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Understanding the Sustainability of Cooperation in Sharing Transboundary Watercourses: a Case Study of the Chu and Talas River Basins

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Understanding the Sustainability of Cooperation in Sharing Transboundary Watercourses: a Case Study of the Chu and Talas River Basins AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Nargiza Osmonova for the degree of Master of Science in Water Resources Policy and Management presented on June 12, 2020. Title: Understanding the Sustainability of Cooperation in Sharing Transboundary Watercourses: A Case Study of the Chu and Talas River Basins Abstract approved: ____________________________________________________ Jenniver Sehring Mary V. Santelmann This research is conducted to identify factors that contribute to understanding the relations between states and increasing the cooperation between countries which share transboundary watercourses, and enable countries to continue, also in difficult periods, cooperation in mutually beneficial relationships in a sustainable manner. This is an important issue especially in the region of Central Asia, with abundant water resources and inability to agree to manage those water resources as a common good. However, considering the vulnerability of these resources and the different approaches of countries to the issue of effective and equitable use, cooperation between the newly independent countries has been challenging. This research focused on two countries of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, who made progress in bilateral cooperation and have established the only bilateral joint water Commission in the region. The relevance of the topic is evidenced by the increasing growth in the number of publications in the fields of cooperation, hydro-politics, and integrated water resources management. This study was conducted with the aim of a more detailed consideration of one specific case using scientific findings to identify the stability of relations between states. By using the conceptual framework of Savenije and Zaag (2000), I focused on three major “pillars” for sustainable cooperation: (1) institutions, (2) politics and (3) technical cooperation. The first pillar conceptualizes the management of shared rivers in the Chu-Talas basin through institutions. The second pillar is focused on the understanding of politics; it provides an overview of the emergence of bilateral arrangements between riparian countries building on the historical past as well as considering the existing political situation. And the last pillar focuses on technical cooperation between countries that is conducted by water professionals who are directly related to water distribution and who make daily decisions regarding operation and maintenance problems. The findings presented here support the conclusion that in this particular basin context, the three pillars of sustainability vary in their importance for sustainability of cooperation – the political pillar is of critical importance, whereas institutions are not critical, but they are important for promoting technical cooperation. ©Copyright by Nargiza Osmonova June 12, 2020 All Rights Reserved Understanding the Sustainability of Cooperation in Sharing Transboundary Watercourses: Case of the Chu and Talas River Basin by Nargiza Osmonova A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented June 12, 2020 Commencement June 2021 THIS THESIS HAS ALSO BEEN SUBMITTED TO IHE-Delft, The Netherlands and the University for Peace, Costa Rica in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (IHE-Delft) and Master of Arts (University for Peace) in Water Cooperation and Diplomacy Master of Science thesis of Nargiza Osmonova presented on June 12, 2020 APPROVED: ______________________________________________________________________________ Co-Major Professor, representing Water Resources Policy and Management Co - Major Professor, representing Water Resources Policy and Management Director of the Water Resources Graduate Program Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Nargiza Osmonova, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to express my profound gratitude to my main advisor and main inspiration, Dr. Jenniver Sehring from IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, for all her time and patience, because it was really hard work with me. She believed in me and to teach to pursue my topic of interest. Thank you for your support, it was interesting to research the topic because following your comments I have learned a lot including small details. You have shared with me your knowledge in this area and helping me craft my thesis. I have had an absolute pleasure learning with you! My special appreciation goes to Dr. Mary Santelmann from the Oregon State University, who was my co-advisor, and help me a lot. You taught me not to be afraid, not to give up and believe in yourself. I valued your every comment which helped me improve my thesis and I was able to go forward. Thank you so much! I am also grateful to my wonderful committee members. Dr. Aaron Wolf from Oregon State University, Dr. Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo from University for Peace, and Dr. Devlin B. Montfort my Graduate Council Representative from Oregon State University. Thank you for your support and understanding of all my situation when I changed many times my plan. I would like to say a very warm thank you! I am very grateful to all individuals from the three Universities involved in the Water Cooperation and Diplomacy program. All my lovely professors Dr. Todd Jarvis (from OSU), Dr. Michael Campana (from OSU), Dr. Amr Abdalla (from UPEACE), Dr. Olivia Sylvester (from UPEACE), Dr. Zaki Shubber (from IHE), Dr. Frank Jaspers (from IHE), Dr. Susanne Schmeier (from IHE) and Dr. Lynette de Silva (from OSU). I am very grateful for everything you have done for me, I really have learned so much. Thank you for being patient and helping me improve my skills I would like also to say thank you to Fatima Taha (Program Assistant from OSU). Thanks for your selfless care for each of us! I would like to thank my marvelous friends who were always to me, and helped me at the beginning of my journey for choosing a topic - Bota Sharipova, Aminjon Abdulloev, and Nataliya Chemayeva! You are the best friends ever! Thank you to my best classmates! I would like to thank Steve Brown and all Rotarians. Thank you for this opportunity to be better. Lastly, I would like to thank my mother for your presence in my life! TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and justification ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Conceptual framework and Methodology ........................................................................ 3 1.3 Research question ............................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Reflexivity ........................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter II. Case study ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Chu-Talas River Basin ..................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Water management before independence ...................................................................... 12 2.3 Physical and non-physical dimensions ........................................................................... 13 Chapter III. Institutions ................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 Legal mechanism: scope of agreement ............................................................................... 16 3.2 Inclusiveness of International aspects ............................................................................ 20 3.3 The role of the Joint water commission ......................................................................... 21 3.3.1 Secretariat and participation ......................................................................................... 26 3.3.2 Financing ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter IV. Politics ....................................................................................................................... 33 4.1 History of the relationship .............................................................................................. 34 4.2 Independence in post-soviet era ..................................................................................... 35 4.3 Political development of cooperation ............................................................................. 36 4.3.1 Cross-border integration ......................................................................................... 38 4.3.2. Sectoral integration ................................................................................................. 40 4.4 International collaboration ............................................................................................. 42 4.4.1 Recognition of riparian interests................................................................................... 43 4.4.2 Joint activities ........................................................................................................
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