Sands National Monumentis situatedin Tularosa Basin (Fig. 1), an area of internaldrainage bounded on the east and westby a seriesof faultranges and by relativelyhigh ground on the northand south. The chief depositof the basin is valleyfill. In additionto the White Sands, thereare severalother large areas of ecologicalimportance. West of the White Sands and adjacentto thatarea is a largesalt flat. At the south end of this flatis an intermittentsalt lake, Lake Lucero. North of the White Sands and not quite contiguouswith that area is the "malpais," a recentlava deposition. South of the White Sands and separatedfrom it by a distanceof about 20 miles is a large area of reddishsilica dunes. This dunes area surroundsthe low Jarillamountains and extendsinto the Hueco Basin to the south. The White Sands National Monument (Fig. 2) includesa part of an almostunique typeof habitat,consisting of dunes of finecrystalline gypsum, some as high as 50 feet,alternating with "flats" or level inter-dunalareas. The substrateof the southernpart of thisarea is composedalmost entirely of calciumsulfate. In the northernpart thereis much more admixtureof silica and othermaterials. The geologicalhistory of the White Sands deposithas been studiedby Vandiver (1936), Potter (1938) and others. Biotic conditionsin the White Sands are of great interest. Since Dice (1929, 1930) describedand discussedthe light-coloredrace of pocketmouse, Perognathusapache gypsi,which shows evidentcolor adaptationto the sub- strate,interest has been focusedon organismsshowing coloration adaptation. Benson (1933), Blair (1941, 1941a, 1943) and othershave contributedto our knowledgeof the mammalsof the area. Smith (1943) has describeda light-coloredsubspecies of lizard, Holbrookia maculata ruthvenifrom the White Sands. A whitetoad identifiedas Scaphiopus couchii has been re- ported,(Stroud 1949). Bugbee (1942) made briefnotes on animalsof the

1 This projectwas undertakenin partialfulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of Masterof Artsat New MexicoHighlands University at Las Vegas. 659 660 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

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Di.1-ularosaBsn

Fig. l.-Tularosa Basin. 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMENT 661

area includingsome .Strohecker (1947) describedas new species two whiteGryllacrididae belonging to the genera Daihiniodes and Ammo- baenetes. Emerson (1935) studiedthe floweringplants of the White Sands and noted that "numbersof both species and individualsgradually decrcase withincreasing distance from the general desert."

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authoris gratefulto thefollowing entomologists who have contributed to the presentundertaking bythe identification of material: H. F. Barber,R. H. Beamer, J. C. Bequaert,D. M. DeLong,G. H. Dieke,A. M. Egbert,A. E. Emerson,W. R. Enns,A. B. Gahan,L. G. Gentner,L. K. Gloyd,C. T. Greene,R. E. Gregg,M. T. James,H. H. Knight,G. F. Knowlton,J. N. Knull,K. V. Krombein,Ira La Rivers, A. T. McClay,C. F. W. Muesebeck,W. D. Pierce,H. J.Reinhard, R. I. Sailer,M. R. Smith,R. C. Smith,E. G. Smyth,J. L. Sperry,H. F. Strohecker,H. K. Townes,and E. C. Van Dyke.

DESCRIPTION OF LOCALITIES In the presentstudy collections were made at nine sites inside the white dunes area and at thirteenlocalities outside of it. The locationscollected are indicatedin figures1 and 2. Figure 2 is an enlargementof the portionof figure1 inclosedby a rectangle. The locality"Loop Drive" is about ten milesfrom the monumententrance and is sevenmiles from the nearestfrontal dunes. The area is representative of the climaxof dune action. The flatsare largelycovered with gypsum and are almost entirelydevoid of vegetation. The most commonplant is sand bunchgrass, Oryzopsis hymenioides. The dunes are veryhigh and are quite active. The locality"Picnic Area" is fivemiles from the Loop Drive and the same distancefrom the area designated"Ridingers." It is an area of large active dunes but the averageconcentration of plantsin the flatsis greaterthln that foundin the Loop Drive area. Outstandingadditions to the floraare and Chrysothamnus.At twoplaces in the area thereare groupsof Populus. "Ridingers"is a site on the marginof the dunes area two miles south southwestof the monumententrance. Collectionswere made in the frontal dunes and for a distanceof about a mile into the dunes area. The frontal dunes are especiallyhigh above the surroundingdesert at this point. The floraof the extensiveflats and low dunes to the west of the frontaldunes consistsof a numberof speciesin additionto thosefound in the morecentral locations. Yucca, Tamarix,Ephedra, Chrysothamnus, and Rhus, are particu- larlyabundant. Considerablenumbers of pedestalsare foundhere, formed of packedgypsum under groups of plants,especially Rhus. The area near the "Entrance"to the White Sands National Monumentis verymuch like that at Ridingersand servedas a check on collectionsmade at the latterlocation. The stands of vegetationare approximatelyequal in the two areas. Small collectionswere made at points five,ten, and fifteenmiles west southwestof Ridingers. The dunes are low in these areas and are almost entirelystabilized by plants and by the admixtureof darkersoil, but there are scatteredactive dunes. 662 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

MO,JLMENT BSuA/D4 V _

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i fL4JSFLflTS / O~~~~~~~0LooP.Dt,vE / l

o PcNvic ARCA4t j | i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~""4 AeDUNES ?r^ICLOWSW/ vE fcste ~~~~~~~~~~i /

I 0/ ~~~~~~~~WeLL?x Fig. 2.-White Sands NationalMonument.

Lake Lucero, about twentymiles westsouthwest of Ridingersis the rem- nant of the "old salt lake" whichonce occupied at least the entirearea of the present"Salt flats." The west side of Lake Lucero is ecologicallymuch differentfrom the White Sands area. There are no dunes and the dominant plant is Prosopis. The east side has manygypsum dunes and pedestals. The substrateis formedof much largercrystals than thatof the restof the White Sands dunes area. Collectionswere made in an area designated"Silica Dunes," about ten miles west of Tularosa. This is withinthe northernportion of the same dunes area found at White Sands, but here the soil is considerablydarker due to the admixtureof silica and othermaterials. The vegetationis much like thatat Ridingers,except for the additionof Prosop.s.

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Localities 11. Well No. 1, Baird's Ranch (Withinprincipal dunes area) 12. Well No. 2, Baird's Ranch 1. Loop Drive 13. S. of Lake Lucero 2. PicnicArea 14. W. side of Lake Lucero 3. Ridingers 15. 2 mi. S. of Alamogordo 4. Entrance 16. Dunes near Valmont 5. 5 mi. WSW of Ridingers 17. Red Dunes near Escondida 6. 10 mi. WSW of Ridingers 18. 2 mi. N. of La Luz 7. 15 mi. WSW of Ridingers 19. AlamogordoArmy Air Base 8. E. side of Lake Lucero 20. Malpais, W. of Carrizozo 9. Silica Dunes 21. Knoll in Malpais (Outside principaldunes area) 22. Tularosa 10. Game Reserve 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMENT 663

Habitatsand Methodsof Collection i. Andropuscarnosus Waterleaf (Lettersindicate specific plants) j. Nerisyrenialinearifolia Pepper Plant A. Yucca elata Engelm. Yucca, Palmilla K. Chrysothamnusnauseosus var. latis- B. Populus wislizeniRio Grande Cotton- quaemeusRabbit Brush wood L. Anogragypsophila Evening primrose c. Tamarixgall;ca Salt Cedar M. Opuntiasp. StickCactus D. Cucurbitafoetidissima Wild Gourd N. Mentzeliapulmila var. procera Stickle E. VariousGrasses Weed F. Abroniaaugustifolia Sand Verbena o. Koeberliniaspinosa Allthorn G. Atriplexcanescens Four-WingedSalt P. Prosopissp. Bush Q. Larred tr.dentat CreosoteBush H. Varioussmall Compositae R. Ephedratorreyana Joint-fir (Numbersindicate collection data) 7. Dug out of soil 1. Collectedby lighttrap at night 8. Capturedin nuptialswarm 2. Collectedin molassestraps left over- 9. Near termitenest night 10. In orchard 3. On dune surface 11. On reddishbrown earth 4. In humanhabitation 12. On vegetation 5. On surfaceof inter-dunalflat 13. In rubbishheap 6. Parasiticon otherArthropods 14. Near pond Months A. June 19-20, 1946 7. July1-31, 1947 6. June5-30, 1947 8. Aug. 1-9, 1947

TABLE 1.--Insectscollected Species Localities Months Habitats Number Orthoptera LocuSTIDAB Aeoloplides elegans (Scudder)-- 3,7 7,8 E,G,1 9 Anconiahebardi Rehn - - 10 6 1 Auilocaraelliotti (Thomas) - - 2 6 1 Bootettixargentatus Bruner- - 18 7 Q 2 Cibolacrisparviceps arida (Br.) -- 4,5,18 6,7 3,11 25 Cordillacrisoccipitalis cinerea (Br.) 3 6,7 3,5 6 Derotmenahaydeni laticinctum Sc --3,5 7 3 7 Eremiacrisacris Rehn & Hebard-- 3 6,7 3,5 8 E. virgata(Sc.) - .5 7 1 Goniatronplanum Br - -12 7 G,O,P 5 Melanoplusbowditchi Sc. 3 7,8 G,1 2 Paropomalawyomingensis (Thos.) -- 3 6,7,8 E,5 4 Pedioscirtetesmaculipennis (Sc.) - 3,5 7 3 2 Psoloessad. delicatulaSc. . 14 6 2 Schistocercalineata ? Sc - - 3 8 1 2 Spharagemoncollare (Sc.) ...... -3 8 1 1 Trimerotropiscitrina Sc. 3,5 7,8 1,3 8 T. p. pallidipennis(Burm.) - . 1,3,4,10,.... 14,17 6,7,8 1,2 20 T. pistrinariaSaussure ...... - 3 8 1 2 T. strenuaMcNeill - 3,10 8 1 7 T. texanaBr- - 2,3,4 6,7,8 1 9 Xanthippusc. corallipes(Thos.) ------2 6 1

TETrIGONIIDAE Eremopedesscudderi Cockerell - 3,9 7 A,P,1 5 Insara e. elegans(Sc.) -.3 7 G 4 664 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

TABLE 1.-(continued) Species Localities Months Habitats Number GRYLLACRIDIDAE Ammobaenetesphrixocnemoides (Caudell) 17 8 2 10 A. p. arenicolus(Strohecker) ...... 1,2,3,9 6,7,8 2,3 400 Ceuthophilusn. spp 20 7 2 12 C. sp- .... 2,3,15 6,7 2 3 Daihiniodeshastiferum (Rehn) --3 8 3,10,18 6,7 2 40 D. h. larvale(Stroh.) - 12...1 6,7 2 91

GRYLLIDAE Acheta assimilisFabricius 3....36,11,12 7 2,4,13 9 BLATTARIA-CORYDIIDAE Arenivagaerratica Rehn ------9,16,17 7,8 2 18 Eremoblattasubdiaphana (Sc.) ...... 18 7 2 1

PHASMIDA-PHASMIDAE Diapheromeravelii eucnemis Hebard ...... 3,9 7 A,G,3 6 MANTODEA-MANTIDAE Stagmomantiscalifornica Rehn& Hebard ------38 1 1 Isoptera RHINOTERMITIDAE Reticulitermestibialis Banks 2,3 6,7 7 Odonata COENAGRIIDAE Argia albertaKennedy 14...... 8.1 -1 0 7,8 6 Enallagma civile (Hagen) -10 7,8 14 4 Ischnurabarberi Currie 12,14...... 78.1.1-1,10 7,8 5

AESCHNIDAE Aeschna multicolorHagen 10 7 14 5 CYDNIDAE Thyreocorisnr. extensusUhler ------3 7 E 1

PENTATOMIDAFE Chlorochroasayi Stal...... 3,4,9 6,7 A,R 22 C. uhleriStal - 4 6 R 6 Murgantiahistrionica (Hahn) -- 1,2 6,7 A 3 Peribaluslimbolarius Stal - 1 7 1 Frionosomapodopiodes Uh. . . 1 7 1 Thyantabrevis Vand - -3 6 G 1 7'. custator(Fav.) ------3,10 8 1 23 Zicrona caerulea (Linn.) ...... 1,2,5 6,7 A,G 6

COREIDAE Chariesteruscuspidatus Dist ------..1 7 1 Chelinideasp -20 7 2 1 Leptoglossusclypealis Heid -3 8 1 2

CORIZIDAE Harmostesreflexus (Say) -2,3 7,8 R,3 3 AMecideaminor Ruckes 1,3 7,8 1 3

LYGAEIDAE Geocorispallens Stal 1 6 E 2 Ligyrocorisnitidula Uhi 10 8 1 1 Liorhyssushyalinus (Fav.) -3 8 1 1 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMENT 665

TABLE 1.-(continued)

Species Localities Months Habitats Number Lygaeus kalmii Stal - - 1,3 7,8 1 2 L. lateralis Dall- 3,10 7,8 1,3 18 Nysius californicusStal - - 3,4 6,8 G,1 2 N. monticolaDist -1 7 E,F 2 N. raphanus Howard- 1,4 6,7 A,E 2

TIIINGIDAE Corythuchamorrilla Osb. & Dr - 2 6 K 3

NABIDAE Nabis alternatusParsh - - 10 6 E 1

ANTHOCORIDAE Orius latulus? Reut - -3 6 G 5 0. tristicolor(White) - . 3 6 G 1

MIRIDAE Chlamydatussp -1 Hadronema sp--- 3 Halticus bractatus(Say) -4 6 1 Lygus elisus V.D -1,2,3 Orthotylussp- 2 Polymerusbasalis var- 1,3 Phytocorisramosus (Uhl.) -3 8 1 P. vividus (Uhl.) -3 8 1 Rhinocloaforticornis Reut - - 2,4 ? sp.? -3

NOTONECTIDAE Notonectasp.? near indica Linn - 2 6 1

FULGORIDAE Acanatoniaparva Doering-4 6 3 Hysteropterum unum Ball - 2 6,8 K 7 Orgerius foliatus Doering & Darby . 3,4 6,7 G 9

DELPHACIDAE Prokelisiasalina (Ball) -3 8 E 1

CIXIDAE Cixius sp-4 6 G 7 Genus ? sp.? -2,3,4,10 6,7 A,E,G 51

CICADIDAE Beameriawheeleri Davis -3,13 7 E 2 Diceroproctavitripennis (Say) - 2,3,4,9,14 6,7 A,G,P 40 Tibiceritownsendi Uh. -3 7 A 2

MEMBRACIDAE Centrodontusatlas (Godg.) -1,3 6,7 E,F 2

CERCOPIDAE Clastopterasp -2 8 K 1

CICADELLIDAE Aceratagalliaabrupta Oman- 1,2 6,7,8 E,F,K,R 16 Acinopterussp -1,2 6,7,8 F,K 3 Atahysanella(Gladioneura) concava Ball & Bmr- - 10 6 E 3 Cuerna sp-4 6 A 2 666 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

TABLE 1.-(continued)

Species Localities Months Habitats Number Doleramussp- - . 4 6 K 4 Empoasca sp-2 7 K 1 Exitianusobscurinervis Stal - -- 3 8 1 4 Lonaturasalsura Ball -10 6 E 1 Nesosteles sp-1 7 E 2 Ollarianus sp-- 1,3 6,7 E,G 2 Opsius stetogalusFied -3 8 1 , Parabolocratusviridis ? V.D. -10 6 E 1 Paraphlepsiusdenudatus (Ball) 4,17 6,8 G,2 2 Stragania(Penestragania) robusta (Uhl.) -- 3 6 G 1 alternata(Say) -3 8 1 1

APHIDIDAE Aphis helianthiMorell -2,4 6 A Capitophorusstroudi Knowlton -. 2 8 K Neuroptera CHRYSOPIDAE Chrysopaexcepta (Banks) - - 10 8 1 1 C. harrisii(Fitch) -3 7,8 1,4 2 C. nigricornis(Burm.) - 9 7 2 1 Chrysopuellasabulosa (Banks) -- 10 8 1 1 Eremochrysapunctinervis (McLach) 3,10,17,20 6,7,8 G,1,2 12

MYRMELEONIDAE Hesperoleonabdominalis (Say) -- 1 7 E 1 H. minusculus(Banks) - 2,3,9,10, 16,17,20 6,7,8 A,E,N,1,2 19 H. tenuisBanks .. 10 8 1 1 Myrmeleoncrudelis (Walk.) -- 3 8 1 1 Paranthaclisishageni (Banks) -- 3 6,8 1 19 Puren inscriptus(Hagen) - - 3 7,8 1 4 Scotoleonlongipalpus (Hagen) -- 3 6 1 1 COLBOPHORIDAE Genus? sp.? ------3 6 G

PRODOXIDAE Tegeticulaalba Zeller- 2,9 6,7 A 5

EUCHROMIIDAE venosa Walker - 1,3,7 7 C,O 5

NOCTUIDAE Bulia deductaMorr -2 6 A 2 B. d. fm.vulpina Hy. Edw-2 6 A 1 Erebusodora L -3 7 1 3

SPHINGIDAE Celerio lineata Favr-2,3 6,7 A,1 3 Pachysphinxmodesta imperator Stkr- 3 8 1 1 Phlegethontiusquinquemaculata Haworth 3 7,8 1 3

HESPERIIDAE Hesperia neskeiEdw. 3 7 C Pyrguscommunis Grt -3 7 1 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMENT 667

TABLE 1.-(continued) Species Localities Months Habitats Number PAPILIONIDAE Papilio bairdiiEdw --- 7 7 3 2 Colias eurythemefm. amphidosaBDV. 3 7 3 2 Eurema nicippeCramer - .3 7 I 5 Pierisprotodice Bdv. & Lec- - 3,10 6,7 2

DANAIDAE Danaus berenicestrigosa Bates - 3 7 C 1

NYMPHALIDAE Euptoietaclaudia Cramer-3 7 5 3 Phyciodespicta Edw-3 7 c 1

LYCAENIDAE Hemiargusisola Reak-3 7 c 3 Leptotesmarina Rak. 2 ,3 6,7 C 3 Strymonmelinus Hbn- 3,10 6,7 c 5 Coleoptera CICINDELIDAE Cicindela chuhuahuaeBates --- 10 8 1 1 C. knausi Leng - - - 3,10 8 1 3 C. lemniscataLec. - -3,10 8 1 15 C. lepida Dej - -1,2,3 A,6,7,8 3 30 C. praetextataLec. - -- 3,10 8 1 16 C. togata (Recordedby H. F. Strohecker)- 4 A 3 1

CARABIDAE Bembidionbifossulatum (Lec.) - 3 7 2 B. nr. striola(Lec.) -. 3 7 1 Diplochaetuslecontei Horn -14 6 2 25

HYDROPHILIDAE Berosusinfuscattis Lec -4,10 8 1 3 klydroustriangularis (Say) -3 7 1 SILPHIDAE Necrophorusmarginatus Fab- 3 7 1

HISTERIDAE Genus? sp.? .-- - - - 2 6 1

LYCIDAE fernandeziDug -18 6 10 1

MELYRIDAE Attalusnr. demissusFall - . 3 6 G I Collops lUmbellusG. & H -3 8 E 1 C. vittatus(Say) -3 7 E 2 7richochrotussp-- 3 6 G 1

CLERIDAE Cymatoderabrunnea Spin. -1 7 1 C. SP-20 7 2 1 Enoc/erusabdominalis var. spinolae (Lec.) -2,3,9,10 6,7 A 24

ELATERIDAE Agrypnusscotti Lec -18,20 7 2 13 Conoderusvespertinus (Fav.) - 2,3 6,7 2 668 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

TABLE 1.-(continued)

Species Localities Months Habitats Number Drasteriussp- - . 10 6 2 6 Esthesopussp -3 7 1,3 5 Lacon rectangularis (Say) -20 7 2 9 Melanotus sp-- . 20 7 2 5 Neotrichophorusarizonensis Schffr- 3,17,20 7,8 A,1,2 5 Genus? sp. -3 7 1 2

BuPRESTIDAE Acmacoderadelumbris Horn -6 7 1 Chrysobothrisulkei Lec - - 3,9 7 G 2 Hippomelas planicosta (Lec.) - 2,3,4,9,10 A,6,7 C,G 10

DERMESTIDAE Dermestesmarmoratus Say -3 8 1 6 Trogodermaobsolescens Cs -1 7 E 1

LATHRIDIIDAE Genus? sp.? - 14 6 1

COCCINELLIDAE Chilocoruscacti Linn -- - 3 7 1 Hippodamia convergens Guer. --1,2,3, A,B,C,E, 4,10 6,7,8 G,1,3 42 H. 5-signata? 2 6 B 1 Hyperaspis nr. annexa Lec -- 2 6 A 1 H. fimbriolataM- - 2 6 E,F 2 H. nr. gemmaCsy- 3,4 6 G 3 Olla abdominalis Say - - 2,3 6 A 2 Scymnus spp ------2,4 6 A,K 4

OEDEMERIDAE Oxacis sonoria ------3,4,10 6,7,8 G,1 53 O. sp- 3,10 8 1 2 Genus? sp. -1,3,10 7,8 1 4

MORDELLIDAE Anthobatesfusculus Lec - - 3 6 G 5 A. pallens Lilj -3 6 G 12 A. pallidus Lilj -3 6 G 6 Mordellistenasp. - -2 6 A 1

MELOIDAE CysteodemuswisliZeni Lec. -- 3 8 4 Epicauta atrivittata(Lec.)-- 3 8 1 1 E. funebrisHorn -20 7 1 E. nogales Werner - 2,3 A,6 G 6 E. pardalis Lec-- 1 A,7 2 E. tenella (Lec.) -10 8 1 1 E. virgulata (Lec.) - 3,10 8 E,1 11 E. sp. - -10 8 1 2 Pleuropompha costata Lec -- 10 8 1 1 Pyrotaakhurstiana Horn - - 3 8 1 4 P. mvlabrina Chev- - - 3 8 1 4 Zonitis n. sp ------3 8 1 2

ANTHICIDAE Atnthicusnr. obliquusCsy. -- 10 6 2 3 A. spp- 2,3 6 G,5 2 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMENT 669

TABLE 1.-(continued) Species Localities Months Habitats Number Mecynotarsuscandidus Lec -9 7 2 3 Notoxusapicalis Lec - - 10 8 1 9 Tanarthrussp -10 6 2 3

ALLECULIDAE Genus? sp.? 3,4 7,8 1 3

TENEBRIONIDAE Blapstinus? .3 6 17 nr. Cnemodinus- 9,13 7 2 23 Discodemusreticulatus (Say) -- 2,3 6,7,8 2,3,7 30 Eleodes acuta (Say) - -2,3,9 6,7 13 E. caudiferaLec- - 2,3 A,6 18 E. hispilabrJs(Say) -2,3,16,17 A,6,7,8 2,7 78 E. longicollisLec -20 7 1 E. obsoleta(Say) -1,2,10 6,7 2 8 Embaphioncontusum Lec. - - 1,2,3,4, 9,17 6,7,8 2,3,7 17 Glyptasidasordida (Lec.) -- 1,3,17 7,8 3 Metoponiumspp. - 9,16 7,8 2 12 Zopherinussp -3 6 3 1

MONOMMATIDAE Hyporhagusgilensis Horn -16 8 2 1

BosrRIcHIDAE Amphicerusbicaudatus (Say) -3 7 1

SCARABAEIDAE Aegialia sp. - -2 6 1 Coenonychasp - -1 7 1 Cotinistexana Csy - - 15 7 2 2 Dichrominadimidiata Burm - - 3 8 1 1 Diplotaxisbelfragei var. sinuataFall --3,10 7,8 1 40 D. sp. nr. sinuataFall -3 8 1 2 D. subangulatavar. californicaSchaef. -_ D. spp- 2,3,9 6,7 12 Euetheolarugiceps Lec. . 3 7,8 1 4 Ochrosidiasp ------....------3 7 1 4 ferruginea(Lec.) ...... - 3 6 5 Thyce squamicollisLec ------3 7 1 20

TROGIDAE Trox punctatusGerm ...... 2 6 1 T. scutellarisSay ...... -...... 2,3,6 6,7 3,5,7 14

CERAMBYCIDAE Anefluscochisensis Csy - - 9 7 1 Anetlomorphasp -20 7 2 1 Batyleomapearsalli (Bland) -2,4 6 H 2 Crossidiusintermedius Lec. (Recordedby J. N. Knull) - 3 8 Derobrachusgeminatus Lec. -3 7,8 1,3 8 IVoneilemasp -7 7 M 1 P7ionuscurvatus Lec -3 7,8 1,3 '4 Stenaspussolitaria (Say) -9,12,17 7,8 A 7 Tragidionarmatum Lec -2 6,7 A 17 670 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

TABLE 1.-(continued) Species Localities Months Habitats Number CHRYSOMELIDAE Diabroticatricincta (Say) ------4 6 G I Haltica foliacea Lec-1,2,3 A,6,7,8 E,L,1,3 70 Luperodesnr. nigrovirescensF. 2 8 K 1 Monoxia consputa Lec. 2 ,3 6,8 G,K 4 Myochruslongultus Lec -10 6 E 5 Pachybrachysnr. minorBowd - 3 6 G 5

BRUCHIDAE Genus? sp.?-1,2 6,7 A,E 2

CURCULIONIDAE Calendra sp - -3,15 6,7 E,5 3 Cleonaspissp - -3 7 1 Dyslobus sp - -3 8 1 1 Eupagoderescretaceus Sharp -- 2 6,7,8 N, 1 20 E. decipiens (Lec.) -18 7 Q 1 E. wickhami Sharp 3,4 6,7 G,3 16 E. sp --8 7 1 Panscopussp - -9 7 2 1 Scyphophorusyuccae Horn -- 4 6 A 1 Genera? spp.? 2,4 6,7,8 E,G,H,K, 8

Hymenoptera ICHNEUMONIDAE Cremastus n. sp-- 2 6 B 1 Ophion n. sp-3 8 C I

BRACONIDAE Bassus gibbosiusSay -2 6 F 2 Chelonus n. sp-3 8 1 Hormius sp.-3 6 G 1 Iphiaulax spp-3 7 C,G 2 Orgilus sp-2 6 B 1 Zelomorphaarizonensis Ashm - 3 8 1 1

CHALCIDIDAE Catolaccusaeneoviridis Gir -3 6 6 1 Spilochalcisside (Wlk.) -3 6 6 2

CALLIMOMIDAE Torymus sp-4 6 G 1

TETRASTICHIDAE 7Tetrastichussp-- 3 6 6 8

ELACHERTIDAE (Elachertini) Genus? Sp.?-1 7 F 1

FORMICIDAE Aphaenogaster(A.) boulderensis var. M. R. Smith-20,21 7 2 Camponotus acutirostrisWheeler - 20,21 7 2 C. vafer Wh -15,20 7 2 Crematogaster.punctulatadepilis Wh- 3,12,18 7 2,5 C. sp.-2 7 7 i Dorymyrmexpyramicus (Roger) - 12,14,15, 18,22 7 2 D. p. bicolor Wh -2,3,4,9,12, 15,16,17 7,8 2,5 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMENT 671

TABLE 1.-(continued) Species Localities Months Habitats Number I). p. nigerPergande .- -- 2- 1 ,22 7 2 Forelius maccooki(Forel) . 12,14,15, 20,21,22 6,7 2 F. sp - -17 8 2 1 Fo,mica perpilosaWh. 2 ,3,9,15 6,7 A,F,G,K,2 I F. sp. - -3 7 8 7 Iridomyrmexpruinosus (Roger) var --1,3,10, 14,21 6,7 2 1. p. analis (Andre) . 3,5 7 2 I. p. testaceusCole . 17,18 7,8 2 I. sp-- . 1,14 6 A,E Lasius nigerneoniger Emery -- 3 6 2,9 Liometopumapiculatum Mayr -- 14 6 .yrmecocystusmelliger Forel -- 20 7 2 K. m. mendaxWh - -21,22 7 2 1?. m. semirufus Emery- 17 8 2 M. mexicanusnavajo Wh.- 3,5,15,17, 18,20 6,7,8 2 Novomessorcockerelli (Andre) -- 3,14,18 6,7 2 Pheidole (Ceratopheidole)sp. -- 20 7 2 P. desertorumWh. var. 20,21 7 2 P. hyattiEmery var - - . 22 7 2 P. SPP.- 1,12,16,17, 18,20 7,8 2 Pogonomyrmexbarbatus marfensis Wh. .- 15 7 2 P. californicus(Buckley) - 16 8 2 P. c. estebaniuspergande -.3 7 2 P. c. longinodisEmery - 18 7 2 P. c. maricopaWh -1,15,21 6,7 2 P. occddentalis(Cresson) -1 7 P. SP -- -3 7 8 Solenopsismolesta (Say) - - 2 7 7 S. SPP-- 3,15 7 2

SPHECIDArE

Cercerisargyrotricha Roh -- 3 6,7 A,C 6 C. rufinodaCr -3 7 C 1 C. spp - -3 7 C 3 Chlorionashmeadi Fern - - 2,3 7 A,C 3 C. atralum(Lep.) -3 7 C 14 C. aztecum(Sauss.) -3 7 C 1 C. cyaneum(Dahlb.) -3 6,7 A 4 C. thomae(F.) -3 7 C 2 Etucercerisbitruncata Sc - -- - 3 7 C 1 E. canaliculata(Say) -3 7 C 1 E. montanaCr - - 3 7 C 1 E. tricolorCkll- - 3 7 C 1 Hoplisoidesconfertus (Fox) -- 2 6 A 1 H. spilopterus(Handl.) - - 2 6 A 1 Microbembexhirstata Parker -- 2,3 7 C 2 Oxybelusabdominalis Baker -- 3 7 C 1 6. SP. . . -3 7 C 1 PhJlanthusalbopilosus Cr -- 3 7 A,C 2 P. anna Dunn -.3 7 C 9 P. polituspsyche Dunn -.3 7 C 7 Sceliphroncaementarium (Dru.) -- 3 7 A I 672 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

TABLE 1.-(continued)

Species Localities Months Habitats Number Sphecius grandis (Say) ...... 3 6,7 A,C 8 Sphex ferruginosus(Cr.) ------3 7 c 2 S. pruinosus (Cr.) ------...-.3 7 c 7 S. wrightii(Cr.) ------3 7 c 1 S. spp-- .. .. ------..----3 7,8 c,1 4 Stizus unicinctusSay - -3 7 A 1 Tachyteselongatus Cr ...... -- . 3 6,7 A 2 T. fulviventrisCr-- 3 7 A 1 T. obscurusCr - .....---3 - 7 c 1

MUTILLIDAE Dasymutillagordon (Bi.) -- - 3 6,7 3 2 D. klugii (Gray) -.. 3,15,19 6,7 A,C,2 7 AMicromutillabicolor (BI.) ?------3 8 1 1 Photopsishalcyone (Fox) -- 17 8 2 4 P. sp-- ..--.----.-----3 8 1 1

SCOLIIDAE Campsomerisoctomaculata race texensis (Sauss.) ------.-3 7 c 4 Scolia lecontei (Cr.) ---3 7 c 16

TIPHIIDAE B;rachycistisdentata Brad ------2 6 1 8 B. indiscreta Fox -- 3,9 7,8 1 2 B. normalis Mall - . - -- - 2 ,3 6,8 1 4 B. sp - -2 6 1 1 Glyptacros angustior Mick & Krom .- 3 8 22 Mlyzine dubiosa Cr ------3 7,8 c 4 Paratiphia spp- - --- 3 7 C,E 23

EUMENIDAE Eumenes bollii Cresson ------3 6 A I

POMPILIDAE Cryptocheiluscressoni Bks .----- 19 6 1 C. terminatus (Say) ------2 7 1 Pepsis bequaerti Salman ------3 6 A 3 P formosa Say ------3 6,7 A,D 8 P. nephele Lucas ...... -... 3 7,8 A 2 P. obliquerugosa Lucas ------3 6 C 1 Pompilusfabricii (Bks.) ------2,3 6,7 C 5 P. relativus Cr------2,3 6 A 3 P. spp ------3 6 C 2

VESPIDAE Polistes fuscatus var. flavus Cr------..3 6 A 1 Stenodynerus taos (Cr.) ------.-3 7 C 7 S. toltecus (Sauss.) ...... - ...... 3 7 C 1

HALTICIDAE Agapostemoncockerelli Cwfd ...... - 2 6 A I A. melliventrisCr. - . .3 6,7 A,C,D 15 A. texanus Cr2...... 2,4 6 A,K 3 Halictus ligatus Say ------3 8 C 1 Lasioglossum spp.------2,10,14 6 E,J 3 Sphecodessp .------2 7 1

MEGACHILIDAE Ashmeadiellabigeloviae (Ckll.) ------3 7 C 2 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMENT 673

TABLE 1.-(continued) Species Localities Months Habitats Number APIDAE Anzthophoracalifornica Cr------3 7 I 1 Diadasia rinconis Ckll------. 3 7 1 Martinapis luteicornis (Ckll.) .-.r.------3 7 I 17 Melissodes comanche Cr------1 7 1 M . spp-...... -...... 3 7 I 6 Diptera ITONIDIDAE Lasiopterasp ...... -...... 2 6 12 1 APIOCERATIDAE Apiocera bilineata Painter ...... -...... 3 7 4

BOMBYLIIDAE Anthrax sp- ....------..--- ...----. 2 6 A 1 Exeprosopa eremita O.S. 3 7 1 Geron sp- ...... ------..----.---3,10 6 E,G 8 Phthiria sp- . 3... 7 c 1 Dizonias tristis (Walk.) -.--...... ------3 7 c 1 Erax bicolor Bell ------3 6 2 E. pilosus Hine ? - - . 3,4,10..... 7,8 1 8 Proctacanthella leucopogon (Will) . 10,21 7 2 2 Proctacanthus occidentalis Hine -...----3,9 7 5 P. sp-...... 14 6 1 Promachus giganteus Hine - . 14 6 3 Stenopogon longtclusLoew .... . 3 7 1 DOLICHOPODIDAE Asyndetus sp- ...------..--.-10 7 E 1 Diaphorus sp- ...... -...... 10 7 E 1 Hydrophorus cerutias Lw ------.10 8 1 2 Medeterscaliforniensis Wheeler .- . 1,3 6,7 E,G 2 Parasyntormonoccidentale (Ald.) - 10 7 E 2

SYRPHIDAE Mesogramma marginata (Say) - 3 7 C,H 20

OTITIDAE Euxesta abana (Curran) ------3 6 G 1 E. knowltoniCurran -.- - 3 7 E 2 E. scutellaris Curran -.------.-..-.-..2,3 6,7 A 4 E. xeres Curran ------.---4 6 G 3 Melieria occidentalis Coq ------3 6,7 B 13

TRYPETIDAE Trypanea bisetosa (Coq.) ...... -...... 4 6 B 1 SAPROMYZIDAE Homoneuraharti (Mall.) ...... 2,4 6 B 94 H. sp-...... -...... 2 6 B 1 Lauxania sp...... -... 4 6 A 1 Pseudocalliope n. sp-4 6 B 1 CHAMAEMYIIDAE Leucopis spp-- ...... ----...... ---4,16 6,8 A,B,2 3 HELOMYZIDAE Pseudoleria pectinata (Lw.) -.-...-.3 7 2 1 674 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

TABLE 1.-(continued) Species Localities Months Habitats Number EPHYDRIDAE Notiphila olivacea Cr. . 10 7 E 18

CHLOROPIDAE Diplotoxa pulcripesLw -1 7 E,F 4 Hippelatespusio Lw-4 6 A 1

ANTHOMYIIDAE Coenosiaovata Stein - - - 1,10 7 E 4 Fannia scalaris (F.) - - - 4 6 B 1 F. sp. (conspicuaMall. ?) -4 6 B 2 Hylemyacilicrura (Rond.) -3,10,18,20, 21,22 6,7 2 36 Lispe nasoniStein - - - 3,10 6,8 1,2 7 L. tentaculata(Deg.) - -10 6 2 1 Pegomyasp --- 3 7 2 4 Schoenomyzalitorella (Fall.) -1,10 7,8 E,1 13

CALLIPHORIDAE Calliphoracoloradensis Hough - 21 7 2 1

SARCOPHAGIDAE Eumacronychiadecens Tns - - 3 7 c E. montanaAllen - 10 6 2 1 E. sp. probablynew -18 7 2 1 E. sp. probablynew -21 7 2 1 HJlarellahilarella (Zett.) - - 10 6 2 1 Sarcophagaeleodis Aldr. - - 3,10,22 6,7 2 21 S. kellyi Aldr-3,10,18 6,7 2 7 S. 1'herminieriR.D- 3,10,14,16, 18,20,22 6,7,8 2 29 S. reinhardiiHall -3,10,18 7 2 7 S. robustaAldr. 4,10,16,18, 20,21,22 6,7,8 A,2 23 S. sarracenio.desAldr -18 7 2 1 S. sulculataAldr -10,18 6,7 2 12 S. sp. nr. masculinaAldr- 2,3,4 6,7 A,B,C 9 S. spp- 3,18,20 7 A,C,2 12 Senotainiaflavicornis (Tns.) -- 3 7 A 1 S. trilineata(VDW) -3 7 A 1

TACHINIDAE Cloacina filialisReinhard -3 6 A 1 Distichonavaria VDW - .3 7 A 1 Doryphorophagadoryphorae (Riley) 3 7 1 Drepramoglossalucens Tns -3 7 C,D 4 Euphoroceratachinomoides Tns - 3 7 1 Goniochaetaplagioides Tns -10 6 2 2 Hyalomyopsisaldrichi ? Tns.-3 7 C 1 Neophoroceraclaripennis (Macq.) - 10 6 2 1 Gestrophasiasignifera ? VDW - 2 6 A 1 Phorocerasp. (of Aldr.) -3 7 A 1 Schizotachinaconvecta (Walk.) - 2 6 B 1 S. vitinervisThompson -2 6 B 4 Viviania sp-3 7,8 A,1 2 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMEN1 675

DIscuSSION A totalof 451 speciesand subspeciesof insectsare reportedin Table 1. Of these,371 werecollected at localitieswithin or at theedge of the dunes areaof the-White Sands. At locationsoutside this area 79 speciesand sub- specieswere collected which were not foundwithin the White Sands dune area. A totalof 64 speciesare recordedboth within and outsidethe White Sands. Most of thematerial from the WhiteSands was takenat Ridingersat theedge of the dunes, where 263 speciesand subspecieswere collected. Totals of 92 and 47 formswere taken at thePicnic Area and Loop Drive,localities fiveand sevenmiles within the dunes area respectively. The numberof spe- ciesdiminishes from the outer part of the dunes area inward. Greater amounts of timewere spent collecting in themore densely populated areas and there- forethe numbers of speciescollected at theseveral localities cannot be relied uponfor a quantitativemeasure of the "thinningout" effectof theincreas- inglysevere ecological conditions. A principalcomponent of thiseffect must be thedecline in theflora toward the interior. Comparisonwith areas outside the dunes is uncertaindue to thelack of adequatecollecting in theseareas, but it can be.stated that the frontalor peripheraldunes furnish a suitable habitat for more species of insectsthan do levelareas of thevalley floor outside the dunes area. This is correlatedwith thepresence on andbetween the frontal dunes of a numberof species of plants notfound on theflat vailey floor. The mostnotable of theseplants, from the standpoint of the varietyof insectsassociated with it, is tlheYucca. On thisplant 67 speciesof insects werecollected. Of these,Aphis helianthi, Enoclerus abdominalis var. spinolae, Tragidionarnatum, Sarcophaga robusta, and Tegeticula alba are species occur- ringon Yucca in sufficientnumbers so thatspecific ecological relationship to thisplant seems certain. Other species collected in smallernumbers may also havesuch relationships. On Tarnarix53 insectspecies were collected, including a numberof the speciesfound on Yucca. On variousspecies of grasses44 speciesof insects weretaken. A totalof 43 insectspecies were collected on Atriplex.Four- teenspecies were collected on Chrysothamnusand thesame number were taken on thefew specimens of Populus found in thedunes area. Largeaggregations of the flea- Haltica foliacea were observed feeding on theevening primrose Anogra. A largeseries of 'Coleophoridlarvae was collectedfrom Atriplex. A numberof theselarvae were reared to theimago stageand several species of their parasites were obtained, including two species ofChalcids and a Tetrastrichid. An examinationof the collectionrecords shows a ratherregular increase in thenumber of species collected as theseason progressed. Sevenof the species collected are known to be new. 676 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 44 (3)

The absenceof adaptationto the soil color is morestriking than its pres- ence. The insect species which show definitewhite colorationadaptation include two camel-crickets,one grasshopper,and possiblya tiger-beetleand an . It seems likelythat Ammobaenitesphrixocnemoides arenicolus and Daihinoideshastiferum larvale have geneticdifferences from the relatedbrown subspecies. A moreextensive discussion of thesecases will be givenelsewhere (Stroud and Strohecker,1949). Cibolacrisparviceps arida is said to be able to change its color fromone instarto the next in accordancewith the color of the substrate. Reddishbrown specimens were taken on red soil near La Luz, but thosefrom the White Sands dunes area werevery light in color. Some of the otherWhite Sands Orthopteramay be somewhatlighter than materialfrom surrounding areas. Some of the Cicindelapraetextata collected were very near the typicalform but othershave verybroad whitemargins covering more than half the elytra. E. G. Smythsuggests that since intermediateswere collected, the whitermem- bers should not be given varietaldesignation. Cicindela lepida is found in manyareas of light-coloredsand withinits rangeand was taken on dunes in the White Sands in greatabundance, always at night. They ran rapidlyover the sand but werenot observedto . The positivephototaxis reported by Bugbee (1942) was not observed. The markingsof this species were like thoseof specimensfrom other areas. R. E. Gregg pointsout that whereaslight subspecies of are among thosecollected, none of theseis confinedto the White Sands area. He states thatthe specimens of Lasius nigerneoniger are verylight but thatlight-colored specimensare knownfrom other dunes areas. Cases of lightcoloration adaptation among spiders,scorpions, and solpu- gids of the White Sands area will be discussedin a subsequentpaper.

REFERENCES BENSON, S. B. 1933-Concealing colorationamong some desertrodents of the south- westernUnited States. U. Calif. Pub. Zool. 40: 1-70. BLAIR, W. F. 1941-Annotatedlist of mammalsof the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico. Amer.Midl. Nat. 26: 218-299. 1941a Color variationin the spottedground squirrels of the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico. Contr.Lab. Vert. GeneticsU. Mich. No. 16: 1-6. - 1943-Ecological distributionof mammalsin the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico. Contr.Lab. Vert. Biol. U. Mich. No. 20. BUGBEE, R. E. 1942-Notes on occurrenceand activityin the White Sands NationalMonument, New Mexico. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 45: 315-321. DICE, L. R. 1929-Descriptionof two new pocketmice and a new woodratfrom New Mexico. OccasionalPapers Mus. Zool. U. Mich. No. 203: 1-4. 1930-Mammal distributionin the Alamogordoregion, New Mexico. Occasional PapersMus. Zool. U. Mich. No. 213. 1950 STROUD: INSECTS OF WHITE SANDS MONUMENT 677

EMERSON, F. W. 1935-An ecologicalreconnaissance in the White Sands, New Mexi- co. Ecology16: 226-233.

KNOWI.TON, G. F. 1948-A new Capitophorusaphid. J. Kans. Ent. Soc. 21. 121-123.

POTTER, F. C. 1938-The originof the White Sands and proposedmuseum exhibits, WhiteSands NationalMonument, New Mexico.

SHREVE, F. 1938-The sandy areas of the North Americandesert. Yearbook Assn. PacificCoast Geogr. Volume4.

SMITH, H. M. 1943-The White Sands earlesslizard. Zool. Series Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 339-344.

STROHECKER, H. F. 1947-Some southwesternGryllacrididae. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 40: 241-246.

STROUD, C. P. 1949-A whitespade-foot toad fromthe New Mexico White Sands. Copeia 1949 (3): 232.

AND H. F. STROHECKER 1949-Notes on White Sands Gryllacrididae.Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 51: 125-126.

VANDIVER, V. W. 1936-White Sands geologicalreport. SouthwesternMonuments SpecialReport No. 5.