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Poli 444 Unit 3 Formatted 28-02-2014 Unit 3 Elections in the Second and Third Republics Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 3 Elections in the Second and Third Republics Elections in the Second and Third Republics Introduction Welcome to Unit 3: Elections in the Second and Third Republics. In 1969, parliamentary elections were held for the first time after the last one in 1965. That election which elected 140 MPs brought Ghana into the Second Republic. In 1970, an indirect presidential election to choose a Ceremonial President was held but another coup in 1972 brought the Second Republic to an abrupt end. After six years in power, the military tried to introduce a new system of government called ‘union government’. In March 1978 Ghanaians voted in a referendum over the union government with a controversial outcome. By the start of 1979 however the military rulers had agreed to return the country to constitutional rule. This led to the presidential and parliamentary elections in June 1979. The presidential election was inconclusive in the first round and a run-off took place in July after which the Third Republic started. It is these elections and the referendum which are discussed in this Unit. Specifically, our attention in this unit will be one the following topics: Section 1 The 1969 Parliamentary Election Section 2 The 1970 Presidential Election Section 3 The 1978 Union Government Referendum Section 4 The 1979 First Round Presidential Election Section 5 The 1979 Parliamentary Election Section 6 The 1979 Presidential Round-off Please relax as we go through these topics section by section. For each of the topics we shall look at the background and issues involved the contestants, the outcome and effects. 60 Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 3 Elections in the Second and Third Republics Objectives By the end of this Unit, you should be able to account for the performance of the contesting parties in the 1969 parliamentary election explain the circumstances surrounding the conduct of the presidential election in 1970 discuss the factors leading to the union government referendum and the controversies over the outcome discuss the inconclusive first round 1979 presidential election analyze the voting pattern in the 1979 parliamentary election explain the interesting dynamics of the 1979 presidential run-off Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon 61 POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 3 Elections in the Second and Third Republics Section 1 The 1969 Parliamentary Election Introduction Welcome to Section 1 of Unit 3. I am sure you are ready to study the interesting aspects of the 1969 parliamentary election, the first one after the 1966 coup. I shall begin this section with a study of the background, the regional distribution of the parliamentary seats and the contesting parties. Then I shall outline the results and explain the outcome and their effects on the politics of the country. Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to explain the purpose of the 1969 parliamentary election briefly show the differences among the contesting parties analyze the outcome of the election in regional and other terms outline the major effects of the election Background Three and half years after the February 1966 coup that overthrew Nkrumah and the CPP, Ghanaians went for another election in August 1969. The purpose of that election was to elect the first Parliament of the Second Republic. It was also from that election that the leader of the largest party in Parliament was to become the Prime Minister and to form the Cabinet (or Government). The leader of the second largest party was to become the Opposition Leader. These provisions were made in the 1969 Constitution. The Contested Seats The number of constituencies nationwide was reduced from the 198 in 1965 to 140. The regional breakdown was as follows: Ashanti 22, Brong Ahafo 13, Central 15, Eastern 22, Greater Accra 9, Northern 14, Upper 16, Volta 16 and Western 13. Thus the Ashanti and Eastern Regions had the largest number of constituencies, followed by Upper and Volta, then Central, Brong Ahafo and Western, and Greater Accra. 62 Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 3 Elections in the Second and Third Republics Contesting Parties Following the 1966 coup the ruling National Liberation Council (NLC) banned/disallowed the activities of political parties. It was in May 1969, just three months before the election, that the ban was lifted and political parties were allowed to be formed. The rules governing the formation of new political parties did not allow the use of names, mottos and symbols of previous political parties. In addition, the CPP and several of its ministers and other officials were prevented from contesting the election. Many groups emerged after the ban was lifted but in the end five parties contested the election. These were the Progress Party (PP), the National Alliance of Liberals (NAL), the United Nationalist Party (UNP), the People’s Action Party (PAP), and the All People’s Republican Party (APRP). Let us learn a few things about each of those political parties: The PP was led by Kofi A. Busia, the former leader of the United Party (UP) and the party was largely seen as the rebirth of the UP. Several of the party’s candidates were former opposition MPs/politicians. They included Victor Owusu (Agona Kwabre) & R. R. Amponsah (Mampong North) both in Ashanti; Busia (Wench East) in Brong Ahafo; William Ofori Atta (Akwatia) in Eastern; S. D. Dombo (Jirapa-Lambussie), Jatoe Kaleo (Nadawli), C.K. Tedam (Chiana-Paga) and B.K. Adama (Wa) all in Upper; S. G, Antor (East Dayi) in Volta; and Kwesi Lamptey (Sekondi). In addition, several of its candidates had played some role in the NLC government or served as members of the Constituent Assembly that drew the 1969 Constitution. The PP contested all the 140 seats except two: South Tongu (where NAL went unopposed) and Avenor, both in the Volta Region. The NAL was led by K. A. Gbedemah, who was a prominent member of the CPP until he fell out with Nkrumah in 1961 and went into exile. A few other NAL candidates were former CPP ministers or MPs, for example, C.T Nylander (Ablekuma) in Greater Accra and E. K. Dadson (Ahanta). Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon 63 POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 3 Elections in the Second and Third Republics NAL also had some of its members on the Constituent Assembly as well. Like the PP, it contested all but two seats: Agona Kwabre in Ashanti (where PP went unopposed) and Osu Klottey in Greater Accra. The United Nationalist Party (UNP) was a merger of the Nationalist Party and the Ghana Democratic Party (UNP). Among its leaders were H. S. Bannerman, Joe Appiah and M.K. Apaloo. The party contested 84 seats. The People’s Action Party (PAP) was led by Imoru Ayarna, a politician of the Nkrumah era. It contested 52 seats The All People’s Republican Party (APRP) too was a merger of E. V. C. de Graft Johnson’s All People’s Congress and ex-CPP MP and minister P. K. K. Quaidoo’s Republican Party. It contested the least number of seats, 46. In fact, it did not contest any seat at all in Brong Ahafo and Greater Accra. In addition, there were 20 independent candidates, spread across all the regions except Brong Ahafo. One of the independents was Akua Asabea-Ayisi, a veteran politician and one of CPP’s prison graduates (PG) of the 1950s. There were nine constituencies with female contestants: Atwima- Amansie (Ashanti), Amansie West (Ashanti) Denkyira (Central), Ekumfi (Central), Nsawam-Aburi (Eastern), Sandema & Talensi- Nabdam (Upper), Krachi (Volta) and West Dayi (Volta). The Outcome We examine in this section many interesting aspects of the results of the 1969 election in which 63.5% of the registered voters turned out to vote. The number of seats won by the parties were: PP won 105 of the 140seats, NAL had 29, UNP won two, PAP two, APRP one and one independent. The regional distribution of the seats was as follows: The PP was the only party that won seats in the nine regions. It won all the seats in three regions: 22 in Ashanti, 13 in Brong Ahafo and 15 in Central. It won 18 out of 22 in Eastern, 10 of 13 in Western, 13 of 16 in Upper, 9 of 14 in Northern, 3 out of 9 in Greater Accra and 2 out of 16 in Volta. The three seats won in Greater Accrra were Ayawaso, Okaikwei and Tema, two 64 Institute of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), University of Ghana, Legon POLI 444 Electoral Politics and Democracy in Ghana Unit 3 Elections in the Second and Third Republics seats the PP won in Volta were Krachi and Nkwanta and the only one in Greater Accra was Ayawaso. NAL’s 29 seats were spread across five regions: It won 14 out of 16 in Volta, 5 of 14 in Northern, 4 of 22 in Eastern, 3 of 9 in Greater Accra and 3 of 16 in Upper. However it could not win any seats at all in the four remaining regions: Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, Central and Western. The two seats UNP won were both in Greater Accra (Ashiedu Keteke & Ga).
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