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Appendix H. CHLOROTHALONIL: Open Literature Studies Identified Using the ECOTOX Database

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Appendix H. CHLOROTHALONIL: Open Literature Studies Identified Using the ECOTOX Database The ECOTOX database is developed and maintained by EPA’s National Health and Environmental Effects Research laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division (MED) in Duluth, Minnesota. Studies located using the ECOTOX database are grouped into the following three categories: Studies that are excluded from ECOTOX, studies accepted by ECOTOX but not OPP, and studies accepted by ECOTOX and OPP. Generally, studies may be excluded from ECOTOX for numerous reasons including: (1) effects data are not reported; (2) study is not available in English; (3) study does not utilize controls; (4) study is an abstract or a review article; etc. Studies containing effects data are encoded into ECOTOX by trained document abstractors at MED, and this group of papers comprises the studies accepted by ECOTOX category. The final category of accepted by ECOTOX and OPP is determined using specific criteria described on the following page. Data from the category of studies accepted by ECOTOX and OPP may be used in the risk assessment. ECOTOX studies used in the assessment are listed both in this appendix and in the bibliography in the main document. Studies acceptable to ECOTOX and OPP that are not incorporated into the assessment generally produced a less sensitive endpoint than the ones used in the assessment; however, given the large number of studies were rejected for numerous reasons. Explanation of OPP Acceptability Criteria and Rejection Codes for ECOTOX Data Studies located and coded into ECOTOX must meet acceptability criteria, as established in the Interim Guidance of the Evaluation Criteria for Ecological Toxicity Data in the Open Literature, Phase I and II, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 16, 2004. Studies that do not meet these criteria are designated in the bibliography as “Accepted for ECOTOX but not OPP.” The intent of the acceptability criteria is to ensure data quality and verifiability. The criteria parallel criteria used in evaluating registrant-submitted studies. Specific criteria are listed below, along with the corresponding rejection code. · The paper does not report toxicology information for a chemical of concern to OPP; (Rejection Code: NO COC) · The article is not published in English language; (Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN) · The study is not presented as a full article. Abstracts will not be considered; (Rejection Code: NO ABSTRACT) · The paper is not publicly available document; (Rejection Code: NO NOT PUBLIC (typically not used, as any paper acquired from the ECOTOX holding or through the literature search is considered public) · The paper is not the primary source of the data; (Rejection Code: NO REVIEW) · The paper does not report that treatment(s) were compared to an acceptable control; (Rejection Code: NO CONTROL) · The paper does not report an explicit duration of exposure; (Rejection Code: NO DURATION) · The paper does not report a concurrent environmental chemical concentration/dose or application rate; (Rejection Code: NO CONC) · The paper does not report the location of the study (e.g., laboratory vs. field); (Rejection Code: NO LOCATION) · The paper does not report a biological effect on live, whole organisms; (Rejection Code: NO IN-VITRO) · The paper does not report the species that was tested; and this species can be verified in a reliable source; (Rejection Code: NO SPECIES) · The paper does not report effects associated with exposure to a single chemical. (Rejection Code: NO MIXTURE) Additionally, efficacy studies on target species are excluded and coded as NO TARGET. Data that originated from the OPP Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database is coded as NO EFED. These data are already available to the chemical team. 2 Studies Accepted by ECOTOX and OPP and Used in the Assessment Al-Dosari, S. A., Cranshaw, W. S., and Schweissing, F. C. (1996). Effects on Control of Onion Thrips from Co- Application of Onion Pesticides. Southwest.Entomol. 21: 49-54. EcoReference No.: 90255 Chemical of Concern: CYP,CTN,LCYT,Maneb,MLX,CuOH; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED (CTN,Maneb),OK(LCYT,MLX),OK TARGET(CYP),NO MIXTURE(CuOH). Study used in weight of evidence for terrestrial insect risk description. Carruthers, R. I., Whitfield, G. H., and Haynes, D. L. (1985). Pesticide-Induced Mortality of Natural Enemies of the Onion Maggot, Delia antiqua (Dip.: Anthomyiidae). Entomophaga 30: 151-161. EcoReference No.: 71029 Chemical of Concern: Maneb,CuS,MLN,CTN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CTN,MLN,Maneb),OK(CuS). Study contributes to weight of evidence of potential effects to terrestrial invertebrates. Cherry, A. J., Sotherton, N. W., and Wratten, S. D. (1992). The Sub-Lethal Effects of Foliar Fungicides on the Mustard Beetle Phaedon cochleariae (F.) (Col., Chrysomelidae). J.Appl.Entomol. 114: 510-519. EcoReference No.: 90531 Chemical of Concern: MZB,CBD,CAP,CTN,PCZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,REP,BEH; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(MZB,CAP,CTN). Davies, P. E., Cook, L. S. J., and Goenarso, D. (1994). Sublethal Responses to Pesticides of Several Species of Australian Freshwater Fish and Crustaceans and Rainbow Trout. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 13: 1341- 1354 (OECDG Data File) EcoReference No.: 4442; 64835 Chemical of Concern: ACP,ATZ,CTN,CYP,FNT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,PHY,BCM; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CTN,ATZ,CYP,ACP),OK(FNT). Reported most sensitive acute invertebrate endpoint (used for RQ calculation). Chronic endpoints not clearly linked to assessment endpoint or less sensitive than registrant submitted data.. Davies, P. E. and White, R. W. G. (1985). The Toxicology and Metabolism of Chlorothalonil in Fish. I. Lethal Levels for Salmo gairdneri, Galaxias maculatus, G. truttaceus and G. auratus and the Fate of 14C- TCIN in S. gairdneri. Aquat.Toxicol. 7: 93-105. EcoReference No.: 87454 Chemical of Concern: ACP,CTN; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,ACC,PHY,BEH; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CTN),NO MIXTURE(ACP). Study reports LC50 in species not previously tested and reports the most sensitive LC50 in fish species (used for RQ calculation). Davies, P. E. (1985). The Toxicology and Metabolism of Chlorothalonil in Fish. III. Metabolism, Enzymatics and Detoxication in Salmo spp. and Galaxias spp. Aquat.Toxicol. 7: 277-299. EcoReference No.: 12131 Chemical of Concern: CTN; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CTN),NO COC(ACP). Study does not report toxicity value that is more sensitive than NOAEC used in risk estimation. Davies, P. E. (1987). Physiological, Anatomic and Behavioural Changes in the Respiratory System of Salmo gairdneri Rich. on Acute and Chronic Exposure to Chlorothalonil. Comp.Biochem.Physiol.C 87: 113- 119. 3 EcoReference No.: 12713 Chemical of Concern: CTN,HCCH,PQT,PCP; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY,CEL,BCM; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CTN),NO ENDPOINT(PCP). Study does not report toxicity value that is more sensitive than NOAEC used in risk estimation. DeLorenzo, M. E. and Serrano, L. (2003). Individual and Mixture Toxicity of Three Pesticides; Atrazine, Chlorpyrifos, and Chlorothalonil to the Marine Phytoplankton Species Dunaliella tertiolecta. J.Environ.Sci.Health Part B 38: 529-538. EcoReference No.: 81619 Chemical of Concern: ATZ,CPY,CTN; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CTN,ATZ),OK(CPY). Study evaluates interaction effects. Downing, H. F., DeLorenzo, M. E., Fulton, M. H., Scott, G. I., Madden, C. J., and Kucklick, J. R. (2004). Effects of the Agricultural Pesticides Atrazine, Chlorothalonil, and Endosulfan on South Florida Microbial Assemblages. Ecotoxicology 13: 245-260. EcoReference No.: 88194 Chemical of Concern: ATZ,CTN,ES; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: SYS,POP,PHY,BCM; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED (ATZ,CTN),OK (ES). Does not provide most sensitive endpoint. Ernst, W., Doe, K., Jonah, P., Young, J., Julien, G., and Hennigar, P. (1991). The Toxicity of Chlorothalonil to Aquatic Fauna and the Impact of Its Operational Use on a Pond Ecosystem. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.21:1-9 / In: P.Chapman, F.Bishay, E.Power, K.Hall, L.Harding, D.McLeay (Eds.), Proc.17th Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Nov.5-7, 1990, Vancouver, B.C., Can.Tech.Rep.Fish Aquat.Sci.No.1774 1: 301-302. EcoReference No.: 7055 Chemical of Concern: CTN; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC,MOR,PHY; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CTN). Less sensitive endpoint; adds to weight of evidence in waterflea toxicity database. Fernandez-Alba, A. R., Hernando, M. D., Piedra, L., and Chisti, Y. (2002). Toxicity Evaluation of Single and Mixed Antifouling Biocides Measured with Acute Toxicity Bioassays. Anal.Chim.Acta 456: 303-312. EcoReference No.: 80747 Chemical of Concern: TCMTB,CTN,DU,TBT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BEH,POP; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(TCMTB,CTN),OK(DU,TBT). Study reports most sensitive EC50. Data were also reported in other publication. Together, the reported EC50 in algae from this study was used for RQ calculations. Helyer, N. ( 1991). Laboratory Pesticide Screening Method for the Aphid Predatory Midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Biocontrol Sci.Technol. 1: 53-58. EcoReference No.: 89884 Chemical of Concern: PIM,OML,NCTN,FPP,DFZ,DZ,DCF,DIE,FO,BMY,CTN,IPD,HCZ,PCZ,TFR,Maneb,BPZ,CYP; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(TFR,Maneb,CTN),OK TARGET(NCTN,DZ),NO ENDPOINT(PIM,BPZ),OK(OML,FPP,DFZ,DCF,DIE,FO,BMY,IPD,HCZ,PCZ,CYP). Study provides weight of evidence with respect to potential effects on terrestrial invertebrates. James, D. G. and Rayner, M. (1995). Toxicity of Viticultural Pesticides to the Predatory Mites Amblyseius victoriensis and Typhlodromus doreenae. Plant Prot.Q. 10: 99-102. 4 EcoReference No.: 67984 Chemical of Concern: CaPS,BMY,CBD,CTN,MZB,FRM,IPD,MLX,Cu,PCZ,TDM,VCZ,Zineb,Ziram,CuOH,AZ,CBL,CPY, DZ,DMT,ES,MLN,MDT,DCF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CaPS),OK(ALL CHEMS).
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    SAFETY DATA SHEET Fame™ +C SC Fungicide SDS # : FO001139-1-A Revision date: 2016-05-26 Format: NA Version 1.02 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Identifier Product Name Fame™ +C SC Fungicide Other means of identification Product Code(s) FO001139-1-A Synonyms FLUOXASTROBIN: (E)-{ 2-[6-(2-chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yloxy]phenyl} (5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazin-3-yl)methanone O-methyloxime (IUPAC name); (1E)-[2-[[6-(2-chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoro-4-pyrimidinyl]oxy]phenyl](5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazin- 3-yl)methanone O-methyloxime (CAS name) CHLOROTHALONIL: tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (IUPAC name); 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,3-benzenedicarbonitrile (CAS name) Active Ingredient(s) Fluoxastrobin, Chlorothalonil Chemical Family Strobiluron fungicide, Broad spectrum, nonsystemic fungicide Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended Use: Fungicide Restrictions on Use: Use as recommended by the label Manufacturer Address FMC Corporation 2929 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 (215) 299-6000 (General Information) [email protected] (E-Mail General Information) Emergency telephone number For leak, fire, spill or accident emergencies, call: 1 800 / 424 9300 (CHEMTREC - U.S.A.) 1 703 / 527 3887 (CHEMTREC - Collect - All Other Countries) Medical Emergencies: 1 800 / 331-3148 (PROSAR - U.S.A. & Canada) 1 651 / 632-6793 (PROSAR - All Other Countries - Collect) 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Classification OSHA Regulatory Status This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Acute
  • Aedes Aegypti Mos20 Cells Internalizes Cry Toxins by Endocytosis, and Actin Has a Role in the Defense Against Cry11aa Toxin

    Aedes Aegypti Mos20 Cells Internalizes Cry Toxins by Endocytosis, and Actin Has a Role in the Defense Against Cry11aa Toxin

    Toxins 2014, 6, 464-487; doi:10.3390/toxins6020464 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Aedes aegypti Mos20 Cells Internalizes Cry Toxins by Endocytosis, and Actin Has a Role in the Defense against Cry11Aa Toxin Adriana Vega-Cabrera 1, Angeles Cancino-Rodezno 2, Helena Porta 1 and Liliana Pardo-Lopez 1,* 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo, Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.V.-C.); [email protected] (H.P.) 2 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-777-3291-624; Fax: +52-777-3291-624. Received: 14 October 2013; in revised form: 11 January 2014 / Accepted: 16 January 2014 / Published: 28 January 2014 Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins are used to control Aedes aegypti, an important vector of dengue fever and yellow fever. Bt Cry toxin forms pores in the gut cells, provoking larvae death by osmotic shock. Little is known, however, about the endocytic and/or degradative cell processes that may counteract the toxin action at low doses. The purpose of this work is to describe the mechanisms of internalization and detoxification of Cry toxins, at low doses, into Mos20 cells from A. aegypti, following endocytotic and cytoskeletal markers or specific chemical inhibitors. Here, we show that both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis are involved in the internalization into Mos20 cells of Cry11Aa, a toxin specific for Dipteran, and Cry1Ab, a toxin specific for Lepidoptera.
  • Syllabus 2017

    Syllabus 2017

    BI 432/532 Introductory Mycology Fall 2017 Credits: 5 Prerequisites: BI 214, 253 or instructor’s consent Required textbook: Introduction to Fungi, 3rd Ed. J. Webster and R. S. Weber. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2007. Lab manual: Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd Ed. D. Arora. Ten Speed Press. 1986. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest, Trudell and Ammirati, Timber Press, 2009. Additional learning resources will be provided. Reference materials on reserve: Webster and Weber, Introduction to Fungi Arora, Mushrooms Demystified Instructor: Jeff Stone, Office hours MF 11:30–12:30, 1600–1700 in KLA 5 & by arrangement [email protected] GE: Hannah Soukup, Office hours TBA, [email protected] Undergraduate Teaching Assistant Kylea Garces, [email protected] Lectures: MWF 10:00 – 10:50 Labs MF 13:00 – 15:50 Final Exam Dec 8, 10:15 Course description An overview of the kingdom Fungi together with fungus-like organisms traditionally studied by mycologists. Students will learn the unique biological (life history, physiological, structural, ecological, reproductive) characteristics that distinguish Fungi (and fungus-like taxa) from other organisms. Ecological roles and interactions of fungi will be emphasized within the organizational framework of the most recent findings of molecular phylogenetics. Students will learn the defining biological characteristics of the phyla of kingdom Fungi, and of several of the most important taxa (classes, orders, genera) within these. The unique aspects of each taxonomic group as agents of plant, animal, and human disease, as partners in symbioses with various organisms, and as mediators of ecological processes will be discussed in detail. In the laboratory portion of the class, students will learn to identify distinctive diagnostic structures of fungi, learn to differentiate various fungal taxa, and how to identify genera and species of macro- and microfungi.