DOCSLIB.ORG

Pattern of Psychoactive Substance Use Among Long Distance Commercial Drivers in Calabar, Nigeria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pattern of Psychoactive Substance Use Among Long Distance Commercial Drivers in Calabar, Nigeria International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal 8(3): 1-9, 2016; Article no.INDJ.29676 ISSN: 2321-7235, NLM ID: 101632319 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Pattern of Psychoactive Substance Use among Long Distance Commercial Drivers in Calabar, Nigeria Chidi J. Okafor 1, Owoidoho Udofia 1 and Theophilus Onyuku 2* 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Calabar, Nigeria. 2Department of Clinical Services, Federal Psychiatric Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among the three authors. Author TO designed the study and wrote the protocol. Author OU preformed the statistical analysis. Author CJO managed the literature search and wrote the first draft of the manuscript with assistance from authors OU and TO. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/INDJ/2016/29676 Editor(s): (1) Pasquale Striano, Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, University of Genoa, G. Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Md. Sahab Uddin, Southeast University, Bangladesh. (2) Patricia Martínez Lanz, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, México. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/17176 Received 23 rd September 2016 Accepted 15 th November 2016 Original Research Article Published 8th December 2016 ABSTRACT Background: The abuse of psychoactive substances has become a global menace that threatens the entire society because of its dire consequences. It has been observed that driving a vehicle under the influence of psychoactive substances is a growing cause of fatal road traffic accidents. In Nigeria, road transportation is a major means of movement of persons and goods, and long distance commercial drivers play a crucial role in this regards. These drivers sometimes use psychoactive substances to remain energetic and alert. Aims: To examine the pattern of psychoactive substance use among long distance commercial drivers in Calabar with the view of obtaining information that may be useful for social monitoring and planning preventive strategies. Methodology: A two-stage cross-sectional survey which lasted for three weeks, involving one hundred randomly selected (using table of random number) long distance commercial drivers drawn from the seven major motor parks in Calabar. These drivers had CAGE-AID and Socio- demographic questionnaires administered on them at the first stage of the study. Those that scored 1 and above on the CAGE-AID questionnaire were further interviewed using the computerized _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Okafor et al.; INDJ, 8(3): 1-9, 2016; Article no.INDJ.29676 version of drug and alcohol module of the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) in order to generate psychiatric diagnoses. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 36.43 (SD 8.01). The most commonly used substance was alcohol (by 82% of the respondents) while the least commonly used was cocaine (used by 5% of the respondents). Some of the respondents use combination of substances. The most commonly used combination was alcohol/tobacco (used by 66%). Forty-three respondents (43%) reported using “combine” which is a mixture of cannabis leaves and seeds in local gin. Hired drivers were significantly more likely (than owner drivers) to use cannabis ( P=.04), alcohol (P=.02), tobacco ( P=.01) and “combine” ( P=.04). The study recorded road traffic accident rate of 19% with some occurring under the influence of psychoactive substances. Following the SCAN interview, Thirty two (76.2%) out of the 42 respondents that scored 1 or above on the CAGE-AID questionnaire had psychiatric diagnoses. The commonest of these diagnoses were alcohol and cannabis related disorders. Conclusion: There is a wide spread use of psychoactive substances by long distance commercial drivers and this is associated with road traffic accidents as well as diagnosable psychiatric disorders. This calls for urgent interventions by relevant agencies of government. Keywords: Long distance commercial drivers; psychoactive substance use; road traffic accidents; drug abuse. 1. INTRODUCTION accidents has taken an alarming dimension. It is worrisome to note that even though there are It is universally acknowledged that drugs are of fewer automobiles and miles of roads in tremendous benefits to man, but their developing countries, the number of motor inappropriate use may produce incalculable harm vehicle fatalities per 10,000 vehicles in Nigeria, not only to the individual but to the society at Ethiopia and Kenya far exceeds that of the large. Currently, drug abuse has become a United States and United Kindom by at least six global menace that threatens the entire society times [8]. because of its dire consequences. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that Nigeria is a large country with massive landmass about 5.4% of global burden of disease comes and very mobile people. Movement of goods and from the use of psychoactive substance [1]. services in the country are mainly via the road Much of the attributable burden of psychoactive transport system. Reports show that there has substance use includes a range of health and been an increase in the number of motor vehicle social problems, not least of which are injuries fatalities recorded on Nigerian roads [9]. from vehicular accidents. It has been observed Although poor road network, driver inexperience that driving under the influence of psychoactive and mixture of road users (four and two wheeled substances is a growing cause of road traffic vehicles, non motorized transport and accidents both in the developed and developing pedestrians) are among the factors responsible nations [2,3,4,5,6]. for the increased rate of accidents on Nigerian roads, recent finding has shown that vehicle Logan and colleague reported in their study that drivers under the influence of psychoactive psychoactive substance was a factor in 52% of substance are more likely to be involved in fatal road fatalities recorded in the United State [2]. road accidents [7]. They identified alcohol as the most implicated factor accounting for over half the cases. The Long distance commercial drivers play a crucial trend of road traffic accidents following role in the movement of goods and services in psychoactive substance use by drivers has led Nigeria. It is reported that some long distance some developed countries to introduce laws commercial drivers use performance enhancing banning driving under the influence of certain drug in their bid to stay awake/vigilant, check illegal drugs. The enactment of such laws was fatigue and enhance their ability to drive for long based on the knowledge that psychoactive hours [10]. There is need for more studies on substances can affect driving skills and increase psychoactive substance use among the long the risk of road traffic accidents [7]. distance commercial drivers. In countries, the association between Although previous studies [11,12,13] conducted psychoactive substance use and road traffic among drivers in Nigeria reported association 2 Okafor et al.; INDJ, 8(3): 1-9, 2016; Article no.INDJ.29676 between drug/alcohol use and road traffic will spend at least five hours before getting to his accident, it is not clear which classes of destination. The sample size consists of 100 long drugs/alcoholic beverages are commonly distance commercial drivers that were randomly implicated in the road accidents. Besides, selected from the seven major motor parks in previous studies did not examine the Calabar. characteristics/categories of the drivers involved i.e whether or not they were intercity, intra-city or 2.2.1 Sampling long distance drivers. The present study investigated the pattern of psychoactive The sample size required for the study was substance use among long distance commercial calculated using the formular drivers with a view of obtaining information that 2 might be useful for social monitoring and n = Z Pq planning of preventive strategies. D2 2. METHODOLOGY Where n = minimum sample size; Z =1.96 (2SD) at 95% confidence interval; P = probability that a This study was a two-staged cross-sectional driver will use a drug (0.5) at 95% confidence descriptive survey. interval; q = 1-P; D = precision expected at 95% confidence interval (0.1). 2.1 Study Location Thus The study was conducted in Calabar, the capital 2 2 city of Cross-river state in Nigeria. The state is n = [(1.96) (0.5) (1-0.5)] / (0.1) = 96 renowned for the production of cocoa, rubber, timber and local gin. Calabar has a functional This minimum sample size was rounded up to seaport, airport and an export free zone. It is 100. bounded on the north by Odukpani local government area, on the west by Calabar river Considering that the number of long distance with the great Qua river on the south and east. commercial drivers in each motor park varied, a The city is tourism destination in the West African quota (using proportional sampling methods) was sub-region where business, relaxation and used to determine the number of subjects to be pleasure are guaranteed. Calabar has seven recruited from each of the seven motor parks. major motor parks namely Etim-edem, Cross- lines, Calculus, Young shall grow, Eta-agbor, For each motor park – Gbogobiri and Flour-mill parks. Although there are some minor and road-side parks, long (Number of long distance driver in the motor
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2020 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
    United States Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Volume I Drug and Chemical Control March 2020 INCSR 2020 Volume 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Common Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... iii International Agreements.................................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Legislative Basis for the INCSR ......................................................................................................................... 2 Presidential Determination ................................................................................................................................. 7 Policy and Program Developments .................................................................................................... 12 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Methodology for U.S. Government Estimates of Illegal Drug Production .......................................................... 18 Parties to UN Conventions ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Combatting Drug Abuse, and Related Crime
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. "0 UNITED NATIONS SOCIAL DEFENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE· Publication No. 21 COMBATTING DRUG ABUSE, AND RELATED CRIME ". o FrateiU Palombi. Editori Rome, July 1984 . UNSDRI UNITED NATIONS SOCIAL DEFENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Publication No. 21 COMBATTING DRUG "ABUSE AND RELATED CRIME: Comparative research on the effectiveness o/socio-Iega! preventive and control measures in different countries on the interaction between criminal behaviour and drug abuse Funded by the UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR DRUG ABUSE CONTROL by Francesco Bruno M.D. ft~~i1l Fratelli Palombi Editori Rome, July 1984 97289 U.S. Department of Justlce National Institute of Justice This document has been reprodu~ed exaclly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Nallonai Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted,by • • Un~ted Nat~ons Soc~al Befence Research Inst~tute (UNSURT) to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduc!ion outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the copyright owner. Copyright © UNSDRI TshBeNUru8'ted Nations Social Defence Research Institute 1984 I 8 -7621-826-2 ' Extracts from this publication b d . condition that the source is indk:re/ repro uced wIthout authorization on TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword ............. K~.G·.~~.~.~: ...... :...... 3 Chapters . APR 3~ 1965 I. IntroductIon ............................... 7 II. The researchJ.l\. C~·tH iU '1'i!'O'N S' ......
    [Show full text]
  • The Maritime Trade in Illicit Drugs
    THE MARITIME TRADE IN ILLICIT DRUGS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE COASTAL MEMBER STATES OF O.E.C.D. Bjorn Robertstad Aune Thesis Submitted for the Ph.D. Degree University of London London School of Economics and Political Science 1989 UMI Number: U550164 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U550164 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T\\£S F 6&06 I X'cQ 1 13/ Lj-3iQ(a ABSTRACT The trafficking of illicit drugs by sea has become an industry comprised of many individual enterprises of variform size and organization. Seizure statistics for the 1980s indicate that 70% of the total quantity of drugs intercepted in the trafficking stage were inter­ dicted in the maritime sector or attributed to having been transported by sea. More significantly, it appears that only between 8 - 12% of the total volume of drugs trafficked are intercepted. The use of the sea­ borne modes of transport is the result of planetary geography which made the maritime medium one of only two ways by which drugs may enter several states.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalisation and Decriminalisation of Cannabis in Nigeria: Lessons from the West
    RESEARCH ARTICLE GLOBALISATION AND DECRIMINALISATION OF CANNABIS IN NIGERIA: LESSONS FROM THE WEST Ngboawaji Daniel Nte* Head, Dept. of Intelligence and Security Studies, Novena University Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria. Oluka, Nduka Lucas Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Novena University Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria. Okotie Agbedia Joshua Department of Political Science Novena University Ogume Delta State , Nigeria. Bribena Kelvin Enokie Faculty of Law, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amasoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. *E-mail: [email protected] Contemporary global realities in the West have demon strated the inestimable value of marijuana for recreational and medicinal purposes in addition to huge economic benefits. Consequently, a lot of European countries and the United States have accommodated this reality by methodically decriminalising or legalising the consumption of marijuana but rather regulated and institutionalised its production and distribution. The positive outcomes from the aforesaid arrangement cannot be over emphasised. Within the context of the above, Nigeria noted for one of the finest brands of marijuana must key into this vast economic and psycho- The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v2i4.42302 Submitted: April 21, 2020 Revised: June 30, 2020 Accepted: Sep 21, 2020 Available online at https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/iccle © 2020 Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution— ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, et.al.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis and Psychosis Have Produced Mixed Results
    A STUDY OF THE PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS ABUSE AND ASSOCIATED PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY AMONG AUTOMOBILE APPRENTICES IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE COLLEGE IN THE FACULTY OF PSYCHIATRY DR EGBEOLA, ADEYEMI ADEKUNLE M.B.Ch.B (O.A.U, IFE. 2OOO) DECLARATION This is to certify that this work has not been presented to any other body for any award, and is original in all respects except where indicated. …………………………………. Dr Egbeola A.A 2 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this work was done by Dr. Egbeola Adeyemi Adekunle for his dissertation to the National Postgraduate Medical College with the title ‘A Study of the Prevalence of Cannabis Abuse and Associated Psychiatric Morbidity among Automobile Apprentices in Sokoto Metropolis’ under our supervision. Dr Nnaji F C Dr Owoidoho Udofia 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................... 2 This is to certify that this work has not been presented to any other body for any award, and is original in all respects except where indicated. ..................................................................................... 2 …………………………………. .......................................................................................................... 2 Dr Egbeola A.ACERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Alcohol Studies
    AFRICAN J O U R N A L AFRICAN VOLUME 12 ISSN 1531-4065 of DRUG and ALCOHOL STUDIES NUMBER 2 2013 VOLUME 6 N U M B E R 2 2 0 0 7 JOURNAL AFRICAN J O U R N A L Contents ofof Composition of surrogate alcohol from South-Eastern Nigeria. ..................... 65 Obiora S. Ejim, Bruna Brands, Ju¨rgen Rehm, & Dirk W. Lachenmeier OF DRUGDRUG DRUG Relationships of drinking behaviour, gender, and age with self-reported alcohol-related andand problems in Namibia............................................................... 75 Heli Mustonen AND ALCOHOLALCOHOL STUDIESSTUDIES Field tales of hazardous home brewed alcoholic beverages: the case of Selebi Phikwe, ALCOHOL Botswana....................................................................... 89 Joseph M. N. Pitso In this issue: A conversation with Alan Haworth ............................................. 104 STUDIES In this Issue List of published articles, 2000–2007........................................... 113 EFFECTIVENESS OF PICTORIAL WARNINGS ON CIGARETTE PACKETS IN EGYPT Announcements.............................................................. 118 SUBSTANCE USE AND SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOURS IN LIBERIA In Memory of Olabisi Odejide................................................. 119 HOW EFFECTIVE IS THE “WAR ON DRUGS” IN NiGERIA? Acknowledgements ........................................................... 120 PREVALENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF SUBSTANCE USE IN ETHIOPIA VOLUME ARE NEEDLE AND SYRINGE PROGRAMMES NEEDED IN AFRICA? 6 N U M B E R 2 2 0 0 7 ISSN 1531-4065 C R I S A P U B L I S H E D B Y Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse Job #113977 AFRICAN J O U R N A L AFRICAN of DRUG and ALCOHOL STUDIES VOLUME 6 NUMBER 2 2 0 0 7 VOLUME 6 N U M B E R 2 2 0 0 7 JOURNAL AFRICAN J O U R N A L Contents of Composition of surrogate alcohol from South-Eastern Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Occurrence of Study Difficulty
    CO-OCCURRENCE OF STUDY DIFFICULTY, PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE/ABUSE AND PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY (“THE TRIAD”) AMONG SENIOR STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE COLLEGE IN THE FACULTY OF PSYCHIATRY BY DR. IFEDILICHUKWU UZOEGHE UCHENDU M.B.B.S (ILORIN) 1995 MAY 2009 1 DECLARATION This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of Fellowship of the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria in the Faculty of Psychiatry. The study reported here has not been published or presented for award of a degree by any other institution. Signed by: _____________________ ______________________ DR I. U. UCHENDU. Date 2 CERTIFICATION The study reported in this Dissertation was conducted by Dr. I.U. Uchendu of Psychiatric Hospital, Uselu Benin City, Edo State, under my supervision. I also supervised the writing of the dissertation. ___________________________ ____________________ PROF OLUFEMI MORAKINYO (FMCPsych.) DATE Consultant Psychiatrist Dept. of Mental Health University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria. 3 TABLE OF CONTENT Declaration ii Certification iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables x List of Figures xii Abbreviations xiii Dedication xiv Acknowledgement xv Summary xvi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Relevance of the study 4 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Students’ Mental Health 5 Study Difficulty 6 Classification of study difficulty 7 Factors associated
    [Show full text]
  • Substance Abuse and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
    African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies The African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies is an international scientific journal published by the African Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse (CRISA). The Journal publishes original research, evaluation studies, case reports, review articles and book reviews of high scholarly standards. Papers submitted for publication may address any aspect of alcohol and drug use and dependence in Africa and among people of African descent living anywhere in the world. The term “drug” in the title of the journal refers to all psychoactive substances other than alcohol. These include tobacco, cannabis, inhalants, cocaine, heroin, prescription medicines, and traditional substances used in different parts of Africa (e.g., kola nuts and khat). EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ASSOCIATE EDITORS Isidore S. Obot Neo Morojele African Centre for Research and Information Medical Research Council on Substance Abuse (CRISA) Pretoria, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] DEPUTY EDITORS Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye West Africa Makerere University Olabisi A. Odejide Kampala, Uganda University of Ibadan E-mail: [email protected] Ibadan, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Andrew Zamani Psychiatric Hospital Southern & Central Africa Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria Charles D.H. Parry E-mail: [email protected] Medical Research Council Cape Town, South Africa MANAGING EDITOR E-mail: [email protected] Akanidomo J. Ibanga, Nigeria & UK E-mail: [email protected] Eastern Africa David M. Ndetei EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS University of Nairobi Pam Cerff, Cape Town, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya Danjuma Ojei, Jos, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Francophone countries Reychad Abdool, Nairobi, Kenya Baba Koumare O.A.
    [Show full text]
  • African Political Economy Chris Allen and Jan Burgess (ROAPE) Is Published Quarterly by Carfax Publishing Company for the ROAPE International Collective
    AfricaREVIEW OFn Political Economy EDITORS: The Review of African Political Economy Chris Allen and Jan Burgess (ROAPE) is published quarterly by Carfax Publishing Company for the ROAPE international collective. Now 24 years old, BOOK REVIEWS: ROAPE is a fully refereed journal covering all Ray Bush, Roy Love and Morris Szeftel aspects of African political economy. ROAPE has always involved the readership in shaping EDITORIAL WORKING GROUP: the journal's coverage, welcoming Chris Allen, Carolyn Baylies, Lyn Brydon, contributions from grass roots organisations, Janet Bujra, Jan Burgess, Ray Bush, Carolyne women's organisations, trade unions and Dennis, Anita Franklin, Jon Knox, Roy Love, political groups. The journal is unique in the Giles Mohan, Colin Murray, Mike Powell, comprehensiveness of its bibliographic Stephen Riley, David Seddon, David Simon, referencing, information monitoring, Colin Stoneman, Morris Szeftel, Tina statistical documentation and coverage of Wallace, Gavin Williams, A. B. Zack- work-in-progress. Williams Editorial correspondence, including manuscripts for submission, should be sent CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: to Jan Burgess, ROAPE Publications Ltd, Africa: Rok Ajulu (Grahamstown), P.O. Box 678, Sheffield SI 1BF, UK. Yusuf Bangura (Zaria), Billy Cobbett Tel: 44 +(0)1226 +74.16.60; Fax 44 +(0)1226 (Johannesburg), Antonieta Coelho (Luanda), +74.16.61; [email protected]. Bill Freund (Durban), Jibril Ibrahim (Zaria), Amadina Lihamba (Dar es Salaam), Business correspondence, including orders Mahmood Mamdani (Cape Town), Trevor and remittances relating to subscriptions, Parfitt (Cairo), Lloyd Sachikonye (Harare), back numbers and offprints, should be Carol Thompson (Arizona); Canada: addressed to the publisher: Carfax Publishing, Jonathan Barker (Toronto), Bonnie Campbell Taylor & Francis Ltd, Customer Services (Montreal), Dixon Eyoh (Toronto), John Department, Rankine Road, Basingstoke, Loxley (Winnipeg), John Saul (Toronto); Hants RG24 8PR, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Marijuana and Health. Report of a Study by a Committee of the Institute of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences Policy
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED'218 568 CG 016 068 TITLE Marijuana and Health. Report of a Study by a Committee of the Institute of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences Policy. INSTITUTION Institute of Medicine (NAS), Washington, D.C. -SPONS AGENCY National Institutes of Health (DHHS), Bethesda, Md. ''REIBORT NO ISBN-0-309-03236-9 PUB DATE - 82 -CONTRACT NIH-N01-0D-0-2114 NOTE 203p. AVAILkBLE FROMNational Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. EDRS PRICE MFO1 Plus Postage. PC iot Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Drug Abuse; *Drug Use; Literature Reviews; *Marihuana; Medical Evaluation;. Medical Research; *Pharmacology; *Physical Health;, Research Needs; Research Utilization ABSTRACT- , This report, Written for the general public, presents the results tif-a-15=M6fith study of-the health-relate-a effects of Marijuana. The introduction describes the goalX and procedure for the Xttdy, including the composition of the 22-member steering committee and its functions, and ,'the sources of inforMation used for the study, i.e., published scientific literature from 1975 forward, and, information and opinions solicited from the public and professional grOupt--;-Chipter:1 reviews what-ia -known about the chemistry sand pharmacology of marijuana. Chapter 2 deals with'the epidemiology and -demography' Of the use of marijuana in the United States. The next three chapters discuss the effects of marijuana on cells, tissues, organs; and biological systems. Chapter 6 deals with behavioral and ptyChosocial-effects: Chapter 7 discusses the present status of ___IsXrijuana-as a therapeutic agent-Chapter 8 describes and analyzes the federla research program on marijuana. A summary includes the principal findings and conclusions of the study, together with stggistions for future research.
    [Show full text]
  • DRUG MARKET TRENDS: CANNABIS OPIOIDS © United Nations, June 2021
    DRUG MARKET TRENDS: CANNABIS OPIOIDS © United Nations, June 2021. All rights reserved worldwide. ISBN: 9789211483611 WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021 REPORT DRUG WORLD eISBN: 9789210058032 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Suggested citation: World Drug Report 2021 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8). No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC. DISCLAIMER The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Website: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr2021.html PREFACE 3 Drugs cost lives. unemployment and inequalities, as the world lost 114 million jobs in 2020. In doing, so it has created conditions that leave In an age when the speed of information can often outstrip more people susceptible to drug use and to engaging in illicit Preface the speed of verification, the COVID-19 pandemic has taught crop cultivation.
    [Show full text]
  • GLOBAL OVERVIEW: DRUG DEMAND DRUG SUPPLY © United Nations, June 2021
    GLOBAL OVERVIEW: DRUG DEMAND DRUG SUPPLY © United Nations, June 2021. All rights reserved worldwide. ISBN: 9789211483611 WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021 REPORT DRUG WORLD eISBN: 9789210058032 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Suggested citation: World Drug Report 2021 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8). No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC. DISCLAIMER The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Website: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr2021.html PREFACE 2 Drugs cost lives. unemployment and inequalities, as the world lost 114 million jobs in 2020. In doing, so it has created conditions that leave In an age when the speed of information can often outstrip the more people susceptible to drug use and to engaging in illicit Preface speed of verification, the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us | crop cultivation.
    [Show full text]