Proceedings of the Dickens and Tourism Conference September, 2009
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ISSN 1471-1427 Proceedings of the Dickens and Tourism Conference September, 2009 2009/1 University of Nottingham Copyright © 2009 TTRI and respective authors. All rights reserved Commercial copying, hiring, lending is prohibited. Permission may be sought directly from TTRI at: [email protected] Christel DeHaan Tourism and Travel Research Institute Nottingham University Business School Jubilee Campus Wollaton Road Nottingham NG8 1BB Telephone: 0115 846 6606 Facsimile: 0115 846 6612 E-mail: [email protected] Proceedings of the Dickens and Tourism Conference, University of Nottingham, September 2009 Table of Contents 1. Introduction Page 3 2. Visiting Fictional London: The Demand for authenticity Anita Fernandez Young, Christel DeHaan Tourism and Travel Institute, Nottingham University Business School, UK Page 4 2. The tourist gaze in Dickens and Thackeray: uncommon variants on a common theme Britta Martens, University of the West of England Page 18 3. The Tourist as Spectator: Arthur Hugh Clough’s Amours de Voyage Cora Lindsay, Centre for English Language Education, University of Nottingham Page 30 4. Crime Tourism and the Branding of Places: An Expanding Market in Sweden Carina Sjöholm, Department of Service Management, Lund University, Sweden Page 32 5. Dickens and the history of tourism David Parker, University of Kingston Page 49 6. Water-borne pleasures in the time of Dickens Julia Fallon, Cardiff School of Management Page 65 7. Rome is Rome though it’s never so Romely’: Dickens and the nineteenth- century politics of leisure Jessica Hindes, Lincoln College, University of Oxford, UK Page 79 8. A “sort of superior vagabond”: Travel as a process of detachment in the context of Dickens’s visits to France John Edmondson, IP Publishing Ltd, UK Page 100 9. Architectural Anxieties: Pictures from Italy Mark Eslick, University of York, UK Page 121 10. Endnotes from Italy: Dickens's pictures illuminating the travel journals of Adlard Welby Sue Boettcher, University of Leicester, UK Page 139 11. Travelling/Touring with Nicholas Nickleby Tony Pointon, University of Portsmouth Page 153 12. Charles Dickens: The European connection Tony Williams, Associate Editor of The Dickensian; Honorary Research Fellow in Humanities, University of Buckingham; Honorary Life Member and Former Joint General Secretary of The International Dickens Fellowship Page 166 2 Introduction Anita Fernandez Young, Lecturer in Tourism Management/Marketing The theme of the conference was an unusual one, but it reflected the cross-disciplinary nature of tourism itself: we encourage students of cultural studies, geography, architecture and the built environment, management and marketing, literature and language, history and transport studies to get involved in the study of tourism. We also hope that students from many disciplines will recognise the value of English literature to their understanding of the social world, and Dickens is a powerful source of ideas and information about the industrial and early post-industrial world in which he wrote, through both his novels and his journalism. As you will see from the following abstracts and papers, Dickens and his time are fascinating to students of tourism history. He helps us to understand the period between the Grand Tour and early mass tourism to the seaside, reflecting the middle class’s interest in travel for both business and leisure. The importance of literary tourism as an area for research as well as a source of enjoyment is growing, and we hope that this conference will stimulate research in and beyond the period we chose to concentrate on. We hope that the contributors will continue to maintain an informal network and that all readers of these proceedings will find them enjoyable and useful. With best wishes Anita Fernandez Young The Christel DeHaan Tourism and Travel Research Institute The University Of Nottingham UK 3 Visiting Fictional London: The Demand for authenticity Anita Fernandez Young Christel DeHaan Tourism and Travel Institute Nottingham University Business School, UK [email protected] ABSTRACT A tourist inspired to visit London by the work of Charles Dickens may contemplate up to three different London’s: 21st Century London, which is the physical reality of what she can visit; Victorian London, which remains only to some extent; and the fictional London of Dickens’s imagination as it appears in his writing. There is some overlap between all three of these, in that some of the places which appear in the fiction existed and do so still. Thinking in this framework implies first a distinction among literary tourists between those who seek to visit the London that is in the fiction (‘imaginary’ London) and those looking for the London in which the author lived (‘Victorian’ London) – or both. Secondly we have to confront the paradox that the only one of the three London’s in which the tourist can physically be present is neither of the foregoing, but 21st century London. Thirdly, we examine the conditions under which literary tourists visiting 21st century London can, through this, visit a sufficiently authentic version of the London they seek. Authenticity is examined with reference to what is demanded by tourists and the ability of London to satisfy them. VISITING FICTIONAL LONDON: The demand for authenticity Arthur Conan Doyle set his Sherlock Holmes stories in a place modelled on his contemporary London of the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Conan Doyle’s ‘London’ was very much like 19th century London, but it differed in certain ways, the most significant of which is perhaps that he had Holmes and Watson live, and many dramatic scenes take place, at a notorious address, 221b Baker Street, which did not exist. Consider a person who reads the Holmes stories and then visits London. Either the reading of the stories was a cause of the visit or it was not. Our primary (but not exclusive) interest is in cases in which the reading was a cause of the visit. Assuming this to be the case, we have to ask what it was in the reading that caused the visit. 4 In relation to this question, there are two constructions of causing. The first is causality: the tourist read the Holmes stories and this increased the probability of her visiting London. To some extent, the visit occurred because of the reading. The second construction and, for our purposes, the more fruitful one is teleological: the visit was made so that … In other words, the tourist made the visit to London for some purpose and that purpose arose out of the reading. Many things may have arisen out of the reading of the Holmes stories. A notable example is an interest in Holmes’ deductive (or inferential, or dramatic) method. This is, perhaps, the sine qua non of a Holmes story. It is central to what Conan Doyle evidently conceived of the stories as being about. There are instances in which Watson tries his hand at it. There are stories set outside London, including some (such as The Hound of the Baskervilles) in which an extra-London setting is integral. The Holmesian method is an essential feature of the stories, but it is hardly a plausible cause of a want to visit London. Many of the stories are set in London and the characters reside there throughout (although not always together). This London is one of genteel rooms in Baker Street, gas lamps, beggars and urchins, concerts at the Wigmore Hall, banks in the City, the river and an opium den. Presumably it is something in all this that inspires the reader to want to visit London. However, this prompts two questions. The first of these is which London we are talking about, because we have three Londons here. First, there is the London a 21st century tourist can visit. Secondly, there is Victorian London. Thirdly, there is the London in which Holmes lived: the London of Conan Doyle’s imagination. For ease of reference, let us abbreviate these to L21, L19 and LCD. None of these three Londons is unrelated to the other two, but no two are identical. L21 and L19 have much in common because much of London was built in or before the 19th century. On the other hand, there is a lot of modern London built after the 19th century and a lot of the London in which Conan Doyle lived has gone. LCD and L19 have much in common. LCD’s Baker Street, riverside and the City are all very similar to their counterparts in L19. But there was no 221b Baker Street. There were real as well as fictional beggars and urchins, but there was no real Holmes. 5 There is some point in representing this diagrammatically, as follows. The sets represented in the following diagram are sets of artefacts in the wide sense of the term. L21 L19 LCD L21 and L19 have a substantial (but by no means perfect) overlap. LCD and L19 have a major intersection. Because of this, L21 and LCD have an intersection. For this to be so, it is sufficient (but not necessary) that each of L21L19 and LCDL19 have an overlap exceeding 50%. But if this condition does not apply, the result of an intersection of L21 and LCD does not necessarily come about. For example, we might have had L21 L19 LCD This is the situation that might have been if London had changed even more from Victorian days and if Conan Doyle’s fictional London had been much more loosely based on the real London of his time. Like his brother Mycroft, Sherlock Holmes might never have strayed outside of Pall Mall and Pall Mall and the surrounding territory might have been destroyed in 1945 and replaced by an enormous Ferris wheel. 6 Reading the Sherlock Holmes stories may well, in some readers, instil a want to visit LCD, to be in the London in which our good acquaintance, and perhaps friend, Holmes rules OK.