'1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 441 us," the bishop ·added. ''Many people came­ ''The American people normally are very He also explained the use of parking me­ to see us secretly and shook our hands dynamic, but now they are in a state of ters: "Cops are paid by corporations owning warmly in the absolute privacy -of hotel wavering and great perplexity. President parking meters for fining those who refuse to elevators." Eisenhower was elected on a program of pay for their parking." Bishop Dezsery described the plight of the peace and social progress. This has proved This instance of collaborationist clergy­ in the words of one of his to be an empty illusion. men preaching Red propaganda is not unique American friends, a Protestant minister who "Believe me, the American people have lost since the death of Stalin, and it coincides now lives and works in Geneva, Switzerland. their faith in everybody; they are only anx­ with the frequent mention of religious topics Dezsery quoted the anonymous clergyman ious for their future. While reading a news­ on Red broadcasts, with the astonishing thus: paper, the average American can do nothing authorization to celebrate Christmas and "The country before your eyes is no more but turn the chewing gum in his mouth." with rumors of the liberation of Cardinal that of Lincoln, but that of McCARTHY. · The number of automobiles astonished Mindszenty. Stalin's heirs seem to be fol­ America is dominated by a hysteria of fear. Bishop Dezsery, but he had an explanation lowing the almost forgotten pattern of the No European country would live in such fear. for the phenomenon. "Americans sweat all czars, who based their despotism on a close The country is a. total political and diplo­ their lives to pay for their cars and the alliance between swo:rd and aspergillum (a matic failure. Nobody knows what to do. mortgages on their homes,'' he said. brush used to sprinkle holy water).

The message announced that the THE BUDGET-MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE House had passed, without amendment, PRESIDENT POINTMENT OF MAJ. GEN. FRANK H. PAR­ aid and assist educable children of this PROVISIONS OF INCENTIVES FOR MEMBERS OF TRIDGE, UNITED STATES ARMY, RETIRED, '!'0 State to secure an education UNIFORMED SERVICES BY INCREASING CER• CIVILIAN POSITION IN DEPARTMENT OF JUS• "Be it resolved by the House of Repre­ TAIN PAY AND ALLOWANCES TICE sentatives of the State of Mississippi (the A letter from the Director, Legislative Pro­ A letter from the Attorney General, trans­ Senate concurring therein) : grams, Department of Defense, transmitting mitting a draft of proposed legislation to "SECTION 1. That there be and is hereby a draft of proposed legislation to provide authorize the appointment in a civilian posi­ submitted to the qualified electors of the incentives for members of the uniformed tion in the Department of Justice of Maj. State of Mississippi for their approval or re- '1955. (:ONGRESSION.AL RECORD- SENATE 443 jection, In an election to be held in accord­ Special election held in the State of Missis­ A resolution of the House of Representa­ ance with section 273 of the constitution of sippi, Tuesday, Dec. 21, 1954-Proposed tives of .the State of Mississippi; to the Com­ this State, on Tuesday, the 21st day of De­ amendment to the constitution of the mittee on the Judiciary: cember 1954, the following amendment to State of MississipPi-H. Con. Res. No. 2: "House Resolution 10 article 8 of the constitution of the State of Adopted, House of Representatives, Sept. ''Resolution directing the clerk of the house Mississippi, to be_ numbered and inserted 10, 1954; adopted, Senate, Sept. 16, 1954- of representatives to mail, after the De­ therein and added thereto as 'section 213-B' continued cember 21, 1954, special election, certified thereof, to wit: copies of the election returns to the three "'SEC. 213-B. (a) Regardless of any pro­ Counties For Against branches of the Federal Government, vision of article 3, or any other provisions namely: the President of the United States, of this constitution to the contrary, the leg­ Coahoma ______------______1, 909 288 Congress, and the United States Supreme islature may authorize the establishment, Copiab ______------______1,861 134 Court · support, maitnenance, and operation of pub­ Covington. ___ ------__ ------__ 542 447 lic schools. DeSoto ______531 302 "Be it resolved by the house of representa­ Forrest ______- ___ ------tives, That upon receipt of the ofiicial elec­ " ' (b) Regardless of any provision of ar­ Franklin ______2,352 2,057 ticle 8, or any other provisions of this con­ 797 86 tion returns in the ofiice of the secretary George_------____ ------342 595 of state after the assembling of the people stitution to the contrary:, the legislature Greene. ______-----_------556 177 shall be and is hereby authorized and em­ Grenada ___ ------______1,490 48 of the State of Mississippi, for the · purpose Hancock._------______--_ 525 560 of · voting in the December 21, 1954, special powered, by a two-thirds vote of those pres­ Harrison __ -----______ent and voting in each house, to abolish the 5,631 6,064 election, to be held for the purpose of de­ Hinds ______------6, 999 3,524 termining whether or not the constitution public schools in this State and enact suit­ Holmes __ ------2,088 70 able legislation to effect the same. Humphreys ______1,131 32 of Mississippi, shall be amended, the Clerk Issaquena. ______------of the house of representatives is hereby " ' (c) Regardless of any provision of ar­ Itawamba. ______209 13 ticle 8, or any other provisions of this con.: 228 1, 248 directed to mail certified copies of the elec­ Jackson. ______------689 2,872 tion returns, together with copies of this stitution to the contrary, the legislature Jasper ______-_------1,135 265 J efierson ______659 60 resolution to the President of the United shall be and is hereby authorized and em­ Jefferson Davis ______States, to the Secretary of the United States powered, by a majority vote of those present 926 278 Jones ______------3,108 1,308 Senate, the Clerk of the United States House and voting in each House, to authorize the Kemper ______------______1,101 137 of Representatives, to be transmitted to the counties and school districts to abolish their Lafayette_------1, 248 690 608 447 next Congress, and to the Clerk of the United public schools and enact suitable legislation LaudLamarerda_------le ______------____ -_ States Supreme Court. The same shall be to effect the same. 3,410 1, 634 Lawrence __ .------______----- 867 131 mailed by United States mail, postage pre­ "'(d) In the event the legislature shall Leake. ______- __ 1, 687 286 paid, with request of return receipts, signed abolish, or authorize the abolition of the Lee ___ ------647 2,332 2,663 127 by the receivers thereof. Said receipts, when public schools in this State, then the legis­ Lenore _____ ------___ ---_----- returned to the clerk, shall be filed in the lature shall be and is hereby authorized and Lincoln ______-_---_- 2,187 206 Lowndes"- ___ ------____ ------__ 1, 413 196 ofiice of the clerk, in the Mississippi House empowered to enact suitable legislation to Madison ______1, 514 131 of Representatives. The herein-contained dispose of school buildings, land, and other Marion. __ ------1,140 263 direction to the clerk of_ the house of repre­ school property by lease, sale, or otherwise. MarshalL .. ______------781 105 Monroe ______------960 &38 sentatives, shall only be put into effect in the "'(e) The legislature may appropriate Montgomery ___ ------____ ------_ 1,830 172 event the majority of the voters of the State State funds and authorize counties, munici­ N cshoba ______1,859 331 of Mississippi vote in said election for the palities, and other governmental subdivi­ Newton ___ ------_____ -----_ 1,666 254 proposed constitutional amendment to the sions and districts to appropriate funds, in­ N oxubee ____ ------_____ -- __ 948 52 Oktibbeba. ______1, 521 271 Mississippi constitution. cluding poll tax and sixteenth section funds, Panola. ______------__ ----- 1,175 170 "The intention of this resolution and the to aid educable children of this State to Pearl River_ ------673 957 direction to the clerk to carry out the mat­ secure an education. Perry_------"---­ 476 232 ters herein set out, are being put into ef­ Pike __ ------1, 756 793 " '(f) The legislature may do any and all Pontotoc ______------_ 339 1,371 fect because of the rights given to the peo­ acts and things necessary for the purposes of Prentiss ______438 1,084 ple of the United States, under article 1 of this section, and this section is declared to Quitman ______733 73 the amendments to the United States Con­ be, and is, supplemental to all other provi­ Rankin ______----- __ ------__ 1, 916 209 stitution, which is: sions of this constitution, and legislation en­ Scott_-----______------_------1,590 238 " 'Congress shall make no law respecting Sharkey------582 92 acted under authority hereof shall prevail, Simpson ______-----_____ ----___ _ 1, 479 323 an establishment of religion or prohibiting whether in conflict with other sections Smith ______1, 230 342 the free exercise thereof, or abridging the 312 846 or not.' Sunflower.Stone __ ---- ______------__ · freedom of speech or of the press, or the 2,465 78 right of the people peaceably to assemble "SEc. 2. Said election for the submission Tallabatchie. _------2, 231 43 of the aforesaid amendment shall be held in Tate. ------921 55 and to petition the Government for a redress every election precinct of this State on said Tippah __ _------202 1, 733 of grievances'; be it further 131 1,618 "Resolved, That the members of the house Tuesday, the 21st day of December 1954. No­ 584 12 tice of said election shall be given as re­ ~~~~-~~~======Union ______------___ _ 439 1,434 of representatives, do herein and by the pas­ quired by the constitution and same shall W al tball ______1, 037 59 sage of this resolution, feel that we, the peo­ be held agreeably to the general election laws Warren._------1, 584 462 ple of the South and the State of Mississippi, of this State, and said amendment submit­ W asbington ______--~ ------_--- _- 2, 242 623 have been placed in a state of great grievance, Wayne ______-- ___ ------819 255 because of the United States Supreme Court's ted therein in the same manner as amend­ '¥ebster ___ ------_ 872 189 ments to the constitution are submitted in Wilkinson ______598 73 decision which declared t.hat there could be regular_general elections held in this State. Winston ______------1,197 187 no separation of the races. Yalobusba_ ------952 94 "Some of our grievances are herein set out, "Adopted by the house of representatives Yazoo ... ___ ------1, 945 92 September 10, 1954. to wit: TotaL __ ------106, 748 46,099 "(1) It will bring about grief, heartaches, "Adopted by the senate September 16, and no doubt, bloodshed and hatred between 1954." the races, who have heretofore been of one STATE OF MISSISSIPPI, accord. Special election held in the State of Missis­ New Capitol Bui~ding, "(2) It leaves the road open for our foes sippi, Tuesday, Dec. 21, 1954-Proposed Jackson, Miss. in enemy countries to capitalize upon our amendment to the constitution of the I, Heber Ladner, secretary of state of the differences. State of Mississippi-H. Con. Res. No. 2: State of Mississippi, do hereby certify that "(3) It will bring about, inevitably, the Adopted, House of Representatives, Sept. the above and foregoing is a copy of the mixing of the blood of the two races, the 10, 1954; adopted, Senate, Sl}pt. 16, 1954 official tabulation of the votes cast in the Caucasian and the Negro, and thereby de­ special election held on the 21st day of stroy the heritage of both races. December 1954. "(4) It has engrossed upon our belief that Counties For Against I further certify that 152,847 votes were economically there can be equality of the cast in said election, according to the returns races, but in a different locale. The decision Adams ______------___ _ Alcorn ______1,822 559 received from the county election commis­ has not destroyed our belief, but has halted Amite ______642 700 sioners of the 82 counties of the State of our attempt to this end. 1, 389 133 Attala ______: ______1, 522 189 Mississippi, and, that 106,748 votes were for " ( 5) The decision has cost the taxpayers Benton ______~ ______175 381 the amendment, and 46,099 votes against the large sums of money in our e·fforts to right Bolivar_------Calhoun ______2,552 256 amendment. the wrong and injustice which has been per- 595 431 petuated on our people. · CarrolL ______------894 28 Witness my signature this the 31st day of Chickasaw_------____ ------_ •852 131 December 1954. •'(6) It will tremendously affect the lives Choctaw ______------_ 675 190 HEBER LADNER, of both races in every way. Claiborne. ____ ------____ -----_ 547 38 "(7) It has impaired and hampered our Clarke ______1, 451 212 Secretary of State of the State of Clay------95G 83 Mississippi. respect for racial separation as set up by 444 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18. the Creator of the races. This is true ln tlle •t. A full investigation of the problem of ALLOTMENT OF FAS FUNDS TO localities, principally in the South, where protecting the port of Providence and the COUNTIES-RESOLUTION the Negro race predominates in number. cities and towns on Narragansett Bay which "The above are only a few of the griev­ have also suffered from recurrent :flooding, Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I ances caused by the decision, the probable taking into consideration the engineering re­ ask unanimous consent that a resolution numbers are too numerous to mention. ports that have already been prepared; adopted by the Cook County Board of "We, the members of the Mississippi "2. A review of all information on this Commissioners at a meeting held at House of Representatives, the people of Mis­ problem now in the possession of the Rhode Grand Marais, Minn., with regard to FAS sissippi, and of the segregated States, re­ Island Development Council, the same to be solve that we believe in the majority rule, turned over to the Corps of Engineers to allotment to counties be printed in the and submit that this should be the slogan assist that agency in preparing its report; RECORD, and appropriately referred. I of our national leaders. The majority, we "3. A full public hearing to be held under have received similar resolutions from a feel, will be reflected in our December 21, the auspices of the Corps of Engineers upon great many other counties in my State. 1954, special election. the conclusion of the report; and There being no objection, the resolu ... "We petition the Congress and the Presi­ "4. Authorization to construct, operate, tion was referred to the Committee on dent that they use their vote and influence and maintain such flood control dams and other protective devices that the Chief of Public Works and ordered to be printed to pass · the proposed amendment to our in the RECORD, as follows: Federal Constitution, involving the race Engineers may recommend and the State of question, which has been introduced by our Rhode Island and municipalities bOrdering Resolution No. 55-4 senior United States Senator from Missis­ on Narragansett Bay shall approve and ac­ "Whereas the F AS program as it now sippi; be it further cept and to enter into agreements with the stands, is 50-percent participation by the "Resolved, That we petition the e~act­ State of Rhode Island and municipalities of Federal Government and 50-percent partici­ ment of the necessary constitutwnal interest to share the cost and upkeep of such pation by the counties; and amendments and laws necessary to right the protective works; and be it further "Whereas the FAS funds allotted to the great wrong committed against the people "Resolved, That the Senators and Repre­ counties were meant for and intended to be of the United States, and we hereby submit sentatives from Rhode Island in the COn­ used by said counties for the improvement that we should have redress for our griev­ gress of the United States be, and they of rural highways or farm-to-market roads; hereby are, respectfully requested to urge ances." and upon Congress the passage of such legislation "Whereas it is becoming more diffi.cult for A resolution of the General Assembly of as may be needed to make funds available to an increasing number of counties to match the state of Rhode Island; to the Committee aid the State and the cities and towns in the the present FAS fund allotment. on Public Works: Narragansett Bay area, to finance the protec­ "Now, therefore, the Cook County Board "Resolution memorializing the Congress of tive works and other :flood control measures of commissioners do hereby respectfully re­ the United States to take cognizance of recommended in the report of the Corps of quest the Commissioner of Highways, United the acute problems attending the recent Engineers; and be it further States Senators, and ­ devastation resulting from tidal floods in "Resolved, That the secretary of state be, men to work together toward effecting legis­ the Narragansett Bay area, and to le.nd and he is hereby directed to transmit copies lation changing the present Federal law to support for appropriate action in having of this resolution to the Vice President, the read 75-percent participation by the Fed­ the situation surveyed, and to make avail­ Speaker of the House of Representatives, the eral Government and .25-percent participa­ able funds to aid the State of Rhode Island Secretary of the Army, and to the Senators tion by the county." and the cities and towns to finance the and Representatives from Rhode Island in the Congress." The foregoing is a true and correct copy o! protective works recommended a resolution adopted by the Cook County "Whereas hurricanes have devastated much A letter in the nature of a petition from the American Association of Port Authori­ Board of Commisioners at a regular meeting of Rhode Island's shoreline in 1938, again held at Grand Marais, Minn., on this 4th day in 1944, and again in 1954, causing hundreds ties, Washington, D. C., signed b.v Lewis I. Bourgeois, chairman, committee on foreign of January 1955. of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars Attest: · in property damage; and commerce, praying for the enactment of House bill 1, relating to reciprocal trade ALFRED H. RINDAHL, "Whereas over $100 million worth of inven­ agreements (with accompanying papers); to Auditor, Cook County. tory and property damage, most of it unin­ the Committee on Finance. sured, was caused by hurricane tides and Resolutions of the General Court of the :flooding in the port of Providence, and adja­ REPORT OF A COMMITI'EE cent communities facing on Narragansett Commonwealth of Massachusetts; to the Committee on Finance: Bay; and The following report of a committee "Whereas the Providence metropolitan "Resolutions memorializing the Congress of was submitted: area, the 19th largest metropolitan area in the United States in favor of the passage By Mr. MAGNUSON, from the Committee · the United States, is a defense production of legislation reducing the age at which ·on Interstate and Foreign Commerce: center containing vital manufacturing facil­ persons shall be eligible to receive social­ S. Res. 13. Resolution to investigate cer­ ities as well as important naval installations; security benefits tain problems relating to interstate and for­ and "Whereas there is now pending before the eign commerce, with an amendment, and, "Whereas the port of Providence is the Congress of the United States a bill spon­ under the rule, the resolution was referred market center for almost one million people, sored by Congressman THO-MAS J. LANE, of to the Committee on Rules and Administra­ a distribution center· for petroleum and Lawrence, Mass., to reduce from 65 to 60 the tion. petroleum products for southern New Eng­ age at which persons shall be eligible to land, and a hub of communications; and receive social-security benefits; and "Whereas hurricane tides · periodically "Whereas many persons who have reached EXTENSION OF AUTHORITY FOR cripple the Providence metropolitan area the age of 60 years either have difficulty or COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES and the cities and towns fronting on Nar­ cannot receive employment even though they TO HOLD. HEARINGS .AND INVES­ ragansett Bay for days at a time, a loss which, are in good health; and TIGATIONS-REPORT OF A COM­ in time of war or national emergency, might "Whereas in many cases persons between jeopardize the Nation's security; and the ages of 60 and 65 by reason of the lack MITTEE "Whereas the Providence area and the of social-security benefits either become de­ Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, from the State of Rhode Island cannot sustain the full pendent upon relations or welfare agencies Committee on Armed Services, I report costs of protection from hurricane tides; and because of inability to secure employment: an original resolution extending the au­ "Whereas preliminary investigation of Therefore be it thority of the Committee on Armed methods of protecting the port of Providence "Resolved, That the House of Representa­ Services for hearings and investigations. and communities fronting on Narragansett tives respectfully urges the Congress of the Bay indicates that a tidal dam and other flood United States to give favorable consideration The VICE PRESIDENT. The resolu­ control measures would furnish protection and enact into law the bill reducing the age tion will be received; and, under the to downtown Providence and adjacent areas; at which persons shall be eligible to receive rule, the resolution will be referred to and social-security benefits; and be it further the Committee on Rules and Adminis­ "Whereas the Federal Government has pro­ "Resolved, That copies of these resolutions tration. vided protection against hurricane tides and be sent forthwith by the secretary of state The resolution

In other ~treas of the country, I understand The letter presented by Mr. WILEY is The utmzation of natural resources these committees have worked through local as follows: for the benefit of the greatest number of county managers, as paid employees of coun­ The VICE PRESIDENT, people and on the soundest basis possible ty offices. United States Senate, is an objective of all political parties and Secretary Benson has ordered all county Washington, D. C. committees in the country to adopt the all ~ections of our society. There have DEAR MR. VICE PRESIDENT: There is at­ been many historic conflicts about the county-manager plan, making the elected tached for your consideration and appropri­ committees more advisory than administra­ ate action a legislative proposal, "To amend way to achieve this objective. There is tive. While that may work in some areas, title 18 of the United States Code, so as to not, however, any disagreement that the it has not been accepted as satisfactory in increase the penalties applicable to seditious Federal Government wisely has followed others. It has led to low-paid clerks with conspiracy, advocating overthrow of Govern­ where indicated, a policy of encouraging little background or capability trying to ad­ ment, and conspiracy to advocate overthrow and assisting groups of our people who minister farm-acreage allotments and the of Government." agricultural-conservation program, instead formulate and develop plans to improve The Department of Justice recommends an the economy, the agriculture, and the of experienced farm people. increase in the penalties provided under My bill would not prevent use of such existing law with respect to the offenses of living conditions of an area through put­ county managers where it is desired and has seditious conspiracy and advocating over­ ting to beneficial use the waters of this been worked out satisfactorily. However, it throw of Government. It is also recom­ Nation. does leave it to the discretion of the elected mended that a conspiracy provision with in­ I introduce at this time a bill provid­ local committees whether they want to per­ creased penalties be added to existing law ing for Federal support of what is to me form these administrative functions them­ relating to the offense of advocating over­ selves, or delegate them to a county man­ a commendable example of local initia­ throw of Government. tive in an effort to derive the maximum ager. I believe the change would be in With respect to the offense of seditious keeping with the spirit of the farmer com­ conspiracy, existing law provides a maximum benefit from unused natural resources. mittee system, to provide as great a local fine of $5,000 or imprisonment for not more I am delighted to have my distinguished voice as possible in operation of our farm than 6 years, or both (18 U.S. C. 2384). The colleague, the senior Senator from program. maximum penalty under existing law for California [Mr. KNowLAND], as a co­ advocating overthrow of Government is a author. This measure would provide fine of $10,000 or imprisonment for not more Federal assistance for local groups which STRENGTHENING OF PENALTY FOR than 10 years, or both ( 18 U. S. C. 2385). desire to build the so-called Tri-Dam SEDITIOUS CONSPIRACY The maximum penalty under existing law for conspiracy to commit offenses relating to project on the Stanislaus River in Cal­ Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I intro­ advocating overthrow of Government is a ifornia. duce for appropriate reference, a bill fine of $10,000 or imprisonment for not more This project is a carefully-planned ap­ recommended by the Attorney General than 5 years, or both. This Department rec­ plication of the partnership concept of of the United States to increase the pen­ ommends that the penalty provisions for this administration. It does not require alties applicable to seditious conspiracy each of the foregoing offenses be increased Federal assistance in the usual sense. advocating overthrow of our Govern­ so that as to each offense the penalty shall On the contrary, this bill would place be a fine of not more than $20,000 or not prime responsibility on the people ment, and conspiracy to advocate over­ more than 20 years' imprisonment, or both. throw of our Government. The need for the increase in penalties for through local public agencies who would I ask-unanimous consent that the bill the offenses mentioned above is readily ap­ enjoy the benefits of the project and who and a letter from the Department of Jus­ parent if consideration is given to the fact ultimately would pay nearly the entire tice to the Vice President, be printed in that approximately one-third of the sentence cost of the development. the body of the RECORD, and thereafter may never be served it a prisoner conducts The proposed legislation would author­ appropriately referred to the Senate himself properly in the penitentiary. A lit­ ize a Federal loan and grant to two pub­ tle more than 3 years' imprisonment is en­ lic agencies of the State of California, Judiciary Committee. tirely inadequate as a deterrent for those . The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will who would conspire to teach and advocate the Oakdale and the South San Joaquin be received and appropriately referred; the violent overthrow of our Government. Irrigation districts, to assist in :fi.D.ancing and, without objection, the bill and let­ This reasoning likewise applies with respect a comprehensive $50 million irrigation ter will be printed in the RECORD. to the offense of seditious conspiracy. It was and hydroelectric project. The amount shown in the recent trial in New York against of Federal financial aid, which is ur­ The bill f the 84th Congress. 1,.955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 453 NOTICE OF HEARING ON NOMINA· reau of the Budget, United States Army Sig­ By Mr. BENNE'IT: TION OF DONALD R. HEATH, OF nal Corps and Corps of Engineers, Attorney Address entitled "Progress in Dairying,.. General's Office, General Services Adminis­ delivered by Secretary of Agriculture Benson KANSAS, TO BE A],\mASSADOR TO tration, General Accounting Office, and the during the 53d annual Farm and Home Week REPUBLIC OF LEBANON Maritime Administration. on the campus of the University of Minne­ Members of our staff have made frequent sota. Mr. GEORGE. Mr. President, I give public appearances to explain to interested notice that the nomination of Donald R. audiences the nature of our project which Heath, of Kansas, a Foreign Service offi­ lies ahead. The imagination of the Ameri­ BENJAMIN FRANKLIN cer of the class of career minister, to be can people has been greatly stimulated since Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Ambassador to the Republic of Lebanon, the passage of this legislation which author­ izes an historic engineering venture. The yesterday was the anniversary of the will be considered by the Committee on birth of Benjamin ·Franklin. Each year Foreign Relations at the expiration of 6 keenest interest has been evidenced in so many quar_ters. the Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. days, in accordance with the committee Nearly every port on the Great Lakes and MARTIN] and myself have made brief re­ rule. St. Lawrence River is actively planning for marks concerning Franklin. the future in the development of adequate Once again we have the ·honor and REPORT OF ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY facilities to meet the demands which will privilege of celebrating the a.nniversary DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION result from increased shipping and import and export trade. of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, one Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I am Ground-breaking ceremonies are being dis­ of the most illustrious of all Americans. pleased to present the initial report of cussed by both the Canadian and United Franklin is a son of both Boston and the St. Lawrence Seaway Development States seaway units. Philadelphia, for although he was born Corporation describing its efforts since There are still some problems of design in Boston on January 17, 1706, the facilities and engineering recommendations greater part of his life was spent in the its formation on July 2 of last year. to be considered by the Canadian Seaway The report briefly sets forth the Authority and the St. Lawrence Seaway De· City of Brotherly Love. Both Massachu­ splendid progress which has been made velopment Corporation. However, we expect setts and Pennsylvania, therefore. during this period in implementing the these discussions to result in ultimate ap­ proudly claim him. Wiley law, Public Law 358, 83d Congress. proval and an atmosphere of mutual under­ In these difficult days it is particu· I ask unanimous consent that the re­ standing. larly encouraging and inspiring to us to port be printed in the body of the REcORD. It is anticipated that the determination think back to the times in which Frank­ of toll rates and their application will be lin served so well. His autobiography There being no objection, the report concluded long prior to the completion of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, the navigation project. Present projection and the many books which have been as follows: of final cost of the United States portion of written about him since his day reveal STATUS AND PROGRESS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE the seaway indicates that we will come well very clearly that the problems which SEAWAY-REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE within our authorization of $105 million. faced Americans in that time seemed UNITED STATES OF .AMERICA - Cargo tonnage estimates give reasonable fully as great as those which face us The St. Lawrence Seaway Development assurance that revenue from tolls will re­ today. They met them squarely, how­ Corporation began to function July 2, 1954. tire our debt to the Treasury Department ever, and solved them with courage, with ..After a selection of key personnel and an well Within the 50-year term specified in commonsense, and with enduring faith advisory board, the United States Army Public Law 358, 83d Congress. Respectfully submitted. in the future of this land. Corps of Engineers was directed, as agent Franklin devoted his life to service to for the St. Lawrence Seaway Development LEWIS G. CASTLE, Corporation, to blueprint the designs of the Administrator, St. Lawrence Seaway his fellow man, to the building up of the navigation project authorized on the St. Development Corporation. new democracy that had come into being Lawrence River under Public Law 358, 83d in the New World. Few men served more Congress. effectively or energetically in freedom's Several meetings with the St. Lawrence ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, AR- name than did he. Seaway Authority of canada, and members It is our continuing hope that now, as of . the Canadian Cabinet representatives, TICLES, ETC., f'RIN:'rED IN: )'HE RECORD we move ahead together in freedom's were held in Ottawa during July and August. defense, we may demonstrate day by day The United States delegation was, on each On request, and by unanimous con• occasion, headed by Deputy Secretary of the same optimism, the same courage, Defense, Robert B. Anderson. sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.. and the same faith in freedom that char· An exchange of notes between the two were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, acterized Benjamin Franklin throughout governments followed these meetings. These as follows: every one of his 84 illustrious years. · notes were a declaration of intention and a By Mr. KNOWLAND: confirmation of desire to work cooperatively Address delivered by him on January 17, and in close collaboration so as to concur­ 1955, at Chicago, Ill., before the rently complete the navigation facilities by Advertising Executives Association. SECURITY CLEARANCE OP CER· the fall of 1958. By Mr. CARLSON: TAIN STATE DEPARTMENr EM• The mechanics of financing the United Address delivered by him on January 18, PLOYEES States project have been satisfactorily dis­ 1955, before the National Agriculture Lime­ Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, I ask cussed with .the. United . States Treasury stone Institute, in Washington, D. c. Department. The Corporation has adopted a · unanimous consent to have printed in seal. Several meetings of the advisory board By Mr. WILEY: the RECORD an article entitled "State De­ have been held. A branch office has been Address delivered by him on the subject of partment Clears 80 Accused by Mc­ established at Buffalo, N. Y., and a resident the United States foreign policy, at the Jew­ ish Community Center, Harrisburg, Pa., on CARTHY in 1950," published in the Wash­ engineering staff has been located at Mas­ ington Evening Star of January 17, 1954. sena, N. Y. January 16, 1955, and a press release dealing On November 27, 1954, we advertised for with the subject of his address. There being no objection, ·the article bids from private contractors on· our first By Mr. Li:HM.AN: was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, contract. These bids were opened on De­ Address delivered by him at the New York as follows: Democratic State Committee victory dinner cember 16, 1954, and the lowest bid, which STATE DEPARTMENT CLEARS 80 ACCUSED BY was exceedingly favorable, will be awarded held on Friday, January 14, 1955. MCCARTHY IN 1950 By Mr. BYRD: early in January 1955. The entire project (By L. Edgar Prina) will be under contract by September 1955. Statement prepared by him in regard to The Corporation is meeting from time to the national highway program. The State Department has informed Sen­ time with the engineering staff of the St. Statement by Adm. Lewis L. Strauss, ator JoHNSTON (Democrat), of South Caro• Lawrence Seaway Authority of Canada, as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commis­ lina, that none of the 80 persons investigated well as the engineers of the Ontario Hydro­ sion, in connection with an article entitled in 1950 by the Tydings subcommittee, follow­ Electric Power Commission of Canada and "How Admiral Strauss Doctored History,'' ing charges by Senator McCARTHY, has been the Power Authority of the State of New which was published in the Washington found to be a Communist or disloyal. York. Daily News. Senator JOHNSTON, who is chairman of the We have enjoyed considerable cooperation By Mr. NEUBERGER: Senate Civil Service Committee, said th-e find• from many departments of our Government, Statement prepared by him in respect to ing by "this present Repu_blican administra­ namely, the Department of Defense, State the President's budget message of January tion" • • • should ''clear up this matter Department, Department ·of Commerce, Bu- 17, 1955. tor all time." CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18 - Former Senator Tydings (Democrat), of There being nb obJe-ction, the letter was was attached to your letter, sent to the Sec­ Maryland, was chairman of the foreign rela­ ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as retary by messenger on November 24, 1954, is tions subcommittee which investigated Sen­ follows: returned to you with notations which an­ swer questions 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. The at­ ator McCARTHY's charges of Communists in JANUARY 10, 1955. the Sta~e Department. tached reference sheet (tab A) explains the ~e Honorabl_e OLIN D. JoHNSTON, symbols used to .answer these questions. CLEARED BY TYDINGS United States Senate. Question No.4: Who, if any, among these The Democratic majority of the Tydings DEAR SENATOR JoHNSTON: In response to · 80 named persons have been proved to be group r~ported the charges were false and your lett~r of ~ovember 24, 1954, requesting (a) Communists or (b) O.isloyal to the Gov­ accused the Wisconsin Republican of en­ informatwn w1th respect to certain previous ernment of the United States? gaging in a hoax. Senator McCARTHY called or present employees of the Department of In general, the answer to this question is the report a "whitewash." He helped Sen­ State, which was acknowledged on December the same as that contained in paragraph 2 ator BUTLER in his campaign to unseat Sena­ 1, 1954, the following information is trans­ of page 2, except ,for the additional provisions tor Tydings in 1950. mitted. of Executive Order 104o0. Under the provi­ Senator JOHNSTON, whose committee 1s Question No. 1: Were these 10 persons pub­ sions of Executive Order 10450, the Depart­ planning a broad inquiry into the Eisen­ licly accused employees of the State Depart­ ment has the responsibility of separating hower administration's employee security ment? from the rons of the Department those per­ program, said he asked the State Department Of the 10 persons referred to, 8 were or had sons whose continued employment is deemed to check their records on the '80 individuals. been employees of the Department of Stat.e to .be not clearly consistent with the inter­ The Department's reply was signed by and 6 of these 8 were on the rolls of the ests of the national security. Thruston B. Morton, Assistant Secretary of D~partment of State during February 1950. In an effort to be specific, the .following State for Congressional Relations and a for­ W1th respect to the remaining 2 of the 10 in information relative to the 80 individuals mer Congressman. question, they were never .on the rolls of the listed is furnished for your information: According to Senator JoHNSTON,-Mr. Mor­ Department of State. Removed under Public Law 733-2. ton ,informed him that 12 of the employees Question No. 2: Who, if any, among these Removed for suitability reasons under per­ accused by Senator ·McCARTHY were still 10 have been proved to be (a) Communists, .sonnel regulations-1. working in the State Department and that or (b) disloyal to our Government? Resigned during proceedings instituted 10 others had transferred to other Govern­ You ask if any among these 10 have been '1Lgainst them under the provisions of Execu­ ment agencies where they were now em- proved to be (a) Communists or (b) disloyal tive Order 9835-2. ployed. He added: · to our Government. Resigned during proceedings instituted As indicated above, 2 of the 10 charged against them under the provisions of Execu­ "The State Department • • • further were never on the rolls of the Department of verifies the findings of the Ty.dings commit­ tive Order 10450-1. tee by' stating that, ·of the eighty-odd names State. Resigned (other persons) -32. Of the remaining 8, '2 resigned; 1 trans­ Transferred to other agencies-10. given to the Tydings committee by the Wis­ ferred to another Government agency; the consin Senator as persons then employed, Termination of limited appointments-4. employment of 2 was terminated at the com­ Separated by reduction in force-8. only 40 were in fact employed in the State pletion of their assignments; 1 was removed Department in 1950; 33 had resigned or left Retirea-1. from the Department under the provisions Died-1. the State Department prior to that year and of I>ublic Law ·733 of the Eighty-first Con­ 7 • • • had never been employed by th.e Never employe'd-7. _gress (5 U.S. C. 22-1); 1 was removed after Question No.7: Please also advise whether State Department:• proceedings pursuant to the provisions of The Senator said that 3 of the persons any employees or former employees in the .Executive Order 9835, as amended by Execu­ State Department have been indicted and accused by Senator McCARTHY had resigned tive Order 10241, and under authority of or been dropped from the Government rolls .found guilty under the above law (Sec. 1209 Section 103 of the DElpartment of State of Public Law 759, 64 Stat. 595, 765); and if ''but that none of these 3 was found to b~ Appropriations Act of 1952 (65 Stat. 575, 581); Communists or disloyal to our Government.'-' so, who are they? and 1 was retired under the provisions of the I am sure that you know tbe Department The State Department letter to the South Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended ( 60 has no responsibility with respect to the Carolinian wa.S not released, but it is under­ Stat. 999, 1016), when it was founa that he stood the three persons referred to above enfo;rcement of this law. _ A~cording to the did not meet the .standards .!or continued records of the Department, no present or were the ...diplomats John Paton Davies, Jr., employment in the Foreign Service. John Carter Vincent, and John Etewar:t .tormer employee has been indicted and found You will note that only 2 were discharged, ,guilty under the provisions of Public Law Service. 1 under the provisions of ~Public Law 733 of Mr. Vincent was ousted 1n 1953 -after Sec­ 759, 81st Gongress, 2d session, approved Sep­ the 81st Congress, and 1 by the Secretary tember 6, 1950. .zetary of State Dulles found .that his work in the exercise of his judgmen--t under sec­ had been below standard, and Mr. Davies .:tion 103 of the 1952 Appropriations Act and I have attempted to make this reply ·as -was released last "November on grounds that solely as the ·result of a finding by the Loyal­ responsive -as -possible to ·the questions -you. 'he lacked Judgment, .discretion, and relia­ ty Review Board pursuant to .Executive Or­ have .raised. If the Department can be of any Iurther service to you and the .committee ~Uity. der 9835, as· amended, that there was ·rea­ START AT BEGINNING sonable doubt as to the loyalty of the em­ With .r.espect to this matter_. we .shall be _pleased at the OP.portunity. Senator Jo_HNSTON said he went back to the ployee and as a :result of his review of the opinion of that Board. Sincerely yours, original McCarthy charges because "in order THRUSTON .B. MORTON, .to proceed in an orderly manner, I thought It should be noted that neitber Executive Order 9835, as amended, nor Section 103 of Assistant Secretary 1t d~si~able to start at the very beginnin-g.'' (For the Secretary of State). He said he sent the names of the 60 indi­ the 1952 Appropriations Act, nor Public Law 733 'Of the 81st Congress requires that it be · (Enclosures: 1. Rel'erence sheet (tab A) • viduals to the State Department for a check -2. Original list returned.) :last month. proved that a person is a Communist before he may be dis.charged, and no findings to Mr. McCARTHY. I invite the atten­ Senator McCARTHY said he will not com.;. this effect were made .in either of the two ~ion of Senators to the ninth paragraph .ment until he has -read the text of the State cases, the findings being made as above .Department's report. noted. 1n the letter from the State Department to ~he Senator irom South Carolina, in McCARTliY. Mr. President, in Question No. 1: Who, if any, among 'these Mr. 80 names were employees of the State De­ WhiCh the State Department tells him th~ same co~nection, I ask that there be partment on February .9, 1950? (See tab .A that it has no function to clear people prmted in the RECORD a copy of a letter and the attached list.) · of communism or to declare that they from the State Department to the Sen­ Question No. 2: Who, if any,' 'among these are Communists. at_or from South Carolina rMr. JoHN~ 80 names were not employees of the Depart­ I read the paragraph; ment on 'February 9, 1950? (See tab A and STON], -which completely contradicts the the attached list.) · It should be noted that neither Executive story which appeared in the Star. Question No.3~ Who, if any, among these Order 9835, as amended, nor section 103 of I am not remotely accusing the Star 80 names were never employed by the De­ the 1952 Appropriations Act, -nor Public Law of falsifying the .facts. It did not .hav:e partment on or before February ·9, 1950? 733 of the B'lst Congress requires that it be (See tab A and the attached list.) proved that a person is a Communist before th~ letter at the time this article was Question No. 1>: How many of these '80 he may be discharged, and no findings to written. It merely had an ·account of named ·persons were working in the State this e:ffect were n1ade in either of the two the interview with the Senator from Department on June 1, 1954? (See tab .A cases, the findings beiqg made as above South Carolina. If the Senator from and the attached list.) noted. Question No.6: Who, if any, among these South Carolina is correctly quoted, the '!'herefore, the State Department Star was justified in placing at the head 80 named persons axe t;till working in the State Department? (See tab A ana the at­ pomts out that ·no findings were made of the article the headline "State Depart­ tached list.) on the question of communism. ment Clears 80 Accused by McCarthy in The list which you obtained from the rues I invite the attention of Senators to 1950." of the Senate investigating committee which the figures given by the State Depart- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE ment. They show that of the 80 named gation was made to ascertain whether or not which he received· from the State De­ by me, 69 are no longer with the State there were "employees in the State Depart· partment, of which I also received a copy. Department. Two were removed under ment disloyal to the United States." In the course of. that investigation Senator Me· It is shown that 61 have left. the State Public Law 733; CARTHY publicly accused 10 alleged employees Department. All of them were either Removed for suitability reasons under of the State Department as being within one under investigation, or formal charges personnel regulations-!. or the other of the categories mentioned. had been filed against them. Thirty .. Resigned during proceedings instituted Question 1: Were these 10 persons publicly two of them were under investigation, against them under the provisions of ~ecu· accused employees of the State Department? with no formal charges filed. The re­ tive Order 9835-2. Question 2: Who, if any, among these 10 mainder had charges against tmm, ex­ Resigned during proceedings instituted have been proved to be (a) Communists, against them under the provisions of Execu· or (b) disloyal to our Government? cept 10, who were transferred. tive Order 1045Q-1. · In addition to the 10 persons publicly The Senator knows also, when he says accused by Senator McCARTHY, he accused that they were cleared, that on page 2 of These are all orders and laws having 80 other alleged employees whom he stated the letter the State Department told him to do with Communist activities. were then (February 9, 1950) employees of very specifically and honestly that under Resigned-32. the State Department. In accusing them, the Executive orders, and under the law he used numbers for each person instead of in effect, the State Department did not The letter does not so state, but I have their names. Later he gave to the Senate have the function of determining checked, and find that the 32 were all committee 80 names to correspond with each under investigation at the time they re­ number he had used. whether or not those persons were Com­ signed. They were not cleared. They I have obtained this identical list from munists. So when the Senator states, resigned; and when they resigned, the the files of the Senate investigating com· in an interview-if he was properly mittee, which I herewith attach and send quoted-that they were all cleared, that investigations were dropped. to you by messenger. is in complete contradiction of this let­ Transferred to other agencies-tO. Question 1: Who, if any, among these 80 ter. I think the average is fairly good, Termination of limited appointments-4. names were employees of the State Depart· when we find that 69 out of 80 have dis­ Separated by reduction-in-force-B. ment on February 9, 1950? Retired-!. Question 2: Who, if any, among_these 80 appeared from the State Department. Died-1. names were not employees of the State De· Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. A Never employed-7. partment on February 9, 1950? great many of them have gone into other Question 3: Who, if any, among these 80 departments of the Government. This letter is a complete contradiction names were never employed by the State De· Mr. DIRKSEN subsequently said: Mr. of the story that they were all cleared. partment on or before February 9, 1950? None of those who resigned were cleared Question 4: Who, if any, among these 80 President, I listened a few moments ago by any agency in the State Department. named persons have been proved to be (a) to the discussion when certain matters That is made evident by the letter. Communists, or (b) disloyal to the Govern· were inserted in the RECORD by the Sen­ ment of the United States? ator from Wisconsin [Mr. McCARTHY]. With respect to the item "Never em­ Question 5: How many of these 80 named I confess my own confusion when I hear ployed, 7," that includes men like Owen persons were working in the State Depart­ these things, because, unless I know the ;Lattimore, who was not on the State De­ ment on June 1, 1954? names of the persons and their circum­ partment payroll, but who, according to Question 6: Who, if any, among these 80 stances, there is no way of making a the M-cCarran committee, was a princi­ named persons are still working in the State Department? proper evaluation of the action taken. pal adviser in shaping State Department Would it not be a good idea-and I ad­ foreign policy, and, as stated by the I desire also to point out that Public Law 759 (year 1950) provides the fo1lowing: That dress this question to my friend from committee, "a conscious, articulate agent any person "who is a member of an organi­ South Carolina tMr. JOHNSTONl-to of the Communist conspiracy." It in­ zation that advocates the overthrow of the ascertain whether the 80 persons named cludes men like William Remington, who Government of the United States by force in the RECORD actually did work for the was not on the State Department pay­ and violence and accepts employment, the State Department? If they did not, we roll, but on the payroll of the Depart­ salary or wages of which are paid from any should know it. If they have been trans­ ment of Commerce. He was working appropriation or fund contained in this or ferred to other agencies of the Govern­ closely with the State Department. any other act, shall be guilty of a felony and upon conviction shall be fined not more ment, I should like to know that. But, I think this letter should be printed than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than merely to take a general figure without in the RECORD along with the story from 1 year, or both." knowing what the circumstances are, it the Star, so that anyone reading the Question 7: Please also advise whether any is impossible for me, and I am confident RECORD will know how far the story employees or former employees in the State that it is impossible for the country, to strays from the facts. I do not know Department have been indicted and found come to a conclusion on the matters whether the Senator from South Caro­ guilty, under the above law, and, if so, who which have been in controversy since lina [Mr. JOHNSTON] was misquoted or they are? I have attempted to present these ques­ February of 1945. I should like to see not. I hope it was a case of misquota­ tions in precise and clear form and I trust the issue resolved with some finality, and tion, because his st~tements as quoted I may have definite and concise answers I should like to know who the persons are completely untrue. thereto. are. Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Very respectfully yours, Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Mr. President, in reply to the junior Sen­ OLIN D. JoHNSTON, Mr. President, will the Senator from ator from Wisconsin, I ask unanimous United States Senator. Illinois yield? consent that the letter which I wrote to Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Mr. DIRKSEN. I yield. the State Department also be printed in Mr. President, I believe that the letter Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. I . the RECORD. from the State Department, together have 80 names in my possession. I sent There being no objection, the letter with my letter, will show that of the 80 the list of 80 names to the State D~part­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, persons named by the junior Senator ment. The State Department broke as follows: · from Wisconsin at that time, about 40 down the list originally named by the NOVEMBER 24, 1954. Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. McCAR­ Hon. JoHN FosTER DULLES, were not even working with the State Secretary of State, Department. TlfY]. About 5 years ago they were sent Washington, D . C. I think it will also be found that a to the committee, first, by numbers. MY DEAR MR. SECRETARY: As the ranking great many of those named are still Later, the committee was given the member of the Senate Committee on Po8t working for the Government. It will names in confidence. Everything is in Office and Civil Service, I desire to assemble be found that not one of them has been confidence. The State Department, in accurate data as to employees of the State convicted during the intervening years. breaking down the list of names, stated Department who have been proved to be (a) Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will that certain persons named never Communists, or (b) disloyal to our Govern· the Senator yield before he resumes his worked for the State Department and ment. certain others were transferred to other It was on February 9, 1950, that Senator seat? McCARTHY made his first charge that many Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. I departments. They have been analyzed, State Department employees were members yield. and I ask unanimous consent that the of the Communist Party. Pursuant to Sen­ Mr. McCARTHY. I invite the Sen­ information may be printed in the REc­ ator McCARTHY's charges, a Senate investi- ator's attention to page 3 of the letter oRD a-t this point in my remarks. 156 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -:SENATE January 18

·. -There .being no-objection, ·the matter 'wnl~ Name deleted, -s.. '·Mr.-DIRKSEN. I need only add that was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD. 19. Name deleted, 1, 4, 5. ![ -did not raise the issue. However, as follows: 80. Name deleted, 3. 'documents will appear in the CoNGRES­ · 81. Name deleted, 2. REFERENCE SHEET SIONAL RECORD as of tomorrow morning Names have been deleted in order to pro­ for the edification and gaiety of the (Explanation of symbols) tect the individuals involved. 1. Employed on February 9_, 1950. country, and I thought the information 2. Not employed on February 9, 1950. Mr. JOHNSTON .of South Carolina. ought to be precise and explicit enough 3. Never employed by the Department of My letter to the State Department ·ask'ed to convey some facts which would ulti­ State. certain questions concerning the matter. mately resolve the age-old issue. 4. Employed on June 1, 1954. Does the Senator from Illinois wish to Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. 5. Presently employed. bring before the public and have pub­ The only thing I did not want to have SENATOR M'CARTHY, LIST OF 81 lished in all the the names happen was to have the name of some 1. Name deleted, 1, 4, 5. of 80 persons, against very few of whom innocent person read and to have that 2. Name deleted, 1. there is scarcely a scratch? Does the person's.character besmirched when he 3. Name deleted, 2. Senator say that the names of all those is as innocent as a new-bo.rn babe. 4. Name deleted, 2. 80 persons should be made public? The . PRESIDING OFFICER. The 5. Name deleted, 2 .• Mr. DIRKSEN. My answer is that if time of the Senator from Dlinois , has 6. Name deleted, 1, 4, 5. my name were on the list and my in­ expired. 7. Name deleted, 1. 8. Name deleted, 2. tegrity and loyalty were impeached time Mr. DffiKSEN. Mr. President, if I 9. Name deleted, 2. and time again, I .should be the first to may have 1.0 seconds more, I should say 10. Name deleted, 2. ask an appropriate agency of the Gov­ that if these persons are clean and unde­ 11. Nam.e deleted, 2. ernment to get the file and to submit it filed, then, of course, they could not be 12. Name deleted, :2. to any committee or individual that besmirched if their names were printed 13. Name deleted, 2. might have a right to examine it, so that in the RECORD. 14. Name deleted, 2. the whole record could be cleared. 15. Name deleted~ 1. 16. Name deleted, 2. It has always seemed phenomenally 17. Name deleted, 2. strange to me that information of this INEQUITIES IN LABOR LEGISLATION 18. Name deleted, 2. type should be bandied about while peo­ Mr4 MURRAY.·. Mr. President, I wish "19. Name deleted, 3. -ple coJllplain either publicly or privately. to serve notice that I shall, in the imme­ 20. Name deleted, 3. If they have faith in the integrity of their diate future, introduce an -appropriate 21. NAme deleted, 1. own case, they should be the first to come bill designed to remove many existing 22. Name deleted, 1. to a Member of the Senate or to an ap­ '23. Name deleted, 1. 'inequities in labor legislation involving 24. Name deleted, 1. propriate committee and to say, "Put the the compensation and the hours of work 25. Name deleted, 1. information where all the world can see of laborers and mechanics employed by 26. Name deleted, 1. it:·· contractors or subcontractors with the 27. Name deleted, 2. Elective officers live in a goldfish bowl United States, any Territory, or the Dis­ 28. Name deleted, 3. Their lives are open books. Should a trict of Columbia. In a great many in­ 29. Name deleted, 3. double standard, a different standard, be stances mechanics and laborers are be.. 30. Name deleted, 2. applied to those who work for the Gov­ 31. Name deleted, 1. ing worked on Government projects far 82. Name deleted, 1. ernment? That would seem strange to ln excess of 40 hou.rs a week, often with­ 33. Name deleted, 1. . me. out any overtime whatsoever, and often 34. Name deleted, l. Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. at a great deal less per hour than the 35. Name deleted, 2. The Senator from Illinois will find, when going union rate in particular localities. 86. Name deleted,, 1. he reads the RECORD, the letter ·which 'So long as such practices are allowed to 37. Name · deleted, 1. I wrote to the State Department. If continue, not only union members in the 38. N.ame deleted, 1. ·that does not give all those persons a 39. Name deleted, 2. 'Construction trade,· but far-sighted em­ 40. Name deleted, 1, 4. clear record, so far as the Government ployers who believe in collective bar­ 41. Name deleted, 1, 4, 5. is concerned, I do not know what would. gaining and in contracts with unions, 42. Name deleted, 2. Not 1 of those 80 persons has been 'are being severely penalized. 43. Name deleted, 1, 4, 5. tried and convicted in a ,period of 5 The bill which I intend to introduce, 44. Name deleted, 2. years. Why have they not been con­ Mr. President, would-amend the 8-hour 45. Name deleted, 2. victed? We have written into the statu­ 46. Name deleted, 1. law so as to provide: 47. .Name deleted, 1. tory law of the Nation a provision that First. An 8-hour day and a 40-hour 48. Name deleted, 1, 4·, 5. anyone who draw3 a salary from the week. 49; Name deleted, 1, 4 5. ·Federal Government and at the same Second. The 40-hour week to be 50. Name deleted, 1. time is a Communist can be tried~ and ·worked on -5 consecutive days, Monday 51. Name deleted, 1. if convicted, can be sent to a Federal to Friday inclusive. · 52. Name deleted, 1, 4, o. prison for a term of 1 year, and fined Third. ·Overtime at not less than 1lh 53. Name deleted, 2. $1,000. Yet not one person named on times the rate paid during the regular 54. Name deleted, 1. the list has been tried. 55. Name deleted, 1. 4, 5. working hours for all time worked in 56. Name deleted, 1, 4. Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I may excess of 8 hours per day, 40 hours per 57. Name deleted, 2. be trespassing on the 2-minute limita­ week, and for all labor performed on 58 . .Name deleted, 1, 4, 5. tion on speeches, but I wish to conclude Saturday, Sunday, or holidays. 59. Name deleted, 1. by saying that all the material which Fourth. That the Secretary of Labor '60. Name deleted, 1. has been placed in the RECORD today shall predetermine rates of pay for the 61. Name deleted, 2. can be nothing more than a general regular working hours of employees of 62. Name deleted, 2. -allegation that persons numbered 1, 16, 63. Name deleted, 1, 4~ 5. contractors and subcontractors, as set 64. Name deleted, 1. 48, or 79, have something wrong in their forth in section 1 of Public Law 403 of 65. Name deleted, 1. files. Nothing ·will be proved to the the 74th Congress, as amended. -66. Name deleted, 2. · Senate or to the country until we can . -Fifth. That the Secretary of Labor 67. Name deleted, 2. get down to specific cases. It seems to shall enforce all provisions of this act. 68. Name deleted, 1. me that we are still tilting at windmills. Sixth. That any contractor, subcon­ ·69. Name deleted, 2. Mr. JOHNSTON of South .Carolina. tractor, or Federal official who inten­ 70. Name deleted, 1. 71. Name deleted, 2. If the Senator from Illinois will kindly tionally violates this act shall be pun-­ 72. No name given. call the State Department or the Presi­ ished, upon conviction, by a fine of $5,000 73. Name deleted, 2. dent of the United States he will be for each and every violation or by im­ ~4. Name deleted, 2. told that -those names cannot be made prisonment for 6 months, or both, for 75. Name deleted, 2. public. If he can get the President to each offense. 76. Name deleted, 3. clear them, they can be made· public; Seventh. For the repeal of any portion 77. Name deleted, 1. ·otherwise they cannot. · of.any law in conflict with this act. 1955 ~ONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 45'l I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi­ ing Administration which administers the offensive that produced a polio vaccine dent, to insert at this point in my re­ public low rent housing program has by worthy of mass testing on humans. regulation required an overtime premium marks a document setting forth some for hours in excess of eight per day, similar Results of these tests are now being examples of existing legislation which to that required under the 8-hour law. evaluated in what is unquestionably one involves construction work and which of the most complex scientific projects will be affected 'by my bill, together with Mr. MURRAY. Violations on Govern­ ever undertaken. some of the violations of our national ment contracts include-- Some time during the coming spring policy with respect to wages and hours First. The schedule of wage rates ap­ we should have an answer to the vital which have occurred on Government .proved by the Secretary has not been question: Does this vaccine work? .contracts. posted in a prominent place at the con­ In the meantime, the job ahead in the There being no objection, the docu­ struction site for all craftsmen to see. polio fight is bigger because we must care ment was ordered to be printed in the : Second. Craftsmen are paid an hourly for polio patients at the same time we are RECORD, as follows: wage scale less than the Secretary's ap­ trying to prevent the disease. ExisTING l..E:GISLA'l'ION INVOLVED proved minimum rate for their particu- The March of Diffies, now in progress, Davis-Bacon Act: Applies to all construe· lar job. ' provides the best way we and other tion, alteration or repair, including painting Third. Journeymen craftsmen are Americans can help get that job done. .and decorating, where the Government en· Classified and paid an apprentice's rate The 1955 March of Dimes must raise ters into a construction contract in an when, in fact, they work with journey­ $64 million to carry on the fight. amount of $2,000 or more. Some of the agen· men's tools and perform journeymen's cies which engage in this type of work in· Every American should know these work. facts about the polio fight, and should elude the Department of Defense, Depart· Fourth. Workers are employed and ment of Agriculture, Department of the give as much as he can to the March of Interior, and General Services Administra· .classified as apprentices when, in fact, Dimes. tion. The work covered varies and is of such employees are not duly registered In my own State of Delaware, there many types, ranging from airbases, Army and apprentices as required by the Secre· was a total of 88 polio cases during 1954 Navy installations, post omces, Federal tary's regulations. compared with only 32 cases for 1:953. buildings, dredging of rivers, and other types Fifth. Craftsmen are improperly of construction. classified and are paid the approved This sharp increase in the number of National Housing Act: This is the law hourly wage rate for the wrong classi· individuals afllicted by infantile paraly­ under which the Federal Housing Adminis· sis demonstrates the striking power of fication. For example, an employee may polio. tration (FHA) insures mortgages on single be shown on the payroll records as a family homes and multifamily apartments. Let us hope that at long last we are The law's prevailing wage provisions are ap· laborer and paid the laborer's approved rate when, in fact, he is doing the work nearing the end of the struggle to pre­ plicable only to multifamily apartments. vent a continuation of the toll which Single family homes are not covered, with of a plumber, bricklayer, painter, or the exception of individual homes built by carpenter and using the tools of the polio extracts annually. cooperatives and insured by FHA. Under skilled craft. With this goal in mind, I join in the the Wherry Act amendment, rental housing Sixth. Craftsmen agree to perform for hope that the collective efforts of the facilities for military personnel built on or a lump-sum price certain work, such as American people--together with the un­ near Government military installations are tiring labors of medical science-will also covered by the law's prevailing wage the painting of a specified number of dwellings, or the installation of a speci­ write the final and glorious· chapter in provisions. Housing for military personnel the battle against infantile paralysis. _built directly by an agency of the Govern· fied amount of electrical wiring, the ma­ ment, such as the Army, is covered by the terials being furnished by the contractor. Davis-Bacon Act. In such instances, the craftsman is Housing Act of 1949: The prevailing wage termed a subcontractor for whom no RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST provisions of this law cover slum clearances payrolls are kept. His pay when com­ UNITEDSTATESNAVYPERSONNEL by local authorities assisted by loans or puted on an hourly basis, is less than the AT CAPETOWN, SOUTH AFRICA grants from the Federal Government. The provisions also apply to construction of low· Secretary's approved rate for his par­ Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, on Sat- rent public housing. This type of multi· ticular craft. urday, January 15, the U. S. S. carrier famlly apartment housing is generally con· Seventh. Craftsmen often work for a Midway, a great ship with a great war structed under the sponsorship of a local contractor who is performing both Fed­ record, docked at Capetown, South Af­ housing authority pursuant to a loan made eral and private construction. It is not rica. While .there, the crew of the Mid­ by the Public Housing Administration. unusual in such cases for the craftsmen way was given shore leave. It was an­ Federal Airport Act: This law covers grants· ·to be paid a rate lower than ·the approved in-aid to States and municipalities or other nounced in the press before the Midway rate. In some instances, it has been dropped anchor off Capetown that the subdivisions of the State such as counties found that craftsmen are not shown on for the building and repair of airports. The 400 nonwhite members of . the crew­ act is administered by the Civil Aeronautics the payrolls as working on the Federal American citizens, of course, and wear.:. Administration of the Department of Com· project. ing the great colors of the United States merce and requires observance on covered Eighth. Craftsmen employed on a Navy-would, while in Capetown, be airport construction of Ininimum wage rates piece-rate basis often do not receive the treated as colored under the laws of established by the Secretary of Labor. approved hourly rate. · South Africa. In other words, they Hospital Survey and. Cons~ruction Act: Ninth. Craftsmen do not receive the This law covers the construction of hospitals, would be treated in a manner quite dif· proper overtime pay. In overtime viola­ ferent from other American sailors medical centers by States, counties, cities, tions, payrolls have been found to show • and even by private organizations where the from the Midway. They would be barred Federal Government makes a grant toward only weekly earnings when they should from access to certain parts of Capetown such construction. It requires the payment ·show the daily and weekly hours worked. and from certain public facilities in of prevailing rates as determined by the Sec .. Capetown. retary of Labor. When news reports of this visit were School Survey and Construction Act: This THE FIGHT AGAINST PARALYTIC POLIO printed in American newspapers, and law applies to the erection of schools and when I saw these reports, I was·shocked other facilities in defense areas or other areas where the impact of Federal opera· Mr. FREAR. Mr. President, the year .and disturbed. I sent a telegram to the tions requires Federal contribution toward before us will be a climatic one in our Secretary of the Navy. The Secretary the construction of additional school facili· iong war against the ravages of paralytic ·of the Navy replied with a telegram to ties. It also requires payment of prevailing polio. me. Under the circumstances, I recog""' rates as determined by the Secretary. In the years since 1938, when Ameri­ nize that no action could have been . Defense Housing and Community Facilities cans, under the banner of the National taken by the Secretary of the Navy fol­ .and Services Act of 1951: This law covers Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, first lowing the receipt of my telegram. the construction of housing for defense workers or military personnel and such com. banded together to fight this disease, There was insufficient time. Yet I can­ munity facilities as sewers, waterlines, giant st.eps have been taken toward the not help but retain the sense of shock I streets, and the like in defense areas. Pay.. eradication of polio. felt at American citizens being so treated ment of prevailing rates as determined by · Last year scientists, supported by the in a foreign country, under the terms of the Secretary is required. The Public Hous· National Foundation, mounted a massive an agreement with the ·government of 458 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18 that country. I do not think we should. est and your support of the Navy's express The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there have entered into any such agreement. policy of nondiscrimination and integration. objection to the present consideratipn of Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ JAMES H. SMITH, Jr., the bill? sent that a news story in the New York Acting Secretary of the Navy. Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, the Times of January 14, my telegram to the [From of January 17, distinguished chairman of the Commit· Secretary of the Navy, his reply to me, 1955] tee on Finance spoke to me this morning and an editorial which appeared in the THE MIDWAY AT CAPE TOWN about the bill and stated that it had the Monday, January 17, issue of the New The rule that American personnel of the unanimous approval of the Committee York Times, commenting on the whole armed services shall conform to the laws of on Finance. As I understand, the pur­ incident, be printed in the body of the the country in which they happen to be sta­ pose of the bill is to correct an inadvert­ RECORD. tioned or which they visit may be sound ·ent error in the revenue bill, in which a There being no objection, the material enough in principle. But there are excep­ penalty was omitted. Is that an accu­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, tions. The visit of the United States carrier rate statement? Midway to Cape Town is one of them. In as follows: this case someone has slipped and in our Mr. BYRD. The statement of the [From the New York Times of January 14, judgment slipped badly. Either South Senator from California is entirely accu­ 1955] Africa should have agreed to waive its segre­ rate. SoUTH AFRICA To RESTRICT NEGROES ON gation practices in respect to the American Mr. KNOWLAND. I have no objec­ . UNITED STATES CARRIER sailors or the Midway should have been kept tion. I think it is a very essential bill CAPETOWN, SOUTH AFRICA, January 13.­ out of Cape Town. and should be passed. Apartheid, South Africa's system of race dis­ In the Midway's crew there are some 400 Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. The bill was crimination will apply to 400 Negro members American Negroes, Filipinos, and Americans passed unanimously by the House of of the United States aircraft carrier Midway of Japanese descent. Under South African when she anchors at Capetown Saturday. law they may not enter "white" restaurants, Representatives. Is not that correct? When ashore the United States Negroes hotels, or bars while ashore. We believe that Mr. BYRD. That is true. will carry special permits enabling them to this law is an affront to human decency and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there consume liquor in mixed blood (colored) that its enforcement against our sailors in objection to the present consideration of bars only. They must drink liquor on the Cape Town is an affront to the United States Navy. The Navy seems to have taken the bill? premises and cannot take any away in bot­ There being no objection, the Senate tles. it lying down, and that is not in Navy tradi­ European bars, white hotels, motion pic­ tion. proceeded to consider the bill (H. R. ture theaters and bathing beaches also will Furthermore, we are convinced that if the 2369) to amend section 7237 of the Inter­ be out of bounds for them. All United other crew members of the Midway had been nal Revenue Code of 1954. States Negroes will go ashore in uniform, allowed to express themselves they would have gladly forfeited their own shore-leave Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I should thus making it easy for barkeepers to distin­ like to make a brief explanation of the guish them from South African Negroes, who privilege rather than see this insult to their are not allowed to take European liquor. comrades in arms. If the Midway actually bill. The Licensed Victuallers -and Hotelkeepers had to put into Cape Towp.-and the Navy Section 7237 of the Internal Revenue Association issued these instructions to its says it did-the men could have stayed Code of 1954 provides penalties for cer­ members following consultations with the aboard ship, and we think they would have tain narcotic. law offenses. In the codi­ Government. been glad to do so on moral grounds. We realize that South Africa's race prob­ fication of the narcotic penalties con­ lem is a complex one. We have deplored the tained in this provision of the 1954 code, JANUARY 14, 1955. .. apartheid" policy but do not presume to the penalties were inadvertently made Hon. CHARLES S. THOMAS, dictate to others how they will approach and inapplicable to certain offenses described Secretary of the Navy, try to solve domestic problems. But we are in part I of subchapter A of chapter 39. Washtngton, D. C.: also trying to solve a segregation problem While ·penalties contained elsewhere I am deeply disturbed over story in New and have made a most significant advance York Times today that United States Aircraft than in the Internal Revenue Code re­ in the armed services. There is no reason mained unaffected, the section 7237 pen­ Carrier Midway is to dock tomorrow, Satur­ why we should sacrifice that advance, even day, January 15, at Capetown, South Africa. for 1 or 2 days, to the prejudice of the South alties were applicable to these offenses The story suggests that United States Navy Africans. under the 1939 code, and there was no has an agreement with the Union of South Our Negro and Filipino and Japanese­ intention to make any change in prior Africa that Negro crewmembers are to be descended sailors are good enough to die law penalties for these offenses, involv­ treated differently from their fellow crew­ for their country. If they are not good ing traffic in opium, and isonipecaine, members while on shoreleave. If the facts enough to go ashore in Cape Town, on equal .are as stated it seems to me to constitute opiates, and coca leaves. ·The bill will terms, then the Navy should stay out of simply correct these inadvertencies official acquiescence and willingness to sub­ Cape Town. South African law is one mit our own citizens to the infamous Apart­ thing, but essential morality is another. which occurred in the codification of the heid laws of the Union of South Africa in a 1934 code by making the penalty provi­ ·contradiction of the United States Navy's sions for all the offenses described in part announced policy of nondiscrimination and AMENDMENT OF SECTION 7237 OF I of subchapter A of chapter 39, the same integration. as they were before the passage of the It is my hope that time remains to reverse THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE the planned arrangements for this potential­ <>F 1954 ' Internal Revenue Code of 1954. ly unfortunate and most embarrassing inci­ This measure has the approval of the dent. Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, at the desk members of the Senate Finance Com­ Respectfully, is a bill, H. R. 2369, which has passed the mittee. HERBERT H. LEHMAN, House. The bill corrects an inadvertent The PRESIDING OFFICER. The United States Senator. omission in the narcotic tax penalties. question is on the third reading and • It is imperative that the bill be enacted passage of the bill. WASHINGTON, D. C., January 15, 1955. today. The bill een- read the third time, . the vestigating Subcommit- a change in the chairmanship, the Presi- question Is, Shall it pass? tee)------· 89,932.06 dent had to appoint a new chairman, The bill (H. R. 2091) was passed. Interior and Insular Af- following the resignation of Mr. Manion. Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, I move fairs (S. Res. 233) (fuel We had a slow start, but we are making that the Senate insist upon its amend· reserves of United States). 1, '110. 03 progress. ments, request a conference thereon with Interior and Insular Af- . fairs (S. Res. 271) (criti- . So, as the Senator from Arizona [Mr. the House of Representatives, and that cal raw materials)------13, 092. 01 HAYDEN] has pointed out, I hope the the Chair appoint the conferees on the Interstate and Foreign date "June 30" may be provided in the part of the Senate. Commerce (S. Res. 173) supplemental appropriation bill_on which The motion was agreed to; and the (communications, trans- we are working. Pr~si(l.ing Officer appointed Mr. HAYDEN, portation, etc.) ------34, 810. 29 Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, does Mr. RUSSELL, Mr. CHAVEZ, Mr. BRIDGES, .Judiciary (S. Res. 188) the Senator from Minnesota offer an and Mr. SALTONSTALL conferees on the (western European r~fu- gees) ~------11,285.62 amendment to that effect? part of the Senate. .Judiciary (S. Res. 172) (In· Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, on p·age ter'nar Security)------~ .:: 96, 244. 94 shall do so, if the Senator from lllinois 3 -of· the bill - appears a -comnuttee Judiciary (S. Res. 181) · (in· will yield -to me for that purpose. amendment appropriating. an additional vestigati-ons ·subcommit- Mr. DIRKSEN. I yield. amount of $'195,000 for inquiries and in· tee)----~------· 39,594.44 1955 CONGRESSIONAL I RECORD- SENATE 461 Contingent expenses, Senate, expenses of jurisdiction of the committee) under au­ Senate Resolution 193, agreed to January 26, inqutnes and investigations, fiscal year thority ·of Senate ~solution 129, agreed to 1954. 1955, as of .Dec. 31, 1954-Continued June 26, 1947. Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res," 193). Subcommittees-continued No limitation. Judiciary (S. Res. 190) (ju .. Amount authorized ______$50, 000. 00 Amounts authorized: By S. Res. 126------$35,000.00 venUe delinquency)----­ $88,845.29 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954__ 25, 848. 51 Judiciary (S. Res. 62 and By S. Res. 193------40, 000. 00 187) (national penitenti- Balance, Jan. 1, 1955 __ :__ 24, 151. 49 Total ______75,000.00 aries) ------1,123.22 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954____ 46,073. 35 Judiciary (S. Res. 227) Committee on Armed Services (Pre­ (Trading With the Enemy paredness Subcommittee) under author­ ity of Senate Resolution 185, agreed to Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______28, 926. 65 Act) ------7,003.70 Labor and Public Welfare January 26, 1954. Committee on Government Operations (in­ (S. Res. 270)· (welfare and Limitation, February 1, 1954, to January vestigations subcommittee) under authority pension funds)------­ 61,292.43 31, 1955. of Senate Resolution 156, agreed to June Rules and Administration Amount authorized ______$150, 000. 00 14, 1951; Senate Resolution 251, agreed to (S. Res. 137 and 237) Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954- 80, 945. 83 January 24, 1952; Senate Resolution 40, (privileges and elections) 8,928.60 agreed to January 30, 1953; Senate Resolu­ Small Business (S. Res. Balance, Jan. 1, 1955_____ 69,054.17 tion 206, agreed to January 28, 1954; and. 671.47 Senate Resolution 189, agreed to February 115) ------Committee on Banking and Currency 2, 1954. Select Committee to Con- (subcommittee investigating Federal Re­ siderCong ______S. Res. 301, 83d ,. serve matters; Export-Import Bank, and Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 189). 14,630.63 defense housing) under authority of Sen­ Amounts authorized: Standing Committees: Agriculture and Forestry__ .. ate Resolution 64, agreed to February 19, Balance May 1, 195L------$77, 315. 18 190.06 1951, Senate Resolution 248, agreed to Jan­ 11,120.25 By S. Res. 156------15, 000. 00 AppropriationsArmed Services ______------_ uary 24, 1952, Senate Resolution 42, agreed By S. Res. 251------89, 000. 00 3,615.01 to January 30, 1953, and Senate Resolution Banking and Currency---- 1,879.14 By S. Res. 40------·------189, 000. 00 District of Columbia ______182, agreed to January 26, 1954. By S. Res. 189------207, 273. 00 Finance ______. 835.27 989.85 Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 182). Foreign Relations ______4,866.43 Amounts authorized: Total------577,588.18 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954_ ___ 556,.199. 5~ Government Operatl:ons __ _ 478.42 By S. Res. 64------$50, 000. 00 Interior and Insular A1Iairs .. 7,064.13 By S. Res. 248------28, 000. 00 Balance, Jan. 1, 1955_____ 21, 388. 65 Interstate and Foreign By S. Res. 42______23, 000. 00 Commerce------­ 1,252.60 By S. Res. 182------16, 000. 00 Committee on Government Operations Judiciary ------­ 7,500.13 Total ______117,000.00 (subcommittee investigating the reorganiza­ Labor and Public Welfare __ 590.87 tion of the legislative and executive branches Postice ______Office and Civil Serv- _ Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954___ 96, 241. 78 of the Government) under authority of Sen­ 1,407.65 ate Resolution 54, agreed to February 1, Public Works ______1,804.25 Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______20, 758. 22 1951; Senate Resolution 252, agreed to Janu­ Rulestion ______and Administra- _ Committee on Banking and Currency ary 24, 1952; Senate Resolution- 56, agreed 3,056.76 to February 20, 1953; and Senate Resolution Small Business______(subcommittee investigating international 1,270.62 trade) under authority of Senate Resolution 184, agreed to January 26, 1954. 25, agreed to June 8, 1953, and Senate Reso .. Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 184). 782,523.48 Total------lution 183, agreed to January 26, 1954. Amount authorized: Paid from 1953 and 1954 ap- Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 183). By S. Res. 54------$19, 000. 00 propriations ------60,485.02 Amounts authorized: Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954--- 9, 1~2. 1~ ------By S. Res. 25------$67, 000. 00 Total paid from 1955 Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______9, 837. 84 appropriation ------722,038.46 By S. Res. 183------83, 000. 00 Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Balance, Dec. 31, 1954 ______,. ------177,081.54 Total------150,000.00 (subcommittee investigating the available Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954____ 73, 898. 38 1 Of which amount, $42,058.30 held in fuel reserves of the United States) under au­ thority of Senate Resolution 239, agreed to reserve for advances to committee chair.. Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______76, 101. 62 August 15, 1950; Senate Resolution 374, men. Committee on Banking and Currency agreed to December 31, 1950; Senate Resolu­ tion 33, agreed to January 29, 1951; Senate ExPENSES OF INQUIRIES AND INVESTIGATIONs­ ·(subcommittee investigating the FHA) under authority of Senate Resolution 229, agreed Resolution 153, agreed to June 29, 1951; Sen.. SUBCOMMITTEE ALLOTMENTS, ExPENSES, AND ate Resolution 242, agreed to January 24, BALANCES, DEcEMBER 31, 1954 to April 23, l954, and Senate Resolution 289, agreed to August 11, 1954. 1952; Senate Resolution 45, agreed to Feb­ Committee on Agriculture and Forestry Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 229). ruary 20, 1953; and Senate Resolution 233, (making a study of the importation of agreed to April 28, 1954. wheat) under authority of Senate Resolu­ Amounts authorized: Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 233). tion 127, agreed to July 10, 1953, Senate Res­ By S. Res. 229------$150, 000. 00 olution 218, agreed to March 10, 1954, and By S. Res. 289------75, 000. 00 Amounts authorized: By S. Res. 239------$20, 000. 00 Senate Resolution 304, agreed to August ll, TotaL ______.______225, 000. 00 1954. By s. Res. 45------10, 000. oo Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 218). Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954___ 172, 549. 15 Amounts authorized: _ Total------30,000.00 By S. Res. 127------$15, 000. 00 Balance, Jan. 1, 1955____ 52, 450. 85 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954---- 27,828. 56 By Res. 304------12, 000. 00 8. Committee on Finance (subcommittee in.. Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______2, 171. 44 vestigating the social-security programs) Total------27,000.00 under authority of Senate Resolution 300, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954____ 11, 766. 72 agreed to June 20, 1950. (subcommittee investigating the accessibility No limitation. and availability of critical raw materials) Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______15, 233. 28 Amount authorized------$25, 000 under authority of Senate Resolution 143, Committee on Appropriations (subcom­ agreed to July 28, 1953; Senate Resolution No expenditures to December 31, 1954. 171, agreed to January 26, 1954; Senate Res­ mittee for the purpose of obtaining factual Committee on Foreign Relations (subcom­ olution 235, agreed to April 28, 1954; and data) under authority of Senate Resolution mittee making a study of foreign technical Senate Resolution 271, agreed to July 17. 193, agreed to October 14, :!.943, and Legisla.­ assistance programs) under authority of tive Branch Appropriation Act for 1955. 1954. Senate Resolution 214, agreed to July 6, 1954. Limitation, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 271). ~imitation, fiscal year 1955. Limitation, January 31, 1955. Amount appropriated: Legisla.- Amount authorized ______$40, 000. 00 Amounts authorized: tive Branch Appropriation By S. Res. 143------$37, 500. 00 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954--- 15, 845. 57 By S. Res. 171------12, 500. 00 Act------$400,000,00 By S. Res. 271------34, 000. 00 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954.. 53, 58_3. 79 Balance, Jan. 1, 1955----- 24, 154. 43 Committee on Foreign Relations (sub­ .Balance, Jan. 1, 1955___ 346~ 416. 21 Total------84,000.00 committee studying revision of the United Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954...... 52,280:29 Committee on Appropriations (subcom­ Nations Charter) under authority of Senate mittee investigating any matter within the Resolution 126, agreed to July 28, 1953, and Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______31, 719. 71 462 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18 Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com"' Amounts authorized: Amounts authorized: merce (subcommittee investigating commu.;. By S. Res. 89------$44, 000. 00 By S. Res. 225 ______$75, 000 ..00 nications, Civil aeronautics, domestic trans­ By S. Res. 190------175, 000. 00 By S. Res. 270------50, 150. 00 portation, maritime matters, and wildlife ~otal ______125,150.00 conservation) under ·authority of Senate ~otaL------219, 000. 00 Resolution 173, a·greed to ·January 26, 1954. Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954 ___ 194, 682. 39 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954___ 72, 495. 64 Limitation, February 1, 1954, to January 31, 19.55: . Balance, Jan. 1, 1955------24,817. 61 Balance, Jan. 1, 1955_____ 52,654. 36

Amount authorized~------$115, 000. 00 Committee on the Judiciary (Subcommit­ Committee on Rules and Administration Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954__ 54, 435. 58 tee on National Penitentiaries), under au­ (Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections), thority of Senate Resolution 187, agreed to under authority of Senate Resolution 234, January 26, 1954. Balance, Jan. 1, 1955___ 60,.564. 42 agreed to May 20, 1954. Limitation, February 1, 1954, to January 31, Limitat~on, none (from May 1, 1954). Joint Committee on Defense Production, · 1955. Amount authorized ______$50, 000. 00 under authority of Public Law 774, approved Amount authorized ______$5, 000. 00 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954___ 10, 023. 58 September 8, 1950 (Defense Production Act Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954_____ 1, 261. 68 of 1950), as amended by Public Law 95, Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______39, 976. 42 approved June 30, 1953. Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______3, 738. 32 Limitation, fiscal year 1955, $25,000. Committee on Rules and Administration No expenditures to December 31, 1954. Committee on the Judiciary (making an (Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections), NoTE.-Funds to be disbursed by the Clerk examination and review of the Thading With under authority of Senate Resolution 250, of the House of Representatives, of which the Enemy Act), under authority of Senate agreed to April 13, 1950; ·Senate Resolution amount, one-half to be reimbursed by the Resolution 245, agreed to March 24, 1952; 311, agreed to ·July 27, 1950; Senate Resolu­ Senate. Senate Resolution 47, agreed to January 30, tion 209, agreed to September 13, 1951; Sen­ 1953; Senate Resolution 120, agreed to June ate Resolution 262, agreed to January 24, Committee on the Judf.ciary '(subcommit­ 24, 1953; and Senate Resolution 227, agreed tee investigating the fiow of escapees and 1952; Senate R-esolutiun 333, agreed to June to April28, 1954. 12, 1952; Senate Resolution 106, agreed to refugees to the Western European nations) Limitations, January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 227). under authority of Senate Resolution 326, June 8, 1953; and Senate Resolution 137, agreed to June 21 , 1952; Senate Resolution 68, ..Amounts autho.rized: agreed to August 3, 1953 • agreed to April 22, 1953; and Senate Resolu­ By S. Res. 245------$100, 000. 00 Limitation, none. tion 188, agreed to January 26, 1954. By S. Res. 47------50, 000. 00 Amounts authorized: By S. Res. 227------10, 000. 00 Limitatio~. January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 188). By S. Res. 250------$50, 000. 00 Amount authorized: ~otal ______160,000.00 By S. Res. 311------25, 000. 00 By S. Res. 209______10, 000. 00 By S. Res. 326------­ $65,000.00 Exgenditures to Dec. 31, 1954___ 130, 610. 23 By S. Res. 252______75, 000. 00 By S. Res. 68 (allotment re­ By S. Res. 333 ______100, 000. 00 Balance, Jan. 1, 1955 ____ _ duced) ~------­ -18,500.00 29,389.77 By S. Res. 106______75, 000. 00 By S. Res. 188------·-- 10,000.00 Committee on Labor and Public Welfare By S. Res. 137______37,500. 00 (investigation of employee welfare and pen- ~otal ______56,500.00 'Sion funds), under authority of Senate Reso- ~otaL ______372, 500. 00 Expenditures to Dec. si, 1954-- 40,414.07 lution 225, agreed to April 28, 1954, and Sen- Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954 ___ 372, 277. 62 ate Resolution 270, agreed to July 17, 1954. ·Balance, Jan. 1, 1955 ___ _ 16,085.93 Limitation, January 31, 195"5. Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______222. 38 Committee on the Judiciary (subcommit­ Amounts authorized and expenditures by standing committees under authority of sec. 134A tee investigating the administration, etc., of of Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, 83d Gong. · the Internal Security Act of 1950) under au­ thority of Senate Resolution 366, agreed to December 21, 1950; Senate Resolution 7, Total author- Expended to Balance Jan. agreed to January 29,1951; Senate Resolution ized nee. 31, 1954 1, 1955 1.98, agreed to September 27, 1951; Senate ~esolution 314, aweed to May 29, 1952; Sen­ Standing committees: ate Resolution 46, agreed to January 30, 1953; Agriculture and Forestry_------·------$10,000.00 $8, 691. 11 $1, 308. 89 60,000.00 44,978.- 95 15,021.05 'and Senate Resolution 172, agreed to Janu­ !~£~~~::!~~5-~~=== = ~::::::~::::::::::: ::::::::::: :~:::::: 20,000.00 ary 27, 1954. 14, 159. 58 5, 840. 42 DistrictBanking of and Colnm Currency bia______------.______------20,000.00 16,382.01 3, 617.99 Limitation. January 31, 1955 (S. Res. 172). Finance______10,000.00 6, 448. 62 3, 551. 38 10,000.00 7, 088. 02 2, 911. 98 Amounts authorized: ~~;;~~:e~~tbo:e~-afi"O""rr~~=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~ 59,000.00 21, 556. 98 37,443. 02 By S. Res. 366------$10, 000.00 10,000.00 5, 952.34 4, 047.66 Interior and Insular Affairs------­ 30,000.00 27' 777. 08 2, 222. 92 By S. Res. 7------·'15, 000. oo Interstate and Forei_gn Commerce-----·------20,000.00 11, 034. 92 8, 965. 08 Jud.iciary ______------___ _ By S. Res. 198-.:------117,000.00 Labor and Public Welfaz:e ______4o0,000. 00 27, '556. 67 12,443. 33 15,000.00 10,022. 35 4, 977. 65 By S. Res. 314------163, 800. 00 Post Office and Civil Service.------10}000.00 5, 540. 31 4, 459. 60 By s. Res. 46------~------150, 000. 0() Public Works ______------__ _ 35,000.00 g, 259. 01 26, 740. 99 By S. Res. 1'12------170, 000. 00 Rules and Administration_------·------10,000.00 5, 985. 77 4, 014. 23 Total, standing committees (83d Cong) ------.:------359, 000. 00 221, 433. 72 137, 566. 28 ~otaL______685, 800. 00 Total, investigating committees ______a _._8_7o_,_538_.1_8_ __2,_8_os_._.6_65_. _ao_ ___t,_oo_ 1_,_87_2_.88 _ 1 Expenditures to Dec. 31, 195>4 ____ 637, 325. 99 Overall total, subcommittees and standing committees_____ -4,229,538.18 3, 030,099.02 1 1, 199,439.16

Bala~ce, Jan. 1, 1955 ______48,474.01 SPECIAL COMMISSION ON GOVERN.. The joint resolution (S. J. Res. 21) to ·committee on the Judiciary (investiga­ MENT SECURITY tions 'SUbcommittee), under authority o.f .establish a Commission on Government Senate Resolution 181, agreed to January 2~, Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I Security, introduced by Mr. HUMPHREY, 1954. ask unanimous consent to introduce, for for himself and Mr. STENNIS, was re­ Limitation, February 1, 1954, to January ~1, appropriate reference, a joint resolution ceived, read twice by its title, referred to 1955. to create a special Commission on Gov .. the Committee on Government Opera.. Amount authorized ______$87, 000. 00 ernment Security; and I also ask unani­ tions, and ordered to be printed in the Expenditures to Dec. 31, 1954____ 72, 914. 90 mous consent to have printed in the RECORD, as follows: RECORD at this point, as a part of my re­ Resolved, etc.-:- · Balance, Jan. 1, 1955______14, 085. 10 marks, the full text of the joint reso:. lution. DECLARATION OF POLICY Committee on the Judiciary (subcommit­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The SECTION 1. It is vital to the welfare and tee studying juvenile delinquency). under safety of the United States that there be .authorlty of Senate Besolution 89, agreed joint resolution will be received and ap­ adequate protection of the national secu­ to June .1, 1953, .and Senate Resolution 190, propriately referred; and, without ob­ rity, including the safeguarding of all na­ agreed to Ja.nuary 27, 19.54. . _jection, the joint resolution will be tional defense secrets and public and private Lim.ita.tion, January 31, 1955, or date o! printed in the RECORD, as requested by defense installations, against loss or com­ final report (earlier) • the Senator from Minnesota. promise arising !rom espionage, sabotage, 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 463 disloyalty, subversive activities, or unauthor• when engaged in the actual performance of bureau, agency, board, commission, office, ized disclosures. duties vested in the Commission, plus re· independent establishment, or instrumen­ It is, therefore, the policy of the Congress imbursement for travel, subsistence, and tality information, suggestions, estimates, that there shall exist a sound Government other necessary expenses incurred by them and statistics for the purposes of this joint program- in the performance of such duties. · resolution, and each such department, bu· ( a) establishing procedures for security reau, agency, board, commission, office, estab­ STAFF OF THE COMMISSION lishment, or instrumentality is authorized investigation, evaluation, clearance, and, SEc. 4. (a) (1) The Commission shall where necessary, adjudication of Govern­ and directed to furnish such information, have power to appoint and fix the compen· suggestions, estimates, and statistics directly ment employees, and also appropriate secu­ sation of such personnel as it deems ad­ rity requirements with respect to persons to the Commission, upon request made by visable without regard to the provisions of the Chairman or Vice Chairman. · privately employed or occupied on work re­ the civil service laws and the Classification quiring access to national defense secrets or Act of 1949, as amended. INTERFERENCE WITH CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS work affording significant opportunity for (2) The Commission may procure, with· AND INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONS injury to the national security; out regard to the civil-service laws and the SEC. 8. Nothing contained in this joint res· (b) for vigorous enforcement of effective Classification Act of 1949, temporary and in­ olution shall be construed to require any and realistic security laws and regulations; termittent services to the same extent as agency of the United States to release any and is authorized for the departments by section information possessed by it when, in the (c) for a careful, consistent, and efficient 15 of the act of August 2, 1946 (60 Stat. 810), opinion of the President, the premature dis­ administration of this policy in a manner but at rates not to exceed $50 per diem for closure of such information would jeopard· which will protect the national security and individuals. ize or interfere with a pending or prospec­ preserve basic American rights. (b) All employees of the Commission shall tive criminal prosecution, or with the carry­ ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMISSION ON be investigated by the Federal Bureau of ing out of the intelligence responsibilities of GOVERNMENT SECURITY Investigation as to character, associations, such agency. SEC. 2. (a) For the purpose of carrying out and loyalty and a report of each such investi· REPORTS the policy set forth in the first section of gation shall be furnished to the Commission. SEc. 9. The Commission shall submit in· this joint resolution, there is hereby estab­ EXPENSES OF THE COMMISSION terim reports to the Congress and the Presi· lished a commission to be known as the SEc. 5. There is hereby authorized to be dent at such time or times as it deems ad· Commission on Government Security (here· appropriated, out of any money in the Treas­ visable, and shall submit its final report to inafter referred to as the "Commission"). ury not otherwise appropriated, such sums the Congress and the President not later (b) The Commission shall be composed of as may be necessary to carry out the provi­ than January 15, 1956. The final report of 12 members, as follows: sions of this joint resolution. the Commission may propose such legislative ( 1) FoUl" appointed by the President of enactments and administrative actions as in the United States, two from the executive DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION its judgment are necessary to carry out its branch of the Government and two from SEC. 6. The Commission shall study and in· recommendations. The Commission shall ,Private life; vestigate the entire Government security· cease to exist 90 days after submission of its (2) Four appointed by the President of program, including the various statutes. final report. the Senate, two from the Senate and two Presidential orders, and administrative reg­ :from private life; and ulations and directives under which the Gov­ Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I (3) Four appointed by the Speaker of the ernment seeks to protect the national secu· ask that it be noted that the joint reso­ House of Representatives, two from the rity, national defense secrets, and public and lution is cosponsored by the distin· House of Representatives and two from pri­ private defense installations, against loss or guished junior Senator from Mississippi injury arising from espionage, disloyalty, vate life. [Mr. STENNIS]. We have joined together - (c) Of the members appointed to the Com· subversive activity, sabotage, or unauthor· ized disclosures, together with the actual on this measure; and for the next few mission not more than two shall be ap· I pointed by the Piresident of the United manner in which such statutes, Presidential minutes shall discuss why we believe States or the President of the Senate or the orders, administrative regulations, and di­ it is an impor-tant proposal. Speaker of the House of Representatives from rectives have been and are being adminis• The joint resolution is carefully the same political party. tered and implemented, with a view to de• drawn, and is the reflection of inten­ (d) Any vacancy in the Commission shall termining whether existing requirements, sive discussions that I have had with not affect its powers, but shall be filled in practices, and procedures are in accordance with the policies set forth in the first sec­ Members on both sides of the aisle. It the same manner in which the original is a matter of sincere satisfaction to me appointment was made. tion of this joint resolution, and to recom• (e) Service of an individual as a mem.. mending such changes as it may determin~ that, following my original announce­ ber of the Commission or employment of an are necessary or desirable. The Commission ment of interest in connection with a individual by the Commission as an attorney shall also consider and submit reports and commission, significant bipartisan sup­ or expert in any business or professional recommendations on the adequacy or defi­ port has come to me both in and out of ciencies of existing statutes, Presidential or­ field, on a part-time or full-time basis, with ders, administrative regulations, and direc­ Congress. or without compensation, shall not be con­ tives, and the administration of such stat• There is a grave realization, Mr. sidered as service or employment bringing utes, orders, regulations, and directives, President, that our security laws, regu­ such individual within the provisions of sec­ from the standpoints of internal consist­ lations, and practices need a new look, a tions 281, 283, 284, 434, or 1914 of title 18 ency of the overall security program and ef· of the United States Code, or section 190 of careful look, a nonpolitical look. This fective protection and maintenance of the can be accomplished through a commis­ the Revised Statutes ( 5 U. S. C. 99). national security. (f) The Commission shall elect a Chair­ sion along the lines of the one called man and a Vice Chairman from among its POWERS OF THE COMMISSION for by the joint resolution now at the members. SEc. 7. (a) The Commission or, on the desk. (g) Seven members of the Commission authorization of the Commission, any sub· The real problem facing us is to as­ shall constitute a quorum. committee or member thereof, may, for the sure that we shall have an overall Gov· purpose of carrying out the provisions of this COMPENSATION OF MEMBERS OF THE joint . resolution, hold such hearings and ernment security program which will COMMISSION sit and act at such times and places, ad­ realistically and effectively meet the re­ SEC. 3. (a) Members of the Congress who minister such oaths, and require, by subpena quirements of the national security in are members of the Commission shall s&ve or otherwise, the attendance and testimony this time of peril and at the same time without compensation in addition to that of such witnesses and the production of such will be consistent with our great national received for their services as Members of books, records, correspondence, memoranda, tradition. We must be sure not only Congress; but they shall be reimbursed for papers, and documents as the Commission or that our legitimate security measures travel, subsistence, and other necessary ex­ such subcommittee or member may deem penses incurred by them in the performance advisable. Subpenas may be issued under are as effective as possible, but also that of the duties vested in the Commission. the signature of the Chairman of the Com­ they are realistic and worthwhile from (b) The members of the Commission who mission, of such subcommittee, or any duly the standpoint of the total national in­ are in the executive branch of the Govern· designated member, and may be served by terest. ment shall serve without compensation in any person designated by such Chairman or Our present total Government mech- addition to that received for their services member. The provisions of sections 102 to danism for assuring security does not in the executive branch, but they shall be 104, inclusive, of the Revised Statutes inspire confidence. Not since 1917, when reimbursed for travel, subsistence, and other (U. S. C., title 2, sees. 192-194), shall apply the Espionage Act was under considera­ necessary expenses incurred by them in the in the case C: any failure of any witness to performance of the duties vested in the Com­ comply with any subpena or to testify when tion by the Congress, has there been full­ mission. summoned under authority of this section. dress consideration by the Congress of (c) The members of the Commission from (b) The Commission is authorized to se­ the problems of protecting national se­ private life shall each receive $50 per diem cure directly from any executive department, crets, and national defense generally, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18 against subversive penetration. Nor is security system is a -phenomenon of only and technological problems of that era is there any indication that the executive the past decade. We have enacted adequate in the era of hydrogen bombs, branch has ever devoted inself to con­ espionage laws and tightened existing radar, and guided missiles, and the sideration of the total security problem. laws; we have required investigation and world's most infamous conspiracy, the In the past, such action as has been clP.arance of millions of our citizens; we international Communist conspiracy, taken in the name of security has been have classified information and locked it which surely is not comparable in its more a random, sporadic response to in safes behind locked doors, in locked ;ramifications, its subtleties, and its peril, rather than a carefully considered and guarded buildings, within fenced treachery, to some of the old tyrannies of plan for defense against peril. and heavily guarded reservations. But years gone by. With specific regard to the question each of these actions has been taken What we have done, despite the fact of employee security, for example, the sporadically and independently and not that the language of the Espionage Act central investigating agencies are the as part of a rational overall master plan covers all national defense secrets with­ FBI and Civil Service Commission. It for security. out limitation, is to enact new self-con­ is my understanding that, ordinarily, It is my feeling that the time is long tained espionage laws applicable to spe­ investigations are conducted by Civil overdue for us to really take a look at cial areas of information. Service Commission unless an agency what we have created, to evaluate it, to Thus, in 1946, we enacted a complete has its own facilities, as in the case of analyze it, and then to assign an appro­ self-contained espionage law, included the Defense, State, Treasury, Justice, priate, adequate plan of security which in the Atomic Energy Act, applicable only Post Ofiice, and Agriculture Depart­ meets all the tests of the protection of to atomic energy secrets. In 1951, we ments. our national safety and welfare. enacted a complete, self-contained ·es­ Mr. President, I note here that imme­ We have not paused in our necessary, pionage law applicable to cryptographic diately we see again the variations in though frantic, quest for security to ask data. Each of these new laws closely pattern. We see two central investigat­ ourselves: parallels the original Espionage Act. In ing agencies, namely, the FBI and the What are we trying to protect, and some respects the new laws are broader Civil Service Commission; and then, off against what? and more stringent; in other respects on the side, we see separate Departments What can we effectively protect? they are narrower and more lenient. In which have their own investigatory facil- any event, the original Espionage Act . ities, totally removed from the civil-serv­ What specific measures will give us apparently is intended to and does re­ ice procedures and criteria. Of course, the degree of protection we want or main applicable to atomic energy and it is always true and apparent that if need? , .. .f:i - cryptographic information, notwith­ serious, derogatory information is de­ What price are we willing to pay for standing the enactment of the new laws. veloped, the case is then referred to the security? I cannot understand why we need FBI; and, of course, the FBI may also Lest I be misunderstood, I realize that three separate espionage laws. Is it make original investigation, when re­ individually, as we have discussed these more desirable to have three such laws .quired by law. · :typical questions in our deliberations in rather than a single espionage law cov­ On the basis of information available the Congress, we have asked ourselves ering all espionage offenses? I merely to me, I am persuaded that the Civil these questions and have come up with 'S.Sk these questions, without any valid Service Commission and the Federal Bu­ immediate answers. The point I am judgment. reau of Investigation have maintained trying to make is that we have never The existence of three separate es­ high standards of selection for their in­ really had placed before us all the laws, pionage laws creates grave legal prob­ vestigators. The best that can be said rules, regulations, Executive orders, and lems of reconciling the applicability of for the other agencies, however, is that directives which make up what we call these laws in specific prosecutions. This their standards are variable. our security swstem, to see whether there was dramatically demonstrated in the Security investigator is a new profes­ is overlapping and duplication, whether closing phases of the well-known Rosen­ sion in Government. Where the Civil there are loopholes, and areas not prop­ berg case, when the Rosenbergs were Service and FBI are concerned, these erly covered, and to learn whether or -able to seize upon a technicality afforded investigators are not subject to admin­ not we are creating a program which by the variance in the penalty provisions istrative direction from individually in­ has a uniformity of application, or of the Atomic Energy Act and the Es­ terested agencies; but as to the inves­ whether it runs hot and cold, depending pionage Act. Undoubtedly other such tigators of other Departments, there is upon the particular attitudes of individ­ technicalities exist. The existence of always the danger they will be subject ual administration ofiicials. three statutes of this kind may well con­ to administrative guidance and sugges­ A consequence of our failure to come stitute a serious built-in loophole in our tions. to grips with the hard realities of the security laws. The FBI has long maintained the prac­ security problem, to understand it, and In this connection, I should point out tice of not evaluating its own findings. .to bring it under rational control, is that a Library of Congress analysis of It is a factfinding and reporting agency, that we have in 1955 a complex of Gov­ the Adequacy of United States Laws and leaves their evaluation to others. ernment security statutes, regulations, With Respect to Offenses Against Na­ Undoubtedly, this has contributed to its and procedures which on its face seem ,tional Security, prepared in 1953 at the prestige and strength-prestige and contradictory. I do not know whether or request of the distinguished former strength which are justly deserved, Mr. not our national secrets and national Chairman of the Committee on Foreign President, on the basis of the record and security generally are being adequately Relations [Mr. WILEY] and published as the performance. Yet it appears that protected under the existing system. I a Senate document, thoroughly docu­ in other agencies the factfinders are -do not think anybody knows or can ments the inadequacies, inconsistencies, also the evaluators. This means that on know-even those men in our Govern­ loopholes, and anomalies in the status occasion, security investigators make ment responsible for security-because quo. recommendations on the facts filed by the Government's present over-all secu­ It is a very revealing document, and .them. .rity mechanism defies understanding, let I hope it has been carefully read by These points raise bothersome ques­ alone analysis, on the basis of a quick Members of the Senate who have con­ tions. Does the Congress intend to have look. centrated so much of their time and at­ the security investigator serve as police­ Let us look at the record. tention upon matters of security. man, prosecutor, and judge, all in one? To the extent Congress has legislated But the espionage laws are not alone It is to help find the answers to these at all in this area, it has been primarily in the state of ambiguity. As the secu­ questions and to these problems and to concerned with the problems of espion­ rity system grew up, it was every agency many more that I do not have the time­ age and unauthorized disclosure <>f na­ for itself. Prior to 1951 when President nor do I take the time-to raise, that the tional defense secrets. The basic stat­ Truman commenced to bring some order Commission which is provided for in the ute is the Espionage Act of 1917. We out of chaos by promulgation of Execu­ _joint resolution we are introducing today have amended this statute a number of tive Order 10290 establishing uniform is necessary. times to tighten it in the light of current minimum standards for classification We have done many things in the needs, but we have never really studied and safeguarding of national-defense se­ name of security during the past decade; it to make sure that a statute written in crets, numerous agencies of the Gov­ indeed, as a practical matter, our present 1917 to reflect the political, military, ernment had adopted their own regula- '1955 .CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD-· -sENATE '165 tions for classifying -and handling uals requiring'access ·to-classified s;toxn.ie would have been- subject· to immediate information. Each agency had its own energy data. We required by law a more prosecution. rules; there was no coordination, and stringent investigation and clearance for However, despite all the restrictions very little consistency among them. :atomic energy data of only marginal which · have been imposed on personnel Every once in a while Congress would sensitivity than we did in the case of the clearance for the Atomic Energy Com­ make its contribution by superimposing Military Establishment, which is subject mission, similar precautions have not upon this chaos a special requirement to no statutory security requirements-! been written into law for the benefit of for classification of information by a emphasize that fact, Mr. President-for the military authorities. Conversely, we specific agency, as was done in the case access to the most sensitive war plans or find that the military authorities have of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, the scientific data. Conversely, the law pro­ statutory requirements in terms of in­ National Science Foundation Act of 1950, hibited the AEC's giving even hig:p.-rank­ gress and egress and control over persons and the Federal Civil Defense Act of ing officers of the Military Establish- on military reservations, but that the 1950. ment, who presumably had been investi- Atomic Energy Commission does not President Truman's Executive order, gated and cleared under military security have such statutory requirements. Such and the more recent one by President procedures and who had constant and a situation does not make for a very sen­ Eisenhower, bring considerable coordi- intimate contact with our greatest na­ sible pattern of security regulation. nation and order out of the preexisting tional secrets, access even to marginally All of this demonstrates the presently confusion, but there remains much that classified atomic energy data, unless they uneven and inconsistent scheme of se­ must be done before we can be sure our met the peculiar investigative and clear­ ,curity. It may be that despite all these system makes sense and is truly effec- ance requirements of the Atomic Energy anomalies, inconsistencies, loopholes, and tive. We still have multiple standards, Act. All of this has demonstrably im­ duplications, the security system is work­ some purely administrative and some peded the national defense effort. ing adequately, well, and economically; statutory. I think a heavy burden of Fortunately the 1954 Atomic Energy but I should like to find out by having proof must rest upon those who would .Act remedies this situation to some ex­ the Commission proposed under this tell us that a single, uniform standard tent, but much of the anomaly remains. joint resolution lay the security system would not better serve the cause of Although there now exists a basis for as a whole on the table and take a critical 'Security. :flexibility of investigation, and for inter- look at it. I mean critical in the sense ! wish to emphasize that the variable change of AEC and Department of De­ of trying to improve the situation and to standards which are now applicable in fense clearances_, personnel of other Gov­ develop it fully. This has never been the several agencies and departments of ernment agencies, including such im­ done, to the best of my knowledge. It the Government defy the mind of man portant ones as the CIA and the State is imperative that it be done now. ·When it comes to bringing about any con- Department, may not be able to have The conclusions derived from such a formity, any uniformity, or any reason- ·access to AEC information on the" ,critical scrutiny will enable us to place able degree of fair application in a par- strength of their own agency investiga­ the personnel security problem in proper ticular security case as it may go from tions and clearances, but must undergo perspective and to consider the problem one department to another. the specific treatment prescribed in the in terms of meaningful values. · It seems Equal difficulty prevails with respect Atomic Energy Act. Again I think a to me that we cannot properly cope with to security investigations, and clearance. heavy burden of proof rests upon those the personnel security problem until we . I am not talking now about the kind of who would argue that such ambiguities, · understand how the personnel security ease symbolized in the last few weeks in ~omplexities, and contradictions are program fits into the overall program, the Ladejinsky case. However, this is a justifiable. what it is intended to acomplish, and classic example of what may well be Much of our present fabric of security what it can effectively, justly, and termed confusion compounded in these- is built upon the assumption that atomic economically accomplish. If we find, for curity system of this Government. It energy data of any degree of security example, that the personnel security is such a classic example that it has sensitivity is per se more sensitive and program~s main purpose is to preserve those in high office ba11led as to how to warrants more elaborate protection than the security of national defense secrets. justify what has happened. any other kind of information. we will be able to consider personnel se­ I .refer, rather, to the difficulty pre- I should like to hear this assumption curity in relation to the other techniques vailing in the very foundations of the .defended, because it seems to me that for accomplishing the same result. personnel security clearance programs, certainly there are many secrets involv­ We may find that we have areas of .as in the case of the ground rules for ing war plans, radar, missiles, and the effective choice, and that we can or classification of information, require- like, which are just as crucial and im­ should relax personnel security stand­ ments for investigation and clearance portant as are our atomic ·energy secrets. ards and tighten the espionage laws and .developed independently and without co- Certainly many of our fine research pro­ administrative control devices; or that ordination in numerous separate agen- grams are just as crucial and important we cannot really have effective security cies of the Government. Again, Con- to our national defense as are our atomic unless we vigorously weed out all per­ gress helped. Commencing with the energy secrets. They all need protec­ sons about whom there is any doubt. I Atomic Energy Act of 1946, Congress has tion. However, the interesting part think we should become aware of what ·since enacted more than a dozen indi- about this special treatment of atomic choices or alternatives do exist, and the vidual laws requiring investigation and energy data is that, in many .respects, the price tag on each. clearance for personnel of certain Gov- actual protection afforded it falls far There are other ·questions in finding ernment agencies. The degree of varia- short of statutory protection afforded the answers to which Congress needs tion among these statutes in the precise other areas of the national security help. Are we to continue to have each standards and criteria for investigation interest. agency make its own final determination and clearance is remarkable. The se- Thus, the Del)'artment of Defense has without the right of further appeal, or curity program established by President authority to prevent photographing of should we establish an independent com­ Eisenhower is necessarily built upon this its installations, facilities, and equip­ mission, which will be the final court of uncoordinated statutory foundation, and ment, and to control ingress to, .egress judgment in security cases? If such a. the statutory foundation imposes deft.- from, and activities within its property final court of judgment is desirable, nite limitations upon the degree of co- and installations. However, AEC has no should its service be binding on all de­ ordination and consistency which can be such authority, as it found to · its em­ partments and agencies? achieved under the present security pro- barrassment 4 years ago when its armed We must find the answer. Today, gram. security guards apprehended a Chicago there is in existence no court of appeal But there is still more to be said about radio commentator who had climbed In the Ladejinsky case, to which public personnel security. We have gone to over the fence into the Argonne National attention has been focused recently, and great lengths to provide special security Laboratory exclusion area. A plausible iin other cases, a man has been shifted protection for atomic:..energy secrets. legal basis for prosecution could not be from one agency to another. Two agen­ Until enactment of last year's Atomic f.ound. If the same photographer had cies have given him clearance, and one Energy Act there was an inflexible stat- walked 'into a military reservation with agency has not given him clearance. No utory requirement for a full investiga- his camera, he would have been subject agency or tribunal exists at the present tion and AEC clearance of all individ- . to very severe penalties. Certainly he time where an adjudication of such a. CI-30 4-66 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18 situation can be had, particularly when an adequate JUdgment. The American these last 2 years and how I think the Nation an obvious division of opinion and at­ people are wondering whether we can and the Republican Party are doing. titude exists with reference to an em· have an effective security system on the I can satisfy a portion of the suggestions ployee's security record. · in a single sentence. For the better part of one hand and, on the other, still be able 2 years I have been sitting, listening, and It is an injustice to the individual, and to preserve the basic American rights thinking. it may very well be cruel and inhuman which we know so well under our legal In this period, I have been a member of a treatment of such an individual. How­ and constitutional systems. We should board of inquiry, referred to by the somber ever, it is an injustice also to what one provide the facts and the intelligence title, the Subversive Activities Control Board, might call the effectiveness of orderly upon which to base an adequate judg­ which is a basic part of your Nation's devel­ government. Surely, an answer must be ment as to all these questions under the oping internal-security system. In this provided to that question. At least we system which now operates. work, my four colleagues and myself en­ deavor to determine whether the Attorney should provide the means of arriving at Mr. President, in order to accomplish General of the United States is absolutely an answer. this objective it would be necessary and correct in his allegations that listed organ­ What should we do with regard to in­ wise for the Congress to create a Com­ izations in our country are dominated, con­ vestigations? Should they be central­ mission on Government Security. The trolled, and directed by the Communist ized under the Civil Service Commission commission which we propose would Party, United States of America, or by for­ with the assistance of the FBI in special have 12 members: four appointed by the eign powers which seek the overthrow and cases? Should we make clear that there President of the United States, 2 from ultimate destruction of the United States. the executive branch of the Government You read and hear very little about the is a separation between the investigatory labors of the Subversive Control Board :for and evaluation functions? and 2 from private life; 4 appointed by reasons which are clear and understandable. What should we do about uniform cri­ the President of the Senate, 2 from The Board itself makes every effort to be free teria? I remind the Senate that we have the Senate and 2 from private life; of controversy and the Board looks to our enacted legislation to provide that ad­ and 4 appointed by the Speaker of the high courts for statements of explanation ministrative agencies which function in House, 2 from the House of Represent­ when Board orders, requiring public regis­ a quasi-judicial capacity shall not also atives and 2 from private life. I would tration by Communists and fellow travelers, act as policemen, investigators, prosecu­ say this would be a blue-ribbon commis­ are made final. . sion, composed of men selected strictly It is encouraging that Communist leaders tors, and judges and jury. That sub­ have repeatedly testified that the Commu~ ject has been an important item of dis­ on the basis of competence, ability, and nist Party, United States of America, will be cussion throughout the past, and Con­ the highest standards of morality and required to commit suicide should the su­ gress has always endeavored to make character. preme Court finalize the Board's registration certain that too much power shall not These appointments would be equally order against that organization. reside in any one man or in any one divided on a so-called partisan basis, so A fuller discussion about the Board's pro­ group or agency. Therefore I ask: What that the work of the commission would cedures and substantial legislative authority should we do about uniform criteria? be out of the area of partisan political can be provided in some future opportunity conflict and would be on the high plane but not tonight. I ought, however, to make Should we make provisions for a bill of an observation. This segment of our in~ specific particulars against suspected of competent analysis and study for the ternal security system does not suffer, aside employees in order to help them prepare good of the country and the safety of from some ·Complicated constitutional ques­ an adequate defense? What about ap­ the Republic. tions which are now before the courts, from plicants for Government employment? Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ public criticism or misunderstanding be­ That is one of the tragedies in the pres­ sent to have printed ~t this point in the cause the methods it employs are in support ent security system. Should applicants REcORD the text of a remarkable address of the spirit of the ponstitution and they by one of our former distinguished col­ provide equal fairness, objectivity, and due have an opportunity of appealing an ad­ process to both parties in any case which is verse decision with regard to security leagues, who sat on the other side of the offered to us for adjudication. As a member claims? aisle, former Senator Harry P. Cain, of the Board, I speak for it in saying that Under present law, a man may never member of the Federal Subversive Activ­ we take nothing for granted nor do we as~ know why he was not given a Govern­ ities Control Board. The address was sume that any individual or organization is ment job. Yet there may be a file in delivered at a meeting on January 15. guilty as charged until that result has been existence containing charges against Senator Cain's address emphasizes the established to our own satisfaction on the strictly bipartisan nature of his agency~ public record. him, which can be used to blackball him. I have a reasonable doubt that anyone ever Such a man can now have no oppor­ He is to be commended for speaking out more enjoyed his service in the United States tunity to ma~e answer, because he does so plainly. He has spoken his own ideas Senate than I did. Its only conceivable not know the nature of the charges on and his own views. I am not saying drawback was an exaggerated emphasis on file against him. That situation may whether his views and ideas will be ac­ work of every possible kind rather than on well apply to hundreds of thousands and ceptable to many, any, or all of us, but I an output of thought. I readily confess that perhaps even millions of people. Such am saying that, at least, there is deep I attempted to accomplish too much for too files may exist in many agencies. A man concern in high places in the Govern­ many people in too many directions all at ment and throughout the Nation as to once. In attempting all of this, I lost sight may seek employment in one agency of some fundamentals which have returned after another, in all of which · such a an effective security program and its ap­ to focus during the past 2 years. file may exist, without his having any propriate administrative operation. . Before refiecting on these fundamentals, I knowledge of the existence of such a file, Senator Cain calls attention to the want to establish this attitude to be true. and without· an opportunity of refuting necessity for a careful reappraisal of our In my remarks there will not be, lf I can such charges or criticisms. Yet he is entire security program and the way in help it, a single unreasonable, unsupportable, blacklisted and blackballed from hold­ which it is operated, a reappraisal taken or destructive political reference. I am here out of the realm of political controversy as a proud Republican but I am speaking as ing any Government job. He may be one who feels that his basic allegiance is to confronted with such a situation not and placed in the hands of a high-level his Nation rather than to the political party only in trying to obtain a job with the bipartisan commission in which the of his deliberate and considered choice. I Government, but also in obtaining a American public can have full confi­ labor as a Republican from a hope to be of job in the defense industry, which pro­ dence. some small service to our Republic. vides so much employment in our coun­ There being no objection, the address No one among us denies· that the present try. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, is an age of peril. Were we in disagreement as follows: about this, we could reach agreement about Furthermore, what about the heavy nothing. CAN FREEDOM LIVE WITH INTERNAL SECURITY? financial cost each Government em­ Most of those in authority in each political ployee faces on occasion when they must (By Hon. Harry P. Cain) party refer to the present and the years of defend themselves and are then cleared? Mr. Chairman, through what I am about our immediate future to be an intended pe~ Does the Government have any respon­ to say, I shall endeavor to adequately express riod of peaceful coexistence with our ene­ sibility to provide them with counsel? the keenness of my appreciation for your mies. It makes me much more alert and less I am not prepared, Mr. President, to invitation and the joy I am receiving from gullible to think of these years as being co~ answer these ·questions, but they are in being in your company. This is no small existence with confiict. Call these years wpat undertaking for it has been more than 2 you will, they will be demanding of a na~ our minds and in the minds of the Amer­ years since last I was among you. tional preparedness and readiness in the ican people. We should provide the facts Robert Paine suggested that you might be armed services, which will long continue the and the intelligence upon which to base interested in what I have been. doing in . draft or some counterpart-on the farm and 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 467; throughout industry-sufficient to call for eonsiderable numbers, -were seeking ways .pf the Federal Employees Security Program .hard sacrifices and participation by all of us. through which to overthrow our Govern­ ~ April of 1953. As its predecessor loyalty This knowledge doesn't bother or perplex ment and destroy our free institutions. program did, this program requires that me. I accept it willingly. Like you, I am not Many hardheaded patriots, as well as soft­ every civilian employee or applicant for em­ living in the past.or in the future. We must headed ones, couldn't bring themselves to ployment in the executive branch l()f the contribute in some real measure to the age .comprehend that some of our citizens were Government submit to an investigation for in which we live. .giving their allegiance to a foreign conspir­ loyalty but it goes much further than iloy­ As between our material strength and that acy which seeks to enslave us. This is alty and considers a number of other factors of the Soviet Union, I see no particular haz­ .America, they said, and such things coUldn't like excess drinking, sex perversion, and bad .ards or defeat in store for the United States. happen here. I don'.t know anyone who now company which affect the Nations' security. I can only believe as ii do that our present refuses to admit that such evil things haven't In addition to these farreaching measures, leaders and those to come will pursue every happened here. The public record is replete the last, or 83d Congress, stiffened up most intelligent avenue for reconciling our differ­ with sad and damaging instances. of the statutes dealing with espionage, ences with the leaders of international com• During the life of the BOth Congress, our counter-espionage, and sabotage. You may munism short of war. I must remain con­ Nation began to grapple with the realities of now, for example, be executed as .a spy in vinced, as I am, that we shall prevail and !the postwar era. We were forced to agree peacetime. survive through any war which may be forced that the Kremlin was our enemy because our When )'OU add all of this to the Foreign on civiliZation. In this sense and as a citi.,. extended hand of friendship had been cast Agents Registration. Act, the Smith Act, zen, I have no fear of the Soviet Union what­ aside times without number. We were re­ various rulings by various Attorney Gen:. soever. .quired to admit that the masters of the erals, the continuing and vigilant activities My only major concern is with what we are Kremlin intended to carry out the preach­ of congressional investigative committees. to be when international communism's am­ ments of Nicolas Lenin exactly as Adolph and the investigative processes of the Civil bition for world domination has been de­ Hitler attempted to satisfy every intention Service Commission, you have in absolute feated in one way or another. Will we or set forth in Mein Kampf. In both cases the fact today an internal security system of those who follow us be able to say after the visualized result was to be the same, a return practically all-inclusive dimensions. With confiict has run its course that through 1ts tG the Dark Ages. the exception of Wire-tapping authority, years, even though they be a hundred, we I do not believe that this current and gen­ would you establish much more were you Americans and our Government have main­ eral understanding prevailed throughout the -an autocratic ruler in our land? tained and left untarnished our self-respect? United States before you sent me to the Sen­ To those of you w'ho have thought that Will we then be able to reassure the rest ate in late 1946. There were then as many your Government is so bewildered and f-right­ of the world that America remains a plac~ or more who disbelieved it, or did not bother ened about communism as to annihilate the in which the individual is free because his to think about it, as believed this evaluation Bill .of Rights and the Declaration of In­ Government and those in authority in every to be true. 'dependence at one fell swoop, I can offer :walk of life have been just? In any event, it was along about 1947 when these reassurances from our Nation's Chief As for myself, justice or equity and freedom

1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 469 Communist gathering since he was 12 years the Foreign Operations Administration while experience· with hearings and the kind of old. a fundamentally contradictory standard testimony with which these hearings deal. Because of the disclosure that young Hav­ was supported by the Agriculture Depart­ These security he.aring board members ris had been led by the hand of his father ment. This incredible result bewildered lay ·no claim to being professionals. They to a communist meeting, he was ·declared employees throughout the Government and started as rank amateurs and it will take to be a security risk and faced dismissal from confused people within our country and all time for some to learn their new business. the Air Force. around the world. · . and longer for others. I can only recognize This recommendation was overruled by a 'Probably all of the harm to our Nation's their inexperience to be a perplexing prob­ special board which was appointed to re­ pride, judgment, and reputation for fairness lem. I constantly wonder whether profes­ examine the case. A Democratic Congress­ could have been avoided if the difference sional hearing examiners could better keep man from Michigan was the one who pre­ between the departments had been resolved the balance we seek between security and vailed p.pon the Air Force to delay and re­ by a higher authority before any public justice. examine its dismissal decision. announcement had been made . (d) It might be advantageous to separate This Congressman, whom I do not know, . If there isn't one national policy which is the personnel function from the function of was an outraged citizen. He understood advocated and supported from the very top, internal security. It often happens that the that the first intention of the Air Force was there can't be any system or understanding job-suitability interviewer or the processor too much in keeping with the corruption-of­ or order at all. of personnel forms is called upon to make at blood practice which the third article of The higher authority in question could be least a preliminary judgment on questions our Constitution denies and which we so the Chief Executive or som~ high-ranking of loyalty and security. · deplore in the Soviet Union. In this coun­ otllcial to whom such a task is assigned or As often as not, these persons are trained try, the crimes of the father are not to be to a commission which certainly would in­ only in the semiscience of relating an indi­ visited on the children. A citizen must be clude within it private citizens for whom vidual's qualifications to a given job which judged on his own conduct and perform­ the Nation has the fullest measure of respect needs to be filled. ance. and confidence in their characters and judg­ Why shouldn't the interviewer or processor The third: Milo J. Radulovich was a first ment. I dislike thinking that another bur­ pigeonhole an application which indicates lieutenant in the Air Force who was not on den should be imposed on the President that the applicant has been a member of active duty when questions about his being but thought should be given to the need. organizations alleged to be subversive? a security risk were raised in 1953. No doubt (b) We must employ a more meticulous These organizations may not be subversive about his loyalty was intimated publicly. care in the selection of security otllcers. Be­ or perhaps they weren't before they went out The case against Radulovich, who was a cause of the scope and newness of the prob­ of business years ago. No one is likely to physics student at the University of Michi­ lem, some are assigned to judge others who encounter any future trouble by shelving a gan under the GI bill of rights, was based on are simply not qualified for these most dif- troublesome-looking application. Many a accusations that his father, John Radulovich, . ficult of all assignments. personnel otllcer will react to security ques­ had read pro-Communist publications and Above all else, the Nation's need is for tions as he would to poison. He wants none that his sister, Mrs. Margaret Fishman, had security personnel who can tell the differ­ of either. marched as a picket in pro-Communist ence between disloyalty and nonconformity; Too much has been said about Govern­ demonstrations. between treason and heresy. ment employment being a privilege and not For these reasons, ouster proceedings were Every Government worker must be loyal a right. Of course, it's a privilege. Why initiated against Milo Radulovich. This in­ and reliable but there is no reason why they labor the obvious? All an applicant is en­ tended action was concurred in by the board must be rigidly orthodox in their thinking. titled to is a fair and impartial break. He of three colonels who first heard the case There is every reason to encourage the or she does have that right to be judged com­ and by every staff level until the question iconoclast as well as the conformist to serve petitively and fairly on their job qualifica­ was laid before the Air Force f?ecretary. the Republic on the public payroll you tax­ tions. Their security status could be judged. Here the Air Force Secretary announced his payers support. subsequently by one who is an authority in that field. faith in the American way by reversing the Whether in or out of government, the or­ ouster decision, by removing the security risk thodox mind, because of its strength and We must be alert always to. avoid pro­ stigma, and by his declaration that we do singleness of purpose, maintains and pre­ cedures, forms, and attitudes which stimu­ not impose retribution on the family as is serves progress, but the dreamer and the late the advancement of mediocrity in any done so destructively in slave states every­ nonconformist make progress. The oppor­ way within the Federal structure. where. In the case of Radulovich, there was tunity to be different, while being strictly (e) We must increasingly learn to tailor a general assumption, short of the Air Force loyal, is a climate we ought to take pains security to the job. An individual may be Secretary, that a person tempted, because to develop. unsuited for the strictness of security de­ of family ties, must inevitably succumb to I consider the security otllcer to be the manded by a particularly sensitive assign­ temptation; that any person subjected to cornerstone in our fight to remain strong ment. This does not necessarily imply that pressure must inevitably weaken even if it and free. Any misfits or second-raters the individual couldn't fill many other im­ requires him to betray his country. among them are more dangerous to our· portant assignments with credit to himself Justice was slow in coming to Milo Radu­ future than the subversives they endeavor and the Government. Our operatio'ns and lovich and it remained for one man to to catch. These are the people who indict the living in the past never called for such an grant it. My concern about Radulovich was the innocent without reason and overlook exercise of good judgment as does the pres­ the attitude of mind which gave birth to the guilty for lack of knowledge, training. ent. If this were Russia, we wouldn't bother the ouster proceedings. and experience. much about this exercise. Because we live When Milo Radulovich, age 26, heard that in America, we must be bothered constantly. Were I appointing a security otllcer, I would (f) The basic· criterion in Executive Order his reputation had been restored by the Air select no one whose background didn't in­ Force Secretary, he said: "It's just like having 10450 ought, I think, to be reexamined in the clude a sound and wide knowledge of the light of every development in the last 20 your future handed back to you. Just to theoretical advance and practice of com­ say thanks isn't enough. I never expected months. munism since the times of Karl Marx and This criterion, that an accused applicant it; I'm kind of bowled over." this same individual would be required to It's time that we begin to worry when have an equal knowledge and understand­ or employee must meet the test that his a young American, age 26, expresses surprise employment is "clearly consistent with the ing of our Constitution, its Bill of Rights. interest of the United States•• would and that he was dealt with justly by his Gov­ the movements which produced the Declara­ ernment. does, where literally applied, constitute a · tion of Independence. and the history of the burden which can hardly be borne by anyone. I now offer to you some recommendations United States. It almost makes the employee atllrmatively and suggestions which perhaps are durable (c) Under Executive Order 10450, the func­ prove that the national interest requires the and lasting in their value. In any event, tion of a security hearing board is to con­ retention or continuation of his services. they represent what I have been thinking duct hearings on security cases and offer Who among us could do that? about and puzzling over since last we met. their decisions to the head Qf a given agency I believe that the phrase "clearly consis­ (a) There is a pressing need for the adop­ for him to accept or reject as he thinks best. tent" has been the source of much of our tion of some method which will guarantee The members of these hearing boards are trouble and that the cases previously·referred that important or unreconcilable differences generally chosen from the top level of the to, and others like them, were instigated by between heads of departments in the loyalty administrative working force. The rather it. and/or internal security fields will be re­ large number whom I know personally are "Clearly consistent" can easily be con­ ferred for decision to a higher authority. conscientious, competent. and desirous of strued to mean without doubts, real or No internal security system can become being fair. fancied, of any kind. It can be read to mean effective, understandable, or reasonable uri­ Their liabilities are few, but important. that pure hearsay or malicious gossip or un­ less its standards and the procedures for They have no tenure of office and they lack supported allegations constitute doubts to be implementing them are national standards. a feeling of independence because they are re~olved in favor of the Gov,e.t:nment. To my not departmental or bureau standards. · subordinates and subject to the directions knowledge it has been so read. In the Ladejinsky affair, one standard of superiors. Another sizable fault is that Such an interpretation implies that a was advanced by the State Department and a majority of them have had no previous domestic system of absolute s_ecurity is both 470 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE January ·:ts desirable and possible. In point of logic and Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I ANNOUNCEMENT OF CBS TELEVI­ commonsense, it cannot be either possible conclude with this thought: The for­ SION PROGRAM CONCERNING THE or desirable. mula for the· Commission which has been Any system through which men and SENATE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN women are judged must provide the judges suggested is not new. It is one which RELATIONS with room for judgment and discretion. has been applied in the case of the Instead of the rigidity of "clearly consist­ Hoover -Commission and other com­ Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, ear.. ent" we might better work toward the lat­ missions. I am not near1y so much con­ lier I had discussed with the distin.. itudes included in language like this: cerned about the numbers on the Com­ guished chairman of the Foreign Rela­ · "No person should be dismissed or denied mission or the formula for the establish­ tions Committee [Mr. GEORGE] an an­ employment from the Federal service as a ment of such a Commission as I am about nouncement I wished to have made on security risk unless it is affirmatively found the necessity for proceeding with this the part of that committee, and particu­ that his retentio or employment is reason­ very important and difficult task. larly the chairman of it. ably inconsistent with the national interest." Mr. Edward R. Murrow is presenting I am not suggesting that an established I think it would be well for every doubt should not be resolved in favor of the Member of the Senate to remember that 2 one-half hour programs on See It Government. It should be so resolved. What we are now talking about the safety of Now, CBS-TV, January 18 and January I am suggesting, and what our Nation ought the United States of America, its gov­ 25, from 10:30 to 11 o'clock p. m., east­ to demand, is that the doubt about an in­ ernment and its institutions. We are ern standard time, covering the work of dividual be first established before it is also, Mr. President, in establishing a se­ the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. resolved against him. curity system, trying to find a way by The program will feature interviews Let the Government judges assume their and actual scenes taken at a committee rightful responsibility for establishing their which we can maintain security on the doubts about any individual to be valid and one hand and freedom on the other. session this year. most of the fear and skepticism concerning This is the greatest challenge to a free Mr. President, as I said previously, I our security system would disappear over­ people that could possibly be placed be­ am making this announcement in behalf night. fore us. We do not, I am sure, want to of the chairman of the Senate Foreign In expressing this conviction, I am think­ sacrifice that which distinguishes us as Relations Committee, and I wish to say ing about you and what -you are entitled to that I think CBS is to be highly compli.. should you endeavor to join or remain with­ a people and as a Nation from others, particularly from the totalitarians, in mented for its keen educational interest in the Federal establishment. in the work of the committee. I think (g) The general public has a tendency our effort to gain what we term security to consider loyalty and security as being one in critical days. I do not believe the the program will be quite a treat for our and the same thing. That doesn't follow. problems are irreconcilable. I happen colleagues, and I hope it will be of bene­ A loyal person can be a security risk and a to believe it is possible, and not only pos­ fit and of educational value to the citi­ security risk can be truly loyal. Obviously, sible, but desirable, to have an effective, zenry of ~e United States. a disloyal person is a risk. We should, I believe, be more specific in well-administered, carefully thought­ out, consistent security program which our use of the term "security risk." ADJOURNMENT TO FRIDAY Drunkards, perverts, drug users, gossipers, will protect the safety and the welfare and those who insist on keeping bad com­ of the United States of America on the· Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, if no pany may well be security risks while being one hand, and, at the same time, fulfill other Senator wishes the floor, I move loyal. We ·ought to make thi-s distinction all the requirements of what we call the that. the Senate now adjourn until Fri­ clear. When a person is fired as a risk; the democratic way of life and the principles day next at 12 o'clock noon. r~ason for their being so considered ought The motion was agreed to; and (at to be stated. upon which our democracy is founded. A person who drinks too much can often As we search for the final solution I 1 o'clock and 50 minutes p. m.) the Sen­ recover from that indiscretion and build a ate adjourned until Friday, January 21, suggest we call upon the best our coun­ 1955, at 12 o'clock meridian. new life--if given a chance .. The risk dis­ try has to offer. I suggest that we view missed for being disloyal will remain dis­ graced !or life. the problem as one which is apart from Here again we should be trying to the normal apparatus of political insti­ NOMINATIO~S strengthen our Federal structure without tutions and political life. Let us call unnecessarily destroying individuals in the upon the President and u:Pon those in Executive nominations received by· the process. responsible authority to set the house Senate January 18, 1955: · Espionage agents will be found among the in order, to make the home of freedom DIPL.OMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE disloyal. These are the ones we ought to not only secure but orderly. . Donald R. Heath, of Kansas, a Foreign try the hardest to discover. When we do, we Service officer of the class of ·career minis­ ought to execute them. Risks who are other­ It is in that spirit and with that ter, to be Amb.assador Extraordinary and wise loyal will not often be found in this thought that I have, along with the dis­ Pl~nipoteJ:ltiary of the United States of category. We ought to treat them accord­ tinguished Senator from Mississippi [Mr~ America to the Repuplic of Lebanon. ingly-without needless embarrassment or harassment. STENNIS], advanced this program. . I UNITED STATES ATTORNEY You've been most indulgent to permit me wish to commend all those who have Russell B. Wine, of Texas, to be United to speak so long. There is yet more that been working thus far in this field, and States attorney for the western district of could b~ constructively said but I thought to assure my colleagues that there is no Texas, vice Charles F. Herring, resigned. tonight I could say no less. One further ob­ conflict of interest between this pro­ IN THE COAST GUARD servation and I'm through. posed Commission and the normal and The days of the present aren't easy or The following-named licensed officer of uncomplicated, yet several simple ideals and effective functions of the committees of the United States Merchant Marine to the principles can't be misunderstood. the Congress. We can supplement one grade indicated in the United States Coast A whole clique of spies could hardly do as another and be of great assistance in Guard: much damage to us as could our failure as arriving at the objective of the protec­ To be a lieutenant (junior grade) a government to have confidence in our tion of the national security and the John Robert O'Connor people. Any government, to deserve to sur­ vive, must deserve the respect of its citizen­ fulfillment of individual liberty. The following-named persons to the grades ry. A government is under no compulsion indicated in the United States Coast Guard to be less than severe in punishing crimes effective December 10, 1954, to which they against the state, but that government is EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED were appointed during the last recess of the under every compulsion to extend considera,;, Senate. As in executive session, tion and just treatment to every citizen. He T-o be lieutenants in the United States Coast or she must be treated as what they ac­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. CASE Guard tually are--the fiber and substance from of South Dakota in the chair) laid be­ Charles B. Williams which a free nation derives its strength and fore the Senate messages from the Presi­ Jay A. Small, Jr. purpose. dent of the United States submitting Alexander D. Holman, Jr. Some wise man in the early days of our beginning, perhaps it was Franklin, said: "I sundry nominations, which were referred , , To be lieu~enants (juni.Qr !;rade) in the give you a Republic if you ca·n keep it." to the appropriate committees. United States CQast . Guard That's what I've tried to talk about, as a (For nominations this day received, Walter .F. Condon citizen, tonight-How to keep it. see the end of Senate proceedings.>. Rudolph V. Cassani 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 471

EXTENSIONS· OF REMARKS

The President's Budget Message indication of the budget's Inadequacy. For said, "We must be ready to employ trickery, at least another year-unless we can amend deceit, lawbreaking, withholding and con­ this budget as it goes through Congress-­ cealing truth." EXTENSION OF REMARKS Portland and Astoria will suffer in their com­ Communism is a global menace. It can­ OF petition with Puget Sound and California not be stopped in Europe if allowed free seaports. reign in Asia. Lenin stated the basic con­ HON. RICHARD L. NEUBERGER cept when he said, "The road to Paris is OF OREGON through Peking." IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Foreign and Defense Policies In this age of the airplane and atomic power this Nation could no more return to Tuesday, January 18, 1955 EXTENSION OF REMARKS isolation than an adult could return to Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, I childhood. OF We need and want stout allies but an alll­ ask unanimous consent to have printed ance must be a two-way affair. A nation in the RECORD a brief statement prepared HON. WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND cannot buy friends any more than can an by me regarding the President's budget OF CALIFORNIA individual. message with reference to natural IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES The mission of Secretary General Ham­ resources. marskjold was not a success and, in my There being no objection, the state­ Tuesday, January 18, 1955 judgment, no service is done the American ment was ordered to be printed in the Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I people or those of the free world by pre­ ask unanimous consent that there may tending that it was. RECORD, as follows: Mr. Hammarskjold has returned without STATEMENT BY SENATOR NEUBERGER be printed in the RECORD the text of the either the release of the prisoners of war held This is a budget which spells economic speech I made yesterday in Chicago, Ill., in violation of the armistice agreement or hardship and adversity for the Pacific before the Newspaper Advertising Execu­ any prospective date in the future when they Northwest. tives Association. will be freed. He personally favors the ad­ Despite the urgent need for deepening the There being no objection, the speech mission of Communist China into the United Columbia River bar to a depth of at least 48 was ordered to be printed in the RECORD~ Nations and his government has recognized feet, no funds are included for initiating as follows: that regime. In China he did not go to see this urgent project. The commerce and our men and the conditions under which trade of Portland, Oregon's major port, are SPEECH BY HON. Wn.LIAM F. KNOWLAND, OF they are imprisoned. His mission was a fail­ being choked by the shallow and dangerous CALIFORNIA ure by any fair standard or yardstick that shoals at the mouth of the Columbia. Foreign and defense policies are and need Americans can use. The pledge of Federal assistance for new to be the people's business. The decisions This is attempted to be glossed over by hydroelectric development is tied specifically that are made in the months ahead may the statement that "When tensions are eased to the discredited "partnership" scheme, un­ well determine whether we are to have a the members of our Armed Forces may be der which private power companies would free world of free men. released." We already know the standards monopolize the bulk of revenues at the dams. The wise men who drafted our Constitu­ which the Communist Government has set This is a shotgun promise, telling the people tion knew well the history of the world up for the easing of tensions. They are: of the region they must accept "partnership" to their time. , 1. The admission of Communist Chi a into or reconcile themselves to virtually no new They knew that where people had lost the United Nations. projects at all. ~ their freedom it was because of the con­ 2. Reopening of trade, including that o! In · spite of the extravagant campaign centration of power in one agency of the strategic materials with Communist China. promises made to the voters of southern Government. 3. The reversal of the American policy Oregon by nearly every Republican candidate Not only did they set up three great co­ which holds that it is not in our national in the election of 1954, the Talent irrigation equal branches of the Federal Government interest or that of the free world to have and power project in Jackson County re­ as checks and balances one against the other the island of Formosa, with its 9Y2 million ceives not one cent in construction funds. but they made the Federal Government one free Chinese, pass into Communist hands. Both Senator MoRSE and I urged Secretary of limited and specified powers, reserving to 4. A reversal of our determination and of McKay to honor his party's campaign prom­ the several States or the people thereof all the free world to draw a line in the Pacific ises to southern Oregon, but our plea has other powers. so that additional nations and their people gone ignored. It was Thomas Jefferson who said, "I have will not pass behind the Communist Iron The Bonneville Power Administration, sworn upon the altar of God eternal hos­ Curtain. which has been the lifeline of Northwest t1lity to every form of tyranny over the mind hydroelectric production, is to receive in the of man." These surrenders will not be apparent all coming fiscal year only 66 percent of last The times call for frankness and where at once and for the most part, if accom­ year's budget. This symbolizes the gradual there is an honest difference of opinion the plished, would be done despite the negative decline of Bonneville under the present ad­ American people should be presented the vote of the United States. ministration, which hopes to see the great alternatives confronting them. But first there will come the concessions Federal agency superseded by private power At the United Nations headquarters in which like paying other types of blackmail companies. · New York a massive propaganda buildup is will be constantly enlarged: Furthermore, the $500,000 for advance en­ taking place to silence those who would 1. Assurances to the Chinese Communists gineering, which may go to John Day, does analyze the facts of the recent visit of the relating to limitations and restrictions upon not even represent a full year's work under Secretary General to Peiping. The same ar­ our pending treaty with the Republic of a normal program. I regret that the Gover­ guments for voluntary censorship will be China, now on Formosa, and other offshore nor of Oregon, who made many references to used later when the ultimate price of ran­ islands. Congress in his inaugural message, never som is paid-lest we offend the killers in This, I would point out to Mr. · Ham­ once recognized the fact that the budget is Peiping. marskjold, is a dangerous game. The Chinese prepared wholly by the administration. Why · The Chinese Communist regime is the and North Korean Communists had under­ was not the Oregon Legislature asked to urge same one which committed the aggression in stood from Mr. Acheson that the Republic upon the administration a budget which Korea; was responsible for inflicting 140,000 of Korea was outside of our defense perim­ would do justice to Oregon? casualties upon us, including 35,000 dead. eter. It is alarming that the total sum to be That regime also killed in cold blood hun­ 2. Assurances that while public opinion in spent on natural resources, which are the dreds of Americans, with hands tied behind the United States would not presently sup­ lifeblood of the Nation, is the lowest since their backs, who were their prisoners. port Chinese Communist admission into the 1950, amounting to $953 million, as con­ It is the same regime which has consist­ United Nations the Communist bloc and the trasted with $1,358,000,000 in the 1953 fiscal ently violated the Korean armistice and has neutrals would soon reward the Peiping re­ year, for example. prevented the neutral nations investigative gime for their generosity in releasing a frac­ Sena tor MoRSE and I will try to add to this teams from being anything but paralyzed, tion of our citizens held provided the Ameri­ budget ·some funds for such urgent Oregon impotent examples of the free world's naive can voice at home and abroad was throttled undertakings as Columbia River deepening, trust in a system which prides itself in :from telling the truth regarding the tyranny the Talent project, an accelerated John Day treachery, assassination, and dishonor as spreading its cancerous growth in Asia, Dam, and authorization and eventually con­ legitimate weapons in the ultimate com­ Europe, and anywhere else they can subvert struction of Hells Canyon. munization of the world. free nations. The total disregard of the desperate need Lest there be some who think I am not Mr. Hammarskjold knows as well as does to deepen the Columbia bar to 48 :feet is an being slow to anger I will quote Lenin who any other observer o:f the world scene that 472 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18 in Communist eyes there will be no lessen· out of this has come-cherished to each In ·January of that year there were less ing of tensions until the Communists are American generation, one succeeding the than 200 million people behind the Com­ appeased in that manner. other-such terms as: "Give me liberty or munist Iron Curtain. Today, just 10 years What a vast difference the history books give me death," "Don't give up the ship," later, there are over 800 million. The world's would record today if the men who gave "Remember the Alamo," "Damn the torpe­ balance of power has been upset. us our Nation had not been prepared to take does; full speed ahead," "Perdicaris alive or When 30 years ago Lenin said "The road some risks. We would never have become Raisuli dead."' to Paris is through Peking," he meant that or remained an independent free AtnericaJ - Despite the fact that in many instances China was the key to all of Asia· with its How long can such a policy be followed we were faced with what appeared to be over­ billion and a half people. Once consoli­ without ending in disaster for ourselves as whelming odd&, we have- never found it nec­ dated with the manpower and resources of well as the other member states of the essary to sacrifice our national honor when Asia communism could turn with over­ United Nations? a vital principle was at stake. whelming power against the West. Our power was so diluted by the United ·Nor must we ever permit any international Peace with honor is, and should be, the Nations during the Korean action that the organization to so dilute or undermine our policy of th.e American people. This is cer­ recommendations of our responsible military spirit to the extent that Gulliver becomes tainly far different from a policy of peace commanders were. constantly. vetoed or ig­ chained by the Lilliputians and we are un­ at any price. Unless this is thoroughly un­ nored and our joint venture prevented the able to even protect our own. derstood, we could be lured into a sense of winning of the Korean conflict. The United Nations overwhelmingly false security by the words of the men in The United Nations record in Korea was passed a resolution giving support to the the Kremlin which do not conform to their not effective security in action. The United American position relative to the 15 Ameri­ actions or their policies. States furnished 90 percent of the man­ can airmen being illegally held by the Chi­ We must never lose sight of the fact that power. Only 17 out of 60 members supplied nese Communists. communism is the most brutal, Godless any manpower at all. We supplied 450,000 While the Communists have acknowledged tyranny the world has ever known. As a in armed forces to 45,000 supplied by all that they hold these 15- men in uniform, temporary expedient they may change their other United Nations members. there are strong grounds for belief that they day-to-day tactics, but their long-term Soviet chairmanship of the Security Coun­ may be holding other unaccounted for Amer­ strategy remains the same under Malenkov cil at intervals during the Korean war was icans. During the Korean war there were. as it was under Lenin and Stalin. like having-the town arsonist to head the fire more than 800 unaccounted for Americans in Some time between 1913 and 1915 Lenin department. The Soviet Union admitted uniform who had fallen into Communist studied the works of Karl von Clausewitz, supplying arms, ammunition and moral sup­ hands. We also know that they have 28 who is rated as one of the outstanding the­ port to the aggressor. American civilian citizens still in COmmunist oreticians of war. Clausewitz' statement Will the same joint venture prevent us jails, many of them having served there for that the conqueror always pretends to be from securing the release of our own men in 3 or 4 years. We know some of these have peace loving because he would like to attain the uniform of the American Armed Forces been in leg and arm chains for months at a his objectives in a bloodless fashion (as, without paying tribute to the Chinese Com· time. indeed, does the bank robber who kills only munist regime? This Nation will want to know what addi­ when resisted or disturbed in carrying out Before Mr. Hammarskjold and his associ­ tional steps the United Nations will promptly his mission) and that, therefore, aggression ates at New York or their home governments take to secure the release of the uniformed must be presented as a defensive reaction commit themselves to appeasement in con­ personnel? How long are we expected to be of the attacking nation was considered by formity with the current Communist line let patient while our men are in COmmunist Lenin to be a good idea. This idea is still them understand: Any such appeasement cells? at the bottom of Communist pacifist propa· will be subjected not only to the most search­ Are they prepared to apply against the .ganda-peaceful coexistence. ing scrutiny by the American Congress but Chinese Communist regime economic sanc­ The Kremlin's basic strategy is that com­ by a far more potent solemn referendum of tions as well as moral condemnation by munism will dominate the world, and free the American people in 1956. resolution? If these are not successful, are institutions and enterprise as we know them The time may be coming in the not too they prepared to support a tight naval and Will be destroyed. Neither as a member or distant future when the people of the United air blockade upon the China coast? the Foreign Relations Committee nor as a States may have to insist upon a second Or is the plan to silence Members of Con­ party leader in the Senate has the slightest Declaration of Independence. gress, have a form of censorship over our reliable evidence been presented to me which We did not change from a small colony of press, radio, and television, lull our people would demonstrate that the Communist 3 million on the Atlantic seaboard to the into a sense of false security lest it offend leopard has changed its spots. great Nation of 165 million because we had the Communist leader at Peiping who as We and the free world must not allow our· the most people in the world. There have successor to the emperors of the old middle selves to be paralyzed while nation after been a good many other nations that have kingdom expects the representatives of the nation in Asia and in Europe 1s brought had larger populations. free world to kow tow and bring tribute to behind the Communist Iron Curtain. In We did not reach our present place because his august presence? such an event we might ultimately find our­ we had the most resources in the world, for Since when did it become sound policy ·to selves b.s an isolated island of freedom in there are other nations which have greater reward the gangster with the Legion of Merit an otherwise totalitarian world. material resources. because he returns a part of his·loot? Under such conditions, though the diffi­ I believe that we came to our present posi­ In the final analysis, however, neither the culties would be great, we might exist as tion of leadership because the founders of American Government nor the Congress can sort of a continental Dien Bien Phu. How­ this Republic gave us a heritage of courage escape the responsibility for taking what­ ever, we would not be able to maintain the and a written Constitution that, better than ever effective steps are necessary to secure same political or economic system which has any other document drafted by man, has the release of these men wearing the uni­ enabled this country of ours to grow from given to our people the freedom-political form of this country. They do not wear the a small colony of 3 million on the Atlantic and economic-Without which this great uniform of the United Nations though they seaboard to a world power of 165 million, progress could not have been made. did serve in the United Nations operation in the most productive industrially and agri­ In this atmosphere the American spirit Korea. As long as a single American is held .culturally the world has ever known. had free reign. We were guaranteed the in a Communist prison I shall not remain The doctrine of peaceful coexistence is right to worship God, each according to his silent. being advanced by the men in the Krem­ beliefs. · lin, by the neutralist nations which do not To be sure, we have demonstrated time and Some, though not all, of our present prob­ desire to take sides as between freedom and time again that as a nation and as a people lems vis-a-vis the Communist world stem slavery and by some of our people who have 'We are indeed slow to anger. from the secret agreements o.f Yalta, Tehe­ not necessarily understood the full implica­ The religion and cultural background of ran, and Potsdam. tions of what the COmmunists mean by the free people of China made them slow to We should not consider all the people be­ peaceful coexistence. anger. Their nation is today behind · the llind the Iron CUrtain as being enemies of Their basic policy is and has been that Iron Curtain and millions have been liqui­ the free way of life. they would permit a nation to peacefully dated, including men of religion, teachers, At a matter of fact the people of Russia coexist for such a time as suited the Krem­ small merchants, businessmen, and non­ were the first victims of COmmunist tyranny lin's convenience and until they could either Communist workers and farmers. The free ifrom which we may hope they will so~ day be subverted by communism from within people of Czechoslovakia were slow to anger, be free. or taken over by Communist aggression and are today behind the Communist Iron Without the knowledge or consent of either from without. They have in mind for us curtain-though in the preceding election the American people or their elected repre­ the peaceful coexistence the Thanksgiving less than 20 percent of their people had voted sentatives in the Congress commitments turkey has (well fed and housed) until the the Communist ticket. were made for the postwar period which en­ axe falls. Some of our associates abroad apparently abled the Communist conspiracy. to gain Whatever their station in political eco­ want to brainwash us of some of the history control of Eastern Europe, China, and North nomic or academic circles, those who lose that has made America great. Korea. sight of this basic fact endanger the freedom B-ut, there comes a time, as my old New Since the year 1945, which saw the end of -of this Republic and the hope of gaining or England grandmother used to say, when :we World War II in Europe and Asia, interna­ preserving a free world of free men. You reach a point of righteous indignation, and tional communism has made great strides. could, of course, always buy temporary CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 473 respite by a po11cy of appeasement, 'but the The Committee estimates the $25 bfillon · classfficatlon .as public indebtedness,· it world should have learned at the time -of would construct 40,000 road-miles designated creates fiscal confusion and disorder, and Munich that .. the road to appeasement is by the Federal Government as interstate destroys confidence in Government credit. not the road to peace." It is only surrender highway. This would be little more than 1 You .cannot avoid financial responsib111ty on the installment plan. percent of an public-road mileage. The by legerdemain, and you cannot evade debt Proposals almost certain to be made "if average would be about 800 miles per State. by definition. The obligations of the Fed­ and when a big four conference is held: For this the Committee recommends bor­ eral Government .and all its citizens will still 1. Recognition and approval of the present rowing $20 billion at 3 percent interest and remain. borders of the Iron Curtain. collection of $5 billion in fees from filling There is -another -grave objection to this 2. Communist Cnina in the United Na­ stations, motels, etc., operating on the rights­ Federal road plan, of importance equal to tions. of-way. those I have mentioned. If This would mean the perpetual slavery the 30-year taxable bonds recommended GROWTH OF FEDERAL GRANTS TO STATES of hundreds of millions of people without by the Committee can be sold at 3 percent hope of ultimate freedom. It would mean interest, and J.f they are paid off on sched­ Since 1934, Federal grants to .States have ule-the last maturing in 1987-the interest enormously expanded in cost and functions. a complete repudiation of the doctrine of Every Federal grant .elevates .the control of liberation. would cost more than $11.5 billion. At this rate every dollar borrowed would cost tax­ the Federal Government and subordinates On November 15 in the Senate of the the authority of the States. Nothing is truer United States, in discussing coexistence, I payers $1.55. Based on all recent Federal experience, 'I than the rule that power follows the purse. raised a number of questions. They were: When the Federal Government makes a grant "Are 'coexistence' and 'atomic stalemate' submit it is a violent assumption to predict these bonds will be paid off at maturity. In it directs the exact manner in which the synonymous terms? If they are not, just fund is expended, even though the expendi· what is the difference? Is the former mere­ effect, we have ~ot paid off a single dollar of Federal debt in 25 years. Continuing ture is partly contributed by' the States. ly an inevitable prelude to the latter? And Time and time again I have seen the iron what of our foreign policy and our defense increase in the Federal debt is in prospect for an indefinite period. hand of the Federal bureaucracy compel the policy when such an atomic stalemate takes States to do things that they did not desire place? Does not atomic stalemate mean in­ It may be expected that even before the 40,000 miles are constructed, the program to do, because of grants made by the Federal evitable Communist nibbling aggression, Government. ra-ther than peace in our time? How many will be expanded in mileage, scope, and amount. It is certain that the system will The growth in Federal grants is indicated years remain when we still have .some initia­ by the fact that in 1934, 21 years ago, the tive left? These are some of the basic ques­ be thousands of miles greater than contem­ plated in the Committee report. total of such grants was $126 million, for tions before the Government and the people 18 grants-in-aid programs. Now the total of the United States." As we grow, population shifts, and the impact on specific roads changes, and there­ of Federal grants is $3 billion for 50 pro­ These questions have not as yet been fully grams. This is an increase of 300 percent in explored. They will be during the present fore our road needs shift and change. "There is no such thing as a permanent road be­ programs and 2,300 percent in cost. Federal session of the 84th Congress. Without parti­ grants to States never end. They continue sanship or factionalism we must face up to cause no one can predict years in advance what specific roads will . carry the most to expand. the facts and the challenges of our gen­ The Committee's proposal contemplates eration. traffic. Actually the Committee recommends that the greatest increase in Federal grants sug­ If we will only s'how the same courage gested. A Federal agency will determine the and common sense that motivated the men the Federal Government assume virtually the complete obligation for the so-called in­ location of the interstate road system, will who sat in Philadelphia and, under divine fix the number and location of access roads, inspiration, gave us first the Declaration of terstate highway .system (abolishing the 6Q- 40 Federal-State matching requirement in which may be considerable distances apart, Independence and then the Constitution of will fix the fees for the activities such as the United States, there are none of our do­ this program) and that it be financed by methods which are unique so far as I know, filling stations, motels, restaurants, etc., that mestic problems we cannot solve and there are located along the rights-of-way and will is no foreign :roe we need ever !ear. and thoroughly unsound. The Committee .recommended to the Pres­ control constr.uction standards, etc. ident that the program be financed through No one recognizes more fully than I the a Federal corporation which, without either need of road improvement to meet ·the con­ assets or income, would borrow $20 billion stantly increasing impact of modern-day The National Highway Program from the public. The Treasury, under a con­ traffic. A great deal of my public career has tract with the corporation, would guarantee been devoted to the problems of a road con­ the corporation's bonds, but the debt would struction in Virginia. As a substitute for EXTENSION OF REMARKS not be included in the record of obligations the Committee's recommendations I pro­ OF guaranteed by the United States. Annual pose: appropriations to meet principal 'and interest 1. That the 2-cent gasoline tax now being HON. HARRY FLOOD BYRD payments would be requested, but the re­ collected by the Federal Government be re­ OF VIRGINIA quest could not be refused or reduced by sub­ pealed, thus permitting the States to reim­ pose it. IN THE SENA"TE OF THE UNITED STATES sequent Congresses, for 30 years, if the faith and credit of the Government are to be hon­ 2. Present Federal aid to primary, second­ Tuesday, January 18, 1955 ored. If financial difficulty should develop ary, and urban road systems -yvhich, for many years has been integrated with State high­ Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I ask at any time, the corporation with no further authorization could make mandatory calls way systems, be continued on the long­ unanimous consent to. have printed in upon the Treasury for amounts up to $5 standing match basts. This amounts to $535 the RECORD a statement made by me in billion outstanding at any one time. million. regard to the national highway program Such procedures violate financing prin­ 3. That the lubricating oil tax now col­ as submitted by the National Advisory ciples, defy budgetary control, and evade lected by the Federal Government be con­ Committee. Federal debt law. tinued. There being ·no objection, the ·state­ If the Federal Government can properly 4. A Y2 cent per gallon Federal gasoline ment was ordered to be printed in the borrow money for roads in this fashion, with­ tax. Revenue from this tax plus the Fed­ out regarding .it as debt, and spend it without eral .lubricating oil tax, according to esti­ RECORD, as follows: budgetary control, it may be expected that mates of increasing use, shortly will be suf­ STATEMENT BY HaN. HARRY F. BYRD, OF VIR• similar proposals will be made for financing ficient to compensate the Federal Treasury GINIA, RELATIVE TO THE CLAY COMMISSION endless outlays which may be desirable for for this Federal aid. HIGHWAY REPORT education, hospitals, publi<: health, etc. In Under such a plan States would retain I shall discuss the proposed new ·road ·plan fact I am informed that such a plan is now as much control over their roads as they at length in the Senate when the President under consideration for school construction. have had in the past; $11.5 billion interest submits it to Congress January 27. In this This would mean operating the Govern­ would be saved for additional road construc­ statement I am commenting briefly on the ment on two sets of books: One set for activi­ tion; and road revenue would be evenly dis­ recommendations to the President by the ties financed by borrowing outside the debt tributed over future years to keep high­ National Advisory Committee for a national and expenditures outside budgetary control, ways modernized to meet changing condi­ highway program. and the other set for activities financed by tions. The Committee's recommendations fall borrowing on the record and expenditures Under the Committee -plan principal and generally in two parts: (1) Continuation under budget control. interest payments on the $20 billion bond of the regular Federal aid to highways at Count it as you will, as we spend more than issue wou1d dry up gasoline tax revenue the rate of $623 million a year, and (2) ex­ our income we add to our debt. The least for 20 years, from .1966 to 1987, with the ex­ penditure during the next 10 years of an ad­ the Government can ·do, in fairness to tax­ ception of about $600 million which is com­ ditional $25 billion for the so-called inter­ payers, is to keep books and accounts in a mitted to matching funds of States for their state highway system. Federal expenditures .manner refl.ecting the true state of our fiscal primary, secontlary, and urban systems. on the 2 programs in 10 years would total affairs. In the next few days I will present on a $31 billion. Including the interest, the ex­ When the Government contracts a. bona yearly basis figures showing the plan I pro­ penditure will be $42.5 billion. fide debt, but arbitrarily Iemoves it !rom pose will result in more road development 474 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January tB. than can be accompllshed under the Com• It is most appropriate that I discuss with variously presented, each time new estimates mittee's plan; that it will avoid increasing you the subject Conservation of Soil: Our are made the earlier estimates seem to ap­ the public debt, and that it will serve to Greatest Resource. pear more and more conservative. preserve the soundness of the Federal Your interests are.not confined to soil con­ If all of us are to eat as well of pork prod­ budgetary system. servation, but you have a direct and personal ucts a decade hence as we have been doing, interest in the international and economic agriculture will" have not only to produce as problems of the Nation. it did in 1950, but an additional amount I trust you will pardon me if I refer back to equal to all of the pigs produced in Iowa the Old Testament and use a verse of scrip­ and Nebraska in 1950. Conservation of Soil : Our Greatest · ture as a text: If we are to do no more than maintain Resource "And there saw we the giants, the sons of our per capita beef consumption, we will Anak, which conte of the giants: and we have to add to our national production an were as grasshoppers in our own sight, and amount equivalent to the entire 1950 pro­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS so we were in their sight." (Numbers duction of the great producing States of OF 13: 33.) Texas, Oklahoma, and Minnesota combined. These giants stand out as symbols of great With no increase whatever in lamb con­ HON. FRANK CARLSON difficulties-great obstacles. They are in sumption per capita, we will need somehow OF KANSAS every field of our activities. We meet them to increase production by an amount greater IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES in our international problems-we meet than that of the combined production of them in our domestic problems-certainly Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada. Tuesday, January 18, 1955 we meet them in the field of agriculture. We On this population count alone, it looks must overcome them or they will overcome like our surplus problem may, in due time, Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, I ask us. give way to one of trying to make every 5 unanimous consent to have printed in Fortunately, our Nation has been blessed of our present acres produce as much as 6 the RECORD an address I delivered at the with men and women who had vision, great acres do today. That will call for larger National Agricultur-e Limestone Institute courage and an overcoming faith. and larger dosages of capital in the form of in Washington at noon today. Two giants or obstacles in agriculture have lime, fertilizers, better seeds and machinery, On this occasion, I spoke on the sub­ been and are agriculture surpluses and pro­ together with improved farming practices ject Conservation of Soil: Our Great­ duction restrictions. generally. The stress of reduced demand during the Incidentally, the report already referred to est Resource. If we are to preserve our depression years and the necessity for down­ notes that we can build up acres by using productive capacity we must conserve ward readjustments in agricultural output at lime and that the tons spread during the our soil. We should ever remember the the end of World War II have forced us to agricultural conservation program in the lesson of China, where neglect of natural think a great deal about these two problems. single year 1949 resulted 1n 20 million tons resources contributed to impoverish­ But as a long-run solution, acreage con­ more hay and pasture forage which, if con­ ment of its people, political instability, trol of production of food, raw fibers, and verted to beef, would equal 1 Y:l billion and social discontent. Such an example the other products of our agricultural indus­ pounds live weight. try is as distasteful to the American mind as In our great concern for the problems of should teach us we cannot continually the restriction of output by an industrial this agricultural surplus era there is a dan­ mine our resources without replenish­ monopolist would be. ger that we may overlook other important ment, that to do so would invite na­ Our greatest hope for the permanent solu­ phases of our agricultural policies and pro­ tional disaster. We should remember tion of both the surplus and restriction prob­ grams. We should be careful in our think­ that it can happen to us. lems thus lies in the direction of expanded ing not to deemphasize the agricultural con­ President Eisenhower, in his recent consumption at home and abroad. Given servation programs. We must be ever aware message to Congress on the state of the sufficient time and a realistic approach to of our duty to preserve the Nation's soils Union, said we must direct greater at­ the problem of existing surpluses and the for future generations in a sound and ade­ need for acreage diversions to prevent their quate manner even during this period of tention to the needs of low-income farm continued accumulation, we can grow up to temporary surpluses. families. Manyof these farmers are be­ our present capacity. Only a few years ago we exerted every ing strangled slowly by intense competi­ It is entirely possible that within the not­ effort to increase production of practically tion in the farm markets today. They too-distant future, instead of worrying about all crops to meet demand. Who can say the constitute the group leaving the farm to­ curtailment, we may be having to think and same situation won't face us again a few day, causing a reduction in family-size plan for increasing agricultural production years from now? Our conservation efforts farms. even in peacetimes, just as we have had to do must remain on a level consistent with the several times during war periods in the past. needs of our soil today and in the years to A properly financed, continuously ade~ When one considers the prospects of our come if we are to faithfully discharge our quate soil-conservation program, with working out of these surpluses and the sur­ obligation to the welfare of our farmers and prominent roles for lime and fertilizer, plus productive capacity from which they city dwellers today and to those yet unborn. would enable these farmers to produce come, four points come to mind: In addition to the growth in population, better quality crops in greater quantity, 1. We are faced with a tremendous growth we all look forward to a continually rising and permit them to compete more effec­ in demand resulting from an unprecedented standard of living for those who make up tively with lower cost producers. increase in population. that population. And a rising standard of 2. We can hope and expect a continually living means in part improved diets for those A betterment of his economic position rising standard of living for all these people. at every income level. would make farming more attractive to 3. With modern technology and research While Americans today are on the average the low-income farmers and help keep at work for us, there is almost no limit to the best-fed people in the world, we cannot them down on the farm. Further, the the possible new uses and hence new de­ be content with present standards. The farmer's welfare is integrally bound to mands for agricultural products which may. whole trend in income distribution is cer­ the Nation's welfare. He is a big buyer be discovered. tain to be such that those who must now of finished steel products, oil, and chem­ 4 . Even though the export market for agri­ live on restricted or inadequate diets will be cultural commodities has declined in recent enabled to raise their standards and partake ical supplies. If we are to maintain a years, there are still millions of underfed, of more and more healthful foods. balance between agriculture and indus­ underclothed peoples of the world who are · As costs of producing various crops are re­ try we should bend every effort to make anxious and willing to buy our products if alined, the grains which in the short run farming a healthy, attractive, and thriv.;; they can find or be helped to find ways to pay present embarrassing surpluses may well be ing business. for them. applied to greater uses as animal feed. Our There being no objection, the address Population growth, if we look far enough increased population and our rising stand­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ahead, will alone have a tremendous impact ard of living will call for increased consump­ upon the surplus problem. Population which tion of meats which is one sure way of cu t­ as follows: today is 163 million is estimated at 190 mil­ ting into our recent cereal surpluses. ADDRESS" OF HON. FRANK CARLSON, OF KANSAS, lion in 1965. The third outlook which we may expect to AT NATIONAL AGRICULTURE LIMESTONE lNSTI• Within the next decade we shall thus be help minimize our surplus problem over the TUTE, STATLER HOTEL, TuEsDAY, JANUARY 18, faced with substantially the situation which years ahead lies in the development of new 1955 an excellent Department of Agriculture re­ uses and new demands for agricultural prod­ Mr. Chairman, it is a genuine privilege port, issued only a few years ago, entitled ucts. New and better uses for our crops pre­ and a real honor to speak to the delegates "The Fifth Plate," foresaw for 1975. sent several aspects all moving forward si­ and members of the National Agriculture For every four people sitting down to a multaneously. Limestone Institute at its annual meeting. meal and consuming the products of agri­ By lowering the costs of production and YouJ;" organization is representative of an culture today there. will be another person, distribution of established crops through industry that means much, to the nationai a fifth mouth, to be fed at the dinner table technology, new markets are constantly being welfare and the well-being of the American l 0 and 15 years from now. While the figures t~pped. . The discovery of wholly new prod­ farm ers. on the rate of population increase have been ucts and wholly new uses for established 1955 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- S~ATE 4.75

::farm crops is another· way in which demand '$4 biTlion to $2i800,000,000, or :a decline Of in ·wliich the entire Nation--every ma~ for the products of our farms can be in­ ·31 percent. woman, and child-has a stake~ For the creased. The average value of farm exports during soil of our Nation is a large part of our real Still another fron--t lie.s in the development the past _5 years has been $3,500,000,000. -wealth-'-Our strength in a day and time of ,new crops, t-nereby facilitating -the acre­ The last session of Congress provided far sorely in need of such strength. age shifts necessary to reduce production ..a program of disposal-of farm products under Our soil has contributed immeasurably to in some of the older crops, such as whea"t Public Law 480. This law authorized by the ·our country's prosperity, to the 'health of its and cotton, which are currently .in surplus. last Congress, provides for the disposal of people, to the creation of the economic giant The constant trend toward lower agricul­ -$1 billion worth of farm surpluses during we are in -the wotl.d today and -to the univer­ tural costs by improved strains and the a period of 3 years. sal prestige we hold because of our e.conomic utilization of w.astes makes it increasingly It is ,estimated that during the fiscal year power. We believe our way of life repre­ possible to sell agricultural raw materials ending next June 30, we will have sold or sents a force for good in this world; the pro­ in competition with other materials in their given away abroad under this prog~.am $578 ductive power of our soil and our industrial fields. million worth of surplus farm products. might have elevated us to world leadership It is not necessary to illustrate each of This program is functioning well and and have given us an opportunity to influ­ these types. It is only necessary to recall much credit must he given to the Secretary ence, by our position, the rest of the world the shifts in acreage made possible by the of Agriculture, Mr. Benson, for the zeal witll to a way of life which would mean. peace and expanding industrial uses for soybean oil. ·which he is pursuing it. progress. Back in 1924 American farmers harvested The long-run potentialities of 'foreign Considering soil conservation within thts just under 5 million bushels of soybeans. markets may be illustrated by the case or frame, who can .say an appropriation of $200 In 1954 our soyl>ean production was a record­ cotton, one of the products which in recent million or $500 million or more is enough to br.eaking 3.43 million bushels, with a market years has tended to be in surplus. accomplish an objective so interwoven with value of nearly $1 billion. Thus in the short With a rapidly growing world population, the welfare of this Nation? space of three decades we have seen the de­ there is no question that a need exists abroad Lt is disheartening to me to find so -much velopment of a -new major crop in this coun­ for all of'the cotton·that can be produced in emphasis being placed on the sa.ving of dol­ try and with it a new major industry. the United States, as well .as in the countries lars in connection with our -soil-conservation We need only recall the expanded demand which have lately become our comp.etitor.s program. Mere saving of dollars is false for products resulting from .develo_.Pment .of in ·this field of agricultural prnduction. Per economy if this practice becomes a.habit and freezing and dehydrating processes, and such capita consumption of cotton in 1948 was, our soil deteriorates to the point where it things as the spectacular use of hulls from for example, 3.3 p.ounds in Asia, 6.2 pounds threatens our productive capacity and ulti­ rolled oats to produce furfural as a selec­ in Latin America, and 7.5 pounds in Europe, mately far greater expense becomes neces- tive solvent used in the petroleum industry compared to 28 ,pounds in 'the United States. . sary in order to rebuild the fertility level. and as a raw material in the manufacture Granting all that may be said about the Economy is important but in soil conser­ -of chemical intermediates. increasing role of synthetic substitutes, it ·vation, as perhaps in national defense, there Who shall say what the future limitations is still true that if per capita consumption are other values .to consider. It is easy to may be upon our national development? In of other parts of the world were brought up say that so many billions of dollars can be ·agriculture, :what new crops will tomorrow anywhere near levels prevailing in the United ~trimmed from the defense 'budget. On the bring? What new uses for old crops? In a States, surpluses such as that of .cotton other hand, -can anyone say positively that world just now enterlng the atomic age, some might well give way to shortages. twice the expenditure isn't needed in view of the most exciting laboratories ever known The key to future exportation of more of the fast-changing Yace for the latest to man may be right on our farms. agricultural products is, of course, essentially weapons of destruction? . While corn is not one of our surplus prob­ a matter of imports. We ought not to nope Today we hear about t-he Imminent possi­ lems, the possibilities of readjustment are to solve our agricultural' problems perma­ bility of intercontinental missiles which can demonstrated in the shift from corn to new nently by aid --programs, dumping, or giving destroy cities in a matter of minutes. When resistant combine grain sorghums in the away excesses. · "this becomes a Yeality the sums we ·are spend­ southern great plains States and. in central The potential foreign buyers must be per­ ing for defense today may be paltry in com­ and western Kansas. mitted to earn the wherewithal to pay for parison with the outlays we · ma-y hav.e to As an outgrowth of experiments conducted the grains and fibers which they need and make. at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Sta­ would buy. The same may be sata for "SOil conservation. tion in cooperation with the Kansas Indus­ The problem of international trade and trial Commission, new types of hulling and The consequences of continually chipping the making of reciprocal trade agreements 1B away at appropriations· for this vital pro.­ milling equipment now permit the manu­ one that requires the most diligent study­ facture of fiour and livestock feeds from gram cou1.d be ghastl_y to behold in years .keeping in mind the interests of agriculture, to come. grain .sor.ghum, the ·flour being widely used industry, and labor. in making gypsum lath or wallbosrd. If we .could only visualize the .specter of The President has submitted a program ruin which would face our farm commu­ Varieties and suitabilities of grain sorghum callb:~g for an extension of the Executive have meanwhile been improved by research, nities and the resultant threat to our econ­ authority to negotiate tariff reductions, the omy as a whole !allowing in the wake of giving further impetus to the search for new easing of customs administrative burden&, uses of products and byprod.ucts. neglected and inadequately financed soil and steps to encourage United States invest­ conservation practices we would not be so It was reported a few years ago that new ment abroad, as measures that should con­ industrial uses for grain sorghum had '8.1.­ anxious to .save dollars alone. We should tribute -to an expanded trade with foreign conserve the real wealth of the Nation-the ready provided added outlets for 'the crop countries. from 2 million acres. The expansion -would soil-and not -so much the dollars that Action will be taken on this program ,in merely measure value. doubtless be -even more dramatic if we had this session of Congress and as a ml!mber of the later figures. ' In a sense the surplus era upon us gives the Finance Committee of the United States us an opportunity to produce better quality Last but not least among the ways which Senate, I hope to be helpf\11 in writin-g a _promise to help us work .out .from .:under crops. With fewer acres in production we program that will give agriculture its pro­ ean concentrate on greater and more intelli­ agricultural surpluses .is increased agricul- --portionate share of the agricultural export tural exports. · gent applications of lime and fertilizer, pro­ market. The farmers are asking ,no more, ducing higher quality crops in substantial Export markets have long been vital to and .they are entitled to .no .less. our farm population. These eJQ>.ort markets .;quanti:t;y .and at a reduced real cost. All of .the way.s I have discussed for have unfortunately 'SUffered in recent year~ Th.er.e is :another ar.ea in wD.ich an ade­ and -would certainly have fallen off con­ increasing demand for our farm productS quate sDll conservation effort can be helpful siderably more had it ·not been for our will be .reduced to empty talk if the soils in the maintenance of a strong agriculture. foreign aid programs. of our country are n-ot "Jnaintairred 1n a For many years farm population has been As the President observed in hls January .condition which will help us produce to steadily declining. In 1800 about 75 percent 10, 1955, message on .foreign economic p.olicy, ..meet demand in years to come. of our total population tilled the soil; today ••no single group in America has a greater I am as concerned as anyone else over our less than 20 percent make a li\ting from ..stake in a healthy and expanding foreign .surplus problem but for one adtlitional and the soil. · trade than the .farmers." all-important reason-that our preoccupa­ President Eisenhower, in hiB recent mes· During the recent year there has been tion with 1t will obscure the ever-present sage to Cc:mgress on the Btate of the Union. some improvement in the export of farm necessity to constantly maintain and in­ said we must direct greater attention to the crops, but during the past few years, agri­ crease our soil-conservation efforts. .needs of low-income farm families. Many of culture has suffered a serious deCline in the We must step back from the individual these farmers ar.e being strangled slowly by Joss of foreign markets for farm products. trees and look at the entire forest-we must intense competition J.n the farm markets to­ During the years 1951 to 1953, we lost the view the problems and vaJ.ues of soil con.;. -day. 'They constitute the group le-aving the export markets J:or farm. crops produced on .serv.ation in p-roper perspective. farm today, causing .a reduction in family­ .20 million acres of our .farmland. The crops In discussing .a conservation .PrQgram we size farms. that .suffered most from this loss of export Bhould not think of it so much lls :benefiting A properly financed, continuously .adequate markets were wheat and cotton. 'this or that class of farmers or that only soil cens.ervation program with prominent The value of the farm crops .exported for certain groups of farmers deserve to partici­ roles Ior lime ·and fertilizer would enable the years 1952 and 1953 declined from over .pate. We are dealing here with a program these farmers to produce better quality -crops 476 CONGRESSIONAL RE<;:ORD- SENATE January 18 tn greater quantity and permit them to com· who are not. We salute them all-the decreeing and enforcing it at the expense pete more effectively with lower cost pro­ leaders and the foot soldiers of the Demo­ of. basic principle. ducers. cratic Party. And· let us not forget our The Democratic Party nationwide, as in A betterment of his economic position friends of the Liberal Party, too, and those New York State, is strong enough, and broad would make farming more attractive to the independents who belong to no political enough, to give shelter to differing views and low-income. farmer and help keep them party, but to the party of good government. to tolerate minority opinions, from both the "'down on the farm." Further, the farmer's As most of you know, it was my privilege right and the left, on even the most critical welfare is integrally bound to the Nation's to play an active part in the recent cam· subjects. From the pull and haul of _honest welfare. He is a big buyer of finished steel paign. I had my heart as much set on vic· differences within a party comes political products, oil, and chemical supplies. If we tory last fall as in any other campaign in scope, development and vitality. are to maintain a balance between agricul· which I have taken part, either as a candi· Let us not make a false or fatal confu­ ture and industry, we should bend every date or as an advocate. And I have partie· sion between party unity and party respon· effort to make farming a healthy, attractive, ipated in almost all of them, over the past sibility. A political party has an inescapable and thriving business. 30 years. I am proud and glad for any responsibility to facilitate, by every appro.­ The condition of the Nation's soil deter--. contribution I was able to make to the elec· priate means, the practical fulfillment by mines the quality of food products grown. tion of Adrian Burke, Arthur Leavitt, George party .officeholders of the pledges and under­ Since we are what we eat, the fertility level DeLuca, and Averell Harriman. takings made by the party and its candidates of our soils has a direct bearing on the state I am happy to know that the chair I had at election time. A party has the duty to of our health. · Of the 4 forces determining the great honor of occupying during 4 terms urge and induce its officeholders to abide by the nutritious quality of food plants grown....:...­ as Governor of this State is now filled by party principles and platform commitments air, sunshine, water, and soil--only 2, water that distinguished American, that fine Dem· and to justify to the public those departures and soil, are considered variable. ocrat, whom I have long known as an old which are made by reason of clearly demon­ To the extent that we can control our friend and outstanding public figure, Averell strated need. water resources and the chemical compo· Harriman. But there is no warrant to throttle or stifle nents of our soil we will control the nutri· I am confident that he will add luster to minority views, based on principle, within tive value of crops grown. When our soil the high traditions of the Democratic Gov• the par:ty, or to discourage access to the free becomes deficient in calcium, nitrogen, and ernors of New York. market place of ideas for the airing of par­ other elements the deficiency shows up in But as we rejoice in our success of last ty differences. Differences on public issues crops and livestock. November and at the fact that our party within the party can and should be met These mineral-lacking food products give now controls the State administration, let forthrightly and with forbearance. The final us a poorly balanced diet affecting our health. us pause and reflect on some of the implica. arbiter in such matters will be the people. We cannot afford the chance that our soil tions of the event of 2 months ago. I recognize the necessity of being politically would deteriorate to the point of endanger· Political victory .is not an end in itself, practical and realistic: It is important to ing our health. We should remember thl:l,t although sometimes it has a regrettable tend· get things done as well as to talk about get­ a nation is only as strong as the backbone ency to become so. At the terminus of poli· ting them done. The encouragement of par­ of its people. tical victory is the beginning of responsi· ty unity as a means of making real prog­ If we ~e to preserve our productive capac· bility. The test of victory is how we utilize ress in . legislation and administration is tty we must conserve our soil. We should it. It is one thing to command success. It clearly desirable. And often, it is better ever remember the lesson of China where is another to deserve it. to take one step at a time, rather than none neglect of natural resources contributed to The people, the voters of New York, will at all, and to walk slowly, when running impoverishment of its people, political in· sit in final judgment on the manner in which proves impossible. stability, and social discontent. Such an the responsibility now given.our party is diS· But let us never sacrifice, or try to justify example should teach us we cannot contin· charged. From here on our accounting · is the sacrifice, of essential principle on the ually mine our resources without replenish· not within the party, but with the people. altar of political expediency, and surely not · ment--that to do so would invite national We must account for the manner in which when the object of the· sacri:fles is the false disaster. We should remember that it can campaign pledges are discharged. We must god of rigid party unity. happen to us. account for the manner in which day-to· At the end of that road lies corruption of day actions are taken, and ·day-to-day deci· political integrity, and, instead of victory, sions are made. only disaster and political repudiation. . We must prove to the people that the Let me make clear that I am not attack­ pledges made during the campaign, and the ing a present situation; I am-only warning Address Delivered by Hon. Herbert· H. platform agreed upon by the party and against a danger, a tendency which shows Lehman, of New York, at the New York subscribed to by our candidates were seri· itself today as no more than a cloud the ously meant and will be redeemed. size of a man's hand on the horizon of our Democratic State Committee Victory If our leaders and officeholders will be recent victory in the congressional elections. Dinner guided by these rules of conduct, and I am The Democratic Party is the liberal party sure they will be, our party, which is on of the Nation. That is its tradition and its trial before the people, will be judged worthy justification for being. The Democratic Par­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS of responsibility and deserving of victory, ty has been victorious in New York State OF both in the past and in the future. and 'in the Nation only when it has stood The challenge we face as a party in New by its traditions, and with outstanding can­ HON. HERBERT H. ~EHMAN York State has a striking similarity with, didates, has offered a clear program of lib· OF NEW YORK and relationship to, the challenge we have eralism to the people. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES taken up as a party in the Nation. With specific ;reference to the Democratic In Washington, we have assumed not Party of New . York State, its role in the Tuesday, January 18, 1955 executive but legislative responsibility. Nation is clear and unmistakable. But the basic requirement is the same, Its function is to cast its full weigh~the Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I ask to discharge that responsibility in a manner weight of the 15 million people of thi's ·unanimous consent to have printed in which the people will judge worthy of the State--on the· side of liberalism and progress the RECORD the text of an address which trust placed in us last November. within the Democratic Party. I made at the victory dinner of the New In Washington and in the Nation, as in Its role is to fight for liberal principles York State Democratic Committee, at New York State, too, .. there is within our and liberal candidates for submission to the the Waldorf Astoria in New York City, ranks a strong sense of party unity. And a Nation as a whole. · last Friday evening, January 14. basic party unity is, of course, greatly to I am confident that. the Democratic Party There being no objection, the address be desired in preparation for the great vic­ of New York will continue to fulfill this tory that beckons us in 1956, for in that function in the months and years ahead. was ordered to be printed in the REcORD, year win we must and win we shall. as follows: We must continue to battle ceaselessly for In November 1956 we are going to put an the principles of humanitarianism, for equal • After 12 long years, we have again known end to the giveaway regime, to the regime civil and political rights for.all, for the devel­ victory in New York State. And all present of bluster and blunder, of compromise and opment ·and conservation of our natural re­ evidence indicates that New Yorkers are surrender, of privileges for the few and sac· sources in the interests of the consumers pleased with what they did on November 2, rifices for the many. and of all the people, for special consider. and approve of the manner in which the We are fortunately rich in leaders who can ation of the needs of the underprivileged, men and women elected . and selected for take us to victory in 1956, although my own and for the advancement of the economic high office have gone about meeting . the pre:(eren_pe has been and remains that great interests of the consumer, the worker, the · problems with which :tiew York is faced. and eloquent apostle and leader_ of liberal farmer, and . the small businessman. We We meet tonight to do honor to the men democracy, Adlai Stevenson. must fight unyieldingly for freedom, and the · and women who led us to victory: the can· . Yes, we will have party unity in 1956, and practices of liberty. didates and the hundreds and thousands of we will win in ·1956. But our party unity These must be our banners, in domestic others at the county, district, and precinct must be based on principle. Let us beware of affairs; and ·we must irresistibly uphold and levels-those who are hete tonight and those making party unity an end in itself,. or ·o! advance them. · 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 477. Surely we will go forward, under these lnore than 1 billion hearts of the uncom­ -I would have liked us to consider problems banners, to victory in 1956, and to another Ulltted segment of the world? Or have they which do not now involve clash of arms, but and even greater victory, in New York State, planted seeds of discord, poisonous dragons' which represent sources of deep concern in 1958. Just as surely we will fail if we teeth of hatred? to us like the problems in southern Vietnam compromise these principles or surrender Have they contributed to a better, more and elsewhere in southeast Asia; problems them, in the name of political expediency. rational, more clear-cut understanding of along the uneasy border of our devoted ally, We :have had a fine victory in th·e State the difficult, complex problems of our time? the Republic of Korea. and in the Nation. Now we must redouble Or have they-in the chronic habit of the But time does not permit us to look in our efforts and develop to the utmost our demagog-served to becloud issues, inflame detail at each of these specific phases, and resources of imagination, of courage, and of them with emotional fury, so that problems so I should like to turn to some of the more leadership. With God's help we will suc­ become more and more difficult to solve? general principles which do apply through­ ceed in our purposes, to the greater credit These are questions by which you or I or out the world. They are principles which of the Democratic Party, to the greater wel­ anyone else should judge not only the men will serve as guides to us in weighing the fare of our people, and to the greater glory in public life who work on foreign affairs, future foreign policy of our country. of America. · but individuals in private life who also par­ SEVEN BUILDING BLOCKS FOR PEACE ticipate in this crucial subject. I should· like to refer to 7 keystones-7 SECRETARY OF STATE'S NOTABLE SUCCESSES building blocks for an effective foreign United States Foreign Policy With that standard, you and I are going policy: They are, as I see them: (1) Non• to look at all the world's stage. partisanship, (2) vision, (3) good wm, (4) patience, (5) restraint, (6) partnership, and If time permitted, I would have liked to EXTENSION OF REMARKS consider in detail some of the great advances (7) spirituality. OF which have been made during the past NONPARTISANSHIP ESSENTIAL IN FOREIGN couple of years. AFFAIRS HON. ALEXANDER WILEY They represent successes which already The first keystone is nonpartisanship. OF WISCONSIN aSsure for our distinguished Secretary of Without this keystone, we cannot possibly· State an enduring mark in history as one of speak with one clear, eloquent, firm voice IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the greatest men who has ever held this high to the world. Tuesday, January 18, 1955 office. But, fortunately, we are going to continue I refer to such notable achievements as to do so. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, on Sun­ the settling of the Italian-Yugoslav dispute And so, I want to pay tribute now to the day night it was my pleasure to deliver over Trieste; the English-Egyptian agree­ responsible leaders of both our major politi­ an address on the subject of United ment on the Suez Canal problem; the settle­ cal parties who will help assure continuing States foreign policy. ment of the Anglo-Iranian oil dispute; the nonpartisanship, notwithstanding the over­ At that time, I stated my vigorous op­ independent replacement of the Communist­ all political division between the executive dominated Government of Guatemala by a and legislative branches. position to any rash attempt on the part strong, able government representative of The relatively smooth transition of legis­ of the United States to impose a uni­ the w111 of those fine people; the great mile­ lative control is, in my judgment a remark· lateral military blockade on Red China stone represented in the Manila Pact; the able commentary on the vitality and worth at this time. · very encouraging progress toward bringing of our two-party system. I send to the desk the text of my Har­ into being of the new Western European Here too, in Harrisburg, next Tuesday you risburg address, supplemented by ad­ Union; our mutual defense treaty with the will be inaugurating a new Democratic Gov­ ditional comments which I made to the Republic of China; and other impressive ernor. Your new legislature will in turn be advances. divided-with each of the parties in control press yesterday when this issue came up of one Chamber. for further discussion. OTHER PROMISING FIELDS OF ACTION You look forward however to responsible I ask unanimous. consent that both I would have liked to discuss with you two-party government, I am sure. items be printed in the RECORD. some of the current phases of our foreign In Washington, we have already had our There being no objection, the address policy program which are particularly legislative transition. Just 3 days ago, at its and press release were ordered to be promising. first meeting the Senate Foreign Relations One such program is the President's fa­ Committee formally changed hands, as have printed in the RECORD, as follows: mous atoms-for-peace plan. It is one of all the other committees on Capitol Hill. SEVEN KEYSTONES OF NONPARTISAN FOREIGN the most promising of all suggestions for The particular smoothness with which this POLICY helping to resolve East-West tensions and to transition was made in our own committee (Address by Hon. ALEXANDER WILEY, of Wis­ assure cooperation within the free world as was, I believe, an inspiring demonstration consin, ranking Republican, Senate For­ well. of responsible party and individual leader­ eign Relations Committee, in Harrisburg, I should have liked to refer to the vital ship. Pa., at Jewish Community Center,. at tOOth mission of our United States Information In this crucial field of foreign affairs there anniversary of the center movement in the Agency which ts doing such a fine job in our 1s (on both sides of Capitol Hill) going to be United States on Sunday, January 16, battle for the minds of men throughout the basic continuity, I am happy to say. There 1955) world-a peaceful battle using instruments may, to be sure, be some changes, as the new I welcome this opportunity to survey with of radio, press, motion pictures, and, yes, majority exercises its prerogative of review. you current and future problems of Ameri­ television. But in the broad outline of past and current can foreign policy. In that latter connection, may I point out foreign policy, in the basic attitude of full It is particularly appropriate to come ·to that in the last Congress; st~ps were taken and wholehearted cooperation with the ex­ tlie capital of the great Keystone State on so toward the setting up of an International ecutive branch, I am delighted that there is constructive an occasion as this-to consider Telecommunications Commission, one of going to be sincere and cordial continuity. the strengthening of nonpartisan foreign whose phases would be the development of There is continuity in staff. There is con­ policy. international television. Action, unfortu­ tinuity in teamwork. I shall refer to seven keystones of a sound nately, was not completed by the Congress, At our committee helm, a Republican Sen­ international program for the United although important spadework has been per­ ator from the Midwest has been replaced by States-an enlightened modern program in formed by an intra-Cabinet committee. I a Democratic Senator from the southland, this age of great challenge from interna­ am hoping that the 84th Congress will flash the esteemed Senator WALTER F. GEORGE, of tional communism; this age of great oppor­ the green light for international TV through Georgia. Your speaker tonight was and is tunity; this contracted , world of the jet­ the proposed Commission. succeeded by this distinguished American, atomic era. The use of the miracle medium of tele­ who has served in the Senate-as one of its most universally respected statesmen-who JUDGING STATESMEN OR DEMAGOGS vision throughout the world offers dramatic possibilities, particularly for dispelling lies has done so longer than any other present It seems to me that our fundamental mis­ and misunderstanding, generated by the man of that great body and who is now hon­ sion in international relations is to construct Soviet Union against the free world. ored by serving as its President pro tempore. keystones of peace and justice and prosperity. I, in turn, who have ·been pleased to serve It seems to me that the one great standard DANGER SPOTS ON WORLD SCENE longer than any other current Republican by which you or I should judge those who And, too, if time permitted, I would have but one-Senator BRIDGEs-am honored to are active in the field of foreign affairs at liked to take a detailed look at some of the serve with Senator GEORGE and with a group home and abroad is this: specific danger spots in the world, particu­ of fine men which includes-as a neophyte, Have they, like statesmen, built for better larly some of the scenes where force of arms as a freshman for this Congress-the beloved relations? Or have they, like demagogs, is still the order of the day: Like the guerrilla Veep, our former Vice President ALBEN tried to tear down the edifi.ce ,of better rela­ war in Malaya; the border strife in the Holy BARKLEY. tions?. Land; Mau Mau terrorism in Kenya; the From men such as these and from our other Have they planted .good will tn the hearts fighting in Costa Rica; the air and sea strikes associates, you can anticipate-with pleas-. of men?-America for her allies, and .. hel' to and ·from Formosa and the Chinese main• ure-the most responsible form of nonparti..; allies for America?-good will for us in the land. san cooperation in foreign affairs. 478 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18 VISION NEEDED TO BUILD THE PEACE Here we need men _and. women who will In any event, we must not rush into hasty We turn to the second keystone. build friendship, who will build warm un­ ill-considered, impulsive action. I, for one, In the Book of Proverbs, we read that derstanding, who will combat the termites of definitely and absolutely oppose at this time "without vision a people perish." racialism, chauvinism, provincialism. any arbitrary steps involving the use of Never has that been truer than in the We need men and women who will unite force-such as a military blockade-to effect dangerous world of the atomic-jet age. With­ free men, irrespective of barriers of race and the release of these men. I particularly op­ out vision, as to the defense needs of our religion and nationality. . pose any :unilateral forceful action -on our Nation, the economic-political, spirit u al Fortunately, we have witnessed many fine part at this time. Talks with Peiping are needs, this Nation could not survive. examples of messengers of good will. going to consume more time. But remem­ Without such vision, indeed, t h is Nation I am thinking now, for example, of the out­ ber that the p roblem of these imprisoned could never h ave been born. But, 170 years standin g good-will trip wh ich was made by airmen is related to the problem of other ago the Founding Fathers h ad a vision-of the very competent brother of the Chief Americans-civilian and uniformed-whom a constitut ional Republic, a Nation of checks Executive of our country, Dr. Milton Eisen­ we h ave very strong reason to believe are and balances, of separation of powers. And hower. It was a trip which inspired the still unjustly imprisoned behind the Iron they h ad the courage and perseverance to people of Latin America. That trip was later Curtain. bring that vision into being. successfully followed up by the work of I say, t h ere is too much of a tendency In our own time, far-sight ed men had Assistant Secretary of State for Latin Ameri­ for some of us to become so aroused by a. the vision of establishing a United Nations. can Affairs, Henry Holland, and by the efforts ·single incident that we forget the overall It was to be an organization which would of Secretary of the Treasury George Hum­ picture, that we forget that hasty ill-con­ achieve goals which neither the League of phrey and Under Secretary of State Herbert sidered action could start a chain reaction Nations nor any previous similar effort in Hoover, and others at the Inter-American leading to diplomatic-military complications history had ever attained: the goal of a Conference at Patropolis. of the direst sort. world of lasting law and order, of enduring I am thinking, too, of the able work per­ Noth ing that is very good in this world is peace and justice. And great progress has formed part icularly in the Far East by the accomplished overnight. been made in this noble United Nations Vice President of the United States when he Rome was not built in a day, nor was this organization. and his charming wife visited 19 countries American Republic. AN ILLUSTRATION OF VISION: UNICEF and 2 Crown colonies in one of the most The United Nations is today less than 10 successful and fruitful such visits ever made years old. It has been learning, evolving, ex­ And men had other visions as well. They by a high-ranking officer of our Nation. perimenting the hard way as has every simi· had the vision of a United Nations Inter­ I am confident that DICK NIXON'S forth­ lar institution. national Children's Emergency Fund which coming trip to Central America, beginning Look back to our own history and consider would tend the innocent little victims of on February 6, will be similarly productive the difficult conditions which prevailed in war and of poverty and disease. of good will. this land when we, as a nation, were but 10 UNICEF, founded in 1946, now operates But harmony and good will are spread by years old. Remember that more than a half· In 80 countries. Its services are estimated private citizens as well. Hundreds of thou­ century after we were established as a nation, to have reached 25 million children in 1954. sands of American tourists and servicemen not only had we not succeeded in solving our UNICEF surveys indicate that 600 million traveling or living abroad, embodying cour­ problems, but we were engaged in a long and children, two-thirds of all those living, are tesy, tact, and fellowship toward foreign bloody War Between the States. without adequate food, clothing, shelter, san­ peoples, contribute to this process. Why, then, should we be so impatient when itation; or- minimum medical protection. Every American, too, who sends a CARE we are dealing not only with the Reds but Millions of them ·will die in childhood or package to relieve foreign need, every Amer­ with other_ men who do not speak the same live warped lives for want of· ordinary care. ican who writes a constructive letter to a language nor share the same geographic area And to help meet this need, UNICEF (which friend or relative or business acquaintance as ourselves, diverse men and 60 diverse na­ is not a hand-out organization) draws con­ beyond the seas, every American who attends tions throughout the world-nations which tributions from nearly 100 countries and ter· a constructive international conference, are at diff~rent strata of development, na­ ritories. It does so on a ·matching basis such as the recent meeting in Vienna of the .tions which have different cultural, histori- with the governments of the benefiting World Veterans Federation, or such as inter­ cal, religious, and political outlooks? countries. · Thus, it has provided vaccine national church gatherings, fraternal, scien­ Let us indeed, as President Eisenhower has for the inoculation of 30 million children; tific, or other groups, dedicated to the cause so el.oguently suggested, have the courage of penicillin to cure 3 million children of yaws. of peace and freedom, can also serve to en­ patience. It has protected more than 13 million against gender good will. THE COROLLARY OF RESTRAINT malaria. This work, it seems to me, is one Likewise, I refer to every artist who serves of the most impressive illustrations of in­ to cement relatrons between our two peoples. Hand in hand with the building block of ternational humanitarian effort. Inciden­ I am thinking now, for ·example, of the spec­ patience 1s the building block of restraint. tally, it is backed unanimously by every tacular success of the traveling troupe which We are the world's greatest power, but if we member of the U.N. has been presenting the folk opera, Porgy are to be the world's wisest power; we must In the not. too dlstant future, a UNICEF and Bess. This outstanding group of Negro play our role with restraint. The world will movie made by the world-famous comedian, artists h;:tS probably done more to dispel all the more respect us if we use our position Danny Kaye, with the splendid cooperation falsehoods about racial relations in the with discretion and judgment. of Paramount Pictures, will be released. It United States than an almost infinite Perhaps the best recent illustration of in· Will afford ·another opportunity for men of amount of words on the part of diplomats. ~elligent restraint came during the recent good will everywhere to become better ac­ I am thinking, too, of the great job which dangerous days when our ally France was quainted with this fine organization-this has been done by individual artists like the debating the Western European Union in organization founded and administered by great Marian Anderson-in helping to estab­ her National Assembly. That occasion af· men and women of vision. lish a framework of good will for us through­ forded a remarkable 1llustration of United It was such men who are responsible, too, out the world. States self-restr.a.int and· Communist wild­ for the World Health Organization, which ness. has done such outstanding work toward ban­ WE NEED PATIENCE, NOT ARBITRARY ACTION, TO On the one hand, our United States offi­ ishing epidemics and disease; the Food and RELEASE AIRMEN cials scrupulously refrained from either any Agricultural Organization, which has helped The fourth building block is patience. word or deed which might in any way have uplift farm production; the , This is one of the most difficult of all to been misconstrued as affecting the right of which has helped assure credit for sound new achieve. It is often hard to be patient be­ the French nation to decide Its own course. enterprises. fore injustice, before resisting international On the other hand, the Kremlin ordered all And other men have had the vision to crime. sorts of threats, demonstrations, all sorts of bring into being other vital parts of our Such a crime has been commltted in the propaganda, to try to stampede the French system of ·Collective security and interna· imprisonment of 11 American airmen. There National Assembly into rejection of the pacts. tional justice. · is no patriotic American who does not feel a But the Kremlin's efforts backfired, and I refer, for example, to the Office for Euro­ burning moral indignation against this out­ France rose to the occasion and the Assembly pean Economic Cooperation and its 18 mem­ rage. ratified the WEU. ber nations-the Council of Europe, the And, yet, if we are to be true to the needs There will be othe~ occasions when we pioneering Coal and Steel Community. of these airmen; if we are to be true to the must be similarly patient, similarly self-re­ I refer to the builders of our worldwide needs of our Nation and of the world, we strained. system of defensive alliances--bilateral and must continue to explore every reasonable One such occasion remains, of course, right multilateral-which have done so much to diplomatic channel through the United Na­ now in conpection with the problem of our help achieve equilibrium in this troubled tions for the orderly release of these men. imprisoned airmen. world. Naturally, we all regret that immediate The situation remains delicate. We will Without this type of vision, our chances release was not effected through the recent not be contributing to its solution if we fail for peace would perish. .trip by the U. N. Secretary General. But the to keep check on our emotions• .fact that it was not an immediate and com­ . That does not imply weakness on our part. GOOD-WILL EMISSARIES NEEDED plete success does not for one moment de• Actually, restraint Is an act of strength. It I turn now to the third keystone--good tract from the fact that it did effect. progress does not mean timidity; restraint is an act will. toward our objective. of courage. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 479 It does not mean softness toward com­ This power should never be underesti­ This occasion exemplifies the leadership munism. Anybody can easily hurl well-de· mated, for it is the strongest power in the which our educational institutions are tak­ served epithets and denunciations at the world. ing in promoting group discussions and ex­ Reds-in Peiping and Moscow. But it takes CONCLUSION changes of ideas and information. I have a man of character and judgment to work It has been a pleasure to be with you this long believed that research, education, and quietly for his objective, against the Reds, evening. improved marketing practices offer the surest but through the appropriate means at the In this list of 7 keystones, I have not, of approach to our goal of a prosperous, stable, appropriate time. course, attempted to cover all of the neces­ and free agriculture. It is encouraging to see that all of these steps are emphasized in WE WILL NOT APPEASE RED CHINA sary ingredients for a world of peace and justice and prosperity. your Farm and Home Week program. Let there be no mistake. But I think that if we can develop these I appreciate the opportunity to speak on We are not going to appease Red China or particular keystones, just as you have built this forum. For some time I have wished the U. S. S. R. We are not going to sur­ this center, then our children and our chil· to talk frankly on several matters which are render to blackmail. We are not going to dren's children will say after us that "they of major importance to Minnesota farmers. allow Red China to shoot her way or black­ did well of their responsibilities in their Your kind invitation to appear was doubly mail her way into the United Nations. We time." welcome for that reason. are not going to appease. Minnesota is fortunate in having the soils You may recall that when Neville Cham· and climate which permit highly diversified berlain :flew to Germany in September 1938, SENATOR WILEY URGES SUPPORT OF farming operations. Only about 7¥2 percent that great prophet, Winston Churchill, re­ EISENHOWER POSITION of the cash receipts of farmers in this State marked, "England has been offered a choice (Statement by Hon. ALEXANDER WILEY, Of come from the basic commodities which seem between war and shame. She has chosen Wisconsin, ranking Republican, Senate to get most of the attention in farm-policy shame, and she will get war." Foreign Relations Committee) discussions. Dairying, hogs, and cattle-in We will never choose the course of shame. I want to emphasize that I remain 100 that order-provide the major sources of But neither will we choose a course of war percent in favor of the patient position farm income here. The feeding of hogs and if war can possibly be avoided, as we know recommended by President Eisenhower and cattle has been relatively profitable during it can. by Secretary of State Dulles who rightly the past year. The dairy industry has un­ Peace is our goal. Peace is our nature. oppose any rash unilateral action at this dergone some serious readjustments. For Peace we will attain-with strength, with time to free our United States airmen. that reason, I should like to talk primarily preparedness, but with restraint. I am convinced that the American people about this problem. We approach now the two final keystones, as a whole support the President's common­ Sometimes it is necessary for us to look as I see them, in the arch of peace. sense, restrained judgment and oppose any back to see how far we have come. Today impulsive action such as a unilateral mill;. I would ask you to look back for a moment­ TRUE PARTNERSHIP WITH EQUALS tary blockade. to the situation which faced the dairy in· The sixth keystone is genuine partnership. The chances are that for us to try to im· dustry of this Nation just 1 year ago. We Americans must make up our minds pose such a blockade at this time all by our­ Your Government was getting into the that we are in this international picture as selves might (a) result in the immediate dairy business at an unprecedented rate. partners and, contrary to a few persons' death of the airmen themselves; (b) cause Milk production was booming toward new ideas, not as commanders. As a matter of neutral countries to unite against us and seasonal highs. Consumption was not only fact, we have never as a nation sought to against the blockade; (c) cause a wide open failing to keep pace but was trending dan­ order any nation around. We have sought split among our allies; (d) overcommit our gerously downward, particularly in the case· to lead by inspiration, by the soundness of available naval resources; (e) worst of all, of butter. Surplus dairy products were pil­ our position, by our willingness to sacrifice possibly precipitate us into a war with Red ing up in Government storage at an alarming and respectfully to ask others to do likewise. China, which is probably just what the rate. The industry was being out-promoted We are not going to arrogate unto ourselves Kremlin desires. by its competitors at every turn. Despite all wisdom. Instead we must continue to explore every price supports at 90 percent of parity, net We are not going to try Atlaslike to hold diplomatic channel available t~ough the income of dairy farmers had declined by United Nations for the peaceful release of more than $200 million from 1952 to 1953. up all the rest of the world. Every other The dairy industry was sick. There were free nation and group of nations must and these men. .1 will do its part. We must not allow our emotions to run ominous rumblings that Government might away with us in our well-justified concern be forced to invoke prOduction controls. One of the soundest features of the activity All in all, it was not a very pretty picture. of our Secretary of State has been his clear for our airmen. We must not let the Reds provoke us into an action which we might But this was, nevertheless, the situation recognition of the great contributions which which faced us just one short year ago. foreign statesmen like Premier Mohammed have deep cause to regret because of its possible backfiring against us. Confronted by these facts and a law which Ali, of Pakistan, or President Magsaysay, of specifically directed me to fix dairy price the Philippines, can make, have made, and supports at a level which would assure an will continue to make toward world peace adequate supply, I announced a reduction and justice; the contributions which the from 90 to 75 percent of parity for the mar­ statesmen of Europe similarly make. Progress in Dairying keting year beginning last April 1. This At times, they will differ with us. But, as decision was not lightly made. It was good partners, we will work with them and reached only after long and careful consider­ we will present the facts to them as we see EXTENSION OF REMARKS ation. I had no 1llusions as to its immediate them. OF popularity with many dairymen. Yet I be· We will never try to order or boss them or lieved then in all conscience, as I do today, anyone else around. It would not work, even HON. WALLACE F. .BENNETT that this adjustment-painful though it if some people were so rash or blind as to OF UTAH might be-was in the best, long-term in• recommend it to us. Some few Americans terests of the Nation's dairymen. do unfortunately continue to seem to think IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES -May I say now that I received plenty of we ought to adopt an "ordering" approach. Tuesday, January 18, 1955 advice on this matter. Much of it was But, they are wrong, they are in a very small sound and most of it was well meant. I minority; and they are completely unrepre­ Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, on gave full thought to all suggestions but one. sentative of the sound thinking of the United January 13 the Secretary of Agriculture I ignored the warning that the action con­ States Government and of the American delivered an address on the campus of stituted political suicide. people as a whole. the University of Minnesota, during the Now, as we begin this new year, the time I point out that the great neutral, uncom­ 53d annual Farm and Home Week. I has arrived to take stock-to strike a sort mitted area of the world is especially not of balance sheet-of the dairy situation since going to take orders from anyone. It is ask unanimous consent that the text of price-support levels were adjusted 9 months coming into its own. It is feeling its new the address be printed in the REcoRD. ago. strength. It has a right to have its position There being no objection, the address The first, and most impressive fact, is that understood and to be given consideration. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, milk production shows definite signs of level­ That we will do, and we in turn will ask that as follows: ing off. In December 1954, milk production it join in its own enlightened self-interest in was 1 percent below December of a year ago. our partnership, in our team as sovereign PROGRESS IN DAmYING Meanwhile, per capita consumption of dairy equals. (Address by Secretary of Agriculture Benson) products is on the upturn. This is of vitaL It is a genuine pleasure to participate in importance to every dairyman in America. SPIRITUALITY: THE GREATEST SOURCE OF POWER this 53d annual Farm and Home Week here It means that the day is approaching when And lastly, my friends, is the keystone of on the campus of the University of Minne· supply and demand will be brought into bal· our spiritual strength. I need not elaborate sota. I am deeply impressed by the impor­ ance-not through a distasteful and uneco­ on the fact that our greatest pqwer is spirit­ tant contribution that meetings such as nomic program of production controls but ual power-the rightness of our cause under this are making toward better understanding rather through increased use of the healthful God. of our agricultural problems. dairy products which our people need. 480 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 18· Milk production during 1954 reached an 20 million pounds of butter were resold into there is a vast untapped mark-et for this most estimated 124 billion pounds-a record total. commercial-trade channels by CCC at prices. nearly perfect food right here in ~erica ­ The leveling-off process of recent months which exceeded acquisition costs. MY the year ~s end. 'Government sales of· First, to create a desire for the product, and population growth provides about.2.7 million cheese in commercial-trade channels ex-. second, to make it readily available every­ additional consumers each year, it becomes ceeded 116 million pounds in 1954, as com- where. evident that we are rapidly bridging the gap pared with a bit more than 5 million pounds It's rather sad, but- nevertheless true, between dairy supplies and demand. Even­ during the preceding year. that it's far easier for many Americans to without any increase in per capita consump-­ · CCC had on hand · 92 · million pounds of buy a bottle of pop or even an alcoholic tion of dairy products, this population dry milk at the beginning of this year. beverage than just a plain drink of milk. growth alone provides a market for nearly 2, Eight months earlier-the Government inven- ln my travels over the country-waiting in billion pounds of milk .each year. tory stood at 600 million pounds. airports and railway stations--! find that I During 1954, milk consumption in all Despite record-breaking purchases of dairy can purchase candy, chewing gum, a variety forms totaled about 118.5 billion pounds. products during the early months of 1954, of carbonated beverages-! can even insure If production during 1955 remains at the we bought less butter for the entire year my life or test my skill on a pinball ma­ 1954 level-as we anticipate it will-our sur­ than we did in 1953. Cheese and dry milk chine-au by simply inserting a coin in a plus of dairy products will be smaller than buying were up somewhat for the year but slot. But I can't buy milk with the same in either of the two preceding years. If the trend during the final months of 1954- ease. the stepped-up promotional and merchan­ was sharply down. Why until a few months ag~ven in the dising campaigns of the da.iry industry, Altogether, CCC disposed of approximately Department of Agriculture, where lights. which are beginning to show real results, 1.5 billion pounds of dairy products last burned late as we sweated over the dairy meet our most optimistic expectations, we· year, as compared with 352 million pounds problem-you couldn't buy a drink of milk may well see an approximate balance be-. in 1953; more than 4 times as much. About except in '!;he cafeterias at certain hours. tween production and consumption by the two-thirds .of the butter and one-half of. You can now. You can also buy milk in latter part of this year. . · the cheese was moved after August 1, when thousanqs of other places where it wasn't When that happens-as it inevitably will Congress gave us broadened authority to available until the dairy industry got its if all of us are determined to see that it deal with the entire surplus problem. Most promotional campaign in gear. happens--prices of manufactured dairy prod­ qf the dry milk was sold at substantial dis-· . we have had a magnificent response:­ ucts will move above the support level. The C?OUnt for use in mixed poultry and livestock. here in Minnesota and elsewhere-to the new support price will no longer be the ceiling feed. program approved by Congress which makes price, ·as has been the case too long. Surplus butter holdings were distributed. an additional $50 million available this year­ - I am convinced that everJ dairyman in principally as domestic and foreign dona- and next for an expanded school lunch mlllt the Nation would prefer that to a system tions through school-lunch programs, church program. The armed services are cooperat­ which makes the Government the market and welfare organizations, and charitable ing in a move to increase the use of milk and and ties the future of the industry to a mere institutions. Millions of needy persons here other dairy products. These efforts repre­ formula. I am convinced further that this and abroad shared in these donations. Some' sent more than a current contribution to the day will dawn for dairymen much sooner direct sales were made at reduced prices to better health of our young people. They; because the dairy industry and this adminis­ foreign governments and United Nations ~reate the milk:-drinking habit. They build tration elected to face-the facts and refused agencies. Further distribution was made- markets for tomorrow as well as for today. to bow to political expediency. through Foreign Operations Administration 1 have sought here to summarize what I Allow me to cite a few figures which sup­ activities. These various outlets absorbed regard as definite advances on the dairy front port the conclusion that we are headed in 264 million pounds of butter in 1954, as d in thi k ti against about 100 million pounds for the · ur g s mar e ng year. The various the right direction now: facts and figures which I have detailed rep- In December-last month-the Govern­ preceding year. , resent an impressive total -on the credit side ment bought not a stngle pound of butter. In addition, the Department of the Army f th d obtained more than 28 miliion pounds of 0 e 1 e ger. They indicate clearly that we This was the first full month in 2 years in are on the right road. which no purchases were made. During butter from CCC stocks in 1954, nearly double At the same time, I would not create the December of 1953 we bought more than 11 the amount for 1953. We sold butter for use impression that all of <)Ur problems are. million pounds of butter and the heavy tlow as a cocoa butter extender and for liquid milk behind us. As our continuing, though was just beginning. recombining abroad. Butter was also made tl d d h f h available to -the Veterans' Administration. grea Y re uce 'pure ases 0 c eese and dry _ During the final 3 months of 1954, butter milk indicate, production is stm.outrunning purchases totaled only half a million pounds, None of these. o~tlets y;as employed during demand. The flush season is ahead of us. as compar.ed with 15 million a year earlier; the preceding year. . It will be little short of a miracle 1f the Government buying of cheese and nonfat. School-lunch donations and welfare dis- Government is not called upon to increase. dry milk has also declined sharply in recent· tribution at home and abroad accounted for its dairy support purchase program over the months. Last month cheese purchases to­ the movement of 161 million pounds of next few months. Yet I am confident that taled about 1% million pounds, compared cheese in 1954, approximately 5 times the ~hat buying we are forced to do will be on with nearly 7 million for December of 1953. total of a year earlier. At the same. time. 400 a much smaller scale than it was during This was the smallest amount we had bought million pounds of dry milk, more than dou- this period in 1954. That situation, as it in any month for 2 years. We purchased 11.2· ble the amount for 1953, went into these develops, will be further important evidence million pounds of dry milk in December ~rogra~s last year. of the fact that we are clearly emerging from 1954--less than one-third the amount of a ~ The effect of these overall disposal efforts; the serious crisis which gripped the industry year earlier-and the second smallest total combined with the increased commercial de- such a short time ago. acquired in any single month over a 2-year mand for dairy products, is retlected in im- I am not unmindful that dairy producers period. Only purchases for November were proved milk prices during recent months. are caught in a perplexing price-cost squeeze. lower. For the final quarter of 1954 wholesale prices While final figures are not yet available, it is Normally I prefer not to incorporate many received by farmers for all milk averaged 86 expected that they will show net income of statistics in a speech. But figures sometimes percent of parity, the same as in March of. dairy producers in 1954 was down some $180 tell an interesting story. With your indul­ 1954. when price supports were still at 90 million ·to $200 million from the preceding gence, I should like to cite a few more be­ percent of parity. Seasonal factors, as well year, a decline of about 4 percent. Disturb­ cause they represent good news for every as our improved supply position, are partly ing as this must be to all of us, it might be segment of the dairy industry, for the Gov-, responsible for this strength. If we can pointed out that dairy income declined even ernment· itself, and for the public.· come this far in the space of a few months, more between 1952 and 1953, despite supports Less than 6 months ago, Commodity Credit­ ~here is every reason to be optimistic about' . at 90 percent of parity. To me this strongly Corporation had 466 million pounds of but­ the future of the dairy industry. . suggests that the continuation of high level ter on hand. At the beginning of January­ In fact, I find that _optimism shared by supports was not the answer, as some people this enormous hoard had been reduced to· many dairymen with whom I have talked and have argued. If it were, -the problem would' 266 million poun~. It is growing smaller by representatives of other segments of tlie never have developed. by the day. This butter is moving into chan­ industry. They believe, as I do, that we have , I would rather think of the loss in dairy. nels or consumption in the United States .yet to see the full effects of the aggressive- income as the industry's share of the cost of and abroad. merchandising and promotional campaigns getting back on a sound foundation. The While it is true that most of these dispo­ which have been steadily building up. for Government's share of that cost has been sitions have been made at substantial losses, several months. They know they have , the- even greater. I do not regard either the it is important that the butter is being finest food product in the world to sell- industry's or the Government's contribution used. It is also worth noting that nearly and at a bargain price. They know that as an outright loss, however. Rather it is a~ 1955 CONGRESSIONAl; RECORD- SENATE 481 investment in the future of dairying-an· among fa:rms· in the· same area.. · ·one recent· lUstory, although agriculture did not fully· investmep.t which will be returned many study in Pennsylvania. revealed milk produc­ share in th.is prosperity. The changeover times in the years ahead if we have the tion costs ranging from $3.50 per hundred has hurt and is hurting most of our farm courage and the determination to see this. to as much as $9.50. I believe we need to ask people. crisis through. ourselves whether we want an economic sys- Yet I believe all of the evidence indicates· However much some individual dairymen tern that permits a producer with such al­ we have seen the worst. I am convinced that may be pinched by the decline in income, JJl.OSt unbelievable cc;>sts to provide our milk. . for agriculture the road ahead will be they might well consider what their plight As all dairymen know, labor repr-esents a smoother than the one we have been could have been had 90 percent supports large element of cost. Through the years traveling. been continued. Producers of the basic the great emphasis has been upon obtaining For several months now, most farm prices commodities who have been receiving price increased production per cow and, with this, have been relatively stable. For the last 2 supports at that level have also been forced greater labor efficiency. To be more efficient, years, in fact, the parity ratio has averaged to take drastic production controls. In the dairyman need not necessarily work about 90, :fluctuating narrowly between 94 neighboring North Dakota, for example, 1954 harder, faster, and longer. Rather the goal is and 86. It will be recalled that there was wheat acreage was cut 20 percent below 1953. to accomplish more, with less back-bending a 19 point plunge in the parity ratio dur­ It will be reduced again in 1955. , effort in a short time through planning, ing the 2 years preceding January 1953, when I am sure Minnesota dairy producers are know-how, and laborsaving devices. the new administration was installed. thankful they are not faced with that kind A survey by the Agricultural Experiment We must not be content with mere sta­ of a production slash. High level price sup- Station at Michigan State College pointed bility of farm prices at current levels. But ports inevitably breed production controls. out opportunities for reducing milk-produc­ the price decline had to be halted before We have them this year on every one of the tion costs by 45 percent, through the use of it could be reversed. The first half of that six basic commodities. To argue that dairy- all available techniques and adjustments. objective is being attained. The job at hand ing could somehow have escaped a similar This was done without increasing either the now is to get farm prices back into better fate-had maximum supports been con- number of workers or the farm acreage. balance with the general price level. This, tinued-is to deny the very plain evidence to Gains were made primarily through the use I am confident, can be done under the Agri­ the ·contrary. As one who was engaged in· of better-producing cows and improved cultural Act of 1954 which has as its goal dairying for many years, I might add my practices. a prosperous, stable and free agriculture. conviction that farmers would be no hap- . Now, of course, not every dairyman can Today I pledge anew to you and to all of pier under milk production controls than I achieve such an increase in efficiency. ~ny our farm people that I wlll never knowingly would be in administering them. producers are already using most of the sponsor or support any policy or program As every dairyman knows, his business is techniques employed in this test. But even which I believe is not in the best interests of particularly sensitive to the factor of val- they may increase operating efficiency and· our farmers and all of our people, regard­ ume. His constant objective is increased profits by using all of the available know­ less of political ·pressure. production at reduced cost. He knows how-the better breeds, feeds, and seeds and As the President pointed out in his state 'f!hrough hard, practical experience that a improved production practices. The dairy­ of the Union message: "Agricultural pro­ drop in production ~an hurt him just as man who achieves only a part of the in­ grams have been redirected toward better much as a drop in price. Virtually eve_ry ad- creased efficiency attained in the Michigan balance, greater stability and sustained pros­ vance in dairying efficiency; oh the farm and State test can offset the adjustment in price. perity. We are headed in the right direction. in 'the plant, is geared to large production. supports. It is still true in dairying, as in I urgently recommend to Congress that we The careful upgrading of the dairyman's other segments of agriculture, that the indi- . continue resolutely on this road." herd, the improvements in his feeding and vidual farmer can do more for himself than Now if I may leave one final thought with milking operations, the better techniques in· Government can ever do for him. you, it is this: The future of American agri­ Jiandling and transporting his milk are all. Many would-be political leaders have been. culture is bright--as bright as all of us have primarily directed toward large volume mar- using· high, fixed price supports as a smoke­ the will. to make it. A kind Providence has keting. · · · · · screen to cover up one indisputable fact--the blessed this choice land with vast natural Farmers in our principal dairying regions fact that it was the unprecedended demands resources--with soils and climate which, with might well consider another effect of pro- of war, together with inflation, that keP-t American ingenuity, courage and freedom, duction contr.ols upon their operations. Any farm prices high during the 10 years follow­ l;lave provided a standard of living un­ attempt to impose such restrictions by law lng Pearl Harbor. The parity ratio aver­ matched elsewhere. May God guide us in would almost certainly be accompanied by a aged between 100 and 115 during those the wise use of our abundance. move to exempt small producers--just -as years. 4ctually, it .w~s ceilings fixed by law they are exempted from .the control provi- at the top--not the 90-percent :floor below-. sions of some basic crop programs. The which set farm prices. Every farmer knows backyard producer-the 1 and 2 cow owner-· he would have received even inore for his Statement by Adm: Lewis L. Stranis, would be permitted .to operate as before, be- products during this period had there been Chairman of the At~~c Energy Com­ cause of the tremendous o~tacles involved neither ceilings nor price supports. •n the enforcement of milk production con- ' It has been apparent for some time that mission trois. high, rigid, emergency supports were not Nearly· 29 percent of all farlnS producing the solution to our peacetime agricultural EXTENSION OF REMARKS milk have only 1 cow. Seventeen percent prc;>blems. These current problems have all OF have only two cows. Sixteen percent have developed under high, rigid price supports· either 3 or 4 cows. Thus, it would seem to. which .remain in effect until the 1955 har­ HON. HARRY FLOOD BYRD be a fair guess that _perhaps half of the farms vest. If farmers have experienced reduced producing milk would be exempt from pro- prices and incomes, these reductions oc­ OF VIRGINIA duction controls. The full burden would c.;urred un_der the old law which was sup­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES fall upon the larger and more efficient pro- posed to prevent them. Tuesday, January 18, 1955 ducers. Productionwise, if only 1- and 2-cow; · There is nothing new or revolutionary farms were outside the program, abqut 11 about :flexible price supports. They have· . Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I ask unan­ percent of the milk produced in this country been a. part of our agricultural programs imous consent to have printed in the would be completely :unaffected by controls. for nearly two decades. They have been REcoRD a statement by Adm. Lewis L. . Ther:e is nothing startling about the fact endorsed at one time or another by every_ Strauss, Chairman of the Atomic Energy that the dairy industry is adjusting to new. Secretary Of Agriculture for 20 years, by Commission. ()onditions and situations. Such adjust- the former occupant of the White House, in inents are constantly taking place-and, to and by both major parties. This is connection with the heading a considerable extent, independently of pre- The financial pangs which go with re- of an article which appeared in the vailing milk prices. adjustment to a peacetime economy are Washington Daily News of Friday, Jan­ For example, between 1944 and 1949~ not new to agriculture. We have suffered uary 14, 1955, entitled "How Admiral when prices of milk and butterfat averaged them following every war in our history. Strauss Doctored History." above 100 percent of parity-the number of Just as farm commodity prices go up fa.Ster This headline was withdrawn from farms producing dairy products for the mar- than -the general price level under the later editions. ket in this cou,ntry declined by 19 percent; stimulus of war and inflation, they also There being no objection, the state-, ~eli the change in total milk production was drop further and faster than most non­ in less than 1 percent. The .sharpest drop oc- farm prices while ·the-- economy is read­ ment was ordered to be printed the curred on farms with less than 10 cows. In justing to more nearly normal conditions. RECORD, as follOWS~ Pennsylvania, 25 years ago, 47 percent of the· We are making the transition this time UNITED STATES total production-came from herds of 9 cows with fewer and less severe dislocations in ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION, or l.es~. Today. in that State, only 18 per-' s.griculture and other segments or our Washington, D. C., January 17, 1955. ce,nt of the millt comes from herds of that economy than ever before. Bon. HARRY FLooD BYRD, s1ze. · · · , The depression which was so freely pre- The United States Senate, There is a wide variatJon in dairy produc- dieted a year ago failed to materialiZe. Congress of the United State$. tion costs in different areas of this broad From an · economic point of view, 1954 DEAR SENATOR BYRD: Following our tele­ ~ation. There are even notable spreads proved to be the best peacetime year in phone- conversation on Friday, January 14, CI-31 482 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 20 eoncerning the speech by Sena:t;or GoRE, I investigated by AEC engineers, has been dis­ record, and the· plant has been located at promised to send you a factual account of cussed by them with representatives of the what the Corps of Engineers feel 1s a safe the incident to which he referred. Corps of Engineers' office, Memphis district. place." The Washington Daily News on Friday They concluded, after reviewing all available In this quotation, an obvious slip of the published an article which was advertised data, that the site selected by MVGC is tongue was recognized as such by all except by a front page headline in its early issue adequately protected from Mississippi River one or two of the fifty-six reporters present ..How Admiral Strauss Doctored History." floods by the Corps of Engineers project since in reporting the news conference they This article, in disregard of the facts, alleged levee." naturally relied on the prepared statement. that I caused the transcript of a news con­ · The precise and factual account of the I left town following the news conference ference which I held on December 17 to be role of the Corps of Engineers was given to but in my absence the Public Information falsified for some improper reason. I am the reporters not only in my formal state­ Division of the Commission corrected the informed the headline was withdrawn in ment but also in two of the supplemental stenographic transcript for grammatical later editions. documents which accompanied the state­ errors, et cetera, and in the course of this The news conference was called for the ment: ( 1) a reproduction of a drawing of process the transcript was conformed to the purpose of explaining, in an orderly, detailed, the site which carried an inserted legend of text of the formal statement. This was comprehensive manner, the origin and pro­ explanation, and (2) a statement as to the . done in order to eliminate anything that visions of the Mississippi Valley Generating manner in which the site was selected, in­ might appear to be a contradiction. Any Co. contract in order to put into proper per­ cluding discussions which were held among person speaking ad libitum, whether he be spective the misunderstandings which have AEC engineers, engineers of the sponsoring a Member of Congress, a witness before a been current concerning it. Each reporter companies, and the Corps of Engineers. committee, or a person ·conducting a news who entered the conference room was given After the 56 reporters attending the conference, is entitled to the assurance that a formal, written statement of 36 pages, bear­ conference had received my formal state­ the intent of his statements will be clearly ing my name; also reproductions of the ment, I turned to a large reproduction of reflected in a simultaneously presented charts, graphs, and tabulations dealing with the site drawing which had been affixed to written record. the subject which were exhibited during the the wall ar.d mentioned again how the site These facts as I have state · ~ . them were conference. had been chosen but this was only a pass­ ignored in the newspaper articl-e and which In my formal statement, pages 10 and 11, ing reference, ad lib, since the subject had purported to show that I had "doctored his­ I discussed the manner in which the site at been covered thoroughly in the formal state- tory," presumably for some insidious rea­ West Memphis, Ark., was selected and stated: ment. · sons. There was no word in the article "The Corps of Engineers has reviewed the The ad lib quotation was as follows: about my formal 36-page statement, which plot plan showing the proposed construction "The Corps of Engineers and the engi­ is factually accurate to the best of my and made certain suggestions, all of which we neers retained by sponsoring companies knowledge and belief. are assured will be complied with in the final have examined some 16 sites O'l the river and I may be unduly sensitive but it seems plans and specifications. They also have have selected this as the preferable one. to me that this whole incident has very stated that the proposed construction ap­ This elevation here shows the maximum little to do with the merits of the contro­ pears to be acceptable to the Mississippi River flood record in the river, the 1937 flood. I versy over the contract. Commission from the standpoint of naviga­ understand that records have been made Faithfully yours, tion and flood control. The site also has been since 1880 or thereabouts, some 74 years of LEwiS L. STRAUSS.

The Journal of the proceedings of act to amend section 7237 of the Internal HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, January 17, 1955, was read and Revenue Code of 1954." approved. RespectfUlly yours, THURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 1955 _ RALPH R. ROBERTS, The House met at 12 o'clock noon. MESSAGE FROM THE· PRESIDENT Clerk of the House of Representatives. Archbishop John Theodorovich, met­ A message in writing from the Presi­ ropolitan of the Ukrainian Orthodox dent of. the United States was communi­ Church of the United states, offered the cated to the House by Mr. Miller, one of ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED following prayer: his secretaries. Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee In the name of the Father, the Son, on House Administration, reported that that committee had examined and found and the Holy Ghost, let us pray. MESSAGES FROM THE SENATE Almighty God, Thou art father of all truly enrolled a bill of the House of the nations, the source of the mighty stream The SPEAKER laid before the House following title: of life in which the forward fiow is hu­ the following communications from the H. R. 2369. An act to amend section 7237 of manity. Thou gavest to our Nation to Clerk of the House of Representatives: the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. become a mighty wave in the stream of JANUARY 20, 1955. The SPEAKER. The Chair desires to humanity. Grant us, our Father, to re­ The Honorable the SPEAKER, House of Representatives. announce that pursuant to the authority member we are a hope for many en­ Sm: Pursuant to authority granted on .granted him on Monday, January 17. gulfed with the waves of oppression. January 17, 1955, the Clerk received from the 1955, he did on January 18, 1955, sign the There are the enslavers of the nations Secretary of the Senate on January 19, 1955, following enrolled bill o~ the House: hiding the shame of slavery in our time the following messages: H. R. 2369. An act to amend section 7237 That the Senate has passed with amend­ behind the iron curtains. of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954~ Have mercy, 0 Lord, on these victims ments the bill H. R. 2091, entitled "An act of mass execution, exile, slave camps, making appropriations for the fiscal year And the following enrolled joint reso­ starvation. Have mercy on Thy minis­ ending June 30, 1955, and for other pur­ lution of the Senate: poses"; and· ters, tortured and killed for Thy name's That the Senate insists upon its amend­ S. J. Res. 4. Joint resolution to provide for sake. Grant the nations crushed under ments to the bill H. R. 2091 and requests a the continuation in office of certain members the tyrant's heel the blessings of liberty, conference with the House of Representatives of the Commission on Governmental Opera­ independence, and national statehood. on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses tions. Give our great Nation the 'strength thereon, and appointed Mr. HAYDEN, Mr. and courage to keep bright the beacon RUSSELL, Mr. CHAVEZ, Mr. BRIDGES, and Mr, SALTONSTALL, conferees on the part of the JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE of liberty and justice. Give·us the wis­ ECONOMIC REPORT dom to help our brothers in and Senate. all the other suppressed nations striving Respectfully yours, . The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the pro­ RALPH R. ROBERTS, visions of title 15, section 1024, United for freedom and national independence. Clerk of the House of Representatives. May the day come, 0 God, when all States Code, the Chair appoints as mem­ nations and peoples shall live in a true JANUARY 18, 1955. bers of the Joint Committee on the Eco­ state of coexistence devoid of iron cur­ The Honorable the SPEAKER, nomic Report the following members on tains and tyrants and slavery. And grant House of Representatives. the part of the House: Mr. PATMAN of that all men may live in their own lands Sm: Pursuant to authority granted on Texas, Mr. BoLLING of Missouri, Mr. in liberty and independence under their January 17, 1955, the Clerk received from the Secretary of the Senate on January 18, 1955, MILLS of Arkansas, Mr. KELLEY of own governments in Thy ways and ac­ the following message: , Pennsylvania, Mr. WoLcoTT of Michigan, cording to Thy will. That the Senate has passed without Mr. TALLE of Iowa, and Mr. CURTIS of May Thy kingdom come. Amen. amendment the bill H. R. 2369, entitled "An Missouri.