Strangers to These Shores Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Strangers to These Shores Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States TWELFTH EDITION UPDATE Vincent N. Parrillo William Paterson University A01_PARI0722_12_SE_FM.indd 1 27/11/19 8:05 PM Please contact https://support.pearson.com/getsupport/s/contactsupport with any queries on this content Copyright © 2021, 2019, 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. All Rights Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on the appropriate page within the text. Cover Photo: Holbox/Shutterstock PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, and REVEL are exclusive trademarks owned by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates in the U.S. and/or other countries. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available on file at the Library of Congress. ScoutAutomatedPrintCode 12th Edition Revel Access Code Card ISBN 10: 0-13-473763-6 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-473763-8 12th Edition Rental Edition ISBN 10: 0-13-473286-3 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-473286-2 12th Edition Instructor’s Review Copy ISBN 10: 0-13-473751-2 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-473751-5 A01_PARI0722_12_SE_FM.indd 2 27/11/19 8:05 PM To my Italian American father and to my Irish/German American mother A01_PARI0722_12_SE_FM.indd 3 27/11/19 8:05 PM Brief Contents Part 1 Sociological Framework 10 Black or African Americans 282 1 The Study of Minorities 1 11 Hispanic Americans 320 2 Culture and Social Structure 24 Part 4 Other Minorities 3 Prejudice and Discrimination 50 12 Religious Minorities 358 4 Intergroup Relations 79 13 Women as a Minority Group 398 Part 2 European Americans 14 LGBTQs, People with Disabilities, and Older Adults 426 5 North and West European Americans 107 6 South, Central, and East European Part 5 Contemporary Patterns Americans 141 and Issues 15 The Ever-Changing U.S. Mosaic 461 Part 3 Visible Minorities 7 American Indians 175 Appendix 495 8 East Asian Americans 214 Notes 501 Glossary 529 9 Middle Eastern and Asian Indian Americans 252 Index 534 iv A01_PARI0722_12_SE_FM.indd 4 27/11/19 8:05 PM Contents Foreword xiii Blaming the Poor or Society? 37 Preface xv FAMILY DISINTEGRATION 38 • PERPETUATION OF Acknowledgments xix POVERTY 38 • CRITICISM 39 Intergroup Conflict 40 Part 1 Sociological Framework Cultural Differentiation 41 Structural Differentiation 41 1 The Study of Minorities 1 Ethnic Stratification 43 The Power-Differential Theory 44 The Stranger as a Social Phenomenon 2 The Internal-Colonialism Theory 44 Similarity and Attraction 3 Challenges to the Status Quo 45 Social Distance 3 Is There a White Culture? 47 Perceptions 6 Retrospect 48 Interactions 6 Key Terms 48 • Discussion Questions 49 • Internet Minority Groups 8 Activities 49 Minority-Group Characteristics 8 Racial and Ethnic Groups 9 3 Prejudice and Discrimination 50 Ethnocentrism 11 In the United States 12 Prejudice 51 In Other Times and Lands 13 The Psychology of Prejudice 52 Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism 14 LEVELS OF PREJUDICE 52 • SELF-JUSTIFICATION 53 • PERSONALITY 53 • FRUSTRATION 54 Objectivity 15 The Sociology of Prejudice 55 The Dillingham Flaw 16 SOCIALIZATION 56 • ECONOMIC COMPETITION 57 Personal Troubles and Public Issues 17 • SOCIAL NORMS 59 The Dynamics of Intergroup Relations 18 Stereotyping and the Media 60 Sociological Perspectives 18 Ethnophaulisms 61 Functionalist Theory 19 Ethnic Humor 62 Conflict Theory 20 The Influence of Television 62 Interactionist Theory 21 PERPETUATION OF STEREOTYPES 62 Retrospect 22 The Influence of Advertising and Music 64 Key Terms 23 • Discussion Questions 23 • Internet REALITY TV AND ADVERTISING 64 • MUSIC 65 Activities 23 The Influence of Social Media 65 Can Prejudice Be Reduced? 65 2 Culture and Social Structure 24 Interaction 65 The Concept of Culture 25 Education 67 The Reality Construct 27 Diversity Training 68 LANGUAGE AND OTHER SYMBOLS 27 • THE THOMAS Discrimination 69 THEOREM 29 Levels of Discrimination 69 Cultural Change 30 Relationships Between Prejudice and Discrimination 70 Cultural Diffusion 30 THE UNPREJUDICED NONDISCRIMINATOR 70 • THE BORROWED ELEMENTS 30 • CULTURAL CONTACT 31 UNPREJUDICED DISCRIMINATOR 71 • THE PREJUDICED Subcultures 32 NONDISCRIMINATOR 71 • THE PREJUDICED DISCRIMINATOR 71 CONVERGENT SUBCULTURES 33 • PERSISTENT Social and Institutional Discrimination 71 SUBCULTURES 34 The Affirmative Action Controversy 72 Structural Conditions 34 The Concepts of Justice, Liberty, and Equality 72 Stratification 35 Affirmative Action Begins 72 Social Class 35 Court Challenges and Rulings 73 Class Consciousness 36 Has Affirmative Action Worked? 74 Ethnicity and Social Class 36 Public Opinion 74 v A01_PARI0722_12_SE_FM.indd 5 27/11/19 8:05 PM vi Contents Racial Profiling 75 English Americans 114 Retrospect 76 The Departure 115 Key Terms 77 • Discussion Questions 77 • Internet Culture Shock 115 Activities 78 RESISTING ASSIMILATION 115 • ENGLISH INFLUENCE 116 Dutch Americans 118 4 Intergroup Relations 79 Structural Conditions 118 Minority-Group Responses 80 Pluralism 119 Ethnic- and Racial-Group Identity 80 French Americans 120 Avoidance 81 Marginality and Assimilation 120 Deviance 82 Francophobia 121 Defiance 83 Pluralism 121 Acceptance 84 LOUISIANA FRENCH 121 • FRENCH CANADIANS 123 Consequences of Minority-Group Status 85 German Americans 123 Negative Self-Image 85 Early Reactions 124 The Vicious-Circle Phenomenon 86 The Second Wave: Segregation and Pluralism 124 MARGINALITY 87 Societal Responses 125 Middleman Minorities 88 Cultural Impact 125 Dominant-Group Responses 89 Irish Americans 127 Legislative Controls 89 Cultural Differentiation 128 Segregation 90 Societal Reaction and Finding Jobs 128 Expulsion 91 Minority Response 129 Xenophobia 91 ACTIONS AND REACTIONS 129 • LABOR CONFLICT 130 Annihilation 93 Upward Mobility 131 Hate Groups 94 The New Irish 132 Hate Crimes 95 Social Realities for Women 132 Exploitation 97 Assimilation 134 Minority–Minority Relations 98 Sociological Analysis 135 Theories of Minority Integration 99 The Functionalist View 135 Assimilation (Majority-Conformity) Theory 99 The Conflict View 137 ANGLO-CONFORMITY 99 • TYPES OF ASSIMILATION 100 The Interactionist View 137 Amalgamation (Melting-Pot) Theory 101 Retrospect 138 ADVOCATES 101 • DID WE MELT? 102 Key Terms 139 • Discussion Questions 139 • Internet Accommodation (Pluralistic) Theory 103 Activities 140 EARLY ANALYSIS 103 • PLURALISTIC REALITY 103 • DUAL REALITIES 104 6 South, Central, and East European Retrospect 105 Key Terms 106 • Discussion Questions 106 • Internet Americans 141 Activities 106 Sociohistorical Perspective 142 The Push–Pull Factors 142 Part 2 European Americans Structural Conditions 143 Societal Reaction 145 RACISM 145 • AMERICANIZATION 148 5 North and West European • XENOPHOBIA 148 • LEGISLATIVE ACTION 149 Americans 107 Polish Americans 151 Sociohistorical Perspective 109 Culture Shock 151 The Colonial Period 109 Community Organization 152 CULTURAL DIVERSITY 109 • RELIGIOUS Polish Americans Today 152 INTOLERANCE 109 Russian Americans 154 The Early National Period 110 Life in the United States 155 THE 1790 CENSUS 111 • EARLY SIGNS OF NATIVIST Xenophobia 155 REACTIONS 111 • XENOPHOBIA 112 • LEGISLATIVE ACTION 112 Recent Immigrants 156 The Pre–Civil War Period 112 Ukrainian Americans 157 Structural Conditions 113 Earlier Immigrants 157 XENOPHOBIA 113 Recent Immigrants 159 A01_PARI0722_12_SE_FM.indd 6 27/11/19 8:05 PM Contents vii Italian Americans 159 Environmental Issues 200 The Great Migration 159 BLACKFEET 200 • NAVAJO 201 • SOUTHERN UTE 201 Societal Hostility 159 • STANDING ROCK SIOUX 201 Social Patterns 161 Environmental Racism 202 Marginality 162 Water Rights 203 Social Mobility 162 Challenges to the Dominant Society 204 Italian Americans Today 162 Pan-Indianism 204 Greek Americans 163 Militancy 205 Occupational Distribution 163 Legal Action 205 Social Patterns 164 Assimilation 207 Societal Reaction 165 Sociological Analysis 210 Greek Americans Today 165 The Functionalist View 210 Romani Americans 166 The Conflict View 210 Cultural Differentiation 166 The Interactionist View 211 Evasive Pluralism 167 Retrospect 212 Key Terms 212 • Discussion Questions 213 • Internet Immigrant Women and Work 168 Activities 213 Assimilation 168 Sociological Analysis 171 8 East Asian Americans 214 The Functionalist View 171 Sociohistorical Perspective and Cultural Attributes 215 The Conflict View 171 The Scarcity of East Asian Women 216 The Interactionist View 172 Cultural Attributes 216 Retrospect 172 Chinese Americans 217 Key Terms 173 • Discussion