Virginia

TEACHER

November, 1937

t* i

HORACE MANN, writing to a friend on

September 22, 1848, said:

. . . Schools will be found to be the way that God has chosen for the reformation of the world. Somebody has said, God is never in a hurry. We are; and therefore the ameliorations of society seem to go on slowly. It is not by any one miraculous blaze of light that the dark paths of earth are to he at once illumined, hut slowly will the day-star creep up, and the sun after the day-star. . . .

Published at the CENTS STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE of Harrisonburg, Va. THE VIRGINIA TEACHER

Volume XVIII NOVEMBER, 1937 No.

CONTENTS

Geological Provinces of Virginia William M. McGill 165 Teaching the Rising Generation to Think Lucia Ames Mead 175 The Teacher's Toe Miller I'7'7 1781/0 Educational Comment The Teacher's Letter Box Katherine M. Anthony 179 The Reading Table News of the College Dolores Q. Phalen 183 Alumnae Notes Rachel F. Weems 185 H. T. C. Student Directory, 186 Film Estimates 188

$1.50 a Year Published Monthly except June, July, and August 15 ( enls a Copy The Virginia Teacher is indexed in the Education Index published by the H, W. V\ ilson Co.

Practice Leaves in English Fundamentals

FORM A-B-C-D*

BY

CONRAD T. LOGAN ELIZABETH P. CLEVELAND MARGARET V. HOFFMAN State TeacFers College, Harrisonburg, Virginia Provide rapid drills and tests in the fundamentals of grammar, sentence structure, punctuation, and spelling, with provision for recording the grades and for plotting a progress curve. A Check Book, furnishing a marking key for each leaf, facilitates rapid scoring. Page references to various standard handbooks. Two sets may be used simultaneously, one for teaching and one for testing. Situations where several usages might be correct have been avoided. ♦Published this year

D. C. HEATH AND COMPANY, 180 Varick Street, New York City The Virginia Teacher

Volume XVIII NOVEMBER, 1937 No. 8

GEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF gists have developed a "geologic time table" VIRGINIA in which rock formations of different ages INTRODUCTION and the major events of the earth's history THE present surface features of the are recorded in chronological order. In state, the distribution of minerals, this "time table," all known geologic time rocks, and soils, and the great and is generally divided into five major "eras varied physical changes which they have with subdivisions of each in terms of per- undergone, have been caused by the cease- iods." The major divisions from oldest to less action of geologic agents and processes. youngest are the Archeozoic, Proterozoic, Among these are rock disintegration and Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. decay; wind action; work of streams, The earliest discernible geologic records ground water, the ocean, lakes and swamps; were made in the Archeozoic era. These the deformation of rocks by folding and major divisions and the characteristic forms faulting, mountain - making movements; of life developed during each, together with earthquakes, and the movements of molten the various "period" subdivisions, are rocks. The succession of geologic phenom- shown in Table I. The reader will find here ena has been orderly and continuous. When the relative positions of the various geo- measured in the terms of human existence, logic time intervals and geological forma- the rate of geological change has been very, tions referred to in this article. As used very slow. herein "Cretaceous formations" refers to As the result of detailed studies, made mainly during the past 100 years, of expos- beds of rock formed or deposited during ures of rocks of many different kinds and the Cretaceous division of the Mesozoic ages in various parts of the world, geolo- era. Table I. GEOLOGIC TIME TABLE (Reading upward, divisions range from oldest to youngest) Major Divisions Subdivisions Prominent Life or eras or periods Man Quaternary„ , ;( Recent Cenozoic Glacial Tertiary Mammals Cretaceous Higher plants, early Mesozoic Jurassic insects, reptiles and Triassic birds (dinosaurs, etc.) Permian Pennsylvanian Ferns and allied plants, Mississippian many invertebrates, Paleozoic Devonian and lower vertebrates Silurian (fishes and amphibians). Ordovician Cambrian Low forms of plants Proterozoic* Several and invertebrates • (pre-Cambrian)* Primitive forms of Archeozoic* Several plants and invertebrates. ♦The Archeozoic and Proterozoic eras are frequently considered together as pre-Cambrian, since the first period of Paleozoic time is designated Cambrian. 166 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Volume 18, No. 8

GEOLOGIC PROVINCES Ocean; (2) the Piedmont province, a gently rolling plateau extending from the Coastal Virginia lies in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Plain westward to the first continuous and the Appalachian Highlands. It extends mountain ridge; (3) the Blue Ridge, an al- from the sea westward, a maximum distance most continuous, dissected, mountain ridge of 440 miles along the southern boundary. and plateau; (4) the Appalachian Valley The greatest width is about 200 miles. The and Ridge province, better known locally, area of the state is 42,627 square miles, of which some 2,365 square miles are covered in part, as the Valley of Virginia, consist- by tidal waters. The approximate mean al- ing of a series of linear valleys and ridges; titude of the state is 950 feet. The state's and (5) the eastern escarpment of the Ap- geographic center is in Appomattox County, palachian Plateaus, or the Cumberland 11 miles southeast of Amherst. Front, which crosses a small part of south- The topography and geology of Virginia, western Virginia. The width of each prov- as revealed by the surface features and the ince varies somewhat from east to west, exposed rocks, are varied and complex. but the geologic limits are fairly well de- Virginia is divisible into five distinct geo- fined. With the exception of the Appalach- logic and geographic provinces, which are from east to west: (1) The Coastal Plain, ian Plateaus, each province extends north- a terraced plain bordering the Atlantic east across the state. (See Fig 1.) kl & E N TT/ S Ny

57 T' o o / ! wyv-C qY>), r> A V / I A / / A iX, <0 IT Qs A/ /i l/P - ^ // /»" ( ) /£/ a , /' Aedericksbur j ( O f •Charlottesville ^ A- IVY. / Vt / r ;. Richm YV O # Lynch burg v--

Because of the marked differences in the vaded the major valleys, such as the James, character and origin of the rocks and sur- converting them into estuaries with local face features in the five natural divisions swamps. The surface of the Coastal Plain of the state and their bearing upon its eco- consists of numerous terraces, or broad nomic development, the characteristics of benches, which rise stair-like in steps above each geologic province are briefly described. the sea. They were formed by the plana- tion of streams and waves when the sea at Coastal Plain times stood higher in the geologic past. The Coastal Plain, or Tidewater province, In the southeast part of the Coastal Plain is the easternmost geologic division of the is the great Dismal Swamp, whose surface state. It is divided into two distinct parts is about 20 feet above sea level. The swamp by the Atlantic shore-line: an eastern sub- area is heavily wooded, mainly with red merged portion and an emerged land por- cedar, and in places contains relatively tion. The submerged area extends from dense growths of canebrakes. Locally cy- about 50 to as much as 75 miles eastward press trees are found growing in the water. from the present shore-line to the edge of Lake Drumraond, a picturesque, shallow the continental shelf. The emerged Coastal circular lake, about 2jd miles in diameter, Plain comprises about 11,000 square miles, is in its center. or slightly more than one-fourth of the The Coastal Plain is underlain mainly by area of the state. It extends from the shore- loose unconsolidated beds of gravel, sand, line west to the Fall Zone. The Fall Zone clay, and marl of Cretaceous, Tertiary and is a narrow zone where streams plunge by Quaternary ages.1 These beds of variable falls and rapids from the resistant rocks of thickness rest upon a floor of Piedmont the Piedmont province to the weaker rocks crystalline rocks, principally of pre-Cam- of the Coastal Plain. Some 2,365 square brian age1, and slope seaward with dips of miles of the Coastal Plain are covered by 5 to 30 feet per mile. The basement crys- the waters of Chesapeake Bay and num- talline rocks are 2,246 feet below the sur- erous tributary estuaries. Chesapeake Bay face at Fort Monroe, and 2,318 feet deep at and four tidal rivers divide the eastern part Mathews Court House, as determined by of the land area into five peninsulas which drilling for water and oil, respectively. are known as the Eastern Shore, the North- ern Neck, Middle Peninsula, the Peninsula, Piedmont Province and the Norfolk Peninsula. The Piedmont province extends from the The average width of the Coastal Plain Coastal Plain on the east to the Blue Ridge is about 100 miles, and its length from the on the west. It comprises about one-third Potomac River at Alexandria to the North of the area of the state. Its width at the Carolina line is about 160 miles. The aver- north is only about 40 miles, but the prov- age elevation does not greatly exceed 100 ince broadens southward to a width of feet, but altitudes of 300 feet or more occur nearly 165 miles along the Virginia-North along the western margin. Carolina line. The Coastal Plain is a broad region of The surface of the Piedmont province is low relief, with a gradual eastward slope of an elevated rolling plain, or low plateau, about 3 feet to the mile. The coast line is with an eastward slope of 10 to 15 feet per indented with numerous bays and coves, and mile. It descends from elevations of 800 to much of the coastal area is marshy, because 1,500 feet along its western border at the in comparatively recent geologic time the foot of the Blue Ridge, to elevations of 20° entire area has been lowered with respect to sea level. Hence, tidal waters have in- 'See Table I. [Volume 18, No. 8 168 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER to 400 feet along the Fall Zone. The max- Cambrian), but some early Paleozoic forma- imum elevation along the Fall Zone is about tions, such as the Arvonia slate of Ordovi- 520 feet. On the west the change from cian age, are present. the plateau to the Blue Ridge is rather well Blue Ridge Province marked, although numerous hills and short ridges, in part outliers of the Blue Ridge, The Blue Ridge province extends north- are found over the western Piedmont. eastward across the state, ^a distance of The province is drained southeastward about 300 miles. It is essentially a narrow into the Atlantic by the Potomac, Rappa- mountainous ridge northeast of Roanoke, hannock, James, and Roanoke rivers. The but broadens into a high, broad, triangular sources of these streams, except the Rappa- plateau south of Roanoke. As the prin- hannock, are west of the Blue Ridge. In cipal eastern range of the Appalachian places streams flow in rocky gorges, which Highlands, it is an outstanding topographic are of rare scenic beauty, and have swift feature in the state. It is cut deeply by the currents as far as the Fall Zone, where they Potomac at Harpers Ferry and the James descend by falls and rapids onto the Coast- at Balcony Falls. Roanoke River separates al Plain. the narrower, northern part from the broad- er plateau to the south. Despite the mature dissection of the reg- ion, the flattish to gently rolling nature of The Blue Ridge rises from about 1,200 this former vast plain-like region is a con- feet at Harpers Ferry to 4,031 feet on spicuous feature. Many monadnocks, ridges, Stony Man, in the Shenandoah National and hills rising 200 to 1,000 feet above the Park, and 4,001 feet on the Peaks of Otter. plateau surface, occur in the Piedmont Near the southern boundary of Virginia, province, being more abundant in the west- Whitetop Mountain at 5,540 feet, and ern part near the Blue Ridge. Catoctin Mount Rogers, at 5,719 feet, are the two Mountain in Loudoun County, Southwest- highest points in the state. ern and Carters mountains in Albemarle The subdued mature topography and County, White Oak Mountain in Pittsyl- heavily forested slopes and summits of the vania County, and Willis Mountain in Blue Ridge give it great charm. The sum- Buckingham County are examples. mits of some of the peaks of the Blue Ridge The rocks of the Piedmont province, to the north and parts of the broad plateau which are among the oldest in the state, are to the south are remnants of an old exten- largely crystalline, such as granite, gneiss, sive erosion surface, a peneplain, formed mainly by the plantation of streams when and schist, with altered sediments, such as slate, quartzite, and marble occurring lo- the region was at a much lower level, prob- cally. The granites and similar igneous ably not far above the sea. The south- western rugged part was not eroded to a rocks crystallized directly from masses of common level; hence high peaks, as Mount molten rock that were injected or forced Rogers, rise above the general surface of upward into the overlying rocks and have the plateau. since been exposed on the surface by the erosion of former overlying rocks. Some The Blue Ridge is composed chiefly of of the gneisses and schists are altered ig- granite, greenstone, and other crystalline neous rocks, and some are beds of sand, rocks. The granite and related rocks were clay, and limy muds which were altered by formed by the cooling and solidification of great pressure, thus losing all trace of their masses of molten materials (magmas) in- original structure. Most of the rocks in this truded into overlying rocks or from fluids province are very old (Cambrian and pre- that emanated from the magmas, whereas November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 169 greenstone and other similar igneous rocks miles long and from 10 to 20 miles wide. solidified from bodies of lava that flowed Massanutten Mountain is a majestic isolat- out upon the crust of the earth in early ed ridge which divides the northern part of geologic (pre-Cambrian) time. These rocks Shenandoah Valley into two parts. Rising are exposed along the crests and eastern suddenly east of Harrisonburg to an eleva- slope. On the steeper western slope ancient tion of 3,000 feet, it extends northward for but younger (Cambrian) sandstones and 50 miles to the vicinity of Strasburg where shales overlie them. Some foothills in the it ends abruptly. A large part of Shenan- Piedmont province and in the Valley are doah Valley and the numerous valleys and also composed of sandstones of early Paleo- ridges to the west are drained by Shenan- zoic (Cambrian) age. doah River which flows northeast into the Potomac. The southeastern part of Au- Appalachian Valley and Ridge gusta County and most of Rockbridge Province County are drained by James River and its Between the Blue Ridge province on the tributaries. east and the Appalachian Plateaus on the The other prominent individual valleys of west, lies the Appalachian Valley and Ridge the Valley of Virginia are: (1) Fincastle province, which in Virginia extends south- Valley, principally in Botetourt County, (2) west for more than 360 miles from the Salem or Roanoke Valley, largely in Roan- Potomac to Tennessee, with a width of oke County, (3) Dublin Valley, embracing from 25 to 50 miles. The eastern part is portions of Montgomery, Pulaski, and the Valley of Virginia and the western part Wythe counties, (4) Abingdon Valley, in consists of the Valley Ridges. The Valley Smyth and Washington counties, and (5) of Virginia is a beautiful tract of rolling Powell Valley in Wise and Lee counties. country, which gradually rises to the south The several divisions of the Valley of and west. It rises from 300 feet above sea Virginia are essentially a series of limestone level at Harpers Ferry, on the Potomac, to valleys which owe their present form to about 2,500 feet in places in southwest Vir- solution of the limestones and erosion of ginia. On the east the rounded summits the weaker shales, all of Paleozoic age, of the Blue Ridge rise to heights of 2,000 which underlie them. These limestones and to 3,000 feet above the Valley floor. shales occur in broad extensive northeast- The Valley of Virginia is divided into southwest belts. In sharp contrast is the several distinct valley-like lowlands, by west slope of the Blue Ridge, consisting knobs and ridges which extend east from mainly of resistant sandstones and quartzites the easternmost Valley Ridges and west of Cambrian age. The prominent Valley from the Blue Ridge. The width of the Ridges to the west also contain highly re- Valley proper is decreased by these ridges, sistant sandstones, mainly Silurian age. as, for example, near Buchanan, where Pur- Most of the northwestern part of the Ap- gatory Mountain constricts the Valley to a palachian Valley region in Virginia is oc- width of only two miles. Tinker Mountain, cupied by the Valley Ridges section. It near Cloverdale just north of Roanoke, like- comprises a series of roughly parallel, nar- wise confines the Valley within narrow row, elongate, steeply folded mountain limits, as do several other outlying ridges ridges with numerous delightful and pic- to the southwest. turesque intermontane valleys, very similar The largest of these lowlands in the Val- to Shenandoah Valley but smaller. The ley of Virginia is Shenandoah Valley, which valleys are mostly in shale but some are in extends from Harpers Ferry southwest be- limestone. They were formed by the solu- yond the Natural Bridge. It is about ISO tion of limestone and the erosion of shale, [Volume 18, No. 8 170 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER as explained above. The width of this Val- places along the Kentucky boundary to ley Ridges belt increases northward, from 3,700 feet and more above sea-level along 25 to 45 miles. In the northern half of the the northeastern and central parts of the region three distinct chains of rather prom- area. The area is drained mainly by tribu- inent ridges occur. The most prominent of taries to the Ohio River. these parallel ridges are Shenandoah, North, The flat-topped ridges in Scott and Wise Little North, and Great North mountains in counties indicate the surface of the old the northern part, Alleghany and Sweet plateau, whereas the more deeply eroded Springs mountains in the central-western areas to the northeast do not preserve the portion, and Peters, Walker, Clinch, and plateau surface. Cumberlain, Stone, and Copper Ridge mountains in southwestern Powell mountains and Sandy Ridge repre- Virginia. These ridges are in places deeply sent remnants of the former plateau sur- cut by picturesque water gaps. The Vir- face. The scenery of this part of Virginia ginia-West Virginia State line follows an is impressive, particularly the "Brakes of irregular course along the crests of several the Sandy," a deep rugged gorge in north- of the ridges of this belt. ern Dickenson County through which the The James and its tributaries, principally Big Sandy River flows. Cowpasture and Jackson rivers, drain the GEOLOGIC HISTORY mountainous or Valley Ridges section in tire central-western part of the province. Coastal Plain The southwestern half of the Valley region The geologic history of the Coastal Plain is drained by Roanoke River, flowing south- has been relatively simple compared with eastward, New River, coursing northward that of the other divisions of the state. into West Virginia, and the several branch- This province has repeatedly been elevated es of Clinch, Holston, and Powell rivers and depressed with respect to sea level and which flow southwestward into the Valley many of the sedimentary beds contain fos- of eastern Tennessee. sil evidences of some of the physical and Appalachian Plateaus organic changes which have ocfcurred in this The counties along the extreme south- region. The sedimeijts differ considerably western border of Virginia, from Buchanan in character and origin. Some were form- County southwest, and the northwestern ed in brackish or fresh water, whereas some parts of Tazewell, Russell, and Scott coun- were deposited in marine -waters. Some ties, lie in the eastern part of the Appalach- were deposited in water df shallow depth, ian Plateaus. The area is a high upland un- others in deeper water. The sediments derlain by gently folded to almost horizontal were derived in part from a higher land sedimentary rocks, chiefly sandstone, shale, mass to the west, carried seaward by east- and coal of upper Paleozoic (Pennsyl- ward coursing streams. vanian) age, and embraces an area of about During the greater part of the Paleozoic 1,500 square miles. The coal is the most in- era—the time of "ancientlife"—the crystal- teresting and valuable rock in this area. This line rocks of the Piedmont province and part of the state, because of its average ele- those which" form the floor or basement of vation of about 2,000 feet or more and its the Coastal Plain apparently formed a land humid climate, has been dissected by a maze surface which probably extended far to the of streams into a mosaic of steep hills and east of the present shore line, perhaps to the ridges and deep ravines and valleys. Flat edge of the continental shelf. This land lands, even of small extent, are rare. Al- surface may have been elevated and depress- titudes range from 1,000 feet and less in ed several times. November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 171

During Mesozoic time this old land mass extends along the east and west sides of the was eroded and depressed. In the early Eastern Shore peninsula. part of that era (Triassic period) lowlands A geologically recent rise of the sea flood- or basins were formed locally in the Pied- ed a large expanse of coastal land. Prior mont region, in which were deposited layers to this submergence Chesapeake Bay was a of sand, gravel, and mud. Coal was also great river valley through which flowed the formed in some of the Triassic basins. One Susquehanna, with the- James, Potomac and of these coal-bearing basins, termed the other streams as tributaries. The Susque- Richmond basin, lies along the eastern mar- hanna River probably flowed between Cape gin of the Piedmont region. Charles and Cape Henry to empty into the Early in Cretaceous time the land along Atlantic many miles east of the present the western side of the Coastal Plain ap- shore line. The recent rise of the sea parently was depressed. It is thought by drowned the lower valleys of the old Sus- some that the Piedmont province to the quehanna and its major tributaries, thus west was also uplifted. Sediments, deriv- forming Chesapeake Bay, Hampton Roads, ed mainly from the higher lands to the and the drowned valleys of the James and west, were deposited in the depressed area, the York. brought and dumped there by eastward Piedmont Province coursing streams. Late in Cretaceous time, possibly as a result of seaward tilting of the The geologic history of the Piedmont land, ocean waters invaded the region and province has been varied and complex. marine sediments were deposited over the Where the plateau now lies were once lofty Coastal Plain. hills and mountains, but erosion has reduced During Tertiary time the Coastal Plain all the former great irregularities of sur- was alternately above and beneath the sea face. In past geologic time, this area has at repeated intervals, and beds of clay, sand, been folded, elevated, depressed, and tilted. and shell marl were deposited. These sedi- It now stands higher above the sea than it ments extended as far west as the Fall Zone, did geologically a short time ago. Hence and, perhaps, even into the Piedmont prov- the rivers of the Piedmont province are ince. The beds of shell marl at Yorktown swift-flowing and unnavigable, and actively are famous for the abundance and variety deepening their channels. of fossil shells in them. During the earliest recorded time, in the During Quaternary (Pleistocene and Re- Archeozoic and Proterozoic (pre-Cam- cent) time several minor emergences and brian) eras, an extensive trough, trending submergences of the Coastal Plain occurred. in a northeasterly direction, occupied parts They are marked by a series of deposited of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces. and wave-cut terraces of sand and gravel. Sedimentary rocks of variable composition The terraces represent fan or bench-like de- were deposited in the geosynclinal trough. posits of sediments, in part of continental Intermittently during deposition there were and in part of marine origin, which extend periods of volcanic activity as is indicated in a general northerly direction across the by numerous lava flows. Masses of molten Coastal Plain. The highest and oldest ter- materials were also intruded far below the races occur in the western part of the reg- surface, where they cooled and crystallized ion and the lower and younger successively to form igneous rocks of various types. eastward. Princess Anne County is on the Before the beginning of the Paleozoic era lowest of these terraces, which forms or (Cambrian time), most of the pre-Cambrian borders the coast line from North Carolina rocks were highly deformed and altered. to the mouth of the Potomac River and also It was during the late pre-Cambrian that [Volume 18, No. 8 172 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER the Appalachian trough or geosyncline was. The Richmond Basin is probably the best formed across the western part of the state. known of these areas. Molten material was The Blue Ridge province and the western intruded into the Triassic and older Pied- part of the Piedmont province were prob- mont rocks. ably included in the extensive area of land At or near the' close of Triassic time there was again crustal movement in the involved in this downwarpingv During the Paleozoic era there was extensive and wide- Piedmont region and the recently deposited spread deposition of sedimentary beds materials were tilted and warped. There throughout the Appalachian trough. It is were probably several stages of uplift dur- probable that Paleozoic sediments were laid ing the Mesozoic era which increased the down over considerable areas in the Pied- power of the streams and thus caused them mont province, although most of them were to continue active erosion of the Piedmont later removed by erosion. Early Paleozoic rocks. (Cambrian) rocks occur in a belt extending During the latter part of the Mesozoic northeasterly through Charlottesville and era and the early part of the Cenozoic era, Warrenton. During the Ordovician period, much of the Piedmont region apparently seas extended over portions of the Pied- had been worn down to a low rolling plain —a peneplain—of great extent. There were mont province, as is indicated by the oc- currence of belts of slate containing marine probably several intervals of uplift during Tertiary and Quaternary time, which fur- fossils, in Buckingham, Fluvanna, Stafford, ther rejuvenated the streams and increased and Prince William counties. erosion. Thus the Piedmont peneplain has In the Permian period, toward the close been considerably dissected by long-con- of the Paleozoic era, the present Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Appalachian Valley and tinued erosion and the present rolling to- Ridges provinces were involved in the mas- pography has been very gradually de- veloped. sive crustal movements (Appalachian Rev- olution) which gave rise to the old Appa- Blue Ridge Province lachian Mountains. The earth's crust was The Blue Ridge and the Valley Ridges in fractured and large blocks of it were ele- Virginia are mountains originally formed vated and shoved far to the northwest. by folding and faulting, followed by eros- There was also intrusion of igneous mater- ion and vertical uplift of the eroded folded ial, such as the granite that now crops out mass. They were not formed by a sudden in the Petersburg-Richmond area, in the single movement but slowly during a series Piedmont province. of successive uplifts. During pre-Cambrian In the early part of the Mesozoic era time a great trough was formed along the (Triassic period), the Piedmont region site of the present Blue Ridge and Appa- probably was a relatively high land under- lachian Valley and Ridge province. This going rapid erosion. Further folding and is called the Appalachian trough or geosyn- faulting along certain belts produced elon- cline. It was occupied in the Paleozoic era gate inland basins in the middle and eastern by many shallow seas in which were deposit- portions of the Piedmont region across Vir- ed a great thickness of sediment approxi- ginia. Into these basins streams carried fragmental material, derived from the erod- mately 25,000 feet or more in the Valley. In late Paleozoic time these more or less hori- ed highland areas, which formed beds of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. zontal beds of sediment were intensely fold Swamps or marshes with abundant vegeta- ed and overthrust by great lateral pressure acting chiefly from the southeast, producing tion existed at times in some of these Tri- a series of long, narrow folds (anticlines assic basins and coal deposits accumulated. November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 173 and synclines) of southwest trend. The in- such as sandstone and quartzite, were left tensity of the folding, crushing and faulting standing as prominent mountain ridges. As of these beds is emphasized by the com- a result of several episodes of approximately pression of a broad belt of horizontal rocks vertical uplift and consequent intervals of into a closely folded mountain mass estimat- widespread and deep erosion by rejuvenated ed to be one-half or less of the original streams and drainage systems, the present width. Blue Ridge, Valley of Virginia, and the Valley Ridges were created. These geolog- Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province ic processes required long periods of time, During the early history of this region, in scores of millions of years. the Paleozoic era, enormous thicknesses of Appalachian Plateaus sediments, later consolidated into limestones, shales, and sandstones, were deposited in The extreme southwestern or main coal- nearly horizontal beds in great interior seas bearing part of the state, which is a part which at successive geologic periods occu- of the Appalachian Plateaus, has had a pied the Appalachian region. Toward the geologic history similar to that of the Ap- end of the Paleozoic era, during the slow palachian Valley and Ridge province. In formation of the ancient (not the present) the Paleozoic era (Carboniferous time), Appalachian Mountains by strong lateral swamps or marshes of considerable extent pressure and pronounced vertical uplift, this existed in much of what is now the south- huge mass of sedimentary rocks was highly western plateaus. Peculiar types of ferns deformed by intense 'folding and profound and trees, very different from the present faulting. Countless zones of weakness, types, grew in these swamps. This vegeta- such as joints and belts of crushed and tion, after being buried in the waters and faulted rock, were developed, perhaps more accumulated sediments, was acted upon by abundantly in the limestones. heat and pressure and chemical agents, In the latter part of the Paleozoic era which converted it into coal. The profound local swamps, some of considerable extent, change was caused in part by the extensive existed in the Appalachian Valley. Coal deformation of the rocks of the Appalach- was formed in several of these swamp areas ian region near the close bf the Paleozoic as the result of the accumulation and de- era. Bacterial decay also was probably an composition of the peculiar plant growth. important factor in the transformation of During and following the late Paleozoic the plants into coal. Since Paleozoic time, deformation of the Appalachian region, and the Appalachian Plateaus, like the Appa- the later vertical uplift at successive stages lachian Valley and Ridge province, have in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, many been uplifted and eroded several times. The thousand feet of the rocks were eroded and present dissected elevated plateau has been carried far away by the prolonged activity gradually developed as a result of the most of rains, surface streams, ground water, and recent uplift. other geologic agents, such as frost, wind, Old Erosion Levels freezing and thawing, and rock disintegra- tion and decay. Hence beds of rock of Certain characteristic topographic feat- variable composition and hardness were ures prevail throughout the Appalachian exposed in long, generally narrow, parallel Valley as evidence of the deformation and northeast-southwest belts. Broad, flat-floor- vast erosion which the rocks of the region ed valleys were eroded in the areas under- have undergone. lain by the weaker rocks, such as limestone Four distinct stages or cycles of erosion and shale, whereas the more resistant rocks, are recorded by recognizable topographic 174 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Volume 18, No. 8 levels. The flattish ridge crests and hilltops represented by the even-crested summits of at each level are remnants of formerly ex- several of the mountain ridges in the Valley tensive valley floors, each produced by Ridges section as well as by the broad streams eroding the region toward a com- rounded tops of the Blue Ridge at an al- mon plane, not far above sea-level. Reg- titude of about 3,000 feet—such as the Big ional plains of this type are called pene- Meadows "flat" near the center of the plains. The peneplains of the Appalachian Shenandoah National Park, and the Inter- Valley in Virginia have been described by mediate peneplain preserved in the even Stose and by Wright. The highest and old- tops of the foothills and the spur ridges of est level is apparently marked by the upper- the Blue Ridge and Valley Ridges at an most flattish summits of the Blue Ridge and altitude of about 2,200 to 2,300 feet. (See the highest ridges among the Valley Ridges. Fig. 2.) BLUE RIDGE VALLEY RIDGES SUMMIT PENEPLAIN^r*,- NW. UHLANJNIERMEQJATE, D ZKESEP-CAra. _P&N£PL&lfi _ - _ — VAM FY-fLOQR PENEPLAIN

Figure 2-Ideal profile section across the Valley of Virginia showing erosion levels of peneplain surfaces (After Stose, G. W., Virginia Geological Survey Bullehn 23, F.gure 2) Prominent hills and elongate ridges, These numerous summit areas are but termed monadnocks, rising 100 to 500 feet meager remnants of the vast undulatory above the floor of the Valley, remain also plain which formerly covered the entire as partially reduced remnants of former region and from which the present valleys surfaces. Such monadnocks persist chiefly and ridges have since been carved. Due because they are composed of rocks of sup- to the great age of this former land surface erior resistance to erosion or they were far and the amount of uplift and consequent from the main streams in the region. One erosion it has undergone, remnants of this of the most outstanding of the larger mon- old land surface are not uniformly preserv- adnocks is Massanutten Mountain. ed throughout the Appalachian region. The Selected References highest level has been called by Stose the Summit peneplain. The remnants of this The reader is referred to the following old surface, or uplifted peneplain, are now publications which contain information of from 3,500 to 4,000 feet above sea-level. probable interest and which were consulted The lowest widespread level is represent- in the preparation of this article: Sevan, Arthur, Campbell; M. R., and others, ed by the gently rolling, stream-dissected, Northern Virginia: Guide Book 2, XVI In- solution-pitted floors of Shenandoah Valley ternal. Geol. Cong., 43 pp., 1932. Especially and similar valleys west of the Blue Ridge. pages 1-12. Sevan, Arthur, The Shenandoah Valley; Why it This youngest peneplain has been named is where it is; The Virginia Teacher, Har- the Valley-floor, or Harrisburg peneplain. risonburg State Teachers College, vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 45-49, 1937. Other local names are used in other divis- Cady, R. C., Preliminary Report on the Ground- ions of the Valley of Virginia. It varies Water Resources of Northern Virginia: Vir- ginia Geol. Survey Bull. 41, 48 pp., 1933. Es- in altitude from about 600 feet along the pecially pages 3-22. Potomac to 2,200 feet at the southern end Clark, W. B. and Miller, B. L., Physiography of Shenandoah Valley, and 2,600 feet at and Geology of the Coastal Plain Province of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 4, 274 places in Dublin and Abingdon valleys. It pp., 1912. Especially pages 13-18, 46-60, and was formed probably during Tertiary time. 210-222. Fenneman, N. M., Physiographic Divisions of the Between these two distinct erosion levels, United States: Assoc. Am. Geographers, An- or peneplains, occur the Upland peneplain, vrnl? vnl Mn. 4. 1928. November, 1937] TKE VIRGINIA TEACHER 175

Furcron, A. S., James River Iron and Marble is generally recognized, but the need of Belt, Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 39, considering one's own political history in its 124 pp., 1935. Especially pages 6-19 and 56-59. McGill, W. M., Caverns of Virginia; Virginia relations to economic and vital statistics in Geol. Survey Bull. 35, Educational Ser. No. 1, one's own country is less understood. The 187 pp., 1933. Especially pages 7-14, 135-156, and 159-168. future voter is usually left grossly unpre- Reeves, Frank, Thermal Springs of Virginia: pared for making judgments on public is- Virginia Geol. Survey Bull, 36, 56 pp., 1932. Es- sues. In this period of financial confusion pecially pages 6-16, 21-27, and 36. Roberts, J. K., Geology of the Virginia Triassic; and depression this is peculiarly so. Es- Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 29, 205 pp.. 1928. pecially is he unable to judge matters which Especially pages 1-8 and 137-175. appeal to the emotions, like questions of The Lower York-James Peninsula: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 37, 58 pp., 1932. danger and defence. The student with a Stephenson, L. W., Cooke, C. _W., and Mansfield, high school or even a college diploma is W. C., Chesapeake Bay Region; Guide Book 5, often all at sea regarding the most vital XVI Internal. Geol. Cong., 49 pp., 1932. Es- pecially pages 1-14. matters. He has learned a mass of facts Stose, G. W., Miser, H. D., Katz, F. J., and unrelated to real life and basis for judg- Hewett, D. L., Manganese Deposits of the West Foot of the Blue Ridge, Virginia: Virginia ment. Geol. Survey Bull. 17, 166 pp., 1919. Especially The writer has asked thousands of stu- pages 5-11 and 34-40. dents in secondary schools and sometimes U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington, D. C., Physical Divisions of the United States. (Map.) in colleges and in various states: "How Watson, T. L. and Cline, J. H., Drainage Changes many soldiers do you think were killed in in the Shenandoah Valley Region of Virginia: our armies or died of disease in our War Univ. of Virginia Philos. Soc. Bull, sci. ser., vol. 1, No. 17, pp. 349-363, 1913. of the Revolution, our War of 1812, our Wentworth, C. K., Sand and Gravel Resources of Mexican War, Spanish War, and World the Coastal Plain of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull 32, 146 pp., 1930. Especially pages War combined? I have told them that I 7-24 and 100-118. have had a range of guesses from 5,000 to Woodward, H. P., Geology and Mineral Resour- 6,000,000. My first question was to a high ces of the Roanoke Area, Virginia; Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 34, 172 pp., 1932. Especially school youth of exceptional talent who pages 11-26, 94-102, and 153-160. guessed 2,000,000. I have then asked how Wright, F. J., The Physiography of the Upper many think we have had fewer than James River Basin in Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 11, 67 pp., 1925. 2,000,000 killed. A few hands have usually The Blue Ridge of Southern Vir- been raised. Once not one hand was raised. ginia and Western North Carolina; Denison Then I have asked how many think that Univ. Bull. Journ. Sci. Labs., vol. 22; pp. 116- 132, 1927. more than 2,000,000 have been killed, and The Newer Appalachians of the the large majority raised their hands in South: Part I Denison Univ. Bull. Jour. Sci. every single instance. Then I have told Labs., vol. 29, pp. 1-105, 28 pis., 1934; Pt. II, Idem., vol. 31, pp. 93-142, 32 pis., 1936. them to their amazement that the number William M. McGill killed is fewer than have been murdered in ten years, which is over 110,000. TEACHING THE RISING GEN- The judgment of students in this matter is probably as good as that of most adults. ERATION TO THINK The latter remember that when they went EMERSON has taught us that noth- to school the chief part of their history had ing is really known until it is seen to do with wars and they have imagined in its relations to other things, but that foreigners have cost us rivers of blood. the application of this vital principle is It follows that when the Security League often far to seek in history textbooks. The or the admirals and generals assure us that need of understanding something of world "the army is below the danger point," that history if one is to understand one's own our security depends on having more bombs, 176 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Volume 18, No. 8 and planes and submarines; that the appro- or opportunity. In respect to lack of imag- priations asked are for "bare safety against ination it is a question whether the banker invasion such as any first-class power de- is better off than the average man who termined upon war could inflict upon us at deals very little with figures. any moment it chose," the average unin- Every child should be required to work formed person believes it and is alarmed. out problems whose terms would teach in- He demands protection for his home and cidentally a vast deal that he needs to know. fireside at any cost and $792,000,000 a year Let him work out how long it would take for defence seems not too much, though we men of different salaries, from those of a have millions of hungry and unemployed. letter carrier up to that of a corporation What the sum would mean if put into pro- lawyer or bank president, to earn a million tection from other dangers, he does not dollars; let him figure out how many cen- reckon. His textbooks have not told him turies there are in a billion minutes. The that every three years our country loses cost of his town's city hall, his school, his more lives by traffic disasters than perished church, should be learned and taken as a in battle in all our five foreign wars begin- form for calculations; likewise the popula- ning with the Revolution; and there are tion of his town and its area. A clear con- more injured and maimed than there are ception of these matters would help people killed. to get some faint comprehension of the Not until students are taught always to significance of our national expenditure and think of using facts comparatively, and are of our country's needs and what it means given the facts that need to be compared, when our annual budget and relief work can their judgment on vital matters that and deficits are counted in billions. It affect their future and their taxes be any- would also teach him that great wealth is thing more than the result of impulse, tradi- not produced by mere thrift, and might set tion, and prejudice. Does not the law of him to considering the bases of great for- self-preservation require that mankind tunes and the relation of great fortunes to should learn where to look for its chief tariffs and to special privilege and other dangers and not be left in the dark? Do matters which have direct bearing on cur- any of our textbooks make this clear? I rent history. suggest that a page of essential matter, now Lucia Ames Mead omitted, be added to each of our school histories; also that in textbooks on arith- THE PRESIDENT ENDORSES THE metic effort should be made to teach the SCHOOLS use of figures, not merely from the stand- The problems which are now baffling our point of developing accuracy and speed, people most are basically problems of in- but so as to help pupils visualize their ap- dividual judgment and ethics. Judgment plication to areas, populations, and money. rests mainly upon information and ethics Lack of imagination is being recognized by rests upon character. Both information and psychologists as a serious defect in students character depend fundamentally upon the in business colleges. Students who can per- work of the schools. Our most pressing form problems, make schedules, draw up national problems cannot be solved, there- statistics often have little power to see fore, without effective education. Schools human beings or human relationships as and colleges must expand with the growing affected by them, or the relation of one set complexity of modern Life. of figures to another in terms of obligation —Franklin D. Roosevelt. November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 177

THE TEACHER'S JOE MILLER

RIGHT, HENRY! AN APPROPRIATE GIFT Teacher; "Henry, analyze this sentence! Graduate: "Professor, I have made some It was getting to be milking time; what money and I want to do something for my mood ?" old college. I don't remember what studies Henry: "The cow!" I excelled in. Professor; "In my classes you slept most A FAST ONE of the time." Chemistry Instructor: "What's HN03?" Graduate: "Fine! I'll endow a dormi- Freshman: "Oh, er—it's right on the tory." tip of my tongue." Instructor: "Spit it our quickly; it's I can stand all the slurs on myself nitric acid." Which question my good sense and know- ledge, EDUCATION FOR TODAY But this is the one I've shot people for: Teacher: "Johnny, what are the sea- "Do you work now, or still go to col- sons ?" lege?" Johnny: "You mean in the United States?" If all the boarders in all the college board- Teacher; "Yes, of course." ing houses were placed side by side at one Johnny: "Baseball and football." table,—they would still reach.

Professor: "This examination will be The man conducted on the honor system. Please That nobody knows; take seats three apart and in alternate Your own rows." Professor in evening clothes.

COMPANY, ATTENSHUN/ WHEN HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF Cadet: "The general was quite provok- Teacher: "When was the revival of ed this morning." learning ?" Keydet: "What about?" Pupil: "Just before exams." Cadet: "He received a letter marked 'Private.'" DIFFERENT KIND OF FIGHTING Teacher: "What does the word 'rev- "By the way, what are we having for erie' mean, Willie?" dinner tonight?" Willie (excitedly) : "A reverie is like a "Spongecake. I sponged the eggs from baseball umpire, only he has to do with Mrs. Jones, the flour from Mrs. Brown, and prize fights." the milk from Mrs. Smith." IMPROVEMENT BUDDING GENIUSES? The nice old gentleman stopped to talk Visitor; "And what's the building over to the wee girl who was making mud pies there ?" on the sidewalk. A Sophomore: "Oh, that's the green- "My goodness," he exclaimed, "you're house." pretty dirty, aren't you?" Visitor: "I didn't know that the fresh- "Yes," she replied, "but I'm prettier men had a dormitory all to themselves." clean." [Volume 18, No. 8 178 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER old social catastrophe which may be ex- The Virginia Teacher pected. Contemporaneous events warn us Published monthly, except June, July, and August, by of the conditions of war and poverty which the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg, Virginia. accompany the methods of dictatorship. Entered as second-class matter March 13, 1920, at the postoffice at Harrisonburg, Virginia, ufader the act of "Upon the educators in the remaining March 3, 1879. democracies falls the historic responsibility of giving new vitality and power to popu- 0 EDUCATI ' Nation lar institutions through the educative pro- cess. This is the crucial issue before us." OF AMERICA —Dr. John W. Studebakee, U. S. Com- Conrad T. Logan, Editor Henry A. Converse, Business Manager missioner of Education. Clyde P. Shorts, Circulation Manager ADVISORY BOARD MINIMUM LIBRARY EQUIPMENT Katherine M. Anthony J* Lanier Otto F. Frederikson Amos M. Showalter FOR HIGH SCHOOLS What books should the small high school Manuscripts offered for publication from those interest- ed in our state educational problems should be addressed with a very limited appropriation provide to the editor of The Virginia Teacher, State Teachers College, Harrisonburg, Virginia. for its English students? This question has been answered for the first time in a EDUCATIONAL COMMENT recent report of the National Council of Teachers of English. The compilation was MEETING THE CRUCIAL ISSUE IN made by a committee headed by Professor EDUCATION George F. Reynolds of the University of "To create the fine fabric of civilized, Colorado. democratic society requires the sacrifice, Two lists are given—one for the smallest struggle, and patience of generations of high school and another of additional books human beings. To destroy it takes but a which the report states "the smallest high short period of ruthless reaction. Ma- school should have, and all high schools of chine guns, strategically placed, can silence more than 100 students must have to make the most courageous and able minds. Fires satisfactory provision for their students. can make short order of books which rep- There is no A list of recommended books, resent the patient study of millions of hu- since many such lists are already obtain- man beings through generations of search- able, including those prepared by the Rec- ing for truth. Concentration camps can reational Reading Committee of the Nation- isolate critical intelligence and by harsh ex- al Council, "Home Reading" for senior ample force the expression of uniform high school and "Leisure Reading" for opinions and views. Penalties and threats junior high school. can throttle the use of the means of com- The C list, setting forth the minimum li- munication to broadcast facts or opinions brary equipment which the smallest high on which human welfare may depend. school must have for its English students "Once the great principles of majority to do satisfactory work, includes 112 books, rule and minority rights have been trampled reference books such as encyclopedias, dic- underfoot, peaceful and orderly and self- tionaries, and histories being taken for enriching social progress is impossible. granted. The recommended books may be Once the power of the few to control and bought at retail prices for $137, exclusive of exploit the many is unchecked and unlimit- works of fiction, many of which are to be ed, we can expect a repetition of the un- had in several editions at varying prices. bridled arrogance of tyranny. The history The B list calls for 95 other books and sug- of despotism is a reliable prophet of the gests, besides, that there should be about November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 179 half as many contemporary novels as there Company. There are to be eight of these are students. A group of sectional books, books, two per year for each of the last to be selected from a list prepared by the four years of the elementary school. The state association of teachers of English, is six books now ready are: The First Book advised. of the Earth, Nature Peoples, Communi- Superintendents, teachers, and librarians ties of Men, Peoples and Countries, The who wish a copy of the report may obtain Building of America, and Man at Work: it upon request by sending five cents in His Industries. The two books now in stamps to the National Council of Teachers preparation are: Man at Work: His Arts of English, 211 West 68th Street, Chicago, and Crafts and The Story of Civilization. Illinois. Any teacher who is working for an un- derstanding of the "major functions of FROM HENRY THOREAU'S social life" will find these books indispen- JOURNAL sable for her children. And, incidentally, March 31, 1853 (AET. 35) Whatever reading them herself should help the teach- your sex or position, life is a battle in er who has not yet caught the vision. which you are to show your pluck, and woe Another noteworthy new series is Social be to the coward. Whether passed on a Studies by Bruner-Smith, Charles E. Mer- bed of sickness or a tented field, it is ever rill Company. It has as its purpose "to the same fair play and admits no foolish provide a new type of history on the level distinction. Despair and postponement are of the pupil in the intermediate grades," cowardice and defeat. Men were born to and offers "the vital story of how man has succeed, not to fail. become what he is from what he was." Book One contains four units, The Story of Agriculture, The Story of Fire, The THE TEACHER'S LETTER BOX Editor's Note : Because so many letters asking Story of the Sea and The Story of Writing. for help on practical problems of the elementary Book Two contains three units, The Growth school come to the desk of the Director of the Harrisonburg Training School, we have asked of the City, Feeding the Millions, and The Miss Katherine M. Anthony to let The Virginia Story of Clothing. The company announces Teacher publish each month a few of these re- quests with her replies. a third book, which may be off the press- While not attempting to compete with Emily although I have not seen it. Post or Kathleen Norris or Beatrice Fairfax, she has agreed to summarize a few requests each These Bruner-Smith materials tie up month and to give her answers. Perhaps the very closely with the objectives of the Vir- citation of sources and references along with other advice on how to do will even add a Frederic J. ginia program. Moreover, their careful Haskin touch. provision of relevant detail for each gen- eral idea and their simplicity in style should Dear Letter Box: make them a real learning aid for both I am a new county supervisor and like it just fine. But there aren't enough hours in pupil and teacher. the day to get the work done. That is why Some of your teachers may be looking I'm in a real jam just now. A group of for a new series of elementary history upper grade teachers wants a list of new texts. Here the Macmillan Company of- textbooks and workbooks in social studies. Do you have such a list on hand? And fers Edna McGuire's three volumes, will you add just a word of comment Glimpses into the Long Ago, A Brave about each book? Young Land, and A Full-Grown Nation. Old Student. These are beautiful books with a larger- Dear Old Student: than-usual page, clear type, and superb il- First of all, your teachers should know lustrations by George M. Richards. They the Rugg Social Science Series, Ginn and are not as well written as are some of the [Volume 18, No. 8 180 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER other newer texts; a general term or idea bibliography is included, as are outline maps slips in once in a while without sufficient and illustrations. development of background. But look them Dear Letter Box; over for yourself ; they're significant enough I am going to ask a big favor of you and to warrant that. I hope you will not mind doing it for me. Just today I find in my mail still another Would you send me a sample of the reports used in the Main Street School? I am new book in the social studies field. It is teaching part of the first and part of the America's Building: The Makers of Our second grade. There was an overflow^ so Flag written by Freeland, Walker, and Wil- they put in a new teacher, and wasn't I liams and published by Charles Scribners' ■ lucky? At least I thought so until today when the principal asked the primary teach- Sons. This book is biographical in nature ers to revise the report cards. I liked the and is built as an "elaboration of Franklin ones we used in Harrisonburg and believe K. Lane's tribute to the worker as flag- it would help us a great deal to see a maker." Good for reference material; it copy. Could you send it by return mail? Perplexed includes not only warriors and statesmen Imi- scientists, musicians, and even women! Dear Perplexed: This year your teachers will all be hunt- I am enclosing the copy of the report ing diligently for material on the Orient. card you asked for. We are using this Try Scott, Foresman and Company's new again this year and so far no one has sug- unified geography and history, The Old gested making any changes. But we are World Past and Present. It is organized still mimeographing the material. Printing around problems in such a way that the seems so much more final than mimeo- pupil is helped to see the relation between graphing, and we want to keep working at man and his environment. I recommend this problem. this book particularly to teachers who hesi- After all, the report card form is rela- tate about beginning with present-day af- tively unimportant just so it is flexible fairs for fear the pupils will not come out enough to let the teacher adapt her study with certain basic ideas. of each child to fit his needs. What you write on the card is the thing that counts. And now for workbooks if your teachers And since you are beginning this committee must have them, and I suppose some of work so soon after your graduation, I'm them must. Ginn and Company are offer- going to jot down some standards to guide ing a new series this fall, The Pupil's you in studying your children and report- Guide. The first book has page references ing their progress to parents. to Keity's The Beginnings of the American The report card should be very clear to People and Nation and the second to the child, the parent, and the principal, as Keity's The Growth of the American well as to the teacher. Limiting the num- People and Nation. These workbooks ber of items reported on at any one time stress study habits, including the develop- helps here, because a complete descriptive ment of vocabulary. They are for the for- account of the child is not a report but a mal teacher who is just beginning to use part of the school's cumulative record. activities. Illustrations and outline maps Again, writing only about specific things al- are included. most always promotes understanding. You Somewhat different from the ordinary see, first-grade children are almost as be- workbook is Living Long Ago and Now by wildered as their parents by such terms as Joy M. Lacey, Johnson Publishing Com- social habits and co-operation. But every- pany. It has considerable content mater- one concerned knows what it means to put ial as well as learning exercises. A pupil away materials and take turns in talking. m

November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 181 \ Yet another way to secure understanding worth, and the lack of reference to psy- is to use simple, clear statements. I have choanalysis and the newer trends in organ- seen many report cards sent out with fla- ismic psychology. The book is thoroughly grant English errors as well as confusing readable for the most part and a worthy statements. introduction to the problem of psychologi- The report card has one main purpose, to cal viewpoints. guide learning. For that reason it must al- W. J. Gifford ways be constructive in its suggestions. If the teacher must make negative criticism, The Higher Learning in a Democracy. By Harry D. Gideonse. New York: Farrar & the place for it is in a parent-teacher con- Rinehart, Inc. 1937. Pp. 34. SO cents. ference. To put this same point in a dif- A member of the faculty of Chicago Uni- ferent way, the report card should use the versity, Dr. Gideonse, in this small book future tense a great deal. Past accomplish- challenges the viewpoint of his superior, ment should usually be reported on only President Hutchins, in a discussion of the when some special effort has been put chaotic state of college and university edu- forth. The main emphasis is put on what cation at the present time. Whereas Dr. teacher and child agree to work on during Hutchins insists upon a return to classical the next period. The exception, of course, philosophy and metaphysics, Dr. Gideonse is with a child who lacks confidence and holds that science rightly interpreted and needs encouragement. A recital of various correlated with other studies is bound to things well done may be of great help in be the core of the modem curriculum. He such a case. But a descriptive report prais- points with some care to the Chicago Uni- ing a superior child for things he has not versity experiment and presents a very labored on may be a bad influence. He, stimulating discussion of the dangers of too, has the right to be challenged to move authoritarianism and absolutism which he forward, to exert himself for improvement. believes are encouraged in Dr. Hutchins's If the report card is really to guide learn- viewpoint in his The Higher Learning in ing, it must not only be constructive; it America. These Dr. Gideonse calls the must carry with it some idea of how to "twin enemies of the free and democratic attack the job. This was touched on in society." discussing clearness, but it is so important W. J. Gifford that I am going to add another illustration. Writing neater is too vague for a second Faith in an Age of Fact. By Edward H. Reis- ner. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. grade child but keeping on the line or mak- 1937. Pp. 117. $1.50. ing certain letters three spaces tall can be- Grounded on the thesis of Dewey's A come a tangible goal. Common Faith that the world today needs Forgive the sermon and come to see us. a less supernatural and more socialized religion, Dr. Reisner traces the breakdown THE READING TABLE in the older intellectual, religious, and eth- The Definition of Psychology. By Fred S. Kel- ical systems of thought under the impact ler. New York: Appleton-Century Company. 1937, Pp. 111. $1.00. of modern science. He believes that mod- More restricted in size and scope than ern man, realizing the heritage of the past, Dr. Heidbreder's Seven Psychologies, this must go forward in a faith in a good so- book deals with the four most prominent ciety in which are steadily eliminated such historic American schools of psychology: evils as poverty, racial discrimination, bigot- structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, ry, and lack of recreational and aesthetic and Gestalt. The brief compass of the opportunities. Many readers will no doubt book perhaps accounts for the omission of feel that Dr. Reisner is proposing a social such leaders as Thorndike and Wood- ethics rather than a new religious outlook. 182 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Volume 18, No. 8

However, quite apart from general con- as well as a method for making such a sur- text, the two chapters on personality and vey and such an evaluation soundly. Only the nature of evil are not only thoroughly in certain respects is it a book of prophecies. readable, but of general interest and help- It does attempt to show emerging trends fulness. in basic educational needs as well as the W. J. Gifford policies necessary for meeting these needs, but it makes no attempt to consider the ex- Creative Education. By Charles Sumner Crow. tent to which any policies will actually be New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1937. 456 pp. adopted in the future. It concerns "not The organization of creative learning into what policies will be adopted, but what ones eight successive cycles with an interpreta- should be." tion of these steps is the salient feature of Thus, the purpose of the book "is to at- this book. It deals also with the problems tempt to show only what fundamental poli- of creative teaching and the relation of cies are sound for any conditions in any creative education to life. Intending that age and what somewhat more detailed ones it be used as a handbook of inspiration by are sound for American higher educational the teacher or perhaps as a textbook, the institutions in the generations immediately author has strung vague idealisms on the ahead." tenuous thread of creativity, with the re- deeming inclusion, however, of numberless Practice Leaves in English Fundamentals, practical illustrations of what can be done. Form D. By Conrad T. Logan, Elizabeth P. Cleveland, and Margaret V. Hoffman. New The teacher in the field, whether she York: D. C. Heath & Co. 1937. Pp. 72. 36 cents. shares the author's vast enthusiasm or not, The title defines the book. It is designed should find her initiative and originality for a general review of all English funda- challenged by certain passages; but the book mentals with ample material on the various as a whole offers little of significance and topics. There are thirty practice leaves with much confusion to the student. two reviews, and four optional reviews that Maxine Cardwell are new to Form D. One very interesting as well as important feature is the study as- Class Lessons in Singing. By Anne E. Pierce. signment at the end of each leaf.—This is With additional suggestions by Estelle Liebl- by far the best book of its kind. Its clarity, ing. New York: Silver Burdett & Co. 1937. interest, and freshness of material are out- An exceptionally fine textbook for class- standing. es in singing, with clear explanations of the M. L. B. many points of vocal technique and artistry, good plates of the vocal mechanism, several CONTEMPORARY JUVENILE LITERATURE fine songs to be used in practice, and in- Doubleday, Doran and Company, through teresting photographs of outstanding artists its Educational Department, has announced for the pupil's inspiration. This book could the inauguration of a plan to make contem- be used most profitably in the private studio, porary juvenile literature available in at- and in class teaching of voice. Teachers in tractive yet durable form for school read- colleges and high schools who are training ing. The first list of twelve books includes glee clubs will find the book of great value. one by each of the following well-known authors: Booth Tarkington, Ellen Glasgow, The College of the Future: An Appraisal of Fundamental Plans and Trends in American Grace Moon, Stewart Edward White, An- Higher Education. By Mowat G. Fraser. New gelo Patri, Howard Pease, Stanley Water- York; Columbia University Press. 1937. 549 pp. $3.75. loo, Alfred Ollivant, Wallace Wadsworth, This book presents a survey and evalua- E. F. Benson, Forrestine C. Hooker, and tion of basic higher educational policies, Walter Hough. November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 183

NEWS OF THE COLLEGE ty from Sweetbriar; nineteen from West- hampton; sixteen from Fredericksburg; Sports at the State Teachers College fifteen from Randolph-Macon Woman s reached a new higd the week-end of No- College; fifteen from Richmond Division of vember 5 and 6 when the Athletic Associa- William and Mary; fourteen from Duke tion was host to the annual tournament of University, North Carolina; thirteen from the Virginia Field Hockey Association. Salem College, Winston-Salem, N. C.; ten At the close of the tournament, which from Hollins College; and seven from Mer- featured about 15 matches of various full edith College, North Carolina. and mixed hockey teams, 34 of the out- standing players were picked and arranged In commemoration of the fifteenth an- into First, Second, and Third All-state niversary of its first publication, The Breeze teams. The first two of these elevens par- has planned a special program for Decem- ticipated in the Southeastern Tournament ber 1, beginning with a noon edition of the held at William and Mary, November 19- paper predicting what The Breeze of to- 21. The third squad was on call for the morrow will look like. Southeastern meet, in which the Virginia For the assembly exercises that day, Mr. teams met such clubs as Harrisburg, Bal- J. Fred. Essary, head of the Washington timore, Washington, and Philadelphia. Bureau of the Baltimore Sun, will speak on Three members of the H.T.C. Varsity Journalism and Public Affairs. and an alumna, Edith Todd of Richmond, The day's activities will close with a ban- captain of the '35 team, were chosen for quet in the college dining hall. Letters have the state teams. Peggy Byer, Hagerstown, been sent to all former editors and business Md., was named halfback for the Virginia managers, inviting them to the celebration. second, while Jean VanLandingham, Peters- burg, and Billie Powell, Hopewell, along The Breeze made its first broadcast of with Todd, were designated respectively news of the college on November 5. These for positions of center halfback, left wing, broadcasts, given by Virginia Blain, Clif- and right forward, for the Reserve team. ton Forge, are presented weekly at 4:30 on At a general meeting of the Association, Friday afternoons from the Harrisonburg Miss Helen Marbut, coach and member of station, WSVA. The material, consisting the Physical Education faculty, was elected mainly of brief notes taken from the sheets president to succeed Miss Martha Barks- of The Breeze, is prepared by the news- dale of William and Mary. Miss Marbut paper staff in collaboration with the class was serving as vice-president and had in Journalism. served as secretary-treasurer in 1935. Fred- ericksburg State Teachers was designated One hundred and thirty-eight members as the next meeting place. of the Senior Class formally received their The purpose of the tournament was for caps and gowns in the annual Senior Day hockey education and experience, not for observance November 3. Speaker for the intercollegiate competition. However, one day's assembly program was Dean Ray- competitive game was played in connection mond B. Pinchbeck, of the University of with the Tournament, this one between Richmond. His address dealt mainly with H.T.C. and Sweetbriar, ending 4-0 in favor the aspects of true education. The real of the visitors. tests, according to Dean Pinchbeck, lie in The visiting hockey players and coaches the ability for self-management, industry, on the campus for the affair included and the use of common sense. twenty-two from William and Mary; twen- In the customary manner Seniors were 184 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Volume 18, No. 8 gowned by the President of the college, house of Covici, Friede. Publication will Dr. S. P. Duke, and the big sister of take place next spring. Mrs. Frederikson the class, Mrs. Bernice R. Varner. After a is now working on her second book in col- banquet that night in Senior Dining Hall, laboration with her friend, Miss Irma the class entertained other students and the Friederich. faculty at a party in Reed Gymnasium. Cornelia Otis Skinner presented a pro- Alpha Chi Chapter of Kappa Delta Pi, gram of modern monologues before an ap- international honorary fraternity in educa- preciative and enthusiastic audience in Wil- tion, recently announced fifteen pledges son Hall on November 1. made to the society this fall. They were Definite bookings for the rest of the en- Elsie Jarvis, Mathews; Lafayette Carr, tertainment series through the winter quar- Galax; Willie Lee Powell, Hopewell; Le- ter have been made as follows: January 14, titia Hollar, Camden, N. J.; Virginia Smith, Vienna Boys Choir; February 4 and 5, Lynchburg; Betty Coupar, Brooklyn, N. American Repertoire Theatre presenting Y.; Mary Ellen Smith, Clifton Forge; The School for Scandal and The Queen's Husband; and February 25, Jooss Euro- Annie Lee Stone, Portsmouth; Evelyn Pat- pean Ballet. terson and Mary Ann Holt, Washington; Olivia Wooding, Gladys; Evelyn Bywaters, Armistice Day was observed at the col- Opequon; Mildred Miller and Janet Mil- lege with an address in Wilson Auditorium ler, Harrisonburg; and Patricia Minar, Ar- that night by Hugh H. Clegg, assistant di- lington. rector of the Federal Bureau of Investiga- tion. The program, sponsored by the Rock- Presenting its second play of the fall, ingham Post American Legion, was a com- Stratford Dramatic Club staged the all- munity affair, drawing many civic leaders girl comedy, "Glee Plays the Game" by and organizations, as well as a number of Alice Gerstenberg, November 12 in Wil- school children. son Hall. J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Those in the case included Mildred Gar- Bureau, was unable to come for the pro- nett, Harrisonburg; Barbara Haverty, gram, but designated Mr. Clegg to take Smithfield; Marilee Henkel, Newport his place. News; Shirley Major, Alexandria; Patricia Minar, Arlington; Elizabeth Hammond, Miss Ethel Spillman, supervisor of the Hagerstown, Md.; Mary E. Stewart, Roa- Junior High School, was elected president noke; Gene Bodine, Harrisonburg; Ruth of District G of the Virginia Education Peterson, Charlottesville; Rosemary Lam- Association at its fall meeting held in Wil- phier, Hilton Village; Sara Thomason, son Hall October 16. Parkersburg, W. Va.; Mary Ellen Smith, The convention went on record as favor- Clifton Forge; Caroline Cabaniss, Roanoke; ing the three-point education program to be and Sarah Ellen Burchard, Petersburg. presented before the next session of the The first play given by the dramatic club General Assembly—minimum salary of was "The Ninth Guest" by Owen Davis, $720 for teachers for a nine-months term, given on October 23 by the same cast which a sound retirement law, and free textbooks. performed it during the summer session. A large number of teachers from eight counties and three cities were present. The Dr. Edna Frederikson, instructor in Eng- main speaker of the day was Dr. W. C. lish, recently signed a contract for the pub- Hyde, of the University of Virginia, who lication of her first novel by the publishing talked on "Teaching and Education in a November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 185

Democracy." He compared the program in the Alexandria City school system for of education here with the static education quite a few years. of Germany and Italy, Rachel Brothers Eure, '31, president of Moss A. Plunkett, of Roanoke, chairman the Richmond Alumnae chapter, underwent of the legislative committee of the Associ- an operation a few weeks ago. ation, and T. D. Martin, director of mem- bership of the National Education Associ- MARRIAGES ation, also addressed the meeting. Lelia V. Rucker, '35, of Upperville, and Harry W. Porter of Louisa were married ALUMNAE NOTES on October 16 at the Upperville Baptist Church. The bridesmaids included Lenore MEETINGS Thomas, '30, Olivita Thomas, '30, and Because so many meetings of the Vir- Eleanor Studebaker, '35. ginia Education Association are being Since her graduation from Harrisonburg held at the John Marshall Hotel, it has Mrs. Porter has taught in the Arlington seemed best to hold the Harrisonburg county schools. Mr. Porter was graduated Alumna; Luncheon there on Thursday noon, from the Virginia Military Institute and November 25. The Richmond chapter will the University of Virginia. have a room in the hotel for the use of the alumna; attending the convention. Ruth Miller, '33, of Luray, was married The Culpeper Alumnae celebrated the sec- to Joseph K. Campbell, also of Luray, at ond birthday of their chapter November 12. the Mt. Carmel Baptist Church on Sep- Mary McNiel, '30, is now treasurer of the tember 25. Her twin sister, Ruby Miller, chapter. Among the guests attending the '33, was her maid of honor. birthday dinner were President and Mrs. For some years Mrs. Campbell has been S. P. Duke and Rachel Weems, '17. teaching in the Luray public schools. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell are making their home PERSONALS in Luray. Jacqueline Baker, '33, of Columbia, Vir- ginia, entered the Frances Payne Bolton On October 25, at the home of her par- School of Nursing of Western Reserve ents in Blackstone, Daisy Nash, '31, be- University, Cleveland, Ohio, this fall. came the bride of James Page Pond. Since Jacqueline taught in the Arlington county her graduation Mrs. Pond has taught in the high school after her graduation from Har- Victoria High School. risonburg. • Mr. and Mrs. Pond are now living in The Bolton School of Nursing is one of Princeton, West Virginia. the two institutions in the world that re- quires all of its students to earn degrees Elizabeth Jones, '31, of Spring Grove, from recognized colleges before entering. and Zelna N. Cockes of Elberson were The first class of Masters of Nursing was married on September 25 in the Christian graduated in June, 1937. Church in Richmond, Va. Mr. and Mrs. Cockes are making their home in Norfolk. Martha Warren, '32, who has taught for a number of years near Lynchburg, is OUR CONTRIBUTORS WILLIAM M. McGILL is Assistant State Geolo- teaching physical education and elementary gist, with headquarters at the University of work in the Danville city school system. Virginia. LUCIA AMES MEAD, now deceased, was for Nora Hossley, '27, is taking a business many years a lecturer on world peace. The late course at the Strayer Business College, Jane Addams thought no one in America was more thoroughly informed on the various as- Washington, D. C. Nora has been teaching pects of international arbitration. 186 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Volume 18, No. 8

a T. C. STUDENT DIRECTORY Fall Quarter, 1936-37

Student Government Association Lanier Literary Society: Rebekah Bean, Lees- Virginia Blain, Clifton Forge, president; Ruth burg, president; Carrie Mae Turner, Chase City, Matthews, Front Royal, vice-president; Isabel vice-president; Ella Hubble, Victoria, secretary; Russell, Federalsburg, Md., secretary-treasurer; Nancy White, Pulaski, treasurer; Dorothy Day, Dorothy Peyton, Rhoadesville, recorder of points; Richmond, critic; Fannie Slate, South Boston, Sue Quinn, Richmond, editor of Handbook; chairman of program committee; Anne Thweatt, Helen Willis, Clarksville, chairman of social Petersburg, sergeant-at-arms. committee; Margaret Cockrell, Alexandria, chair- man of standards committee. Page Literary Society: Mary Ellen McKarsie, Alexandria, president; Virginia Gordon Hall, Y. W. C, A. Ashland, vice-president; Dorothy P e y t o n, Hilda Finney, Pen Hook, president; Helen Rhoadesville, secretary; Elizabeth Brown, Vic- Hardy, Amelia, vice-president; Lafayette Carr, toria, treasurer; Letitia Holler, Camden, N. J., Galax, secretary; Wanda Spencer, Lynchburg, chairman of program committee; Lottie Ayres, treasurer. Arvonia, sergeant-at-arms; Annie Vincent, Mid- Athletic Association lothian, critic. Margaret Byer, Hagerstown, Md., president; Anita Wise, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., vice-president; Alpha Literary Society: Vivian Weatherly, Billie Powell, Hopewell, secretary; Evelyn Pat- Portsmouth, president; Ellen Fairlamb, Rich- terson, Washington, D. C., treasurer. mond, secretary-treasurer. Publications Clubs The School-ma'am: Helen Shular, East Stone Aeolian Music Club: Elizabeth Rawles, Nor- Gap, editor; Jane Logan, Harrisonburg, assistant folk, president; Corinne Shipp, Crewe, vice- editor: Jennie Spratley, Dendron, business man- president; Lena Mundy, Harrisonburg, secretary; ager. The Breeze: Dolores Phalen, Harrisonburg, Marie Walker, Kilmarnock, treasurer; Elsie Jar- editor-in-chief; Mary Catherine Lyne, Shenan- vis, Mathews, chairman program committee. doah Junction, W. Va., feature editor; Frances Glee Club: Lafayette Carr, Galax, president; Taylor, Ashland, managing editor; Ila Arrington, Ellen Fairlamb, Richmond, vice-president; Mil- Pembroke, business manager; Jean Bundy, Leb- dred Keller, Fishers Hill, secretary; Mary anon, circulation manager; Betty Coupar, Brook- Wright, Norfolk, business manager; Marjorie lyn, N, Y., advertising manager. Odeneal, Norfolk, librarian. Societies Bluestone Orchestra: Ruth Jobe, Gladstone, Kappa Delta Pi: Agnes Bargh, Cape Charles, president. president; Mary Ella Carr, Fairfax, vice-presi- Bluestone Cotillion Club: Fannie Slate, South dent; Helen Hardy, Amelia, recording secretary; Boston, president; Elizabeth Strange, Richmond, Annie Vincent, Midlothian, corresponding secre- vice-president: Helen Willis, Clarksville, secre- tary; Lena Mundy, Harrisonburg, historian. tary; Jane Logan, Harrisonburg, treasurer; Car- Scribblers: Sue Quinn, Richmond, chief scribe. rie Mae Turner, Chase City, business manager; Stratford Dramatic Club: Mary Clark, Brook- Ella Hubble, Victoria, sergeant-at-arms. lyn, N. Y., president; Patricia Minar, Arlington, vice-president; Agnes Thompson, Lexington, Frances Sale Club: Catherine Marsh, Arling- treasurer; Alice Gilliam, Prince George, secre- ton, president; Olivia Wooding, Long Island, tary; Elizabeth Patterson, Hampton, business vice-president; Ethel Hill, Greenville, S. C, sec- manager; Louise EUett, Jennings Ordinary, stage retary; Margaret Trevilian, Gloucester, treas- manager. urer; Jessie Gearing, East Falls Church, chair- Lee Literary Society : Ann Bell VanLanding- man social committee; Elizabeth Alexander, ham, Petersburg, president; Marguerite Bell, Waverly Hall, Georgia, chairman program com- Suffolk, vice-president; Nancy Dixon, Winston- mittee. Salem, N. C, secretary; Annie Lee Stone, Ports- mouth, treasurer; Jean VanLandingham, Peters- Le Cercle Francois: Helen Hotch, Ports- burg, sergeant-at-arms; Geraldine Douglas, Grot- mouth, president: Mary Wright, Norfolk, vice- toes, critic; Patricia Minar, Arlington, chairman president; Mildred Garnett, Harrisonburg, sec- of program committee. retary; Louise Boisseau, Dinwiddie, treasurer; November, 1937] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 187 Patricia Minar, Arlington, chairman program Philosophy Club: Mary Ellen Smith, Clifton committee. Forge, president; Clara Bruce, Salem, librarian. Art Club: Eleanor Cole, Norfolk, president; Garden Club: Kathleen Shryock, Stephens Dorothy Newman, Harrisonburg, vice-president; City, president; Margaret Mende, Cambridge, Wanda Spencer, Lynchburg, secretary; Catherine Md., vice-president; Isabel Buckley, Rural Re- Shull, Winchester, treasurer; Charlotte Landon, treat, secretary-treasurer. New Britain, Conn., chairman program com- mittee. Hiking Club: Faye Nelson Quick, Staunton, president. Debating Club: Margaret Smiley, Roanoke, president; Mary Clarke, Brooklyn, N. Y., vice- Baptist Student Union: Olivia Wooding, president; Louise Boisseau, Dinwiddie, secretary; Long Island, president; Lucinda Shepherd, Buck- Helen Hotch, Portsmouth, treasurer. ingham, vice-president; Ann Kidd, Scottsville, secretary-treasurer; Ethel Hill, Greenville, South Alpha Rho Delta: Minnie Quinn, Richmond, Carolina, reporter; Mary Wright, Norfolk, chair- president; Clara Bruce, Salem, vice-president; man of program committee. Mary Wright, Norfolk, secretary; Lurlene Walk- er, Bedford, treasurer; Elsie Jarvis, Mathews, Sesame Club: Dorothy Slaven, Harrisonburg, chairman program committee. president; Mary Hutzler, Rockingham, vice-presi- dent ; Virginia Reubush, Penn Laird, secretary; Curie Science Club: Louise Ellett, Jennings Elsie Thomas, Dayton, treasurer; Hazel Zirkle, Ordinary, president; Ruth Dobyns, Evington, New Market, sergeant-at-arms; Mildred Miller, 9, J vice-president; Florence Pond, Wakefield, secre- Harrisonburg, reporter. i fl tary; Hazel Ritchie, Bealeton, treasurer; Cath- erine Marsh, Arlington, chairman program com- Barton Club: Anne Thweatt, Petersburg, pres- t mittee. ident; Lucy Jo Sowers, Floyd, vice-president; Mary Alice Moore, Clarksville, secretary; Jean Sigma Phi Lambda: Ruth Schaeffer, Mt. Ver- Patrick, Church Roads, treasurer. non, N. Y., president; Jane Ellen Beery, Har- risonburg, vice-president; Margaret Sheads, Newman Club: Ellen Cole, Norfolk, presi- Charlottesville, secretary: Judith McCue, Staun- dent; Rheba Startt, Cape Charles, vice-president; ton, treasurer; Jane Rosenberger, Winchester, Elizabeth Phalen, Harrisonburg, secretary; Dot Ii historian. Lee Winstead, Norfolk, treasurer. Association For Childhood Education: Anna Classes Goode Turner, Suffolk, president; Elizabeth Senior Class: Evelyn Vaughan, Lynchburg, Young, Butterworth, vice-president; Alma Cur- president: Leslie Purnell, Salisbury, Md., vice- 1 tis, Spring Grove, secretary; Mary Ann Holt, president ; Catherine Marsh, Arlington, secre- Washington, D. C., treasurer; Mildred Garrison, tary; Evelyn Terrell, Baltimore, Md., treasurer; i [ Harrisonburg, chairman program committee. Mary Ella Carr, Fairfax, business manager; Annie Lee Stone, Portsmouth, sergeant-at-arms. Choral Club: Georgette Law, Hollis, N, Y., a n president; Vivian Weatherly, Portsmouth, vice- Junior Class: Emma Rand, Amelia, president; a i president; Jean Bundy, Lebanon, secretary; Le- Beatrice Bass, Crewe, vice-president; Margaret || titia Holler, Camden, N. J., treasurer; Catherine Trevilian, Gloucester, secretary; Jane Lynn, Ma- i- > Shull, Winchester, librarian. nassas, treasurer; Anita Wise, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., business manager; Kathryn Shull, Winchester, Rural Life Club: Elizabeth Alexander, Waver- sergeant-at-arms. I ly Hall, Georgia, president; Mary Land, South Sophomore Class: Mary C. Lyne, Shenan- ? l Hill, vice-president; Louise Hankla, Louisa; sec- doah Junction, W. Va., president; Frances Tay- retary; Virginia Shreckhise, Mt. Sidney, treas- lor, Ashland, vice-president; Margaret Weller, urer; Maria Bowman, Staunton, chairman pro- IS- I Charleston, W. Va., secretary; Virginia Gordon £ gram committee; Christine Rose, Blue Spring Hall, Ashland, treasurer; Geraldine Ailstock, I Run, social chairman. Clifton Forge, business manager; Eleanor Ayres, It 1 International Relations Club: Evelyn Patter- Alexandria, sergeant-at-arms. son, Washington, D. C, president; Dollie Mott, Freshman Class: Inez Craig, Bassett, presi- Charlottesville, vice-president; Mary Ellen Smith, dent; Virginia Colonna, Norfolk, vice-president; I Clifton Forge, secretary; Clara Bruce, Salem, Virginia West, Suffolk, secretary; Marjorie Hill, ■J- tJ treasurer; Geraldine Selby, Chincoteague, librar- Longmeadows, Mass., treasurer; Ella Rudolph, ' | ian; Margaret Smiley, Roanoke, chairman pro- Winchester, business manager; Frances White, e;| gram committee. Wytheville, sergeant-at-arms. 188 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Volume 18, No. 8

FILM ESTIMATES Recognizing that one man's meat may be another's poison, the National Committee on Current Theatrical Films gives three ratings: A, for discriminating adults; Y, for youth; and C, for children. These estimates are printed by special arrangement with The Educational Screen, Chicago. Big City, The (L. Rainer, S, Tracy) (MGM) mantic element weaken, but worth while for Waste of stars in incredulous,_ obscure story. vigor, sweep and fine realism achieved in scenes Taxidriver's immigrant wife, with motherhood of Zulu tribes. Tense thrills for climax. imminent, is unjustly accused of garage_bombing (A) Good of kind (Y) If not too strong (C) No in taxi-war, but saved from deportation in ridicu- Life Begins in College (Gloria Stuart, N. Pen- lous climax involving flying fists of famous ring dleton) (Fox) Another stupid film, distorting champions. college life, with ridiculous, often offensive bur- (A) Fair (Y) Unsuitable (C) No lesqued characters and situations, and meager Breakfast for Two (Barbara Stanwyck, Herbert values buried under the dizzy antics of Ritz Marshall, Eric Blore) (RKO) Dizzy, slapstick Bros., running rampant throughout to preposter- farce, built solely for laughs. There are many, ous climax. but much is silly. _ Dazzling settings, and_ girl- (A) and (Y) Stupid (Q No chase-raan motif with preposterous, sophisticated On Such a Night (Karen Morley, Grant Rich- situations. A merry-mad rampage—hardly the ards) (Para.) Sensational, largely incredible kind of thing for Marshall. thriller with Mississippi flood for background. (A) Amus. of kind (Y) Amus. but mature (C) No Hero flees unjust murder charge, is caught in Confession (Kay Francis, Ian Hunter, Basil flood waters with menacing villain who framed Rathbone) (War.) Sordid melodrama, ably di- him. When drowning imminent, hero saves all, rected and acted. Ruthless philanderer planning and happy ending results. seduction of innocent young girl is killed by (A) Hardly (Y) Better not (C) No cabaret singer. Her story, told in flashbacks, Prisoner of Zenda, The (R. Colman, M. Carroll earns leniency. Ludicrous effects in makeup de- and fine cast) (U. A.) The familiar, fanciful tract from dramatic values. romantic adventure story filmed with great beauty (A) Unpleasant (Y) and (C) Unwholesome and skill. Expert cast, with Colman perfect in Forever Yours (Benj. Gigli & English cast) dual role. Delightful, refreshing entertainment, (Grand Nat'l) Much of poignant, human appeal that could hardly have been done better. in halting story about marriage of fine little (A) Excellent (Y) Excellent (C) Mature heroine to adoring husband, which is threatened She Asked for It (William Gargan) (Para.) momentarily when wife's former sweetheart re- Thin comedy mystery told in the light manner appears. Gigli's glorious voice compensates for now in vogue. Successful writer of mystery his poor acting. stories turns detective himself and exposes mur- (A) Pleasing (Y) Good (C) Beyond them derers in series of baffling crimes. Far-fetched Heidi (Shirley Temple, Jean Hersholt, A. Trea- story with occasional amusing moments, iitle cher) (Fox) The famous child story beautifully puzzling. produced, directed, acted and mounted. Shirley (A) and (Y) Mediocre (Q No delights as the little orphan, and appealing humor That Certain Woman (Bette Davis, H. Fonda, lightens the melodramatic action which unfortu- Ian Hunter) (MGM) Heavy, involved, well- nately becomes too harrowing in final scenes tor acted, directed drama about virtuous heroine pur- oversensitive children. m . , re . a sued by sordid past. Marries weak but engaging (A) Good (Y) Very good (C) Total effect good hero; his father annuls. Follow birth of child High Wide and Handsome (Irene Dunne, Ran- and frequent crises straining credulity, but happy dolph Scott) (Para.) Lively, long, colorful mu- ending finally achieved. //-sat sical melodrama, authentically set, well-acted, with (A) Good of kind (Y) Unsuitable (C) No delightful music, combining the_ factual and the Vogues of 1938 (Joan Bennett, Warner Baxter) make-believe in story about beginning of_ oil in- (U.A.) Luxurious, ostentatious, and tiring hash- dustry in 1859, with preposterous but riotously ion spectacle in latest Technicolor, achieving funny climax. , r- some brilliant pictorial effects. Trite, musical (A) Very good (Y) Very good (C) Exciting comedy plot with pert heroine pursuing and hnal- Hoosier Schoolboy, The (Mickey Rooney, Anne ly getting married hero when wife divorces hira. Nagel) (Monogram) Simple little story of touch- Amusing touches. XT ing human appeal. Mickey excellent as loyal, (A) Good of kind (Y) Better not (C) No misunderstood lad, helped by ^ Wife Doctor and Nurse (W. Barter, L. Young, sympathy of fine teacher. Good family picture, V Bruce) (Fox) Refreshingly different triangle, but scene of truck smash-up may prove exciting involving intelligent, considerate women, who work out situation amicably. Some intimate oc- (A) teir '"mGood

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