UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) In naam van het volmaakte. Conservatisme in Nederland in de negentiende eeuw van Gerit Jan Mulder tot Jan Heemskerk Azn van Raak, A.A.G.M. Publication date 2000 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Raak, A. A. G. M. (2000). In naam van het volmaakte. Conservatisme in Nederland in de negentiende eeuw van Gerit Jan Mulder tot Jan Heemskerk Azn. Wereldbibliotheek. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 Summary y INN THE NAME OF THE SUBLIME DutchDutch Conservatism in the Nineteenth Century Traditionally,, the Netherlands are regarded as a conservative country. Like- wise,, the Dutch are known as a proverbially cautious and moderate people. Inn political terms, this maybe translated into a general pursuit of consen- suss and continuity. However, a conservative party has always been notably absentt from Dutch political life. According to a number of Dutch histo- rianss a conservative attitude qualified and still qualifies all major political parties,, from the social-democratic, christian-democratic to the various liberall ones. These parties cannot be ascribed a specific conservative ideo- logy.. As a result a conservative party has been absent from Dutch political life. Still,, from 1848 to 1868, when political parties in the Netherlands first emerged,, a militant conservative opposition may be discerned. Its members challengedd liberal politics and advocated an informal and elite style of politics.. A specific humanist philosophy, based upon the moral sublimity off the individual politician, underlied their conservative political stance. In contemporaryy historiography the importance of this informal group led by Gerritt Jan Mulder (1802-1880) has been undervalued due to a strong focus onn the role of formal political parties and evident bias towards abstract definitionss of conservatism. Amongg contemporary Dutch political historians a tendency to concen- tratee on unchanging characteristics of political ideologies such as liberalism, socialismm and conservatism, has been predominant. Conservatism has been describedd as an ideology for the nobility, which had lost its dominant so- ciall position during the French Revolution. This ideology was justified by referencee to a divine cosmic order and man's natural imperfection. Dutch historians,, like E.H. Kossmann and H.W. von der Dunk, have looked for politicall groups to fit these unchanging characteristics. At first glance these weree found within various orthodox-Protestant groups after 1848, cen- 198 8 INN NAAM VAN HET VOLMAAKTE tredd around Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer and Abraham Kuyper, who inn 1879 actually succeeded in forming an Anti-Revolutionary Party. This 'winner'-perspectivee has quite undeservedly distracted attention from hu- manistt conservatives, who opposed factional division. Thiss doctoral thesis was written as part of the research programme 'De Natiestaat.. Politiek in Nederland sinds 1815' ('The Nation State. Politics inn the Netherlands since 1815'), set up by a number of Dutch universities. Thiss project aims at renewing Dutch political history by focusing mainly on politicall culture, the reach of the political domain and popular political par- ticipation.. A study of Dutch conservatism shows this alternative conception off political history to its full advantage. An analysis of Dutch conservatism needss a broader approach in order to incorporate non-institutional strands off conservative politics. Conservatismm played an important part in the monarchical restoration in Europee at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century. In 1815 the Netherlands andd Belgium were amalgamated into a United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Thiss transition to monarchy gave rise to specific political problems in the Netherlandss in which a strong republican tradition prevailed. The Dutch casee deviates from surrounding countries. A recent feudal-aristocratic past wass lacking. Instead, the former Dutch Republic of the Seventeenth and Eighteenthh Century featured a ruling merchant and regent class, which hadd managed to retain its power. This ruling class was relatively open too Enlightened ideas concerning human rationality, human freedom and man'ss ability to change society. Inn recent years, international research has sought to describe the specific wayss in which divergent conservative groups in various countries reacted to increasingg religious and political liberalization in the Nineteenth Century. Thiss study aims to investigate the conservative answer to these profound changess in Dutch society. This reaction was based on a specific humanist philosophy,, as formulated in the beginning of the Nineteenth Century. Thee ideas and acts of a particular group of humanist conservatives in the Netherlandss will illustrate this development. This group was not led by aa politician, but by the controversial chemist Mulder. He was a political newcomerr and formulated a non-aristocratic and non-religious conserva- tism.. Mulder managed to organize a conservative opposition in reaction to thee liberal constitution of 1848. The political ideas of Mulder were based uponn a specific world view, which he adopted from the influential Dutch philosopherr Philip Willem van Heusde. The most influential book by this SUMMARY Y 199 9 PraeceptorPraeceptor Hollandiae (or teacher of the Dutch people) was De Socratische SchoolSchool (The Socratic School 1834-1839). It offered a 'typically Dutch* philo- sophyy to suit the new kingdom. In 1830 a smaller Dutch kingdom emerged whenn Belgium became independent. The philosophy of Van Heusde was relatedd to the 'common sense'-philosophy in Scotland (Thomas Reid) and Francee (Pierre Royer-Collard), but focused more on the individual charac- ter.. As creators next to God, morally educated people had to perfect the divinee order in society. Thiss world view inspired Mulder to interpret the liberal constitution of 18488 in a conservative way. This alternative was founded upon the humanist ideall of moral development and gave rise to an Enlightened concept of conservatism,, which was neither based on a constitution (as among Dutch liberals),, nor was it based on religious notions (as among Dutch Protes- tantss and Catholics) or on traditional Herrschaft (as among aristocratic conservativess in surrounding countries). Instead, the moral sublimity of thee individual politician provided the starting point for Mulder's conser- vativee politics. In his opposition to the liberal and moderate governments afterr 1848, he applied two different political strategies. Alongside a number off Constitutional Associations, under the name of Koning en Vaderland (Kingg and Fatherland), he also set up a court camarilla. Mulderr became highly influential during the April-Movement of 1853. Thiss protest movement revolved around a nation-wide Protestant petition whichh had been drawn up in an effort to bar the introduction of a Dutch Catholicc episcopate. This protest was attended by a storm of anti-Catholi- cismm and opposition against the liberal government of Johan Rudolf Thor- becke.. He had redesigned and instituted the liberal constitution, which madee the introduction of a Dutch episcopate possible. As during the no- poperyy campaign in England in 1852, an extra-parliamentary protest move- mentt brought the liberal government to an end. Mulder, who had initiated thiss movement and set up the petition, now formed an anti-liberal coali- tionn with moderates and anti-revolutionaries, known as the Constitutional Associationn of Koningen Vaderland. Inn contrast to the existing liberal, moderate, Protestant and Catholic associations,, Koning en Vaderland had an informal and elite character. Thee liberal associations in particular subjected politics to public approval. KoningenKoningen Vaderland should be regarded as an anti-liberal coalition under conservativee colours. First and foremost, it tried to prevent the election off liberals into Parliament. Like the Prussian Konig und Vaterland in 1848, 200 0 INN NAAM VAN HET VOLMAAKTE thee Dutch Koning and Vaderland aimed to control elections in 1853 in orderr to minimize public interference. These conservatives did not intend too constitute a party and even considered party politics as a threat to the generall moral standard. The anti-liberal coalition did not last long after thee resignation of Thorbecke. As a result, Koning en Vaderland fell apart. Orthodox-Protestantss could not agree with the non-religious politics of Mulderr and moderates felt an aversion to his militant style of conservative opposition.. This opposition was not organized in Parliament. In 1853 a smalll number of