DOCSLIB.ORG

The Maritime Trade in Illicit Drugs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Maritime Trade in Illicit Drugs THE MARITIME TRADE IN ILLICIT DRUGS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE COASTAL MEMBER STATES OF O.E.C.D. Bjorn Robertstad Aune Thesis Submitted for the Ph.D. Degree University of London London School of Economics and Political Science 1989 UMI Number: U550164 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U550164 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T\\£S F 6&06 I X'cQ 1 13/ Lj-3iQ(a ABSTRACT The trafficking of illicit drugs by sea has become an industry comprised of many individual enterprises of variform size and organization. Seizure statistics for the 1980s indicate that 70% of the total quantity of drugs intercepted in the trafficking stage were inter­ dicted in the maritime sector or attributed to having been transported by sea. More significantly, it appears that only between 8 - 12% of the total volume of drugs trafficked are intercepted. The use of the sea­ borne modes of transport is the result of planetary geography which made the maritime medium one of only two ways by which drugs may enter several states. In response, varying sophisticated counter-trafficking offensives, policies and strategies have been implemented and contemplated in select geographical regions - examples being the Caribbean and Pacific Basins. However, the importation of illicit substances to the primary consuming states has not been curbed and indications are that the overall flow of drugs remains unimpeded. This thesis focuses on the maritime trade in illicit drugs during the 1980s by providing both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the activity. Specifically, the theme addressed is the question of why there is so little success in combating the maritime drug trade. Embraced by the study are the various geographical, physical, technical and socio-political elements supportive of the trade. Among the per­ tinent topics revealed are the flow structure to the trade, the categories of drugs transported, the classes of vessels utilized, the methods of concealment and deception employed, the involvement of or­ ganized crime, the contributing geographical elements and the unique variations to specific routes as determined by destination and region. Additionally, the international law suppressing the maritime trade in illicit drugs is examined. To lend completeness to the study a brief review of the historical dimension to the smuggling of drugs by sea is included along with analysis of drug production and consumption. Be­ cause the threat of drugs is perceived to be greatest, albeit wrongly, among the developed states this thesis tackles the subject from the perspective of the coastal member states of O.E.C.D. Lastly, recommen­ dations and innovations to old strategies are proffered specifically as they apply to the maritime component of the illicit drug trade. 2 TABLE of CONTENTS Abstract 2 List of Tables 7 List of Figures 9 Abbreviations And Acronyms Used 10 Acknowledgements 14 Chapter I. Introduction 16 1.1 Premise Behind This Study............................. 16 1.2 Bases For The Study................................... 19 1.2.1 Literature Review....... 19 1.2.2 The Social Menace Of Illicit Drugs........... 23 1.3 Limitations In Scope Of The Study..................... 24 1.4 Research Methodologies Utilized....................... 28 1.5 The Research Questions ................................ 29 1.6 Working Definitions For Select Terms Used In Treatise .... 31 Notes And References For Chapter I..................... 33 Chapter II. History Of Maritime Drug Smuggling 36 2.1 Overview Of The Historical Context And Concept .......... 36 2.2 The Earliest Incidences ............................... 38 2.3 The Opium Wars E r a ........ 40 2.4 The Persian Gulf In The Late 1800s..................... 43 2.5 The Early Twentieth Century ........................... 45 2.6 The Post-World War II Era .......................... 46 2.6.1 The Late 1940s ........................................ 46 2.6.2 The 1950s ............................................ 49 2.7 Genesis Of The Modem Trafficking Scene ................ 54 2.7.1 The 1960s ............................................ 54 2.7.2 The 1970s ............................................ 62 Notes And References For Chapter II ...... 73 Chapter III. Global Patterns Of Drug Production And Consumption 76 3.1 Geography: The Concept And Its R o l e .................... 76 3.2 The Global Perspective ................................ 78 3.2.1 Opiate Sources ............... 79 3.2.2 Cannabis Sources .................................. 85 3.2.3 Coca Sources ......................................... 91 3.2.4 Chemical And Psychotropic Substance Sources ............. 98 3.2.5 The Primary Drug Consumers ............................ 100 3.2.6 Drug Consumption In The Coastal States Of O.E.C.D..........106 3 3.2.6.1 The United States of America........................... 106 3.2.6.2 Canada ................................................ 108 3.2.6.3 Japan............... 109 3.2.6.4 Australia ............................................. 110 3.2.6.5 New Zealand ............ 113 3.2.6.6 The United Kingdom..................... 114 3.2.6.7 Ireland............................................... 116 3.2.6.8 Spain ................................................ 117 3.2.6.9 The Netherlands ................... 118 3.2.6.10 Italy................................................ 120 3.2.6.11 France ................................................ 122 3.2.6.12 The Federal Republic of Germany........................ 123 3.2.6.13 Belgium ............................................... 125 3.2.6.14 Portugal .......... 126 3.2.6.15 Greece ................................................ 128 3.2.6.16 Turkey................................................ 130 3.2.6.17 The Scandinavian Drug Scene ............................ 131 Notes And References For Chapter III ..................... 135 Chapter IV. The Marine Geographical And Technical Dimensions 144 4.1 The Macroscopic Perspective. ............................ 144 4.1.1 Geopolitical Considerations And Assessment Criteria ...... 145 4.1.2 The Marine Geography Of The OECD States ................. 150 4.1.3 Marine Geographical Factors Of Transit States ........... 158 4.1.3.1 Opiate Transit States ......... 159 4.1.3.2 Cannabis Transit States ............................... 165 4.1.3.3 Cocaine Transit States ................................ 178 4.1.4 Relevant Lakes, Rivers, Canals And Straits ............. 182 4.1.4.1 Lacustrine Bodies Of Significance ...................... 182 4.1.4.2 Riparian Trafficking Sites ............................. 183 4.1.4.3 Rivers Of Significance In The OECD States ................ 189 4.1.4.4 Pertinent Canals And Waterways.. ....................... 195 4.1.4.5 Pertinent Straits And Passages.. ....................... 200 4.1.5 The Role Of Commercial Shipping Routes .................. 209 4.2 The Microscopic Perspective ............................ 212 4.2.1 The Maritime Medium................................... 214 4.2.2 The Nature Of Ships And Boats .......................... 215 4.2.3 The Vulnerability Of Cargoes ........................... 218 4.2.4 The Character Of Ports .............................. 222 4.2.5 The Role Of Free Trade Zones ........................... 227 4.2.6 The Susceptibility Of Coastal Zones And Waters .......... 229 Notes And References For Chapter TV ..................... 235 Chapter V. The Maritime Drug Trade Today 240 5.1 The Global Overview.................... 240 5.2 Maritime Drug Trafficking In The O.E.C.D.................. 256 5.2.1 The European Scene............... 258 5.2.1.1 The Netherlands ..................................... 260 5.2.1.2 Spain ...................... 264 5.2.1.3 Belgium............................................... 266 5.2.1.4 The United Kingdom............................ 268 5.2.1.5 France ............................. 271 4 5.2.1.6 Greece ............................................... 275 5.2.1.7 Italy ................................................ 278 5.2.1.8 The Federal Republic of Germany....................... 280 5.2.1.9 Portugal ............................................. 282 5.2.1.10 Turkey ............................................... 284 5.2.1.11 Ireland.............................................. 287 5.2.2 The Scandinavian States ............................... 289 5.2.2.1 Sweden................................... 290 5.2.2.2 Norway............................................... 292 5.2.2.3 Finland ....................................... 294 5.2.2.4 Denmark....................... 295 5.2.2.5 Iceland.............................................. 297 5.2.3 The North American Scene.............................. 299 5.2.3.1 Canada..................... 300 5.2.3.2 The United States of America .......................... 304 5.2.4 The Situation Amongst The Pacific OECD Members ......... 314 5.2.4.1 Australia ............................................ 314 5.2.4.2 New Zealand.......................................... 318 5.2.4.3
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dredging and Disposal Plan
    DREDGING AND DISPOSAL PLAN PORT OF OLYMPIA MARINE BERTHS 2 & 3 INTERIM ACTION DREDGING Contract No.: 2008-0011 Project No. MT0601 Submitted To: Port of Olympia Attn: Rick Anderson 915 Washington Street NE Olympia, WA TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Dredging ..................................................................................................................... 1 Trans-loading ............................................................................................................. 1 Material Barge ............................................................................................................ 2 Dredge Bucket ............................................................................................................ 3 Dredge Sediment Disposal ........................................................................................ 3 Working Hours .......................................................................................................... 3 Position & Progress Surveys .................................................................................... 3 Dredge Navigation ...................................................................................................... 4 Survey Boat ................................................................................................................ 4 Water Quality BMP’s ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Papers in the Great Circle 1979-2017 All Papers up to the End of 2015 Are Available on JSTOR Author Article Title Volume/Issue, Month, Year, Pages SHORTEN, Ann R
    Papers in the Great Circle 1979-2017 All papers up to the end of 2015 are available on JSTOR Author Article Title Volume/Issue, Month, Year, Pages SHORTEN, Ann R. To take a star ..: A Review of Australian Colonial Statutory 1/1, 1979, 15-32 Qualifications for Merchant Seafarers, 1852- 1869 DOYLE, W.W. The Career of Captain John Ross as First Pilot at the Newstead Pilot 1/1, 1979, 33-35 Station, Moruya River, New South Wales, 1860-1871 BOXER C.R. War and Trade in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, 1600-1650 1/2, 1979, 3-17 MARTIN, E.B. The Geography of Present-Day smuggling in the Western Indian 1/2, 1979, 18-35 Ocean: The Case of the Dhow ALEXANDER, S. Objectives and Methodologies of the Atlantic Canada Shipping 1/2, 1979, 36-43 Project WESLEY, C. A Survey of the W.L. Crowther Library, State Library of Tasmania 1/2, 1979, 44-59 GREEN, Jeremy Maritime Archaeology and the Indian Ocean 2/1, 1980, 3-12 SIMPSON, Donald The Treasure in the Vergulde Draeck: A Sample of V.O.C. Bullion 2/1, 1980, 13-17 Exports in the 17th Century HENDERSON, Graeme Three Early Post Australian Settlement Shipwreck Sites: HMS 2/1, 1980, 24-41 Pandora (1791), the Sydney Cove (1797) and an unidentified site near North West Cape TOWLE, Philip British Assistance to the Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese 2/1, 1980, 44-54 War of 1904-5 MARTIN, E.B. The Decline of Omani Dhows 2/2, 1980, 74-86 JACKSON, R.V.
    [Show full text]
  • NCITEC National Center for Intermodal Transportation for Economic Competitiveness
    National Center for Intermodal Transportation for Economic Competitiveness Final Report 525 The Impact of Modifying the Jones Act on US Coastal Shipping by Asaf Ashar James R. Amdal UNO Department of Planning and Urban Studies NCITEC National Center for Intermodal Transportation for Economic Competitiveness Supported by: 4101 Gourrier Avenue | Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808 | (225) 767-9131 | www.ltrc.lsu.edu TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA/LA.525 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date The Impact of Modifying the Jones Act on US Coastal June 2014 Shipping 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Asaf Ashar, Professor Research, UNOTI LTRC Project Number: 13-8SS James R. Amdal, Sr. Research Associate, UNOTI State Project Number: 30000766 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. University of New Orleans Department of Planning and Urban Studies 11. Contract or Grant No. 368 Milneburg Hall, 2000 Lakeshore Dr. New Orleans, LA 70148 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Louisiana Department of Transportation and Final Report Development July 2012 – December 2013 P.O. Box 94245 Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9245 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Conducted in Cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Federal Highway Administration 16. Abstract The study assesses exempt coastal shipping defined as exempted from the US-built stipulation of the Jones Act, operating with functional crews and exempted from Harbor Maintenance Tax (HMT). The study focuses on two research questions: (a) the impact of the US-built exemption on the cost of coastal shipping; and (b) the competitiveness of exempt services.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
    United States Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Volume I Drug and Chemical Control March 2020 INCSR 2020 Volume 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Common Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... iii International Agreements.................................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Legislative Basis for the INCSR ......................................................................................................................... 2 Presidential Determination ................................................................................................................................. 7 Policy and Program Developments .................................................................................................... 12 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Methodology for U.S. Government Estimates of Illegal Drug Production .......................................................... 18 Parties to UN Conventions ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SHORT SEA SHIPPING INITIATIVES and the IMPACTS on October 2007 the TEXAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: TECHNICAL Published: December 2007 REPORT 6
    Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA/TX-08/0-5695-1 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date SHORT SEA SHIPPING INITIATIVES AND THE IMPACTS ON October 2007 THE TEXAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: TECHNICAL Published: December 2007 REPORT 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. C. James Kruse, Juan Carlos Villa, David H. Bierling, Manuel Solari Report 0-5695-1 Terra, Nathan Hutson 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Texas Transportation Institute The Texas A&M University System 11. Contract or Grant No. College Station, Texas 77843-3135 Project 0-5695 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation Technical Report: Research and Technology Implementation Office September 2006-August 2007 P.O. Box 5080 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Austin, Texas 78763-5080 15. Supplementary Notes Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Project Title: Short Sea Shipping Initiatives and the Impacts on the Texas Transportation System URL: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5695-1.pdf 16. Abstract This report examines the potential effects of short sea shipping (SSS) development on the Texas transportation system. The project region includes Texas, Mexico, and Central America. In the international arena, the most likely prospects are for containerized shipments using small container ships. In the domestic arena, the most likely prospects are for coastwise shipments using modified offshore service vessels or articulated tug/barges. Only three Texas ports handle containers consistently (Houston accounts for 95% of the total), and three more handle containers sporadically.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of the Sea
    The Discovery of the Sea "This On© YSYY-60U-YR3N The Discovery ofthe Sea J. H. PARRY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London Copyrighted material University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright 1974, 1981 by J. H. Parry All rights reserved First California Edition 1981 Published by arrangement with The Dial Press ISBN 0-520-04236-0 cloth 0-520-04237-9 paper Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 81-51174 Printed in the United States of America 123456789 Copytightad material ^gSS3S38SSSSSSSSSS8SSgS8SSSSSS8SSSSSS©SSSSSSSSSSSSS8SSg CONTENTS PREFACE ix INTROn ilCTION : ONE S F A xi PART J: PRE PARATION I A RELIABLE SHIP 3 U FIND TNG THE WAY AT SEA 24 III THE OCEANS OF THE WORI.n TN ROOKS 42 ]Jl THE TIES OF TRADE 63 V THE STREET CORNER OF EUROPE 80 VI WEST AFRICA AND THE ISI ANDS 95 VII THE WAY TO INDIA 1 17 PART JJ: ACHJF.VKMKNT VIII TECHNICAL PROBL EMS AND SOMITTONS 1 39 IX THE INDIAN OCEAN C R O S S T N C. 164 X THE ATLANTIC C R O S S T N C 1 84 XJ A NEW WORT D? 20C) XII THE PACIFIC CROSSING AND THE WORI.n ENCOMPASSED 234 EPILOC.IJE 261 BIBLIOGRAPHIC AI. NOTE 26.^ INDEX 269 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 An Arab bagMa from Oman, from a model in the Science Museum. 9 s World map, engraved, from Ptolemy, Geographic, Rome, 1478. 61 3 World map, woodcut, by Henricus Martellus, c. 1490, from Imularium^ in the British Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Economics of Using Barges on the Mississippi River to Transport Agricultural Commodities
    Exploring the Economics of Using Barges on the Mississippi River to Transport Agricultural Commodities Margaret Budde, Louisiana Tanna Nicely, Tennessee A bit of history: The voyages of Columbus excited Europe, and explorers began searching for routes that would help them reach the riches of Asia without having to sail around the lands of the Americas. Without sea access across Central or South America, explorers began searching for a water route through North America. As governor of Cuba, Hernando DeSoto is credited with discovering the Mississippi River in May 1541 on his travels through the southeastern part of North America what is now the states of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. When he died of a fever, his men weighted down his body and sunk it in the river. LaSalle claimed all land drained by the Mississippi River for France and named it Louisiana. Over 140 years after DeSoto, the next important explorer was LaSalle, a Frenchman who traveled down the Mississippi River from Canada. Reaching the mouth in 1682, he claimed all of the land drained by the great river for France, naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. He left for France with the great news and promised to return soon. Tonti of the Iron Hand, an Italian adventurer, friend of LaSalle and historian for the trek down the Mississippi River, left Canada for a second trip hoping to meet LaSalle along the way. Unfortunately, LaSalle misjudged the location of the mouth of the river from the Gulf of Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Moorings: Indian Ocean Trade and the State in East Africa
    MOORINGS: INDIAN OCEAN TRADE AND THE STATE IN EAST AFRICA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Nidhi Mahajan August 2015 © 2015 Nidhi Mahajan MOORINGS: INDIAN OCEAN TRADE AND THE STATE IN EAST AFRICA Nidhi Mahajan, Ph. D. Cornell University 2015 Ever since the 1998 bombings of American embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, especially post - 9/11 and the “War on Terror,” the Kenyan coast and the Indian Ocean beyond have become flashpoints for national and international security. The predominantly Muslim sailors, merchants, and residents of the coast, with transnational links to Somalia, the Middle East, and South Asia have increasingly become the object of suspicion. Governments and media alike assume that these longstanding transnational linkages, especially in the historical sailing vessel or dhow trade, are entwined with networks of terror. This study argues that these contemporary security concerns gesture to an anxiety over the coast’s long history of trade and social relations across the Indian Ocean and inland Africa. At the heart of these tensions are competing notions of sovereignty and territoriality, as sovereign nation-states attempt to regulate and control trades that have historically implicated polities that operated on a loose, shared, and layered notion of sovereignty and an “itinerant territoriality.” Based on over twenty-two months of archival and ethnographic research in Kenya and India, this dissertation examines state attempts to regulate Indian Ocean trade, and the manner in which participants in these trades maneuver regulatory regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • Barge Canal” Is No Longer an Accurate Description of the New York State Canals Marine Activity on New York’S Canals
    The Story of the Afterword Today, the name “Barge Canal” is no longer an accurate description of the New York State Canals marine activity on New York’s canals. Trains and trucks have taken over the transport of most cargo that once moved on barges along the canals, but the canals remain a viable waterway for navigation. Now, pleasure boats, tour Historical and Commercial Information boats, cruise ships, canoes and kayaks comprise the majority of vessels that ply the waters of the legendary Erie and the Champlain, Oswego and Cayuga- Seneca canals, which now constitute the 524-mile New York State Canal ROY G. FINCH System. State Engineer and Surveyor While the barges now are few, this network of inland waterways is a popular tourism destination each year for thousands of pleasure boaters as well as visitors by land, who follow the historic trade route that made New York the “Empire State.” Across the canal corridor, dozens of historic sites, museums and community festivals in charming port towns and bustling cities invite visitors to step back in time and re-live the early canal days when “hoggees” guided mule-drawn packet boats along the narrow towpaths. Today, many of the towpaths have been transformed into Canalway Trail segments, extending over 220 miles for the enjoyment of outdoor enthusiasts from near and far who walk, bike and hike through scenic and historic canal areas. In 1992, legislation was enacted in New York State which changed the name of the Barge Canal to the “New York State Canal System” and transferred responsibility for operation and maintenance of the Canal System from the New York State Department of Transportation to the New York State Canal Corporation, a newly created subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Combatting Drug Abuse, and Related Crime
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. "0 UNITED NATIONS SOCIAL DEFENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE· Publication No. 21 COMBATTING DRUG ABUSE, AND RELATED CRIME ". o FrateiU Palombi. Editori Rome, July 1984 . UNSDRI UNITED NATIONS SOCIAL DEFENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Publication No. 21 COMBATTING DRUG "ABUSE AND RELATED CRIME: Comparative research on the effectiveness o/socio-Iega! preventive and control measures in different countries on the interaction between criminal behaviour and drug abuse Funded by the UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR DRUG ABUSE CONTROL by Francesco Bruno M.D. ft~~i1l Fratelli Palombi Editori Rome, July 1984 97289 U.S. Department of Justlce National Institute of Justice This document has been reprodu~ed exaclly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Nallonai Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted,by • • Un~ted Nat~ons Soc~al Befence Research Inst~tute (UNSURT) to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduc!ion outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the copyright owner. Copyright © UNSDRI TshBeNUru8'ted Nations Social Defence Research Institute 1984 I 8 -7621-826-2 ' Extracts from this publication b d . condition that the source is indk:re/ repro uced wIthout authorization on TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword ............. K~.G·.~~.~.~: ...... :...... 3 Chapters . APR 3~ 1965 I. IntroductIon ............................... 7 II. The researchJ.l\. C~·tH iU '1'i!'O'N S' ......
    [Show full text]
  • Warships of the Ancient World 3000–500 Bc
    WARSHIPS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 3000–500 BC ADRIAN K. WOOD ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com NEW VANGUARD 196 WARSHIPS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 3000–500 BC ADRIAN K. WOOD ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 t Chronology BCE EGYPT 5 t Egyptian ships and seafaring t Warships of Rameses III t Tactics, organization and the battle of the Delta t Ships of the Sea Peoples MINOAN CRETE 15 t The Minoan Thalassocracy t Minoan ships t Minoan tactics BRONZE AGE SYRIA 20 t Ugarit and the Hittites t Syrian ships t Tactics and the battle of Alasiya PHOENICIA: THE LEGACY OF UGARIT 24 t Phoenician sea power t Phoenician warships t Phoenician naval practices and tactics GREECE 30 t Homeric warlords, warriors and ships t Early pentekonters t Hekatonters t Eikosoroi t Homeric tactics t Colonial wars (c. 700–500 BCE) t Late pentekonters t Triakonters t Archaic tactics and the battle of Alalia t Tyrants and sea power t Polycrates and the Samaina t The end of an era BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 t Primary Sources t Select Secondary Sources Index INDEX 48 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com WARSHIPS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 3000–500 BC INTRODUCTION The warships which fought for mastery of the Mediterranean during the Classical period were the culmination of centuries of development. This book traces the naval innovations that culminated in the standardized warships of Greek, Carthaginian and Roman fleets. The size and general configuration of pre-Classical warships remained comparable throughout the two millennia culminating around 500 BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • US Repositions Troops in the Mediterranean
    SUBSCRIPTION SUNDAY, AUGUST 25, 2013 SHAWWAL 18, 1434 AH www.kuwaittimes.net Fort Hood shooter Fear and grief Manning creates Arsenal recovers convicted, faces as Lebanon New challenges from poor start, death penalty7 buries its7 dead for US military8 beat20 Fulham 3-1 US repositions troops Max 45º Min 28º in the Mediterranean High Tide 02:18 & 14:44 Obama reviews Syria options; UN pushes for probe Low Tide 08:44 & 21:03 40 PAGES NO: 15908 150 FILS WASHINGTON: The United States is repositioning naval forces in the Mediterranean to give President Barack Obama the option for an armed strike on Syria, although officials cautioned that Obama had made no decision on military action. A defense official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the US Navy would expand its presence in the Mediterranean to four destroyers from three. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, en route to Asia, said Obama had asked the Pentagon for options on Syria, where an apparent chemical weapons attack that killed as many as 1,000 civilians has upped pressure on Washington to respond. “The Defense Department has responsibility to provide the president with options for all contingencies,” Hagel said. “And that requires posi- tioning our forces, positioning our assets, to be able to carry out different options - whatever options the presi- dent might choose.” He did not elaborate. The defense official, who was not authorized to speak publicly, said the USS Mahan, a destroyer armed with cruise missiles, had finished its deployment and was due to head back to its home base in Norfolk, Virginia.
    [Show full text]