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Ecological Destruction and Loss of Knowing in Late Modernity

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Ecological Destruction and Loss of Knowing in Late Modernity No Place like Home: Ecological Destruction and Loss of Knowing in Late Modernity Megan Jaceglav This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Murdoch University 2015 This thesis is dedicated to Mary Frances Gray, who now does lay, like one day, we all will beneath the ground so quiet, beneath the ground so still. iii Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains, as its main content, work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. Megan Jaceglav v Abstract This thesis argues that our culture is grounded in fundamental ontological error. This error posits human being as a form of being that is separate from the other-than-human world, its mortal and fleshy confines. Drawing on the insight of Gregory Bateson, I propose that insofar as ontology and epistemology are inextricably entwined, error in one implies error in the other. Thus the consequence of our faulty ontology is that epistemological error is built into the system. The danger of systemic epistemological error is that, as a culture, we rely on our ways of knowing to find solutions to cultural/social/ecological problems. Yet where our ways of knowing are themselves erroneous, recourse to these, simply further perpetuates problems and at the same time deepens error. This is particularly the case where recourse to systemic correctives to such error have been lost – where ethical knowing (at the level of culture) and a perspective giving and defining relationship with nature and the sacred are not available to the system. Where these correctives are not available, the dominant knowing multiplies, a spreading pandemic across the landscape, suppressing and eradicating other ways of knowing and thus, other ways of being. A key result of this is the diminishing capacity, at the level of culture, to detect this epistemological (and ontological) error. The norm quickly overwrites difference, removing alternative knowing from the system. This has resulted in a condition in late modernity whereby the separation of ways of knowing and being from embededness in place are all but undetected in our cultural psyche. Ecological and epistemological destruction thus continue fundamentally unchecked. This thesis traces the loss of awareness of loss through shifts in, what I term, the epistemological baseline. An overlooked dimension of this ecological and epistemological change is the impact that loss of knowing has on the self. This loss, has, I propose, produced a collective and heightened existential anxiety, a loss of the sense that the self in any meaningful way exists. As a result, the late-modern self is caught in the endless search for proof – looking for evidence of existence through the given cultural form - material reflections, particularly images, of the self. Such evidence, however, merely reproduces the search for, and the dominance of, ‘objective’ knowledge and the reign of the object, ultimately producing the impermeable self. vii This process of self-referencing has over the last thirty to forty years been a matter of some theoretical scrutiny. Yet this conversation is one that has, primarily, been separated from conversations surrounding ecological destruction and diminished relationship with the other-than-human world. The making and mapping of the self is seen to bear no inherent relation to the destruction of species and of place. Where a connection is made it is material. Further, this is a materiality that is stripped bare of all subjectivity and presence. Hence we find most of the mainstream discourse and much environmental and cultural theory linking our habits of consumption to ideas of unsustainability but not to the effects this has on ways of being or knowing oneself as human. In this, the other-than-human world as the core constituent of our human being, (and our potential to know of this being) is absent, forgotten, lost. In revealing the limitations of cultural and environmental theory and protest, due to their historical locatedness in (and thus tendency to reproduce) epistemological error, I draw attention to the way in which ecological destruction and the loss of subjectivity are caught in a self-reinforcing, positive feedback loop which is taking us towards epistemological crisis. In this crisis we are trapped in a systemic failure to know of error and thus a failure to know otherwise, and as a system, we are heading not towards recovery but death. viii Acknowledgments This journey of this thesis has been long and winding. It has taken a number of detours, many a twist and turn, and thankfully, it and I, have come out intact. This is in no small part due to the loyal tribe that have shared this journey with me. I would firstly like to thank Dr Kathryn Trees who in the early stages provided much pastoral care and enthusiasm. I would also like to thank Professor Carol Warren whose keen guidance and interest was of utmost benefit. The wonderful Claire Pickering has indeed been a wonder in formatting my irregularly spaced work – thank you. Thanks also to Brendon Humphries for being a reader at the final hour and for his keen perception of typographical errors. For risk of leaving out any one of the many special people in my life I would like to extend an encompassing thankyou to my loved and loving circle of family and friends, for being there, sharing the light and the dark, and enriching my life daily. The more-than-human world, for whom this thesis is written, is the bedrock of my being. One little creature of this world deserves special mention. This is Rigby, my Scottish terrier, who has been an utmost source of love, joy and loyalty over the last five years, making even the cloudiest of days, bright. You are indeed, my sunshine. Above all, there have been two constant guiding lights that have been with me every step of the way, helping me around the darkest corners, applauding the open horizons. I cannot find words enough nor thank enough my two extraordinary supervisors, Dr Julia Hobson and Professor Trish Harris. Julia, you have been a constant source of care, of humour, of hope and insight. You are just tremendous and the fact that this ph-d journey has made available this time with you is something for which I am eternally grateful. Thank you in a thousand ways. Dear Trish, you have been there since the start and have been all this time, like a rock, that lets the water lap as it will, over and over, until it finds its proper course and tumbles into the river. You are an extraordinary human being and I am utterly blessed to have had your guidance, your sensitivity, insight and care all these years. Thank you, now and always. ix x Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. ix Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One – The Changing Shape of Ecology .................................................... 11 Part One – The Loss of Consciousness-in-Place .................................................. 13 Ecology as a Site of Change...................................................................................................... 13 Ecology as Ontology to Ecology as Oeconomy .................................................................... 13 At the Threshold of Change ..................................................................................................... 18 The Rise of Ecology as Science ................................................................................................ 23 Dis-integration of the Ethical ................................................................................................... 25 Part Two – The Rise of Knowledge of Place ........................................................ 30 Stirrings of Dissent .................................................................................................................... 30 Assault and Silence ..................................................................................................................... 34 The Shifting Baseline ................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter Two – The Wilderness of Civilized Thought......................................... 43 Marking the Baseline of the Self .............................................................................................. 45 Wilderness as ‘Other’ ................................................................................................................. 47 Mapping the Garden .................................................................................................................. 53 Wilderness as Spiritual Renewal ............................................................................................... 55 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 59 The Terns’ Tale .............................................................................................................................. 63 Chapter Three – From Conservation to Deep Ecology ....................................... 65 Conservation and the Judgments of History .........................................................................
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