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Kazak Destanları (Transkripsiyon, Aktarma, Metinin Grameri)

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Kazak Destanları (Transkripsiyon, Aktarma, Metinin Grameri) T.C. SAKARYA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ KAZAK DESTANLARI (TRANSKR İPS İYON, AKTARMA, MET İNİN GRAMER İ) YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Aliya BASHENOVA Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Enstitü Bilim Dalı : Yeni Türk Dili Tez Danı şmanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Selçuk KIRBAÇ OCAK – 2007 T.C. SAKARYA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ KAZAK DESTANLARI (TRANSKR İPS İYON, AKTARMA, MET İNİN GRAMER İ) YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Aliya BASHENOVA Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Enstitü Bilim Dalı : Yeni Türk Dili Bu tez 22/01/2007 tarihinde a şağıdaki jüri tarafından Oybirli ği ile kabul edilmi ştir. ________________ _________________ __________________ Jüri Ba şkanı Jüri Üyesi Jüri Üyesi BEYAN Bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyuldu ğunu, ba şkaların bilimsel eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunuldu ğunu, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadı ğını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversite veya ba şka bir üniversitedeki ba şka bir tez çalınması olarak sunulmadı ğını beyan ederim. İmza Adı-Soyadı Aliya Bashenova Tarih 22.01.2007 ÖNSÖZ Destanlar, atalarımızdan bize kalan de ğerli edebî miraslardır. Milletlerin geçmi şlerini, geçmi şten uzayıp gelen geleneklerini, hatıralarını bizlere destanlar söylerler. Hem edebî hem de tarihî anlamda destanlar en önemli belgelerdir. Dilciler için de bu önemlerinin yanısıra sözvarlıklarının özellikleriyle de ön plâna çıkarlar. Barındırdıkları eski unsurlar, ifadeler, deyimler, atasözleri hep sözvarlıkları içindeki önemli ayrıntılardır. Bu bakımdan destanlar aynı zamanda önemli dil malzemeleridirler. Destanların bütün bu özellikleri göz önünde bulundurularak böyle bir çalı şmanın yapılmasına karar verildi. Bu çalı şma için Kazak Türkçesinde Kiril alfabesiyle yazılan “Dastandar” kitabı alındı. Bu kitabın içinde altı tane Kazak destanı vardır. Çalı şmanın sınırları çizilerek destanlardan be ş tanesi incelendi. Önce Kiril alfabesinden Latin alfabesine transkripsiyonu yapıldı. Ardından Kazak Türkçesinden Türkiye Türkçesine tercüme yapıldı. Son olarak da gramer yönünden bir inceleme yapıldı. Bu incelemede sesbilgisi esas alınarak metinde yer alan ses de ğişiklikleri ve ses olayları incelendi. Bu çalı şmanın hazırlanmasında yardımcı olan, destekleyen danı şman hocam Yard.Doç.Dr. Selçuk Kırbaç’a te şekkürlerimi sunarım. Her zaman yanımda olan tüm arkada şlarıma ve aileme de şükranlarımı sunarım. Aliya Bashenova 22.01.2007 İÇİNDEK İLER KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................iii ÖZET…….................................................................................................................. iv SUMMARY................................................................................................................. v GİRİŞ ……................................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM 1: TRANSKR İPS İYON............................................................................... 9 BÖLÜM 2: AKTARMA ......................................................................................... 239 BÖLÜM 3: D İL ÖZELL İKLER İ........................................................................... 451 3.1. İmla ve Ses İli şkisi ............................................................................................ 451 3.2. Ses Bilgisi.......................................................................................................... 453 3.2.1. Ünlüler...................................................................................................... 453 3.2.1.1. Ünlülerdeki Ses De ğişmeleri............................................................. 453 3.2.2. Ünsüzler.................................................................................................... 460 3.2.2.1. Ünsüzlerdeki Ses De ğişmeleri........................................................... 461 3.3. Ses Olayları........................................................................................................ 469 3.3.1. Metatez (Göçü şme) .................................................................................. 469 3.3.2. Kelime Ba şında Ünlü Türemesi................................................................. 470 3.3.3. Kelime Ba şında Ünlü Dü şmesi.................................................................. 470 3.3.4. Kelime Ba şında Ünsüz Dü şmesi................................................................ 471 3.3.5. Kelime İçinde ve Kelime Gruplarında Ses Dü şmesi................................... 471 3.3.6. Orta Hece Ünlüsünün Dü şmesi.................................................................. 471 3.3.7. Kelime İçinde ve Kelime Eklenirken Ünsüz Sesleri Dü şmesi..................... 472 3.3.8. Kelime Sonunda Ses Dü şmesi ................................................................... 474 3.3.9. Benze şme (Asimilasyon)........................................................................... 475 3.3.9.1. İlerleyici (Progressivti) Asimilasyon................................................. 475 3.3.9.2. Gerileyici (Resressivti) Asimilasyon................................................. 476 3.3.9.3. To ğıspalı (Kar şıla şmalı) Asimilasyon ............................................... 478 3.3.10. Aykırıla şma............................................................................................. 478 3.3.11. Haploloji ................................................................................................. 479 SONUÇ…................................................................................................................ 480 KAYNAKÇA........................................................................................................... 481 ÖZGEÇM İŞ ............................................................................................................ 482 KISALTMALAR A.G : Asılbek - Güljahan B.J :Bolat – Janat Ğ.Q :Ğayar Qatın Q. :Qarqabat P.U.A : Pat şanı ŋ ulı Äbdilmalik SAÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tez Özeti Tezin Ba şlı ğı: Kazak Destanları (Transkripsiyon, Aktarma, Metinin Grameri) Tezin Yazarı: Aliya BASHENOVA Danı şman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Selçuk KIRBAÇ Kabul Tarihi: Sayfa Sayısı: 5 (ön kısım)+ 482 (tez) Anabilim dalı: Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bilim dalı: Yeni Türk Dili Bu tez Türk dilinin Kıpçak grubuna dâhil olan Kazak Türkçesinin Destanları üzerine yapıldı. Bu destanlar, Kazakistan’da 1990 yılında M. O. Auezov adındaki Edebiyat ve Sanat Enstitüsü tarafından yayımlanmı ş “Dastandar” kitabından alındı. Bu kitap Kazak Türkçesinde ve Kiril alfabesiyle yazılmı ştır. Tezin giri ş bölümünde Kazak Türkleri, Kazak Türkçesi ve Kazak Destanları hakkında bilgi verildi. Tez üç temel bölümden olu şmaktadır. Öncelikle metinlerin Kiril alfabesinden Latin alfabesine transkripsiyonu ve satır numaralandırılması yapıldı. İkinci bölümde destanlar Kazak Türkçesinden Türkiye Türkçesine aktarıldı. Bu bölüm Kazak Türkçesi ve Türkiye Türkçesi sözlüklerinden faydalanılarak hazırlandı. Üçüncü bölümde metnin grameri yapıldı. Gramer bölümünde ses bilgisi, ses de ğişiklikleri ve ses olayları metinlerden örnekler gösterilerek sunuldu. Örneklerin yanına da metin adı ve satır numarası parantez içinde gösterildi. Ses de ğişikleri ve ses olayları konusunda Kazak Türkçesi Gramer kitaplarından da faydalanıldı. Sonuç bölümde ise Destan metinlerinden ve gramer çalı şmalardan Kazak Türkçesi ile Türkiye Türkçesi arasında bir paralellik oldu ğu tespit edildi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kazak Destanları, Kazak Türkçesi, Türkiye Türkçesi, Ses De ğişiklikleri, Ses Olayları Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences Abstract of Master’s Thesis Title of the Thesis: Kazakh Epics (Transcription, Translation, Grammar Of The Text) Author: Aliya BASHENOVA Supervisor: Ass istant Prof. Dr. Selçuk KIRBAÇ Date: No. Of Page: 5 (pre text) + 482 (main body) Department: Turkish Language and Literature Subfield: New Turkish Language This thesis is about the epics of Kazakh Turkish which belongs to Kipchak group of Turkish language. These epics are excerpted from the book named “Destanlar/Epics” which is published in Kazakhstan in 1990 by M.O. Auezov Institute of Literature and Art. This book is written in Kazakh Turkish with Cyrillic alphabet. In the introduction of the thesis information is given about Kazakh Turks, Kazakh Turkish, and Kazakh Epics. This thesis consists of three main chapters. Firstly, transcription of the texts from Cyrillic to Latin alphabet and the numbering of the lines have been made. In the second chapter, the epics are translated from Kazakh Turkish to Turkey’s Turkish. This chapter is prepared by using Kazakh Turkish and Turkey’s Turkish dictionaries. In the third chapter the grammar of the text has been made. In the grammar section, voice information, voice changes and voice events are presented by showing examples from the text. Together with examples, name of the text and the line number are given in parenthesis. Kazakh Turkish grammar books are used to give examples about voice changes and voice events. In conclusion chapter, it is determined that there is parallelism between Kazakh Turkish and Turkey’s Turkish depending on our epic texts and grammar studies. Keywords: Kazakh Epics, Kazakh Turkish, Turkey’s Turkish, Voice Changes, Voice Events GİRİŞ Kazak Türkleri Bugün Kazak Türklerinin ya şadı ğı ülke olan Kazakistan Türkistan’ın geni ş bozkırları ile eski Türk Anayurdu olan Altaylara kadar uzanan bir Türk Cumhuriyetidir.
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