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Drug and Substance Abuse in Secondary Schools in Kenya. a Case Study of Kiambu County

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Drug and Substance Abuse in Secondary Schools in Kenya. a Case Study of Kiambu County DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA. A CASE STUDY OF KIAMBU COUNTY BY KIMANI. M. NJOKI C50/75861/2009 SUPERVISOR Dr MUTSOTSO A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2013 DECLARATION This research project is the product of my own work and is not the result of anything done in collaboration. It has not been previously presented to any other institution. Signature__________________________________ Date__________________________ KIMANI. M. NJOKI C50/75861/2009 I confirm that the work reported in this research project was carried out by the student under my supervision. _____________________________ _________________________ Sign Date Dr. MUTSOTSO ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr. Mutsotso for his professional guidance, variable advice and contributions that led to successful completion of this project. Am so grateful for his reliability that enabled me to consult with him to enhance the quality of this project. I also acknowledge the support of my fellow classmates who contributed ether directly or indirectly to the success of my research project, am grateful for your constant encouragement throughout the research study. iii DEDICATION To the Almighy God who has been my strength and divine inspiration in every thing I do. To my loving husband Anthony Mwangi who has been my greatest source of inspiration and strength. Has offered me unconditional support and encouragement. To my dear children, Anthony Ngugi and Angelah Wambui who fill my world with so much happiness and gives me every reason to work hard. To my dear parents Minneh and George Kimani and to my brothers Moses, Francis and Samuel and my dear sisters Eunice, Hannah, Pauline and Lucy for being there for me and encouraging me to work hard. iv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACP - African Convention of) Principals DSA - Drug and Substance Abuse HIV/AIDS - Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome KIE - Kenya Institute of Education LSD - Lysergic Diethyl Amide UN - United Nations NGOs - Non Governmental Organizations NACADA - National Coordinator for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse WHO - World Health Organization v TABLE OF CONTENT Declaration .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. iii Dedication ........................................................................................................................ iiii Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................ iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x Abstract .............................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Backgrounds to the study .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the problem .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research questions ........................................................................................................ 6 1.4 General Objective ......................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Specific objective .......................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Justification of the study ............................................................................................... 7 1.7 Scope and delimitation of the study .............................................................................. 8 1.8 Operational definition of terms ..................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................. 12 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Overview of the drug problem in Kenya .................................................................... 13 2.2 The global situation on drug abuse ............................................................................. 13 2.3 Global Overview of Young People and Drug Abuse.................................................. 14 2.3 The prevalence of drug and substance abuse among the students in Kenya .............. 16 2.4 Availability of drugs and other substances of abuse ................................................... 17 2.5 Classifications of drugs and other substances ............................................................. 18 2.6 Reasons why students use drugs and other substances of abuse ................................ 19 2.7 The fight against drug use and substance abuse ......................................................... 20 2.8 Effects of drug use and substances abuse ................................................................... 21 vi 2.9 Legal Framework on Drug and Substance Abuse....................................................... 23 2.10 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................. 27 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Research Design.......................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Target Population ........................................................................................................ 27 3.3 Unit of Analysis .......................................................................................................... 28 3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Procedure ........................................................................ 28 3.5 Methods of data collection ........................................................................................ 29 3.5.1 Tools of data collection ........................................................................................ 29 3.6 Data Collection Procedure .......................................................................................... 29 3.7 Pretest .......................................................................................................................... 30 3.7.1 Validity ................................................................................................................. 30 3.7.2 Reliability ............................................................................................................ 30 3.7.3 Ethical considerations .......................................................................................... 31 3.8 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ... 32 4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 32 4.1 Description of the Sample ........................................................................................... 32 4.2 Commonly Abused Drugs among the Youth in Secondary Schools .......................... 36 4.3 How Drugs are smuggled into the school compound ................................................. 38 4.4 Factors that determine Drugs use and Substance Abuse Among the Students ........... 40 4.4.1 Family Drug History ............................................................................................ 40 4.4.2 Age of the Student ................................................................................................ 42 4.4.3 Other Factors ........................................................................................................ 43 4.5 Effect of Drug Use and Substance Abuse on Student’s Learning .............................. 45 4.5.1 Effect of Drug Abuse on Academic Performance ................................................ 45 4.5.2 Impact of Drug Abuse on Social Development of Students ................................ 48 4.7 Interventions To Drug Abuse...................................................................................... 49 vii CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .. 51 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 51 5.2 Summary of the Major Findings ................................................................................. 51 5.2.1 Commonly Abused Drugs among the Youth in Secondary Schools ................... 51 5.2.2 Entry of Drugs and Substances into the School Compound ................................ 51 5.2.3 Factors Influencing Drugs and Substance Abuse among Students ...................... 52 5.2.4 Effects of Drug and Substance Abuse on Students
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