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Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic

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Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic Unit 2 Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 2 Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic Introduction Welcome to Unit 2 which covers Elections in Ghana up to the end of the First Republic. In this Unit we discuss the three elections before independence (1951, 1954 & 1956) as well as the 1960 Plebiscite and Election, the 1964 One Party Referendum and the 1965 Election. For each of them we examine the issues involved, the contestants, the outcome and the effects. I am sure you will enjoy the Unit so just relax and read the text much more intently and go through the exercises that are incorporated in them. Objectives By the end of this Unit, you should be able to explain the factors that accounted for the victory of the CPP in the 1951 Election outline the electoral reforms introduced before the 1954 Election and its outcome explain the reasons for the emergence of the NLM and its impact on the 1956 Election state the issues involved in the 1960 Plebiscite and outline the outcome of the 1960 Presidential Election discuss the effects of the 1964 one-party Referendum on the 1965 Election 28 Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 2 Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic Section 1 The 1951 Parliamentary Election Introduction You are welcome to Section I of Unit 1, The 1951 Parliamentary Election. This section gives a brief background of the first general election in 1951, the seats contested and the contesting parties as well as the outcome and the outline of events after the election. Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to explain the background to the 1951 election identify the contesting parties and the 38 contested seats outline the results and explain the underlying factors examine the effects of the election on the politics of the country Background The Election of February 1951 is often regarded as the first general election in Ghana (formerly Gold Coast). This is because it was the first time that about half of the members of the Legislative Assembly (which at independence will become the National Assembly or Parliament) were elected. Before then most members of the Legislative Council were appointed by the Colonial Governor. It was only from 1925 that members from the municipal towns of Accra, Cape Coast and Sekondi-Takoradi and later Kumasi were elected. A new constitution drawn up in 1950 provided that the Legislative Assembly be consisted of a Speaker and 84 members. Of the 84, nine were to be appointed by the Governor (six as officials and three representing special interests like mining and commerce). The remaining 75 were to be Gold Coasters of whom 38 were to be elected and the other 37 chosen by the territorial councils of chiefs. The 38 Contested Seats The thirty eight contested seats were spread across three territories. There were 19 seats in the Colony (including four municipal seats – two in Accra, one each in Cape Coast & Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon 29 POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 2 Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic Sekondi-Takoradi and 15 rural seats. Ashanti had 13 (the Kumasi Municipal seat and 12 rural ones). The remaining six were in Trans-Volta, all rural constituencies. None of the elected seats were in the Northern Territories (NTs) where all the 19 members were chosen through the Northern Territorial Council of Chiefs. The remaining 18 were also chosen through the Joint Provincial Council (JPC), the Asanteman Council (AVC) and the Volta Territorial Council. The details of the 38 contested seats were as shown in the table below: Territory Status of No. of Constituencies Seat Seats Colony Municipal 4 1st Accra, 2nd Accra, Cape Coast, Sekondi-Takoradi Rural 15 Ahanta, 1st Akim Abuakwa, 2nd Akim Abuakwa, Akwapim- New Juaben, Ankobra, Assin-Upper Denkyira, Cape Coast, Ga-Adangbe, Kwahu, Saltpond, Sefwi, Tarkwa, Volta, Western Akim, Winneba, Ashanti Municipal 1 Kumasi Rural 12 Agona, Amansie, Kumasi East, Kumasi North, Kumasi North- West, Kumasi South, Kumasi West, Mampong North, Mampong South, Sunyani North-East, Sunyani South West & Wenchi Trans-Volta Municipal 0 - Rural 6 Akipini-Asogli, 1st Anlo, 2nd Anlo, Buem, Peki and Tongu The Contesting Parties Two main political parties contested the election. These were the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) and the Convention People’s Party (CPP). Let us now learn a few things about the two parties. The UGCC was the first political party to be formed in the Gold Coast in August 1947. Its leaders included mostly the well-to-do in society: Paa George Grant, a timber merchant, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Edward Akufo-Addo, R. S. Blay, Ebenezer Ako Adjei, E. Obtsebi Lamptey (all lawyers) and William Ofori-Atta, a graduate teacher. The UGCC was the first to demand self-government for the Gold Coasters but it wanted it to be granted by all constitutional means and within the shortest possible time. On the advice of Ako Adjei, the UGCC leaders invited Kwame Nkrumah from Britain to become the party’s full time General Secretary in December 1947. Following the 1948 riots six of the UGCC leaders were arrested and detained in the Northern Territories. They were J. B. Danquah, E. Akufo-Addo, William Ofori Atta, Kwame Nkrumah, Ako Adjei and E. O. Lamptey. This turned them into national heroes who became 30 Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 2 Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic known as the ‘Big Six’. The party also became a national party. By August 1948 the UGCC had 209 branches compared to 13 in February the same year (Saffu 2008: 44). The UGCC also benefitted from the organizational abilities of Nkrumah but conflict soon developed between him and the other leaders of the party. It was this conflict which eventually led to the formation of the CPP. In June 1949, Nkrumah and leading members of Committee for Youth Organization, (CYO) (the youth wing of the UGCC) like Komla A. Gbedemah and Kojo Botsio broke away to form the CPP. Thus, the CPP was a splinter of the UGCC. It was these two parties which became the major contestants in 1951. The CPP demanded immediate self-government which it captured in its slogan ‘Self-Government Now’. The CPP leadership, particularly in 1950, undertook a series of confrontational actions against the colonial authorities. They called this ‘Positive Action’ which resulted in the arrest and imprisonment of several of its leaders, including Nkrumah who was still in prison during the election. Nkrumah was, however, allowed to contest one of the two seats in Accra. In addition to the UGCC and CPP, another party which contested the 1951 election was the National Democratic Party (NDP) formed in Accra with Nii Amma Ollenu (a future Speaker of Parliament) as one of its founders. The NDP contested the two-member Accra seat against the CPP and the UGCC. A number of other smaller groups emerged but faded away before the election. These included the Ghana Freedom Party, a Kumasi-based People’s Democratic Party, the Gold Coast Labour Party, National Labour Party and Liberal Party (Austin 1964: 138-139). There were a number of independent candidates as well. The Outcome The most outstanding feature of the outcome of the 1951 Election was the overwhelming victory of the CPP. It won 34 of the 38 seats (all the 13 seats in Ashanti, 17 out of 19 from the Colony and four out of six from Trans-Volta); losing two seats to the UGCC and two others to independents. Though Nkrumah was still in prison he won one of two Accra seats. Six candidates contested in Accra and the results were: Nkrumah (CPP) 20,780 votes; Thomas Hutton-Mills (CPP) 19,812 votes; E. Obetsebi Lamptey (UGCC) 1, 630 votes; E. Ako Adjei (UGCC) 1,451 votes; Nii Amma Ollenu (NDP) 742 votes; and K. A. Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon 31 POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 2 Elections in Ghana up to the End of the First Republic Bossman (NDP) 666 votes. The other Accra seat went to the other CPP candidate, Hutton-Mills (Austin 1964: 102). The two seats the UGCC won were the First and Second Akim Abuakwa Rural which were won by J. B. Danquah and William Ofori Atta respectively. The two independent winners were both from Trans-Volta: Gerald O. Awuma (Akpini-Asogli) and P. D. K. Adjani (Tongu). Accounting for CPP’s Victory There were several factors that accounted for the massive victory of the CPP which was formed less than two years before the election against the UGCC which was older. Let us examine the major ones. The CPP’s slogan of ‘Self Government Now’ (SGN) was more attractive to the Gold Coasters, particularly the youth than the UGCC’s ‘Self-Government-Step-by- Step’. In addition to immediate self-government, the party manifesto also promised free education and medical care, introduction of industries, extension of the railway system, electrification and mechanized agriculture, all of which appealed to the ordinary people (Fordwuor 2010:54) The reduction of the voting age from 25 years to 21 years gave the vote to many young men and women for the first time.
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