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A Cabana Do Pai Tomás E Os Romances Anti-Tom's

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE OURO PRETO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Marcelle Danielle de Carvalho Braga Um mosaico de fatos Produção e circulação de literatura sobre a escravidão nos Estados Unidos em meados do XIX - A Cabana do Pai Tomás e os romances anti-tom’s Mariana 2014 Marcelle Danielle de Carvalho Braga Um mosaico de fatos Produção e circulação de literatura sobre a escravidão nos Estados Unidos em meados do XIX - A Cabana do Pai Tomás e os romances anti-tom’s Dissertação apresentada ao Pro- grama de Pós-Graduação em His- tória como requisito parcial à ob- tenção do título de Mestre em His- tória por Marcelle Danielle de Carvalho Braga. Área de concen- tração: Ideias, Linguagens e Histo- riografia Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Estevam de Oliveira Fernandes Mariana 2014 ii B813m Braga, Marcelle Danielle de Carvalho. Um mosaico de fatos [manuscrito]: produção e circulação de literatura sobre a escravidão nos Estados Unidos em meados do XIX - A Cabana do Pai Tomás e os romances anti-tom’s / Marcelle Danielle de Carvalho Braga. - 2014. 186f.: il.; color.; grafs.; tabs.; mapas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Estevam de Oliveira Fernandes. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais. Departamento de História. Programa de Pós- graduação em História. Área de concentração: Poder e Linguagens. 1. Escravidão na literatura - Teses. 2. Estados Unidos - Historia - Teses. 3. Stowe, Harriet Beecher – 1811- 1896 - Teses. I. Fernandes, Venâncio, Luiz Estevam de Oliveira. II. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. III. Título. CDU: 821:326.8 Catalogação: [email protected] Agradecimentos Agradeço ao grande pesquisador, amigo e orientador dessa pesquisa, o prof. Dr. Luiz Estevam. Agradeço por, na graduação, ter aceito minhas ideias va- gas e me auxiliado a transformá-las em uma grande bacia hidrográfica, ou seja, destacando objetivos centrais (meu rio principal) e os outros assuntos que contri- buem para a pesquisa (os rios afluentes), mas que demandariam outras pesquisas (viagens) para serem explorados como merecem. E agradeço por, no mestrado, ter continuado com a mesma dedicação. Agradeço a todos os professores que eu tive o prazer de assistir as aulas no ICHS/UFOP. Agradeço ao Departamento de História e à Secretaria de Pós Gra- duação em História. Agradeço também ao Departamento de Educação, que me acolheu durante o primeiro semestre de 2013. Agradeço a minha amiga e irmã (Caryne), meus pais, e minha família. Agradeço a meu noivo que teve tanta paciência comigo, principalmente no perío- do da escrita dessa dissertação: por ter me apoiado nos momentos mais difíceis; por todos os momentos alegres. Agradeço aos amigos: Fernanda Bastos, Felipe Alves, Fabricio Pereira e Fabricio Moreira. E agradeço aos amigos tão queridos, que mesmo longe se fizeram tão presente: William Sabino, Bruno Omar, Fábio Baião, Ana Danila Pascoal e Felipe Ferreira. Agradeço aos professores Dr. Rafael Marquese e Dr. Marco Antonio Sil- veira, que aceitaram prontamente a solicitação para compor a banca desta disser- tação. Agradeço ainda pelo apoio financeiro da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, que possibilitou-nos desenvolver iniciações científicas (na graduação) e a pesquisa de mestrado. iii RESUMO Este trabalho analisou a produção do romance A Cabana do Pai Tomás, de Harriet Beecher Stowe, e seu impacto sobre o mercado editorial de meados do século XIX. Para tanto, investigamos, primeiramente, a família Beecher, que já se envolvia com a luta antiescravista e que vivenciou as primeiras discussões sobre o tema com Stowe. Posteriormente, seguimos com a análise do mercado editorial que foi envolvido para a publicação do romance na forma de folhetim e de livro. A análise da obra e de suas publicações permitiu-nos refletir sobre a construção do discurso antiescravista da autora, que agrupamos nos seguintes eixos: questão religiosa e moral, questão biológica e cultural, e questão política e legislativa. Posteriormente, analisamos como a escritora propôs formas de emancipação dos escravos e defendeu a veracidade das histórias que narrava. O romance causou grande impacto no mercado editorial, estimulando o surgimento de inúmeros romances e outras narrativas que se propuseram a res- pondê-la. Pensamos a produção desses textos e analisamos o mais vendido entre eles: Aunt Phillis Cabin, de Mary Anderson Eastman. E tentamos ler o texto sob os mesmo eixos propostos para o texto de Stowe. Como conclusão, percebemos que tanto o discurso antiescravista quanto o pró-escravista se sustentavam, princi- palmente, sobre interpretações da Bíblia e sobre a Constituição e a Declaração de Independência. Palavras-chave: Estados Unidos, romances, escravidão. iv Abstract: This paper analyzed the production of the novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, and its impact on the publishing market of the mid- nineteenth century. To this end, we investigate first the Beecher family, already involved with the antislavery struggle and and who experienced the first discus- sions on the subject with Stowe. Subsequently, we follow the analysis of the pub- lishing market that has been involved for the publication of the novel in the form of serial and book. The analysis of the work and its publications allowed us to reflect on the construction of the discourse of antislavery author, grouped in the following themes: religious and moral issue, biological and cultural issues , and political and legislative issue. Subsequently, we analyze how the writer proposed forms of emancipation of slaves and defended the veracity of the stories narrated. The novel caused great impact on the publishing market, stimulating the emergence of numerous novels and other narratives that sought to answer it. We think the production of these texts and analyze the best-selling among them: Aunt Phillis Cabin, Mary Anderson Eastman. And try to read the text under the same axis proposed for text Stowe. In conclusion, we find that both the anti-slavery speech as pro-slavery were sustained mainly on interpretations of the Bible and the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Key-words: United States of America, novels, slavery. v Sumário Introdução ......................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1: Os Beecher e a abolição ............................................................................... 14 Capítulo 2 - Mobilizando uma imprensa abolicionista ................................................... 40 Capítulo 3. Atacando a escravidão: um estudo de A Cabana do Pai Tomás ................. 68 Capítulo 4. Surgimento de um comércio ...................................................................... 102 Capítulo 5. Adentrando a cabana da tia Phillis ............................................................. 126 Considerações finais ..................................................................................................... 155 Referências bibliográficas ............................................................................................ 160 vi Introdução A edição de luxo, fartamente ilustrada, acabara de ficar pronta. A Cabana Do Pai Tomás já havia vendido cerca de meio milhão de cópias somente nos EUA e Inglaterra. Ainda assim, apesar do imenso sucesso e repercussão, a autora, Har- riet Beecher Stowe, parecia não estar plenamente satisfeita. Pelo contrário, o efei- to pedagógico contra as barbáries anticristãs da escravidão que ela havia buscado combater e denunciar com seu folhetim reeditado como livro não fora pleno. Fo- ram publicadas diversas obras que criticavam as ideias propostas no romance, a maior parte delas denunciando como a autora havia distorcido a verdade, falseado os fatos e criado um mundo sulista distante da realidade. Como a verdade estava em jogo, naquele 1853, ela punha o texto Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin nas mãos de seu editor, buscando documentar a veracidade do que escrevera nos anos anterio- res. O subtítulo era claro nesse sentido: “Apresentando os fatos e documentos ori- ginais em que a história foi baseada, juntamente com as demonstrações corrobora- tivas verificando a verdade do trabalho"1. Muitas verdades estavam em jogo: o estatuto da escravidão como institui- ção; o estatuto da verdade em romances; a realidade de vida de um país que se projetava cindido em dois: Sul e Norte. Não era apenas Stowe quem estava discu- tindo isso. Nas fontes oitocentistas era, por exemplo, recorrente a ideia de que uma linha geográfica delimitaria o predomínio da escravidão nos “estados sulis- tas” e o predomínio do abolicionismo nos “estados nortistas”. Essa era uma ver- dade estabelecida muito além do mundo da imprensa. Na legislação nacional, essa linha geográfica existia desde 1787, quando a Ordenança do Noroeste baniu a escravidão ao norte do rio Ohio e ao leste do rio Mississippi. A prática escravista persistiu nessas áreas proibidas: Nova York só estabeleceu a emancipação final em 1827 e Illinois somente aboliu a instituição em 1848. O fim da escravidão como instituição no “Norte” era acompanhado de grande tensão em assumir a causa abolicionista. Havia indivíduos no Norte que eram a favor da escravidão e habitantes do Sul que eram contra o escravismo. Principalmente se considerarmos o noroeste, onde havia conflitos constantes. Se- 1 No original: “Presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon Which the Story Is Founded, Together with Corroborative Statements Verifying the Truth of the
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