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79Th, Anaheim, CA, August 10-13, 1996) DOCUMENT RESUME ED 401 568 CS 215 576 TITLE Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (79th, Anaheim, CA, August 10-13, 1996). Newspaper and Magazine Division. INSTITUTION Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. PUB DATE Aug 96 NOTE 316p.; For other sections of these proceedings, see CS 215 568-580. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Feminism; *Journalism; *Mass Media Effects; Mass Media Role; *Newspapers; *Periodicals; Popular Culture; Presidential Campaigns (United States); Sex Bias; Victims of Crime IDENTIFIERS Audiotex; *Journalists; Media Bias; *Media Coverage; News Bias; News Sources; Popular Magazines ABSTRACT The Newspaper and Magazine section of the proceedings contains the following 11 papers: "Real-Time Journalism: Instantaneous Change for News Writing" (Karla Aronson and others); "Names in the News: A Study of Journalistic Decision-Making in Regard to the Naming of Crime Victims" (Michelle Johnson); "The Daily Newspaper and Audiotex Personals: A Case Study of Organizational Adoption of Innovation" (Debra Merskin); "What Content Shows about Topic-Team Performance" (John T. Russial); "Have You Heard the News? Newspaper Journalists Consider Audiotex and Other New Media Forms" (Jane B. Singer); "Who Reports the Hard/Soft News? A Study of Differences in Story Assignments to Male and Female Journalists at 'Newsweek'" (Dan Alinanger); "Welcome to Lilliput: The Shrinking of the General Interest in Magazine Publishing" (Erik Ellis); "The Retiring Feminist: Doris E. Fleischman and Doris Fleischman Bernays" (Susan Henry); "'Of Enduring Interest': The First Issue of 'The Readers Digest' as a 'Snapshot' of America in 1922--and its Legacy in a Mass-Market Culture" (Carolyn Kitch); "News Magazine Lead Story Coverage of the 1992 Presidential Campaign" (Mark N. Popovich and Sandra E. Moriarty); and "The Shrinking Debate over Journalistic Standards: Where Have All the Letters Gone?" (Brian Thornton). Individual papers contain references. (CR) *i.A;.A****************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (79th, Anaheim, CA, August 10-13, 1996). Newspaper & Magazine Division. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCEAND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION HAS BEEN GRANTEDBY CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES 6Points of view or opinions stated in this (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent INFORMATION CENTER official OERI position or policy. IT COPY AVAIIAIBILE 2 Real-Time Journalism: Instantaneous Change for News Writing by Karla Aronson George Sylvie and Russell Todd Dept. of Journalism The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 Phone 512-471-1783/FAX 512-471-7979 e-mail [email protected] Accepted for Presentation to the Newspaper Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Annual Convention, Anaheim, Calif., Aug. 10-13, 1996 Real-Time Journalism: Instantaneous Change for News Writing INTRODUCTION The financial news industry has delivered the news directly to users by telegraph since the mid-1860s and more recently by computers since the 1960s, eliminating the mass medium as intermediary. Today, real-time financial news wires transmit news instantaneously to subscribers around the world via high-speed computer and telecommunication networks. Geared primarily to business coverage, these real-time services operate in all time zones 24 hours a day. More than 500,000 users primarily in financial institutions, business corporations and government agencies subscribe, paying $100 on average for the news. Some 13 news agencies, including Reuters PLC, Dow Jones & Co., Knight-Ridder Inc., and Bloomberg L.P., comprise the real-time media industry with estimated revenues of $500 million.1 Despite the forecast that the electronic delivery of news and information will be routine in the 21st century,2 however, researchers know little about this highly profitable news industry. How does the content vary from newspapers? Is it as journalistically sound and as readable? The influences of real- time production processes and media routines on content are examined here and characteristics of articles in real-time and in newspapers are compared. Results may shed light on an industry that, while owned by the world's largest news agencies, primarily serves an elite 1 4 subscriber base. As scholars call attention to "the pressures that are transforming the goals, tools, professional standards and sociopolitical function of the major journalistic media,"3 real-time financial news industry represents one such transformation that may become the model for future, more general, computerized news services. Studying the product could tell editors and publishers much about their own products as well as what continued movement to specialized, niche-based products might have in store as far as changing not only the product but the process needed to produce it. THEORY AND BACKGROUND Most news media content faces five levels of influence: individual, routines, organizational, extramedia and ideological.4 Simply put, the individual level involves the professional background and personal characteristics of journalists. Meanwhile, three factors determine media routines: the audience as news consumers, the media organization as news producers and sources as suppliers of news. The structural and functional relationships of media employees determine media organization while the extramedia level refers to outside influences, such as sources, special interest groups, PR campaigns, advertisers, readers, and government, among others. Finally, the ideological level evaluates whose interests media routines and organization serve and the limits those interests place on news perspectives. The five levels form a hierarchy of influences that can and 2 5 do occur simultaneously. Each one's relative importance varies, but the model permits investigation into decisive influences. This study.focuses on the influence of media routines "those patterned, routinized, repeated practices and forms that media workers use to do their jobs."' to examine how audiences, sources and the media organization affect real-time news production. Audience needs. Audience-oriented media routines address what is acceptable to the audience. News criteria help predict what an audience will find appealing and important. For example, news judgment often is based on news values which commonly include: prominence/importance, human interest, conflict/controversy, the unusual, timeliness and proximity.6 By comparison, real-time news delivery serves audience needs for timely information, considered important to the financial markets. Competition in real-time news delivery is measured in fractions of a second; a minute behind with the news is officially late. As one real-time news editor said, "Timeliness is everything. There was a time I thought AP (Associated Press) was a fast service, but they catered to the daily newspaper market. Competition is by seconds. Ten years ago it was by hours."' As a result, real-time media routines oriented toward timeliness and important financial market information would be expected to influence the amount and rate of news delivery to the audience. A second audience-oriented media routine concerns news 3 presentation techniques and formats that standardize story arrangements and headlines. Real-time news stories are transmitted on a computer screen, limiting story lengths to about 15 to 20 lines of text or about two or three short newspaper paragraphs of information per screen. Real-time news articles are generally released with a headline followed by five to seven short paragraphs of information, about two computer screen-pages long limits that would constrain a narrative story structure. But real-time stories can be released in several "news-takes" as separate news items, permitting a story to be developed at greater length. Editing for the computer screen involves more than just a tight writing style to conserve computer screen space. Editors must arrange the facts in a straightforward, logical order, selecting the most important information and omitting the rest.8 In addition, the real-time medium may intensify the need to condense news for the computer screen and, thus, for its audience. Reporters and editors have only enough time and space to convey the essential information, and that is usually all the reader wants to see. Since real-time news is directed toward a sophisticated audience of financial professionals, background material and explanation often aren't needed. With speed as the primary aim, writing style becomes secondary. But another audience need readability remains crucial. Audience ability to immediately comprehend the material is of utmost concern to real-time journalists. "If the trader doesn't 4 7 understand you, first he's going to curse you. Then he has to figure out what it means and that takes time," said one such reporter.9 Ease of reading
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