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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting RUNAWAY SLAVES AND THE MAKING OF GEORGIA By ANTHONY F. MOFFETT A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Anthony F. Moffett To Wanda and Doris ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the members of my committee, Jeffrey Adler, Matthew J. Gallman, Anita Spring, and Luise White for patiently advising me through the process of writing this dissertation. I extend especial thanks to the Chair of my committee Jon Sensbach who inspired me years ago and guided through the challenging yet rewarding endeavor of writing a history of those who left no written account of their own. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 9 2 RUNAWAY SLAVES AND THE FOUNDING OF GEORGIA .................................. 13 3 RUNAWAYS OF THE TRUSTEE PERIOD ............................................................. 28 Amidst the Imperial Struggle ................................................................................... 28 From Porters to Runaways ..................................................................................... 37 The Failure of the Trusteeship ................................................................................ 49 Runaway Slaves Fill the Voids ................................................................................ 67 4 FUGITIVES OF THE ROYAL PERIOD ................................................................... 79 The Carolina Invasion ............................................................................................. 79 Runaways and Clandestine Trade .......................................................................... 84 Runaways and Trade Routes ................................................................................. 87 Squatters, Indians and the Harboring of Runaways ................................................ 94 Runaways and the Practice of Hiring-Out ............................................................. 107 Cattle-Hunters on the Frontier .............................................................................. 116 Salt Blacks: Flight among Africans and Afro-Caribbean ....................................... 124 Religious Upheaval on the Eve of the American Revolution ................................. 138 5 REVOLUTIONARIES IN A REVOLUTIONARY AGE ............................................ 148 A Colony Divided .................................................................................................. 148 New Negroes: African Runaways of Revolutionary Georgia ................................. 152 Religious Upheaval among Slaves ....................................................................... 158 Black Boatmen and the Saga of Thomas Jeremiah .............................................. 163 Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation in the Lowcountry ................................................. 167 British Invasion and the Mobilization of Enslaved laborers ................................... 173 Runaways in Royal-Controlled Savannah ............................................................. 179 The Siege of Savannah ........................................................................................ 187 Group Flight and Mass Exodus of Runaways ....................................................... 192 6 CONDITIONS OF THE POST-REVOLUTION LOWCOUNTRY ........................... 208 Post-Revolutionary Lowcountry ............................................................................ 208 Runaways and Resistance in the New Republic ................................................... 211 5 7 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 247 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 256 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 266 6 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy RUNAWAY SLAVES AND THE MAKING OF GEORGIA By Anthony F. Moffett May 2015 Chair: Jon Sensbach Major: History This project investigates the enslaved runaways of colonial Georgia and their impact on the Atlantic world. It argues that the runaways’ actions must be understood more than as a function of slave-master relations or work regimes. Rather, this work views runaways at both ends of the flight continuum. On one end was the act of fleeing. The study chronicles who the runaways were, as well as when, how and from where they fled, as well as their intended destination. At the other end of the spectrum is how the numerous acts of running away affected the broader society. Their methods of flight evolved, often coinciding with opportunities in their environment such as the chaos of the American Revolution. Their actions altered the direction of Georgia and swayed the broader geopolitics of the southeast. Georgia will be the focus of the study for a few reasons. Foremost, Georgia was founded as an anti-slavery colony. Its geographical location was determined in part by the need for a buffer zone to hinder runaway slaves from South Carolina who sought refuge in Spanish Florida. The constant influx of fugitive slaves directed the use of labor and the militias of both Georgia and South Carolina which routinely pursued runaways, even into Florida. Therefore, runaway slaves arguably influenced Georgia more than any other of the original Thirteen Colonies. 7 Advertisements for runaway slaves in colonial newspapers supply the primary source of information. They provide useful data such as the fugitives’ gender, approximate age, occupational skills, and previous history of absconding. After slavery became legal in Georgia in 1750, the transatlantic slave trade brought thousands of Africans to the colony, many of whom are listed in runaway advertisements. By merging the profiles of the runaways into the broader literature of Georgia and the southeast, I argue that often the act of running away was as much a determinant to the development of the lowcountry as it was a reaction against slavery. 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The goal of this project is to investigate the enslaved runaways of colonial Georgia as a means to show their impact on the Atlantic world. Many important works have chronicled African resistance to enslavement in North America and informed this study in kind. Such contributions have produced expansive studies of resistance across the history of British North America.1 Other studies have incorporated runaways into more intensive regional studies.2 Scholars have also noted the influence of ideology on the enslaved and runaways. Such works include studies of religion and revolutionary ideology.3 1 A.H. Wood, “The Struggle of Negro Slaves for Physical Freedom,” The Journal of Negro History Vol. 13, No. 1 (January, 1928); Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-bellum South (New York; Knopf, 1956); Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: the World the Slaves Made (New York: Vintage Books, 1974); Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1998); Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003); John Blassingame, The Slave Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972); Peter Wood, “Liberty is Sweet: African- American Freedom Struggles in the Years before White Independence,” in Beyond the American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism Edited by Alfred F. Young (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University, 1993); Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1877 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993). 2 Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: Norton, 1975); Betty Wood, Slavery in Colonial Georgia, 1730-1775 (Athens; University of Georgia Press, 1984); Jane Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 199); Larry Eugene Rivers, Slavery in Florida: Territorial Days to Emancipation (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000); Kenneth Wiggins Porter, “Negroes on the Southern Frontier, 1670- 1763, “Journal of Negro History, Vol. 33, No.1 (January 1948); Timothy James Lockley, Lines in the Sand; Race and Class in Lowcountry Georgia, 1750-1860 (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2001); Philip Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998). 3 Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961); Eric Foner, Blacks in the American Revolution (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1975); Sidney Kaplan and Emman Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution Revised Edition (Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1989); Sylvia Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in
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