National Action Plan for the Women of Afghanistan (Napwa)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

National Action Plan for the Women of Afghanistan (Napwa) Islamic Republic of Afghanistan NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE WOMEN OF AFGHANISTAN (NAPWA) THE GOVERNMENT’S MAIN VEHICLE FOR IMPLEMENTING POLICIES AND COMMITMENTS TO ADVANCE THE STATUS OF WOMEN 2007-2017 1 بِ سِمِ ِللاِِّالرِحِمِنِِالرِحِ یمِ ّ ّ In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 5 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE .......................................................................................................... 5 MINISTER’S MESSAGE ............................................................................................................. 6 I. ANALYSIS OF CONTEXT ..................................................................................................... 9 1. OVERVIEW OF WOMEN‘S SITUATION ....................................................................................... 7 2. STATE MEASURES TO ADVANCE WOMEN‘S STATUS ..........................................................10 II. VISION, MISSION, GOAL AND STRATEGIES .......................................................... 15 1. VISION ..............................................................................................................................................13 2. MISSION ...........................................................................................................................................13 3. GOALS ..............................................................................................................................................14 4. STRATEGIES ....................................................................................................................................14 5. OVERVIEW OF SECTORAL STRATEGIES ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. III. POLICY FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................. 23 PILLAR 1: SECURITY 30 IV. SECURITY......................................................................................................................... 31 1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................24 2. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................25 3. ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................................26 4. POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................27 5. PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ........................................................................................................30 PILLAR 2: GOVERNANCE, RULE OF LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS 44 V. LEGAL PROTECTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS ......................................................... 46 1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................37 2. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................38 3. ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................................40 4. POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................42 5. PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ........................................................................................................43 VI. LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ................................................. 57 1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................48 2. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................49 3. ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................................50 4. POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................51 5. PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ........................................................................................................54 3 PILLAR 3: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 69 VII. ECONOMY, WORK AND POVERTY............................................................................ 71 1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................61 2. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................62 3. ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................................63 4. POLICIES AND STRATEGIES: .......................................................................................................65 5. PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ........................................................................................................68 VIII. HEALTH ........................................................................................................................... 82 1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................72 2. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................74 3. ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................................74 4. POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................76 5. PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ........................................................................................................79 IX. EDUCATION ..................................................................................................................... 93 1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................83 2. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................84 3. ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................................85 4. POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................87 5. PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ........................................................................................................90 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 105 X. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .............................................................................. 105 1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................95 2. THE NAPWA PROCESSES .............................................................................................................96 3. SUSTAINING MECHANISMS ........................................................................................................99 4. ENABLING STRUCTURES ...........................................................................................................102 ANNEXES 107 4 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE The advancement of women has always been central to our pursuit of national peace and reconstruction. From the Bonn Agreement to the Constitution, Afghanistan Compact and Interim Afghanistan National Development Strategy (I-ANDS), we have remained steadfast in our commitment to pursue gender equality and the empowerment of women in all spheres of life. As articulated in the I-ANDS, it is the goal of Government to eliminate discrimination against women, develop their human capital, and promote their leadership in order to guarantee their full and equal participation in all aspects of life. It is time to work for the realization of this goal. I endorse the National Action Plan for the Women of Afghanistan (NAPWA) as an initial vehicle of government for implementing its gender commitments in the Afghanistan Compact, I-ANDS and other national and international policy instruments on women. I direct all ministries and instrumentalities of government, including provincial governments, to begin the implementation of this plan by including NAPWA in their ministry/provincial plans and budgets. All government instrumentalities are directed to report their performance on the implementation of this plan to my office every six months through the Ministry of Women‘s Affairs I also enjoin all sectors of society and our international partners to help make the vision of this plan a reality. Let it not be said that the status of women did not improve considerably under the reign of peace and reconstruction in our country. To the women of Afghanistan, the implementation of this Plan is a sacred pledge that I will unceasingly pursue throughout my term. SGD. HAMID KARZAI President 5 MINISTER’S MESSAGE The full implementation of the National Action Plan for the Women of Afghanistan (NAPWA) is a high level benchmark under the Afghanistan Compact and the I-ANDS. With this National Action Plan for the Women of Afghanistan,
Recommended publications
  • Justice & Security Practices, Perceptions, and Problems in Kabul and Nangarhar
    Justice & Security Practices, Perceptions, and Problems in Kabul and Nangarhar M AY 2014 Above: Behsud Bridge, Nangarhar Province (Photo by TLO) A TLO M A P P I N G R EPORT Justice and Security Practices, Perceptions, and Problems in Kabul and Nangarhar May 2014 In Cooperation with: © 2014, The Liaison Office. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher, The Liaison Office. Permission can be obtained by emailing [email protected] ii Acknowledgements This report was commissioned from The Liaison Office (TLO) by Cordaid’s Security and Justice Business Unit. Research was conducted via cooperation between the Afghan Women’s Resource Centre (AWRC) and TLO, under the supervision and lead of the latter. Cordaid was involved in the development of the research tools and also conducted capacity building by providing trainings to the researchers on the research methodology. While TLO makes all efforts to review and verify field data prior to publication, some factual inaccuracies may still remain. TLO and AWRC are solely responsible for possible inaccuracies in the information presented. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Cordaid. The Liaison Office (TL0) The Liaison Office (TLO) is an independent Afghan non-governmental organization established in 2003 seeking to improve local governance, stability and security through systematic and institutionalized engagement with customary structures, local communities, and civil society groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Eliminating Violence Against Women
    ELIMINATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN PERSPECTIVES ON HONOR-RELATED VIOLENCE IN THE IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION, SULAIMANIYA GOVERNORATE By Tanyel B. Taysi With Contributions from Norul M. Rashid Martin Bohnstedt ASUDA & UNAMI HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE: ELIMINATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................3 I. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................4 II. INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORKS .......................8 III. HONOR-RELATED VIOLENCE..................................................................................................14 IV. CONTEXTUAL OVERVIEW OF WOMEN’S POSITION IN IRAQI KURDISTAN ............................16 V. FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................................19 VI. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................41 VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................43 APPENDIX.......................................................................................................................................48 Honor-related Violence in the Kurdistan Region Page 2 ASUDA & UNAMI HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE: ELIMINATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FOREWORD Honor-related
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Access to Land: an Asian Perspective (EGM/RW/2011/EP.3)
    EGM/RW/2011/EP.3 September 2011 ENGLISH ONLY UN Women In cooperation with FAO, IFAD and WFP Expert Group Meeting Enabling rural women’s economic empowerment: institutions, opportunities and participation ___________________________ Accra, Ghana 20-23 September 2011 Women’s Access to Land: An Asian Perspective Expert paper prepared by: Nitya Rao∗ School of International Development, University of East Anglia United Kingdom Introduction Women’s access to and control over land can potentially lead to gender equality alongside addressing material deprivation.1 Land is not just a productive asset and a source of material wealth, but equally a source of security, status and recognition. Substantive gender equality is both relational and multi-dimensional, cutting across race, class, caste, age, educational and locational hierarchies and can only be achieved if rights are seen as socially legitimate. Sixty percent of the world’s population and 57 percent of the poor live in Asia’s 48 countries, though having only 30 per cent of the world’s arable land.2 Asia’s agriculture is dominated by highly productive smallholder cultivators, the average size of household land-holdings being between 1-2 acres.3 Land ownership and distribution patterns vary greatly in Asia. There are four major types of inheritance and land management systems relevant to women’s rights to land. These include: the largely patrilineal South Asia, with land a private asset owned and acquired mainly through inheritance down the male line; bilateral and matrilineal South East Asia, where land is a private asset acquired through customary inheritance systems; the communist/socialist states like China and Vietnam, where land is vested in the State but households granted use rights by the local village committees, and the Central Asian states marked by conflicts between centralised state institutions and private, clan-based, land management systems.
    [Show full text]
  • A Look at Persian Local Historiography in the Indian Subcontinent
    17569 Mohammad Hossein Riahi et al./ Elixir Soc. Sci. 62 (2013) 17569-17576 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Social Science Elixir Soc. Sci. 62 (2013) 17569-17576 A look at Persian local historiography in the Indian subcontinent Mohammad Hossein Riahi, Asghar Montazerolghaem and Sayyed Asghar Mahmoodabadi History of Islam, University of Isfahan. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: In most cases, the importance of local histories in explaining the issues and delicacies of a Received: 24 July 2013; land or territory is a good guide and answer for people who want to find out more about the Received in revised form: history, dignitaries, culture, customs and the status of a region or area. Having prosperous, 20 August 2013; vibrant and populous regions, the vast country of India has seen a very great and notable Accepted: 2 September 2013; civilization and has always been important throughout history, each region which having its own wonders and developments. Although there had been many worth sayings points about Keywords different regions of India before the arrival of Islam in this country, all of which used to be India, cited orally, there have been different books about different regions of the country prepared Local Historiographies, after the arrival of Islam in this country, especially during the centuries when the Islamic Islamic Culture and Civilization sovereignty was stabilized or Persian Language and Literature developed there. In the first part of the present study, which in fact is an introduction to the writings and compositions of local historiographies, the researchers seek to mention the course of Muslims’ historiography in India from the past until recent centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Dairy Science Park IV-2017-Konya
    Proceedings of the 4th International Conference and Industrial Exhibition on Dairy Science Park November 1-5, 2017 Abstracts ISBN-978-969-422-001-7 Editors Sania Subhan Qureshi Rifat Ullah Khan M Subhan Qureshi Sher Bahadar Khan Shakoor Ahmad Qureshi Mithat Direk Venue Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Turkey Co-organizer The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan Publisher Engr Irfan Ul Haq Qureshi, President, Dairy Science Park Peshawar/Konya Mobile/WhatsApp: +92 301 894 5994; Email: [email protected] Website: http://dairysciencepark.org.pk/ List of Contents Item Page Foreword 3 Editorial Committee 4 Organizing Committee 5 List of Abstracts 9 Abstracts 52 Partner Organizations 269 DSP Conference series 270 Proc Dairy Science Park IV, Nov 1-5, 2017 http://dairysciencepark.org.pk/dsp2017 2 Foreword Welcome to Konya the city of Mevlana Rumi in Turkey to participate in the Fourth International Conference and Industrial Exhibition on Dairy Science Park scheduled for 1-5 November, 2017, at Selçuk University. The event is continuation of the series held during November 2011, 2013 and 2015 at Peshawar, Pakistan. The three conferences focused on rehabilitation of the postflood Dairy Sector; Halal meat export potential of the Region and entrepreneurship based hygienic food production respectively. The fourth event of the series is being held with the theme “Achieving Food Security through Entrepreneurship Development and Biorisk Management”. Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA are rich in livestock resources valuing US $10 billion; however, these could neither provide good economic return to producers nor quality food to consumers because of poor management. Similar wastage of natural resources is being observed throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • AFGHANISTAN La Situation Sécuritaire À Jalalabad
    COMMISSARIAT-GÉNÉRAL AUX RÉFUGIÉS ET AUX APATRIDES COI Focus AFGHANISTAN La situation sécuritaire à Jalalabad 20 février 2018 (Mise à jour) Cedoca Langue du document original: néerlandais DISCLAIMER: Ce document COI a été rédigé par le Centre de documentation et de This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and recherches (Cedoca) du CGRA en vue de fournir des informations pour le Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the traitement des demandes d’asile individuelles. Il ne traduit aucune politique processing of individual asylum applications. The document does not contain ni n’exprime aucune opinion et ne prétend pas apporter de réponse définitive policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass judgment on the merits of quant à la valeur d’une demande d’asile. Il a été rédigé conformément aux the asylum application. It follows the Common EU Guidelines for processing lignes directrices de l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information country of origin information (April 2008) and is written in accordance with sur le pays d’origine (avril 2008). the statutory legal provisions. Ce document a été élaboré sur la base d’un large éventail d’informations The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected publiques soigneusement sélectionnées dans un souci permanent de with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even recoupement des sources. L’auteur s’est efforcé de traiter la totalité des though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the aspects pertinents du sujet mais les analyses proposées ne visent pas text is not necessarily exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Titles Line up at Sao Paulo Festival
    Art & Culture August 27, 2020 3 This Day in History Short Titles This Day in History (August 27) Today is Thursday; 6th of the Iranian month of Shahrivar 1399 solar hijri; corresponding to 7th of the Islamic month of Muharram 1442 lunar hijri; and August 27, 2020, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar. Line Up at Sao Over three millennium lunar years ago, on this day, God Almighty spoke for the first time with Moses, entrusting him with Prophethood and the mission to invite the tyrannical Pharaoh to monotheism and to ask for the release of Israelites from bondage. As is evident by ayah 9 onwards of Surah TaHa of the holy Qur’an, while searching for fire in the wilderness, Moses saw flames atop Paulo Festival Mount Sinai and was startled to see a bush on fire but with all its green leaves and branches miraculously intact. Here he heard the voice of the Almighty TEHRAN (IFILM) The 31st Sao Paulo International Short Creator asking him to take off his shoes, throw his walking staff down that Film Festival in Brazil is screening three short films from Iran. miraculously turned into a snake and to remove his hand from the armpit to find the palm glowing with light. The three short films include ‘Weekend’ by Ario Motevaqe, ‘The 2499 solar years ago, on this day in 479 BC, Persian forces led by Mardonius, Other’ co-directed by Ako Zand-Karimi and Saman Hosseinpour, the Iranian governor of Greece and Macedonia and son-in-law of Emperor Darius 1, were routed by Pausanias, the Spartan commander of the Greek army and Ashkan Ahmadi’s ‘Kalima’.
    [Show full text]
  • “TELLING the STORY” Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: a Regional Perspective (2011-2016)
    “TELLING THE STORY” Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: A Regional Perspective (2011-2016) Emma Hooper (ed.) This monograph has been produced with the financial assistance of the Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the position of the Ministry. © 2016 CIDOB This monograph has been produced with the financial assistance of the Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the position of the Ministry. CIDOB edicions Elisabets, 12 08001 Barcelona Tel.: 933 026 495 www.cidob.org [email protected] D.L.: B 17561 - 2016 Barcelona, September 2016 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES 5 FOREWORD 11 Tine Mørch Smith INTRODUCTION 13 Emma Hooper CHAPTER ONE: MAPPING THE SOURCES OF TENSION WITH REGIONAL DIMENSIONS 17 Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: A Regional Perspective .......... 19 Zahid Hussain Mapping the Sources of Tension and the Interests of Regional Powers in Afghanistan and Pakistan ............................................................................................. 35 Emma Hooper & Juan Garrigues CHAPTER TWO: KEY PHENOMENA: THE TALIBAN, REFUGEES , & THE BRAIN DRAIN, GOVERNANCE 57 THE TALIBAN Preamble: Third Party Roles and Insurgencies in South Asia ............................... 61 Moeed Yusuf The Pakistan Taliban Movement: An Appraisal ......................................................... 65 Michael Semple The Taliban Movement in Afghanistan .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Emperor Of! Japan Pm Zahir Watches "Inspecter
    ' ' V.I Hi- ; ' KABIRI & CO. LTD NAWROZ CARPET 'A n Biggest exporters of Afghan EXPORT CO, s t; PHi rri handicrafts offering' the best quality Afghan products at: displays highest quality newold H rugs, genuine antlqae arms, po. Ac n osteenchas and ' other Afghan iahlR tbuTIQtE: ' ' ' Address; ::Charahi '.Ansarl (Share handicrafts: . v A A r:AA's A Address: Share Nau opposite h.!u;i v i 30189 '.":!"30183. Blue Mosque . J -- "'";.-- . Teh: and ? .( , n If '..''i''"'"-.- I Post Box; .406. Tela: 32035 and 31051. AA Cable. PUST1NCHA Cable: Nawroz-Kabul- . VOL. XN0.125 KABUL, THURSDAY, AUGUST 19, 1971 (ASAP 28, 1350 PRICE AF. 4 HM SENDS Royal audience ; " ' KABUL, Augv 'ig;;. '(Bakhitar) . p MESSAGE TO During' the ' week ending to--(2 I'! dajf, (Hrs'esty the received, in audience, the foll-- v EMPEROR owing,, according to a Royal if 4 ft-- ; 'I Protocol Depaijtmen(t (announ-- OF! JAPAN cement: ; Senate President Abdul Hadi . K i KABUL, Aug. 19, (BMakhtar). , , Dawi.' National Defence Mi-- - friendly . message t from v y r histet General' Khan Moham-- i Ills Majesty the King of Afgba mad, ' Interior MjAister 1 Aman-- ; nistan was presented to the ullah ' Mansuri, Justice wMinis-- Emperor of Japan last week. a Argha-- , ter Mohammad Anwar f aa presentation Minis-te- r, The was made , . ndiwal,; .Public, Works v, by the Afghan Ambassador to Gen. Khwazak Zamai, Mi-- A Tokyo, .. Sayed Kassem Rlshtya, nister,. portfolio,. j, Mrs. 4 without ' through . ' ' the Minister of State . Shafiqa Ziayee,; minister with- - and acting Foreign Minister, ';iout portfolio Abdul ' Sattar" Si- - ' ';: Toshio Kimufa, , ,. , ' i rat, Justice Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Habiba SARABI Governor of Bamiyan, Afghanistan Dr
    Habiba SARABI Governor of Bamiyan, Afghanistan Dr. Habiba Sarabi (born 1956) is a hematologist, politician, and reformer of the post-Taliban reconstruction of Afghanistan. In 2005, she was appointed as governor of Bamyan Province by President Hamid Karzai, becoming the first woman to ever be a governor of any province in the country. She previously served in Karzai's government as Minister of Women's Affairs as well as Minister of Culture and Education. Sarabi has been instrumental in promoting women's rights and representation and environment issues. She belongs to the ethnic Hazara people of Afghanistan. Her last name is sometimes spelled Sarobi. Sarabi was born in Mazari Sharif and spent her youth traveling around the country with her father. She later moved to Kabul to attend high school and study medicine at university. After graduating, she was awarded a fellowship by the World Health Organization and moved to India to complete her studies in hematology. During the Taliban rule in Afghanistan, Dr. Habiba and her children fled to Peshawar, Pakistan, but returned frequently in secret. Her husband stayed behind in Kabul to care for his family. She also worked underground as a teacher for girls, both secretly in Afghanistan and in refugee camps in Pakistan for Afghan refugees. In 1998, she joined the Afghan Institute of Learning and eventually became the General Manager of the entire organization. She was also the Vice President of Humanitarian Assistance for the Women and Children of Afghanistan. As governor, she has announced one of her focuses will be on tourism as a source of income.
    [Show full text]
  • From Hidden Struggles Towards Political Participation
    From hidden struggles towards political participation Afghan women’s perspectives on peace and security beyond transition The Heinrich Böll Stiftung (hbs) is a German foundation and part of the Green political movement that has developed worldwide as a response to the traditional politics of socialism, liberalism, and conservatism. Our main tenets are ecology and sustainability, democracy and human rights, self-determination and justice. We place particular emphasis on gender democracy, meaning social emancipation and equal rights for women and men. We are also committed to equal rights for cultural and ethnic minorities. Finally, we promote non-violence and proactive peace policies. In Afghanistan we have established our work since 2003 and are currently focusing on the fields of democracy, ecology as well as peace and security policies. For detailed information on our work and our partners in Afghanistan, please visit: www.af.boell.org, to contact us please write to [email protected]. Rahe Madanyat (Civilization Way Weekly Magazine) is a non- partisan and independent weekly magazine established in 2012 by a group of young talented journalists, writers and university lecturers in Afghanistan. The magazine aims to promote rule of law, citizen’s rights, civilized values and social relations and concentrates on gender equality and social acceptance of women. Rahe Madanyat has been working with the Heinrich Böll Stiftung since mid 2012 and has become well known throughout Afghanistan for the project of publishing portraits of women and their role in strengthening peace and security in Afghanistan. For more information visit http://www. rahemadanyat.com or contact at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Individuals and Organisations
    Designated individuals and organisations Listed below are all individuals and organisations currently designated in New Zealand as terrorist entities under the provisions of the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002. It includes those listed with the United Nations (UN), pursuant to relevant Security Council Resolutions, at the time of the enactment of the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002 and which were automatically designated as terrorist entities within New Zealand by virtue of the Acts transitional provisions, and those subsequently added by virtue of Section 22 of the Act. The list currently comprises 7 parts: 1. A list of individuals belonging to or associated with the Taliban By family name: • A • B,C,D,E • F, G, H, I, J • K, L • M • N, O, P, Q • R, S • T, U, V • W, X, Y, Z 2. A list of organisations belonging to or associated with the Taliban 3. A list of individuals belonging to or associated with ISIL (Daesh) and Al-Qaida By family name: • A • B • C, D, E • F, G, H • I, J, K, L • M, N, O, P • Q, R, S, T • U, V, W, X, Y, Z 4. A list of organisations belonging to or associated with ISIL (Daesh) and Al-Qaida 5. A list of entities where the designations have been deleted or consolidated • Individuals • Entities 6. A list of entities where the designation is pursuant to UNSCR 1373 1 7. A list of entities where the designation was pursuant to UNSCR 1373 but has since expired or been revoked Several identifiers are used throughout to categorise the information provided.
    [Show full text]