Segmental Structure and Tone Linguistische Arbeiten

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Segmental Structure and Tone Linguistische Arbeiten Segmental Structure and Tone Linguistische Arbeiten Edited by Klaus von Heusinger, Gereon Müller, Ingo Plag, Beatrice Primus, Elisabeth Stark and Richard Wiese Volume 552 Segmental Structure and Tone Edited by Wolfgang Kehrein, Björn Köhnlein, Paul Boersma and Marc van Oostendorp ISBN 978-3-11-034109-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-034126-3 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-037749-1 ISSN 0344-6727 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Contents Björn Köhnlein, Marc van Oostendorp Introduction 1 Michael Becker, Peter Jurgec Interactions of tone and ATR in Slovenian 11 Paul Boersma The history of the Franconian tone contrast 27 Cathryn Donohue Tones and vowels in Fuzhou revisited 99 Laura J. Downing Grounding Nguni depressor effects 109 Wolfgang Kehrein There’s no tone in Cologne: against tone-segment interactions in Franconian 147 Paul Kiparsky Livonian stød 195 Björn Köhnlein Synchronic alternations between monophthongs and diphthongs in Franconian tone accent dialects: a metrical approach 211 Marc van Oostendorp Tone, final devoicing, and assimilation in Moresnet 237 Keywords index 253 Languages index 257 Björn Köhnlein, Marc van Oostendorp Introduction Tonal and segmental phonology are core areas in the study of sound patterns. Roughly, segmental phonology deals with phenomena that affect the pronun- ciation of vowels and consonants. Tonal phonology, on the other hand, inves- tigates the use of fundamental frequency for linguistic purposes, at the lexical level (protoypically tone languages, such as Mandarin) or at the post-lexical level (prototypically intonation languages, such as Dutch or German). Particu- larly after the rise of autosegmental phonology (Leben 1973, Goldsmith 1976), many similarities between tone and segmental structure have been uncovered: for instance, both tones and segmental features spread, and both interact with metrical structure, such as with word stress, in similar ways. In most models of phonology, they therefore receive identical treatment. For instance, both are considered to be composed of features, possibly living in some feature-geometric arrangement on a set of autosegmental tiers. Such a model makes a number of predictions, however, that do not always seem to be sufficiently verified. First, it predicts that tones and segmental features such as [Labial] or [Voiced] have a similar kind of behaviour. Secondly, it suggests that tonal features interact as freely with segmental features as the latter do among each others. These predictions seem to be partly true; but there are also certain problems. This volume seeks to reevaluate the nature of tone–segment interactions in phonology. The contributions address, among other things, the following basic questions: what tone–segment interactions exist, and how can the facts be incor- porated into a phonological account of the language? Is interaction between tones and vowel quality really universally absent? What types of tone–consonant interaction do we find across languages? What is the relation between diachrony and synchrony in relevant processes? The papers in this volume deal with the relation between segmental features and tone from a variety of angles. There is an empirical emphasis on Franconian dialects in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, but other languages and lan- guage families are also discussed, such as Fouzhou (Chinese), Livonian (Finnic), Nguni (Bantu), and Slovenian (Slavic). It is shown how some of the predictions of the standard model seem more problematic, and solutions to some of these problems are also mentioned. Björn Köhnlein, The Ohio State University, [email protected] Marc van Oostendorp, Meertens Institute, [email protected] https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110341263-001 2 Björn Köhnlein, Marc van Oostendorp In this introduction, we briefly sketch some of the theoretical background: which of the predictions are verified? Which ones are problematic? 1 Tones and segments: similar behaviour Tones and segments sometimes behave in a similar way. Consider for example the influence of word stress on the distribution of tone and vowel quality. The interaction between vowel quality and stress is a driving factor in phonology. For instance, it has been repeatedly observed that vowels in stressed syllables tend to be more sonorous than those in unstressed syllables. In a nutshell, this means that the lower a (peripheral) vowel is, the likelier it is that this vowel will be stressed (Kenstowicz 1997, 2004; de Lacy 2006, 2007). One example of sonority-driven stress can be found in Takia, a North New Guinea language: in the language, word stress falls on the syllable that contains the most sonorous vowel (Ross 2002, de Lacy 2007):1 (1) Sonority-driven stress in Takia a. [ŋi-ˈsaŋes] ‘hawk’ [ˈŋa-sol] ‘1sg-flee’ b. [kirˈŋen] ‘her/his finger, toe’ [ŋi-ˈemi] ‘your (pl.) legs/feet’ c. [ifuˈno] ‘s/he hit you’ [mulˈmol] ‘a kind of a tree’ (1a) demonstrates that in words containing a low and mid vowel, the low vowel will receive stress, as it is of higher sonority. Likewise, in (1b, c), the mid vowels are preferred over the high vowels. These facts can be expressed in a sonority scale; for purposes of illustration, the sonority scale for tense vowels is provided in (2). The higher a vowel is ranked in the sonority, the likelier it is that this vowel will be a potential stress-bearing unit. (2) Sonority scale for tense vowels in descending order a > e, o > i, u Crucially, interactions between prominence and stress are not restricted to segments but can also be found in the relation between tone and metrical structure. As de Lacy (2002) argues, the interaction between tone and stress is governed by a tonal prominence scale, comparable to that for vowels: high tones (H) and metrically strong positions attract each other, as do low tones (L) 1 If vowels are of equal sonority, the rightmost one will be stressed. Introduction 3 and metrically weak positions; mid tones (M) are located in between H and L. The resulting prominence scale, which closely resembles the sonority scale in (2), is provided in (3). (3) Tonal prominence scale in descending order H > M > L One relevant example comes from Ayutla, a Mixtec language where tonal prom- inence is relevant for determining the position of stress. For our purposes, it serves to state that stress is realized on a syllable carrying the most prominent tone in the word (the full pattern is somewhat more complex, see Pankratz & Pike 1967, de Lacy 2002 for discussion). In disyllabic words, stress is therefore on H, if the word contains a high tone (4a, b, c). In the absence of H, stress will fall on M (4d). (4) Some stress patterns in Ayutla disyllabic words a. ˈHL [ˈʃínìʔ] ‘hat’ b. LˈH [páˈlà] ‘brown sugar’ c. MˈH [[jāˈkwaʔ] ‘it is crooked’ d. ˈML [ˈnāmà] ‘wall’ As these examples demonstrate, tone and vowel quality interact with metrical structure in a similar way. Metrically strong positions correspond to relatively prominent tones/vowels, and metrically weak positions correspond to less prom- inent tones/vowels. 2 Non-interaction between segmental features and tone Given that tonal features and the segmental features responsible for vowel height interact with the stress system in a similar way, one would expect them to also interact with each other. Interestingly, however, there seems to be much less clear-cut evidence for such interactions. In fact, it has even been assumed that direct interactions between tones and vowels are absent in the world’s languages. Consider the following universal that has been proposed in the literature: (5) An alleged universal of tone systems: no interactions of tones and vowel quality Vowels and tones cannot determine each other’s quality (Hombert 1977, 1978; Hombert, Ohala & Ewan 1979). 4 Björn Köhnlein, Marc van Oostendorp At a phonetic level, correlations between pitch and vowel quality have been established: higher vowels tend to be produced with higher pitch than lower vowels, which is referred to as intrinsic pitch height (e.g. Lehiste 1970). Therefore, one might expect that this could potentially result in phonological contrasts; yet it is commonly assumed that this interaction does not lead to cognitively controlled phonological patterns.2 There are two main arguments underlying this assumption. First, the effect of intrinsic pitch height is rather small and may not be universal (Kingston 2007). Furthermore, little evidence has been put forward so far that would indicate a direct relation between tone and vowel quality, which is why many phonologists still hold (5) to be correct (see e.g. de Lacy 2007). Notably, there is more evidence for interactions between consonants and tone, particularly with respect to those between laryngeal features and tone; but still, there seems to be an asymmetry concerning the direction of attested interactions. The basic facts are as follows: cross-linguistically, two types of interactions between voicing and tone are particularly frequent. First, voiceless consonants tend to have a raising effect on the tone of the next vowel whereas voiced consonants tend to have a lowering effect on the vowel to their right. In Suma (Bradshaw 2000), for instance, imperfective verbs start with a High tone (6a), except when they begin with a voiced obstruent, in which case the first tone is rising (6b). Diachronically, the effect is also known from other tone languages, where voicing contrasts on onset consonants turn into tone contrasts on follow- ing vowels (see Yip 2002 for summary and discussion).
Recommended publications
  • T3 Sandhi Rules of Different Prosodic Hierarchies
    T3 Sandhi rules of different prosodic hierarchies Abstract This study conducts acoustic analysis on T3 sandhi of two characters across different boundaries of prosodic hierarchies. The experimental data partly support Chen (2000)’s view about sandhi domain that “T3 sandhi takes place obligatorily within MRU”, and “sandhi rule can not apply cross intonation phrase boundary”. Nonetheless, the results do not support his claim that “there are no intermediate sandhi hierarchies between MRU and intonation phrase”. On the contrary, it is found that, although T3 sandhi could occur across all kinds of hierarchical boundaries between MRU and intonation phrase, T3 sandhi rules within a foot (prosodic word), or between foots without pause, or between pauses without intonation (phonology phrase) are very different in terms of acoustic properties. Furthermore, based on the facts that (1) T3 sandhi could occur cross boundary of pauses and (2) phrase-final sandhi could be significantly lengthening, it is argued that T3 sandhi is due to dissimilation of low tones, rather than duration reduction within MRU domain. It is also demonstrated that tone sandhi and prosodic hierarchies may not be equivalently evaluated in Chinese phonology. Prosodic hierarchies are determined by pause and lengthening, not by tone sandhi. Key words: tone sandhi; prosodic hierarchies; boundary; Mandarin Chinese 1 Introduction So-called T3 sandhi in mandarin Chinese has been widely discussed in Chinese Phonology. Mandarin Chinese has four tones: T1 (level 55), T2 (rising 35), T3 (low-rise 214), T4 (falling 51).Generally, when a T3 is followed by another T3, it turns into T2. The rule could be simply stated as: 214->35/ ___214.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
    This page intentionally left blank The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology Phonology – the study of how the sounds of speech are represented in our minds – is one of the core areas of linguistic theory, and is central to the study of human language. This state-of-the-art handbook brings together the world’s leading experts in phonology to present the most comprehensive and detailed overview of the field to date. Focusing on the most recent research and the most influential theories, the authors discuss each of the central issues in phonological theory, explore a variety of empirical phenomena, and show how phonology interacts with other aspects of language such as syntax, morph- ology, phonetics, and language acquisition. Providing a one-stop guide to every aspect of this important field, The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology will serve as an invaluable source of readings for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, an informative overview for linguists, and a useful starting point for anyone beginning phonological research. PAUL DE LACY is Assistant Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Rutgers University. His publications include Markedness: Reduction and Preservation in Phonology (Cambridge University Press, 2006). The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology Edited by Paul de Lacy CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521848794 © Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Yiddish Diction in Singing
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones May 2016 Yiddish Diction in Singing Carrie Suzanne Schuster-Wachsberger University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Language Description and Documentation Commons, Music Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, and the Theatre and Performance Studies Commons Repository Citation Schuster-Wachsberger, Carrie Suzanne, "Yiddish Diction in Singing" (2016). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2733. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/9112178 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YIDDISH DICTION IN SINGING By Carrie Schuster-Wachsberger Bachelor of Music in Vocal Performance Syracuse University 2010 Master of Music in Vocal Performance Western Michigan University 2012
    [Show full text]
  • Using 'North Wind and the Sun' Texts to Sample Phoneme Inventories
    Blowing in the wind: Using ‘North Wind and the Sun’ texts to sample phoneme inventories Louise Baird ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Nicholas Evans ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Simon J. Greenhill ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University & Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History [email protected] Language documentation faces a persistent and pervasive problem: How much material is enough to represent a language fully? How much text would we need to sample the full phoneme inventory of a language? In the phonetic/phonemic domain, what proportion of the phoneme inventory can we expect to sample in a text of a given length? Answering these questions in a quantifiable way is tricky, but asking them is necessary. The cumulative col- lection of Illustrative Texts published in the Illustration series in this journal over more than four decades (mostly renditions of the ‘North Wind and the Sun’) gives us an ideal dataset for pursuing these questions. Here we investigate a tractable subset of the above questions, namely: What proportion of a language’s phoneme inventory do these texts enable us to recover, in the minimal sense of having at least one allophone of each phoneme? We find that, even with this low bar, only three languages (Modern Greek, Shipibo and the Treger dialect of Breton) attest all phonemes in these texts.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Second Periodical Report Presented to the Secretary General Of
    Strasbourg, 26 May 2003 MIN-LANG/PR (2003) 6 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES Second Periodical Report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter NETHERLANDS 1 CONTENTS Volume I: Second report on the measures taken by the Netherlands with regard to the Frisian language and culture (1999-2000-2001)............................................4 1 Foreword........................................................................................................4 2 Introduction...................................................................................................5 3 Preliminary Section.....................................................................................10 PART I .....................................................................................................................25 4 General measures.........................................................................................25 PART II .....................................................................................................................28 5 Objectives and principles.............................................................................28 PART III 31 6 Article 8: Education.....................................................................................31 7 Article 9: Judicial authorities.......................................................................79 8 Article 10: Administrative authorities and public services..........................90 10 Article
    [Show full text]
  • Methods for Estonian Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition
    THESIS ON INFORMATICS AND SYSTEM ENGINEERING C Methods for Estonian Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition TANEL ALUMAE¨ Faculty of Information Technology Department of Informatics TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Dissertation was accepted for the commencement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering on November 1, 2006. Supervisors: Prof. Emer. Leo Vohandu,˜ Faculty of Information Technology Einar Meister, Ph.D., Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology Opponents: Mikko Kurimo, Dr. Tech., Helsinki University of Technology Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, Ph.D., University of Tartu Commencement: December 5, 2006 Declaration: Hereby I declare that this doctoral thesis, my original investigation and achievement, submitted for the doctoral degree at Tallinn University of Technology has not been submitted for any degree or examination. / Tanel Alumae¨ / Copyright Tanel Alumae,¨ 2006 ISSN 1406-4731 ISBN 9985-59-661-7 ii Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The speech recognition problem . 1 1.2 Language specific aspects of speech recognition . 3 1.3 Related work . 5 1.4 Scope of the thesis . 6 1.5 Outline of the thesis . 7 1.6 Acknowledgements . 7 2 Basic concepts of speech recognition 9 2.1 Probabilistic decoding problem . 10 2.2 Feature extraction . 10 2.2.1 Signal acquisition . 11 2.2.2 Short-term analysis . 11 2.3 Acoustic modelling . 14 2.3.1 Hidden Markov models . 15 2.3.2 Selection of basic units . 20 2.3.3 Clustered context-dependent acoustic units . 20 2.4 Language Modelling . 22 2.4.1 N-gram language models . 23 2.4.2 Language model evaluation . 29 3 Properties of the Estonian language 33 3.1 Phonology .
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G. Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol) at the University of Edinburgh
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Feature specications and contrast in vowel harmony: The orthography and phonology of Old Norwegian height harmony Jade J. Sandstedt A thesis submitted in fullment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosoph to Linguistics and English Language School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences University of Edinburgh 218 Declaration I declare that this thesis has been composed solely by myself and that it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, in any previous application for a degree. Except where stated otherwise by reference or acknowledgment, the work presented is entirely my own. Jade J. Sandstedt Contents Abstract v Acknowledgements viii I Introduction 1 An Old Norwegian phonological riddle 1 1.1 Introduction ............................... 1 1.1.1 The Old Norwegian riddle in other languages .........
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Phonology Florian Lionnet and Larry M
    5 Phonology Florian Lionnet and Larry M. Hyman 5.1. Introduction The historical relation between African and general phonology has been a mutu- ally beneficial one: the languages of the African continent provide some of the most interesting and, at times, unusual phonological phenomena, which have con- tributed to the development of phonology in quite central ways. This has been made possible by the careful descriptive work that has been done on African lan- guages, by linguists and non-linguists, and by Africanists and non-Africanists who have peeked in from time to time. Except for the click consonants of the Khoisan languages (which spill over onto some neighboring Bantu languages that have “borrowed” them), the phonological phenomena found in African languages are usually duplicated elsewhere on the globe, though not always in as concen- trated a fashion. The vast majority of African languages are tonal, and many also have vowel harmony (especially vowel height harmony and advanced tongue root [ATR] harmony). Not surprisingly, then, African languages have figured dispro- portionately in theoretical treatments of these two phenomena. On the other hand, if there is a phonological property where African languages are underrepresented, it would have to be stress systems – which rarely, if ever, achieve the complexity found in other (mostly non-tonal) languages. However, it should be noted that the languages of Africa have contributed significantly to virtually every other aspect of general phonology, and that the various developments of phonological theory have in turn often greatly contributed to a better understanding of the phonologies of African languages. Given the considerable diversity of the properties found in different parts of the continent, as well as in different genetic groups or areas, it will not be possible to provide a complete account of the phonological phenomena typically found in African languages, overviews of which are available in such works as Creissels (1994) and Clements (2000).
    [Show full text]
  • The Production of Lexical Tone in Croatian
    The production of lexical tone in Croatian Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina aus Kiew 2018 (Einreichungsjahr) 2019 (Erscheinungsjahr) 1. Gutacher: Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01.11.2018 ABSTRACT Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina: The production of lexical tone in Croatian (Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz and Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder) This dissertation is an investigation of pitch accent, or lexical tone, in standard Croatian. The first chapter presents an in-depth overview of the history of the Croatian language, its relationship to Serbo-Croatian, its dialect groups and pronunciation variants, and general phonology. The second chapter explains the difference between various types of prosodic prominence and describes systems of pitch accent in various languages from different parts of the world: Yucatec Maya, Lithuanian and Limburgian. Following is a detailed account of the history of tone in Serbo-Croatian and Croatian, the specifics of its tonal system, intonational phonology and finally, a review of the most prominent phonetic investigations of tone in that language. The focal point of this dissertation is a production experiment, in which ten native speakers of Croatian from the region of Slavonia were recorded. The material recorded included a diverse selection of monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic words, containing all four accents of standard Croatian: short falling, long falling, short rising and long rising. Each target word was spoken in initial, medial and final positions of natural Croatian sentences.
    [Show full text]
  • XXVII Fonetiikan Päivät Phonetics Symposium 2012
    XXVII Fonetiikan päivät Phonetics Symposium 2012 Tallinn, Estonia February 17-18, 2012 XXVII Fonetiikan päivät – Phonetics Symposium 2012 Tallinn, Estonia, February 17-18, 2012 Phonetics Symposium 2012 (XXVII Fonetiikan päivät) continues the tradition of meetings of Finnish phoneticians started in 1971 in Turku. These meetings, held in turn at different universities in Finland, have been frequently attended by Estonian phoneticians as well. In 1998 the meeting was held in Pärnu, Estonia, and in 2012 it will take place in Estonia for the second time. Phonetics Symposium 2012 (XXVII Fonetiikan päivät) will provide a forum for scientists and students in phonetics and speech technology to present and discuss recent research and development in spoken language communication. In the recent years we have lost three world-renowned scholars in the phonetic sciences – Ilse Lehiste, Matti Karjalainen and Arvo Eek. The symposium shall commemorate and honor their scientific contributions to Estonian and Finnish phonetics and speech technology. The symposium is hosted by the Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology (IoC) and organized in co-operation with the Estonian Centre of Excellence in Computer Science, EXCS (funded mainly by the European Regional Development Fund). XXVII Fonetiikan päivät – Phonetics Symposium 2012 Tallinn, Estonia, February 17-18, 2012 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM: DAY 1 9:45 Opening SESSION 1: Chair Karl Pajusalu Professori Matti Karjalainen, suomalaisen 10:00 Unto K. Laine puheteknologian edelläkävijä 10:30 Diana
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Yiddish and Its Contacts with Coterritorial Languages
    DISSERT ATIONES LINGUISTICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 1 ESTONIAN YIDDISH AND ITS CONTACTS WITH COTERRITORIAL LANGUAGES ANNA VERSCHIK TARTU 2000 DISSERTATIONES LINGUISTICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS DISSERTATIONES LINGUISTICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 1 ESTONIAN YIDDISH AND ITS CONTACTS WITH COTERRITORIAL LANGUAGES Eesti jidiš ja selle kontaktid Eestis kõneldavate keeltega ANNA VERSCHIK TARTU UNIVERSITY PRESS Department of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy, University o f Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Dissertation is accepted for the commencement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in general linguistics) on December 22, 1999 by the Doctoral Committee of the Department of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Tartu Supervisor: Prof. Tapani Harviainen (University of Helsinki) Opponents: Professor Neil Jacobs, Ohio State University, USA Dr. Kristiina Ross, assistant director for research, Institute of the Estonian Language, Tallinn Commencement: March 14, 2000 © Anna Verschik, 2000 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastuse trükikoda Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410 Tellimus nr. 53 ...Yes, Ashkenazi Jews can live without Yiddish but I fail to see what the benefits thereof might be. (May God preserve us from having to live without all the things we could live without). J. Fishman (1985a: 216) [In Estland] gibt es heutzutage unter den Germanisten keinen Forscher, der sich ernst für das Jiddische interesiere, so daß die lokale jiddische Mundart vielleicht verschwinden wird, ohne daß man sie für die Wissen­ schaftfixiert
    [Show full text]
  • Mandarin Tone and English Intonation: a Contrastive Analysis
    Mandarin tone and English intonation: a contrastive analysis Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors White, Caryn Marie Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 10:31:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557400 MANDARIN TONE AND ENGLISH INTONATION: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS by 1 Caryn Marie White A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 0 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. i Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Timothy Light who suggested the topic of this thesis.
    [Show full text]