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A Literatura Guineense.Pdf Imagem Joaquim Eduardo Bessa da Costa Leite A LITERATURA GUINEENSE: CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA A IDENTIDADE DA NAÇÃO Tese de Doutoramento em Letras, área de Línguas e Literaturas Modernas, especialidade de Literaturas dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor José Luís Pires Laranjeira. 2014 Faculdade de Letras A LITERATURA GUINEENSE: CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA A IDENTIDADE DA NAÇÃO Joaquim Eduardo Bessa da Costa Leite Ficha Técnica: Tipo de trabalho Tese de Doutoramento Título A Literatura Guineense: Contribuição para a Identidade da Nação Autor Joaquim Eduardo Bessa da Costa Leite Orientador Professor Doutor José Luís Pires Laranjeira Identificação do Curso Doutoramento em Letras Área científica Línguas e Literaturas Modernas Especialidade Literatura dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa Data 2014 RESUMO Neste trabalho sobre Literatura Guineense em língua portuguesa, temos como objetivo descrever, analisar e discutir a construção da identidade nacional de um jovem país, fragilizado por sucessivos golpes de Estado. A viagem pelas obras dos autores que constituem o nosso corpus permitiu apreender os temas e as estratégias discursivas que cada escritor, cada poeta, foi produzindo, em prol de um objetivo comum: a construção de uma identidade nacional no meio de uma pluralidade étnica. Procuramos perceber pela voz dos seus poetas, a convivência entre a História e a poesia guineense em língua portuguesa, desde 1951, ano do primeiro poema datado de Vasco Cabral, até à atualidade. Há muito que o espaço literário guineense deixou de ser um vazio. Esta Literatura possui, desde o seu começo, uma função didática, informativa e formativa que procurou, através das tradições e culturas, resgatar a identidade nacional. A Literatura Guineense está muito enraizada em referências históricas e na expressão das vozes plurais das várias etnias, que povoam este pequeno território. Procuramos compreender, por um lado, de que modo os autores guineenses, através das suas estórias ficcionadas, se têm antecipado à História. Por outro lado, encontrar, pela mão destes mesmos autores, os motivos que os desanimam e os principais interessados na criação de um Estado-Nação “falhado”. Refletimos o lugar da língua portuguesa, enquanto herança do invasor e espaço de interferências criadoras. Na terceira e última parte, procuramos destacar, das obras que constituem o nosso corpus, as marcas da identidade nacional, o seja, o que distingue os guineenses, no geral: os seus modelos educacionais, os símbolos e rituais, os heróis e os sabores da Guiné-Bissau. Palavras-chave: Identidade; Nação; Nacionalismo; Guiné-Bissau; Estado-nação; Literatura; Pós-colonialismo; Memória. i ABSTRACT On this work about Guinean Literature in the portuguese language, we aim to describe, analyze and discuss the construction of national identity of a young country, weakened by successive coups. The journey through the works of authors who constitute our corpus allowed the learning of themes and discursive strategies that every writer, every poet, was producing, searching a common objective: building a national identity in the middle off an ethnic plurality. We seek to understand throught the voice of their poets the coexistence between history and poetry in the portuguese language, since 1951, the year of the first poem dated of Vasco Cabral, until today. The Guinean literary subject is no longer an empty space. This Literature has since its beginnings, a didactic, informative and formative role that it sought, through the traditions and cultures redeem national identity. And is truly rooted in historical literature references and expression of plural voices of the various ethnic groups of this small territory. We seek to understand, on first hand, how the Guinean authors, through their fictional stories, have anticipated the history. On the other hand, find, by these same authors, the reasons that discourages them and the main mentors of creating of a nation-state "failed". We reflect the portuguese language’s place, as a legacy of the space invaded and creative interferences. In the third and final part, we seek to emphasize, through the works that constitute our corpus, the marks of national identity, is what distinguishes the Guineans in general: their educational models, symbols and rituals, heroes and flavors of Guinea-Bissau. Keywords: Identity; Nation; Nationalism; Guinea-Bissau; Nation-state; Literature; Postcolonialism; Memory. ii AGRADECIMENTOS Os meus agradecimentos a todos os que me apoiaram na concretização deste projeto. Um agradecimento especial: - Ao Professor Doutor Pires Laranjeira por ter acreditado em mim, por ter aceite este meu desafio, por me ter dado, sábia e incansavelmente, a orientação necessária, o apoio desejado e sugerido as correções pretendidas. - À minha esposa, Mónica, que me apoiou e deu força durante longos períodos de trabalhos, conversas e discussões, o que me levou a encontrar a motivação e a força necessárias para continuar e alcançar o objetivo desejado. iii ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................................... 1 PARTE I - LITERATURA GUINEENSE: CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO / EMERGÊNCIA DE UMA LITERATURA NACIONAL ............................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Contexto histórico, cultural e político da Guiné-Bissau .............................................................. 8 1.1. A Luta de Libertação Nacional ............................................................................................... 27 1.2. A Guiné-Bissau Independente ............................................................................................... 31 2. Emergência de uma Literatura Nacional ................................................................................... 72 2.1. Consciência de uma Literatura Nacional ............................................................................... 75 3. Literatura africana em língua portuguesa ................................................................................. 93 3.1. O distanciamento em relação ao cânone europeu ............................................................... 97 3.2. Africanizar a língua do colonizador como estratégia de construção da identidade ........... 109 3.3. O hibridismo linguístico: uma diglossia literária ................................................................. 113 PARTE II - PROCURA DA IDENTIDADE NACIONAL NA LITERATURA GUINEENSE ................................. 122 1. A “ideia” de Estado-nação – A Pátria Amada .............................................................................. 124 2. A Identidade Nacional na Literatura Guineense ......................................................................... 131 3. A (des)ilusão da Independência .................................................................................................. 141 PARTE III - MARCAS DA IDENTIDADE NACIONAL NA LITERATURA GUINEENSE .................................. 182 1. A Educação .............................................................................................................................. 184 2. Os Heróis Nacionais ................................................................................................................. 200 3. Os Símbolos e os Rituais .......................................................................................................... 214 4. Guiné-Bissau, tera sabi ............................................................................................................ 229 CONCLUSÃO ........................................................................................................................................ 239 BIBLIOGRAFIA ...................................................................................................................................... 242 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................................... 265 iv SIGLAS UTILIZADAS Obras Coletivas ADJP - Antologia dos Jovens Poetas: Momentos Primeiros da Construção APDGB - Antologia Poética da Guiné-Bissau DI - Do Infinito – conto & poesia MPQL - Mantenhas para quem luta! A nova poesia da Guiné-Bissau NFDS - Na Flor do Ser OCDR - Os Continuadores da Revolução e a Recordação do Passado Recente OEDP - O eco do pranto. A Criança na Poesia Moderna Guineense Poilão - Poilão, Caderno de Poesias TNT - Traços no Tempo – Volume I Antologia Poética Juvenil da Guiné-Bissau Obras de Abdulai Silá Eterna - Eterna paixão AUT - A Última Tragédia Mistida - Mistida Obra de André Mendes NCDPP - No Compasso do Primeiro Passo Obra de Carlos da Silva AMFDAR - A minha flor de acácia rubra Obras de Carlos-Edmilson Vieira UCDA - Um Cabaz de Amores/Une corbeille d’amours CDN - Contos de N’Nori ADUS - Adormecer de um sonho Obra de Carlos Semedo Poemas - Poemas v Obras de Conduto de Pina Garandessa - Garandessa di no tchon OSDG - O Silêncio das Gaivotas PS - Palavras Suspensas Obra de Domingas Samy AE - A Escola Obras de Emílio Lima PM - Polon Malgos AE - A esperança é a última a morrer NTNFS - Notas Tortas Nas Folhas Soltas Finhani - Finhani – O Vagabundo Apaixonado Obra de Édison Ferreira NCLDV - No canto lúgubre da verdade Obra de Edson Incopté IR - Insana Rebeldia Obra de Félix Sigá ADC -
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