Breage Parish Neighbourhood Development Plan

BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN

EVIDENCE BASE REPORT

MARCH 2019

Introduction This report provides data, information and associated key findings, from research that has been undertaken to shape and underpin the content of the Breage Neighbourhood Development Plan. Ultimately, it should be read in conjunction with the important accompanying documents which, at the point of preparing this report, have still to be completed:

• Breage Neighbourhood Development Plan • Breage Neighbourhood Development Plan Statement of Basic Conditions • Breage Neighbourhood Development Plan Statement of Consultation The report has been prepared by the Breage Neighbourhood Development Plan Steering Group. The Steering Group was convened by, and operates as, a sub-group of Breage Parish Council. The operating relationship between the Parish Council and the Steering Group is governed by an agreed Terms of Reference. The Steering Group is made-up of volunteers from the local community and consists of:

• Chris Ralph • Clive Richards • Colin MacCleod • David Davies • Ian Stovell • Lindsay Bryning • Mark Deacon • Richard McKie • Sally Herriett • Sarah Tresidder • Wendy Shallcross If you require any further information on this report or the Neighbourhood Development Plan please do not hesitate to contact any member of the Steering Group. Contact details are available on the Steering Group’s web site – https//:breageparishndp.org.uk.

Contents Page Page 4 Location of Breage Parish Page 6 History of the Parish Page 10 Consultation on the NDP Page 15 Settlement Pattern Page 18 Demography Page 21 Community Facilities Page 24 Retail Page 25 Footpaths, Bridleways and Byways Page 27 Open Space Page 33 Transport and Traffic Page 36 Location and Distribution of Development Page 37 Environment Page 40 Heritage Page 47 Housing Page 52 Landscape Page 57 Recreation and Leisure Page 59 Wildlife Page 66 Second Homes Page 68 Renewable Energy Page 70 Education Page 72 Economy Page 72 Annexes

Location of Breage Parish

Breage is a civil Parish located towards the south west of Cornwall in the South West of England. The Parish lies with the Helston and South Kerrier Community Network Area as defined by Cornwall Council. It adjoins the surrounding parishes of Crowan, Germoe, St Hilary, St Erth, Sithney, Perranuthnoe and Porthleven (Map 1). The Parish spans the A394 which runs between Helston (three miles away) and Penzance (10 miles away), and is bounded by open countryside to the east, north and west, and the Cornish coastline to the south. It is named after St Breaca, a 5th century missionary nun from Ireland, to whom the 15th Century church in the village of Breage is dedicated. Breage Parish includes the main villages of Ashton, Breage, Carleen, Godolphin Cross and Praa Sands and, amongst others, the much smaller hamlets of Hendra, Herland, Kenneggy, Poldown, Polladras, Rinsey, Tregunna, Trenwheal, Trescowe, Trevurvas and Trew. The resident population of the Parish at the time of the 2011 Census of Population was just under 3,200. The following map (Map 1) shows the boundary and geographic extent of the Parish and the surrounding parishes. Map 1: Boundary of Breage Parish

History of the Parish Introduction This section of the report provides an overview of the history of the Parish. The Bronze Age to Mediaeval period The large granite Tregonning and Godolphin Hills dominate the landscape of the Parish. The lower land around them is drained to the north and the south by small valleys which are cut into the softer adjacent slate, creating the dramatic hilly topography of the Parish. It was the prominence and defensive advantages of these sites which attracted the early Bronze and Iron Age settlers to Tregonning Hill. It has been suggested that the summit enclosure on the top of Tregonning Hill may be of ritual, ceremonial and defensive importance, and that any permanent agricultural settlement would have been on lower more sheltered ground. Certainly, in the 4th to 2nd millennia BC, the climate would generally have been warmer and drier, so the soils, being granite based and gravelly, may have been easier to work and there is evidence of Early to Middle Bronze Age field systems around Godolphin Hill, indicating several farms, working to a common plan. However, the wealth of the countryside in the Parish was below it. The underlying mineral wealth of the area promoted mining-related settlement from the Bronze Age onwards. From the 4th century BC tin was extracted, firstly, by the more easily extracted streaming of alluvial deposits in the valley floodplains and then, from shallow shafts dug into the mineral zone surrounding the granite of Tregonning and Godolphin Hills, and this tin was widely traded. Ancient route ways linked Breage Parish to the nearby coastal ports and then the surrounding mediaeval towns (Marazion, Helston, Redruth and Penryn). A Roman road maintenance stone from near Breage, from the time of Postumus (258-268), demonstrates the importance of the position of the village, situated on this main thoroughfare between Penryn and Marazion. Hoards of Roman coins of the mid-late 3rd century found at Godolphin and Castle Pencaire, on Tregonning Hill, indicate some local economic activity which may have been related to local tin mining or streaming. It seems that St Breaca settled first in the 5th Century on the slopes of Tregonning Hill. The present church in the village of Breage was probably built in the early 12th century and was dedicated to St Breaca in 1170. It was considerably enlarged with north and south aisles and chapels and transepts from the mid- 15th to the mid-16th centuries. The oval plan of the churchyard is typical of early Christianity in Cornwall. By the 6th Century many of the prehistoric rounds on the granite hills of Cornwall appear to have been abandoned, possibly due to a deterioration of the climate, and small, rural hamlets and settlements were established on the lower land with open, undefended settlements, often comprising several households, sharing communal pastures, wells, lanes. etc. In 1086, at the time of the Domesday Book, Breage was part of the large royal manor of Winnianton which had a strong association with Brittany. The Domesday manor centre was situated at Trescowe on the west side of Tregonning Hill. The settlement of Godolphin (then known as Godolghan) first appears in surviving records in 1166, with the occupants exercising increasing local authority as they grew wealthy on their tin mining. Wealth and influence began to be concentrated in a place which was agriculturally marginal, but rich in metal ores. By 1290 Godolghan had superseded Trescowe as the economic centre, and a large defended house – ditched and, perhaps, even moated – was built within a precinct at Godolphin, testament to the troubled and dangerous times. By 1543, due to increasing mining income, the house had been rebuilt, with a deer park, warren and ambitious gardens laid out. Mining villages such as Ashton, Breage and Carleen grew up on the junctions where the ancient thoroughfares between mediaeval centres of population were crossed by the later roads to post-mediaeval 6 towns and ports (Camborne, Hayle, Falmouth and Porthleven). Until the 19th Century the main traffic route passed along Higher Road, through the centre of Breage village, although the A394 has now been rerouted to the south. The hamlet of Pengersick, now within the village of Praa Sands, gave its name to the family who represented the area in Parliament in the 14th Century, and there is documentary evidence for a house on the site of Pengersick Castle from the 13th Century, but the current fortified manor house dates from c.1510, with earlier remains. Mining Mining developed rapidly in the late mediaeval period, resulting in Helston’s designation as a stannary town in 1305, and a coinage town (to which tin was brought for the purposes of taxation) in 1492. The industrialisation of Breage Parish was an inevitable consequence of these mining developments, with engine houses, blowing houses and stamping mills to process the ores, as well as the associated spoil heaps, and all the necessary ancillary trades (blacksmiths, carpenters etc) and the road network to link them to their markets. By the end of the mediaeval period mining of alluvial tin and the exposed tin lodes had become common, and by the mid-15th Century there was an open-cast tin mine at Breage. Shaft and level mining developed later, with leather buckets used to remove water, and tallow candles used for light. By 1538 the Godolphin Estate included the greatest tinworks in all Cornwall, paying more than 7 times as much tax as anyone else in the Parish. Developments in the 17th Century, such as a waterwheel powered water pump (1674) and the use of gunpowder from the 1680s to blast rock, were introduced at either Great Work or Wheal Vor, and greatly increased the efficiency and profitability of the workings, as did the erection, in 1715, of Cornwall’s first steam engine again at either Great Work or Wheal Vor. At the turn of the 17th Century, Sir Francis Godolphin commanded the largest regiment in Cornwall, comprising some 1200 men, a power base founded on the mineral wealth built up over the preceding centuries and based on an industry that was at that time employing about 300 men in the estates’ mines. Another nearby tin mine in the Parish, Great Wheal Vor, became the most productive in not only Cornwall, but the world, producing a significant proportion of the world’s tin, employing over 1,000 people and 16 engine houses at its peak in the 1830s. The associated mining of copper was also extremely important in the Parish. Before the mid-16th Century copper was frequently discarded from the tin mining process, until the miners recognised its value and, in due course, copper mining transformed Cornwall in the 18th century, with copper being mined in Breage Parish at Godolphin, Great Work and Wheal Fortune, among others. On the south coast of the Parish, Wheal Trewavas, with copper and tin lodes, and Wheal Prosper were both undersea mines with engine houses now conserved by the National Trust. At Sydney Cove, at the west end of Praa Sands beach, a mine shaft on the beach is still exposed at times by shifting sands. Several other engine houses in the Parish, such as the Sydney Godolphin mine chimneys, have a grade 2 listing and form an important part of the cultural history of the Parish The mining of tin and copper in the 19th century fluctuated between periods of huge profitability and severe depression. When seams in the Parish mines became deeper and more expensive to reach, and when copper was discovered in Anglesey, the centre of copper extraction shifted there and many Cornish mines closed, with a collapse in employment opportunities, only to re-open at the start of the 19th Century, with a massive resurgence in employment opportunities, as the Anglesey deposits ran low, copper prices increased and technological innovations such as roller crushers and steam hoisting were developed. The Napoleonic Wars fuelled demand for copper and Cornish families acquired Welsh smelting works. In 1746 the mineral wealth of the Parish was further diversified when William Cookworthy discovered kaolin – china clay - of exceptional quality, at Tregonning Hill and this was exported from Porthleven to the Potteries in Stoke and elsewhere.

The enormous employment opportunities afforded by the mining industry meant that by 1841 Breage Parish had a population of 6,000 (contrast with the population of just under 3,200 at the 2011 census), and much of the character of the villages in the Parish, stems from the building made possible by the prosperity of this period, when the Parish occupied an important and prosperous position in the Cornish mining industry. The main settlement areas of Ashton, Breage, Carleen and Godolphin have stone-built residences that were occupied by mining captains, with rows of smaller cottages for the miners interspersed with trades premises – workshops for blacksmiths, carpenters etc. The use of stone for building reflects the abundant local supplies of this material, the product of the local geology. In the 1830s records of the Godolphin Estate indicate that quarrying for stone appears to have offered greater returns than mining for metalliferous ores. However, after the 1860s Cornish tin mining went into a long period of eventual terminal decline, forcing many of the miners and their families to emigrate, often abroad, effectively freezing the form of the villages and settlements in the Parish, which have since seen little development until the latter years of the 20th Century. Some areas of the Parish, which had previously been industrialised, were gradually reclaimed and enclosed, notably the fields north of Breage village. The Godolphin mine closed in the 1840s and was overplanted by conifers and broadleaf trees to obscure derelict land in views from the manor house and grounds – a rare example of the Victorian semi-ornamental treatment of derelict industrial landscapes in Cornwall, now in the stewardship of the National Trust. The Godolphin family used their wealth from mining in the Parish to gain high prominence in national government and the land and property in Godolphin was sold several times to several owners until it was acquired by the National Trust who now preserve a very important part of the cultural and human history of the Parish Methodism The advent of Methodism in the 18th Century, led by John Wesley, significantly altered the human and built landscape of Breage Parish. Methodism was regarded as the religion of the working people, in contrast to Anglicanism, which was the preserve of the rich. For a Parish community of miners facing danger at work every day, and farmers facing creeping industrialisation, the doctrine offered comfort, security and hope. Many of the Methodist lay preachers belonged to the new emerging class of local mining captains and entrepreneurs, they needed chapels and meeting houses, and many of these were built throughout the Parish including the Mission Church at Ashton; Wesleyan chapels at Breage, Carleen, Ashton, Trenwheal and Kenneggy, Bible Christian chapels at Herland Cross and Ashton; and Free Methodist chapels at Ashton and Rinsey. Built of local stone, many of these chapels still exist today and are distinctive buildings in the built landscape Though some are still actively used for worship, others have been re-purposed for community or residential use. Modern developments Several factors, including the demands for landlords to provide sanitation and water, the introduction of bye-laws, planning laws and regulations, the outside control on estates, a collapse in income from the mines, low agricultural land prices in the 18th Century and other strictures, lead to the collapse of the large estates and in the late 19th century/early 20th century sales of land, both by auction and privately, took place. In addition, from 1859, the linking of the railway from London through to Penzance brought an influx of tourists to the Parish. In 1897 tea rooms at Pengersick were advertising as Prah Sands (the name given to the foreshore) to attract the lucrative tourist market travelling out from Penzance by horse-drawn bus. In 1921 Pengersick Barton in Praa Sands, was sold and building commenced along the sea frontage, to provide properties for purchase by the middle class. This was a radical push forward to build a new village, under the name of Praa Sands and, in 1952, there was further expansion of the village when Pengersick housing estate, a council house estate for local inhabitants, was built in Praa Sands.

Housing in the four main mining villages in the Parish was further developed and expanded in the latter part of the 20th Century, with Ashton and Carleen having mainly ribbon development along their radiating roads, while Breage and Godolphin have had small estates added surrounding the respective village cores.

Consultation on the Neighbourhood Development Plan Initial Public Meetings and Household Survey Background In September and October 2017, the Parish Council organised and facilitated a series of public meetings in each of the five main villages in the Parish to explore the preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan and the planning issues that this might look to address. The Parish Council followed this up in November 2017 with an initial survey of households across the Parish. Methodology Some 1,300 questionnaires were hand delivered to normally resident households in the Parish – the 2011 Census of Population indicating that there are some 1,306 normally resident households in the Parish. The questionnaire sought views on a number of topics:

• To explore community attitudes towards the opportunity to prepare a Neighbourhood Development Plan for Breage.

• To capture initial views from the community in respect of what are seen as positive attributes of living in the Parish, and of what could be improved.

• To identify what topics should be considered in a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish. Response Rate At the close of the survey period some 141 completed questionnaires had been returned to the Parish Council. This represents a response rate of some 11%. Preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan A large majority (95%) of respondents to the survey considered that producing a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish was a good idea. Although a myriad of reasons were given as to why preparing a Neighbourhood Development Plan was considered a good idea these largely fell into three broad categories:

• Local involvement in policy making: the opportunity for the local community to have a say on the future development of the Parish.

• Give some direction to development: the opportunity to better control development including protecting the built and natural environment, and directing new development to the most appropriate location.

• Provide a more local flavour to existing policies: the opportunity to add detail to and interpret strategic policies that currently apply to the Parish. Positives of Living in the Parish A large and varied number of responses were received in respect of what are considered to be the positive aspects of living in the Parish, but the most common of these fell into the following categories:

• Countryside and rurality: the rural nature of the Parish and its local countryside, including a network of footpaths, landscape and wildlife are highly valued.

• Coastline and beaches: the coastline to the south of the Parish and its associated beaches are seen as positive attributes.

• Community spirit: kith and kin connections, neighbourliness and a generally strong community spirit are considered positive characteristics of living in the Parish.

• Quiet and tranquil: the relatively peaceful nature of the locale, and a low incidence of anti social behaviour and crime are all valued.

• Community facilities: the on-going availability and access to various community facilities are seen as positives, particularly in the village of Breage.

• Access to nearby towns: the relative ease of access to nearby towns including Helston and Penzance via the local road network is seen as a positive attribute of the Parish. Potential Improvements for the Parish A myriad of suggestions were put forward in respect of ways in which the Parish could be improved but only four broad categories demonstrated some commonality:

• Traffic management: a desire to curb traffic speeds and better manage traffic movements including potential parking provision was noted with particular respect to the A394, Godolphin Cross, Breage and Praa Sands.

• Community facilities: although the availability of community facilities was seen as a positive attribute of the Parish respondents also suggested that there is a need to extend and improve these further, particularly in Ashton and in respects of services for younger people and the over 50s.

• Footpath network: the network of public footpaths and bridleways that runs across the Parish was also seen as a positive but one that requires enhanced maintenance and improved access and signage.

• Affordable housing: there was some commonality attached to providing more affordable housing in the Parish (in the right location) to particularly meet the needs of young people/families with a local connection. Topics to be Considered by a Neighbourhood Development Plan The table below sets out the level of support for a Neighbourhood Development Plan addressing a range of different topics. Table 1: Topics to be considered in a Neighbourhood Development Plan

Rank Topic % in support

1= Community facilities 93

1= Open space, footpaths 93

3 Transport, traffic 87

4 Location, distribution of development 86

5= Historic environment, heritage 84

5= Type of housing 84

7 Landscape 83

8 Recreation, leisure facilities 81

9= Housing design 77

9= Housing numbers 77

11 Wildlife 75

12 Second homes, holiday homes 69

13 Renewable energy 59

14 Education, skills 57

15 Economy, jobs 52

Source: Initial Survey of Households, 2017 The data indicates the following:

• All the topics secured a majority (50%+) in support of their inclusion in a Neighbourhood Development Plan.

• There were two clear ‘front runners’ that secured the greatest level of support – community facilities and open spaces, footpaths.

• There were three clear ‘back sliders’ that secured the lowest level of support – economy, jobs, education, skills, and renewable energy

• Other potential topics to be considered in a Neighbourhood Development Plan fell between these two extremes. In order to give greater direction to the topics that a Neighbourhood Development Plan for Breage might elect to prioritise it is helpful to group the above responses into convenient categories demarked by percentiles – this is summarised in the table below. Table 2: Typology of support for topics to be included in a Neighbourhood Development Plan

Relative % band Topics importance

Most important 91 – 100 Community facilities Open spaces, footpaths

Important 81 – 90 Transport, traffic Location, distribution of development Historic environment, heritage Type of housing Landscape Recreational facilities

Mixed 71 – 80 Housing design Housing numbers Wildlife

Less important 61 – 70 Second homes, holiday homes

Least important 51 – 60 Renewable energy Education, skills Economy, jobs

Source: Initial Survey of Households, 2017 The above typography suggests that a Neighbourhood Development Plan for Breage should: 12

• Definitely consider issues related to ‘community facilities’ and ‘open spaces, footpaths’.

• Look to consider issues related to ‘transport, traffic’, ‘the location and distribution of development’, ‘historic environment and heritage’, ‘type of housing’, ‘landscape’ and ‘recreational facilities’.

• Give consideration as to whether the issues of ‘housing design’, ‘housing numbers’ and ‘wildlife’ need to be addressed.

• Think carefully as to whether the issue of ‘second homes, holiday homes’ needs to be addressed.

• Probably not consider issues relating to ‘renewable energy’, ‘education, skills’ and ‘economy, jobs’. Further Public Events Over the course of 2018 members of the Steering Group attended a number of events across the Parish and exhibited maps and plans to draw interest to the preparation of the Neighbourhood Development Plan. Exhibitions were held at the Ashton Fete, Godolphin Summer Fete, Carleen Table Top Sale, Carleen Village Show and the Trevena Cross Christmas Fete weekend. A summary of the comments received at each of these events is contained in the annexes to this report. In addition, the Steering Group undertook consultation events with school children from both Breage and Godolphin Cross primary schools. Again, the results of this are summarised in the annex to this report. Second Household Survey The Steering Group undertook a more detailed household survey in January 2019. This took the form of a postal survey (with a paid business reply envelope) that was despatched by Cornwall Council to some 1,450 households in the Parish that are registered on Cornwall Council’s Council Tax Payer database. The postal survey was supplemented by an online survey hosted on the Steering Group’s web site and a down- loadable copy of the questionnaire that was also made available via the web site. At the close of the survey some 506 responses had been received – this represents an excellent response rate of 35%. The tables below show the distribution of respondents across the Parish and the length of time that they have resided in the Parish. Table 3: Respondent place of residence in Parish

Ashton Breage Carleen Godolphin Praa Other Cross Sands/Germoe Cross Roads 19% 23% 13% 13% 22% 10% Source: Second Household Survey, 2019 Table 4: Respondent length of residence in Parish

< 5 years 5 – 10 years 11 – 25 years 25+ years All life 23% 13% 28% 29% 7% Source: Second Household Survey, 2019 Critically, the second household survey continued to show strong support for the preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan with some 94% of respondents agreeing, or strongly agreeing, that the local community should have a stronger say in the future planning of the Parish. Respondents were asked to indicate the best three things about living in the Parish and, in rank order, identified the following:

• Countryside (31%) • Coast (24%) • Tranquillity (22%) • Community (14%) • Accessibility (7%) • Facilities (3%) 13

As with the earlier survey undertaken by the Parish Council the ‘countryside’, ‘coast’ and ‘tranquillity’ are considered important attributes of the Parish. ‘Facilities’ scored less highly than in the initial survey. Respondents were also asked to indicate what would worry them most about future development taking place in the Parish and, in rank order, the results were:

• Traffic (21%) • Loss of countryside (21%) • Change of local character (20%) • Impact on infrastructure (14%) • Loss of open space (14%) • Parking (10%) The greatest concerns amongst the local community related to the potential impact of development in respect of traffic, the loss of countryside and the potential change in the character of the Parish. Respondents were further asked to select words to indicate how they would like Breage Parish to be described in 2030 (the proposed end date of the Neighbourhood Development Plan). In rank order the results were as follows:

• Safe (18%) • Friendly (16%) • Tranquil (13%) • Attractive (11%) • Sustainable (10%) • Traditional (9%) • Affordable (8%) • Accessible (5%) • Unchanged (4%) • Prosperous (4%) • Vibrant (2%) The top features identified by respondents related to notions of ‘safeness’, ‘friendliness’, tranquillity’ and ‘attractiveness’. Implications for the Structure of this Report The results of the second survey of households across the Parish are further embedded in the following sections of this report as appropriate. The remainder of this report begins with a general overview of the settlement pattern and demography of the Parish, and then provides the results of research into the main topics considered in the initial household survey. They are broadly in the priority order that arose from the result of the survey itself:

• Community Facilities • Retail • Footpaths, Bridleways and Byways • Open Space • Transport and Traffic • Location and Distribution of Development • Environment • Heritage • Housing • Landscape • Recreation Facilities • Wildlife • Second Homes 14

• Renewable Energy • Education • Economy

Settlement Pattern Introduction This section of the report provides a general overview of the settlement pattern within the Parish and outlines the principal spatial strategy policies of the Cornwall Local Plan and their implications for the future development of the Parish. Villages and Hamlets The Parish is broadly made up of five principal villages and a number of much smaller surrounding hamlets and isolated farms and houses. The five principal villages can be described as follows: Ashton is a largely linear settlement that straddles the A394. The north of the village is generally made up of terraced cottages arranged in a linear fashion and now mixed with more modern but isolated residential development. The south of the village is largely ribbon development fronting the main road with a more modern development located at Hendra Close. Breage largely lies to the north of the A394 and has an historic core focussed on Church Town and the historic church and its associated burial grounds and properties. Development radiates out along Sethnoe Way, Shute Hill, Higher Road and Pellor Road. More recent development has taken place along the frontage to Pellor Road and with the formation of Coulthard Drive. With the exception of small infill developments the most recent development in the village is more modern housing off St Breaca Close and Penbro Way. Linear development has also taken place at Troon Row and Trewethick Road which lie to the south of the A394. Carleen is located to the north of Breage and consists largely of linear development fronting Chytodden Terrace and Tregonning Terrace, and the triangular configuration of roads that lie immediately to the east. Godolphin Cross is located in the north of the Parish with the majority of built development situated to the west of the cross roads. The village has a mix of traditional and more modern developments that run off Herland Road and Porth Vean. Praa Sands is located in the south of the Parish and is largely made up of linear development that runs east to west along the hill side above the beach, with the exception of more isolated developments on the generally flatter land off Penwerris Drive and larger properties in the vicinity of Pengersick Castle to the north. There is further development at Germoe Cross Roads off the A394 and its junction with Pengersick Lane. This is a significant area of more modern development, but this is physically separated from the remainder of Praa Sands by open countryside, caravan and holiday parks and a golf course. Other hamlets in the Parish include, amongst others, Hendra, Herland, Kenneggy, Poldown, Polladras, Rinsey, Tregunna, Trenwheal, Trescowe, Trevurvas and Trew. Role and Function of Places The strategic policies of the Cornwall Local Plan support Cornwall’s dispersed settlement pattern. They steer larger scale growth to the main towns as named in Policy 3 (Role and function of places), and, also support unplanned, organic growth in, and adjacent to, Cornwall’s existing city, towns, villages and hamlets, but not normally in the open countryside. This organic growth is provided for in Policy 2 (Spatial strategy), Policy 2a (Key targets), Policy 3, Policy 7 (Housing in the countryside) and Policy 21 (Best use of land and existing buildings). In addition, Policy 9 (Rural exception schemes) allows a more tolerant stance for affordable housing led schemes. Policy 3 does not specifically name any of the villages or hamlets in the Parish and therefore, by implication, Paragraph 4 of Policy 3 provides the key strategic policy guidance for future pattern of development within the Parish. It states: “…Other than at the main towns identified in this policy, housing and employment growth will be delivered for the remainder of the Community Network Area housing requirement through:

• identification of sites where required through Neighbourhood Plans; • rounding off of settlements and development of previously developed land within or immediately adjoining that settlement of a scale appropriate to its size and role; • infill schemes that fill a small gap in an otherwise continuous built frontage and do not physically extend the settlement into the open countryside. Proposals should consider the significance or importance that large gaps can make to the setting of settlements and ensure that this would not be diminished; • rural exception sites under Policy 9…” Paragraph 1.57 of the Cornwall Local Plan makes it explicitly clear that the majority of parishes that do not have a town or village named in Policy 3 can meet the housing requirement of the Cornwall Local Plan through the following: existing sites with planning permission; infill; small scale rounding off; the development of previously developed land within or adjoining settlements; and, rural exception sites. Paragraph 1.58 continues to explain that there are some Community Network Areas where this is not the case, and these are likely to require housing allocations in Neighbourhood Development Plans to enable the delivery of the housing requirement. Critically, the Helston and the Lizard Community Network Area does not appear in this list, and this implies that any Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish need not have to specifically identify sites for housing development. In terms of the policy guidance provided by Policy 3 it is, however, important to give consideration to rounding off, the development of previously developed land, infill and rural exception schemes. Cornwall Council has produced a Chief Planning Officers Advice Note (December 2017) that is helpful in this respect: Rounding off - Rounding off provides a symmetry or completion to a settlement boundary and is not intended to facilitate continued incremental growth. Rounding off development should not visually extend development into the open countryside and should be predominantly enclosed by edging features. Proposals must be adjacent to existing development and be contained within long standing and enclosing boundary features. Suitable sites are likely to be surrounded on at least two sides by existing built development. Development resulting in the creation of a further site for rounding off is unlikely to be rounding off in itself. Previously developed land - The development of previously developed land within or adjacent to settlements or where it is sustainably located is acceptable unless other economic, environmental and social considerations outweigh this. Infill - Infill is development that would fill a gap in an otherwise continuous frontage which is normally a road frontage. The layout and density of the development should be in character with and similar to others in the continuous frontage. Development should not diminish a large gap that is considered important to the setting of a settlement. Affordable housing exception sites - Rural exception sites are affordable housing led schemes to meet an identified local need and can be on land that is currently considered to be outside of the built-up area of towns, villages and hamlets. They should be adjacent to or well related to the built-up area of the settlement and be appropriate in scale, character and appearance. Such sites would not meet the definition of infill or rounding off or necessarily be on previously developed land. Other development within a settlement - The development of land which does not entirely fit the definition of infill or rounding off but would be within the form and shape of the settlement is acceptable where there is no significant harm arising from economic, environmental or social considerations. Development in this respect accords with Policy 21 of the Cornwall Local Plan.

Demography Introduction This section of the report outlines the key demographic characteristics of the Parish using selected information available from the 2011 Census of Population, mid-year estimates from 2016, both compiled by the Office of National Statistics (ONS) and 2017 OCSI Local Insight for Cornwall Council (OCSI are Oxford Consultants for Social Inclusion) data:

• The Parish covers an area of 28.85 km².

• There were around 3,000 usual residents on the census day in 2011.

• This gave a population density (number of persons per km²) in the parish of 104 people per km² (compared to the England average of 411 per km²).

• The average (mean) age of residents was 46.8 years, which is considerably higher than the UK mean of 40.2. Of these residents 1,462 (48.7%) were male and 1,538 (51.3%) were female. 42 residents were either schoolchildren or full-time students aged 4 and over at their non term time address. Within the Parish, three of the five villages are larger, discrete villages:

• Godolphin Cross with 710 usual residents. Of these, 100% lived in households and 0% lived in communal establishments. The average (mean) age of residents was 43.3 years and there were 318 household spaces. Of these, 286 (89.9%) had at least one usual resident and 32 (10.1%) had no usual residents.

• Ashton with 559 usual residents. Of these, 100% lived in households and 0% lived in communal establishments. The average (mean) age of residents was 45.7 years and there were 255 household spaces. Of these, 228 (89.4%) had at least one usual resident and 27 (10.6%) had no usual residents.

• Breage with 471 usual residents. Of these, 100% lived in households and 0% lived in communal establishments. The average (mean) age of residents was 45.7 years and there were 235 household spaces. Of these, 220 (93.6%) had at least one usual resident and 15 (6.4%) had no usual residents. The other two smaller villages in the Parish are Praa Sands, with approximately 300 usual residents, and Carleen, with approximately 200 usual residents. Population The population structure of the Parish showing the actual number of residents in each 5-year age group and a comparison between the percentages in each age group in the Parish and the UK is displayed in the following table (Table 5):

Table 5: Breage Parish population structure

Breage and UK Actual number of % of total residents population

All usual 3,000 100.0 residents

Age 0 to 4 115 3.8 5.3

Age 5 to 9 133 4.4 6.1

Age 10 to 14 151 5.0 5.3

Age 15 to 19 136 4.5 5.9

Age 20 to 24 125 4.2 6.5

Age 25 to 29 102 3.4 6.9

Age 30 to 44 442 14.7 19.5

Age 45 to 59 734 24.5 20.4

Age 60 to 64 355 11.8 5.3

Age 65 to 74 409 13.6 9.8

Age 75 to 84 210 7.0 5.7

Age 85 to 89 56 1.9 1.4

Age 90 and 32 1.1 0.8 over

Mean Age is: 46.8 -

Median Age is: 50 -

Source: Census of Population, 2011 The data in the table shows:

• The 0-19 age group forms 17.7% of the total Breage population, compared to the UK’s 23.6%; the 20- 64 age group is 58.6% for both Breage and the UK and the 65+ age group is 23.6 compared to the UK’s 17.7%.

• From this data, it can be seen that Breage is “top heavy” in its population structure, with a larger percentage of people in the “retired”/economically inactive/dependent category and that its population structure is markedly different in this respect in comparison to the UK average. Other Key Socio-economic Indicators Other selected socio-economic indicators for the Parish revealed by the Census of Population include:

• 27.3% of households had one person in household with a long-term health problem or disability.

• 13.7 % of the population were receiving some form of unpaid care during the week.

• 26.9 % of residents were in one-person households and 14.5% were over 65 years of age.

• 29% people aged 16-74 are in full-time employment in Breage compared with 39% across England.

• 21.2% of people, aged 16 and over, have no qualifications in Breage compared with 22% across England.

• The % of people 'satisfied with their neighbourhood' is higher than the average across England.

• The overall crime rate is lower than the average across England.

• 23.7% of residents do not have a passport.

• 96.3% of residents aged 16 and over in the Parish have English as a main language.

• 63.6% of residents who responded to the Census of Population question on religion stated that they had a religion and 62.6% of residents stated Christian as their religion.

Community Facilities Introduction This section of the report outlines the distribution of community facilities across the Parish. It touches on the availability of other services, such as shops, public houses, social clubs and playing fields, but these are considered more fully in later sections of the report, as is the provision of public transport. The primary focus of this section is therefore on community halls and venues. However, it is recognised that a plethora of services are important to rural areas such as Breage Parish and, as such, the section begins with an outline of identified trends in service provision in rural areas in England generally. National Research on Rural Service Provision As far as the major issues facing rural settlements, the most recent research is clear about the recurring challenges for rural areas all over England. The research, published in January 2019 by the Rural England Community Interest Company (CIC) in their State of Rural Services Report 2018, is scathing about the level of isolation from services and amenities that a majority of people in England take for granted:

“Residents of rural England are being cut off from building businesses, accessing digital services and going about their daily lives thanks to inadequate phone signal and 4G connections, rapidly declining transport networks and ‘contracting’ public sector services…”

The report, which looks at vital services across key areas including health and public health, public transport, libraries, young people’s services and retail, lays bare the difficult situation facing those in rural areas – covering 17 per cent of England’s population overall. Nearly a quarter of the rural population is aged 65 or over (compared to 18% nationally and 16% in urban areas) with this group particularly vulnerable to underinvestment in healthcare and declining high street facilities and services. Yet they face increasing access barriers to getting around as rural transport provision is axed by local authorities struggling with budgetary constraints.

According to the research, less public funding is directed towards rural residents than in urban areas, despite the higher cost of providing essential services such as social care, education and public transport in rural areas. For example, local authority expenditure on public transport is significantly higher in predominantly urban areas with 63 per cent more spent on bus subsidies, and 348 per cent more spent on discretionary concessionary fares.

The findings show that in 2016/2017, 191 bus services were reduced and 202 were withdrawn altogether from rural shire areas, leaving many residents – particularly those unable to drive for age reasons or to afford a car - struggling to fulfil vital activities like shopping, travelling to health appointments or taking part in social activities. In Cumbria, Isle of Wight, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire, there is no longer any local authority budget set for subsidising bus routes.

The analysis shows that residents of small rural settlements now travel 4,177 more miles annually on all forms of transport than their urban counterparts (including on foot). They spend on average 384 hours (or 16 days) every year on the go.

With the number of over-85s expected to double over the next 20 years in rural areas, there are also serious concerns about rising demands upon local health services,

The decline in high streets is exacerbating the challenges facing rural residents. And while online retail is a lifeline for some, rural consumers have relatively poor access to parcel delivery points, which also has implications for parcel returns. Currently, almost half of rural residents need more than 30 minutes for travel time to town centres if using public transport or walking and nearly 10% need more than an hour.

Other key findings from the report include:

• There is a 36 per cent discrepancy in funding per head that rural local authorities receive for public health duties in comparison with their urban counterparts. • Young people from rural areas tend to score worse on a number of key public health indicators - risky behaviour, alcohol consumption, smoking and being bullied. • 89% of rural journeys are made by car (73% for urban residents). Only 9.0% of households in Breage Parish have no car (compared with 26% across England) • In 2017 half of farmers only had dial-up fixed line connection speeds (below 2 Mbps). • Local authority 2017/18 budgets per resident for library services were 25 per cent less in predominantly rural areas than in predominantly urban areas.

Community Centres, Village Halls and Social Clubs Within Breage Parish, each of the main villages (with the exception of Ashton) contains a community centre/village hall as follows: Carleen – has a well-appointed, modern village hall on the periphery of the village including a hall, separate snooker room and kitchen. The hall offers a full programme of events including table tennis, art, yoga, line dancing, computer club, samba, singing, indoor bowls, bingo, table top sale, and soup and pudding club. Breage – has a small village hall including kitchen facilities. It offers a regular programme of activities including yoga, keep fit and art. Godolphin Cross – the Godolphin Cross Old Chapel is now in the ownership of the Godolphin Cross Community Association and is being developed as a community hub for the village and the wider area including multi-functional space. It offers a regular programme of activity including keep fit, tumble and toddlers, pilates, coffee mornings, art, youth group, sewing, Women’s Institute, gardening club and quilting. Praa Sands – has a well-appointed community centre, located near Germoe Cross Roads, that includes hall and kitchen facilities. It offers a regular programme of events. In addition, the Parish contains a number of other social facilities: Ashton – retains a small Men’s Institute that offers a billiards/snooker facility. Breage – contains the Breage Snooker and Social Club, a well-used local facility offering a bar and snooker facilities and a regular programme of events and entertainment. Godolphin Cross – although the Godolphin Men’s Institute once offered billiards and snooker facilities it is only used now for storing Christmas lights and has no electricity. Public Houses There are four public houses that remain in the Parish and provide a social facility, including:

• Coach and Horses, Kenneggy • Lion and Lamb, Ashton • Queens Arms, Breage • Sandbar, Praa Sands Religious Facilities The Parish contains a number of existing and former religious buildings, apart from the Methodist Chapels mentioned earlier in the report, with four continuing to offer and perform a social function:

• Breage Parish Church • Breaney Methodist Chapel • Ashton Church of the Annunciation 22

• The Barn Christian Fellowship in Wheal Vor/Poldown Libraries The Parish does not contain any library facilities, although a number of local groups have converted former telephone boxes into spaces for the exchange of books and some of the village halls have a second hand book sales point. Medical Facilities With the exception of care homes/day centres there are no primary medical care facilities available in the Parish. Results of Household Survey Respondents to the second household survey were asked a number of questions relating to the provision of community facilities:

• Some 95% of respondents agreed, or strongly agreed, that existing village/community halls in the Parish should be retained for community use, with a majority (65%) strongly agreeing with this. There was little variation in this response across the five villages in the Parish. • Some 89% of respondents agree, or strongly agree, that the refurbishment of existing village/community halls should be encouraged. There was little variation in this response across the five villages in the Parish. • A smaller proportion of respondents (47%) agree, or strongly agree, that the development of new village and community halls in the Parish should be encouraged, but 37% of respondents are ambivalent to this. There was some variation across the five villages in this response. Godolphin and Ashton had the strongest response, with 60% and 56 % respectively, agreeing, or strongly agreeing, while Breage and Carleen having a less strong response, 36% and 32% respectively. Possible reasons for this are that Godolphin is currently in the process of creating and fund raising for a community hall and Ashton relies on village activities being run from the Lion and Lamb public house, at present. Breage does have a small village hall but, in addition, has a range of activities being organised by the Breage Snooker and Social Club and occasional themed nights at the Queens Arms public house. Carleen has a very popular Village Hall with a wide range of activities. Importantly, some 95% of respondents agree, or strongly agree, that the retention of other local facilities including shops, public houses and social clubs in the Parish should be retained. Indeed, some 71% of respondents strongly agree with this.

Retail

Introduction This section of the report considers the distribution of retail facilities across the Parish. Shops In common with many rural areas there has been a rapid decline in recent years in the availability of local shops offering either products or services, with the nearest larger scale retail facilities to be found in Camborne, Helston and Penzance. A survey of retail facilities currently operational across the Parish revealed the following: In Ashton – a ‘community shop’ operating at the rear of the Lion and Lamb Public House has recently closed. In Breage – Breage Central Stores (including post office) and Trevena Cross Nursery located just outside of the village. In Carleen – none In Godolphin Cross – none, although an annex of Breage Post Office operates on given days at the Former Methodist Chapel. In Praa Sands – General Stores (its post office facility is now closed and the property is currently for sale due to retirement), beachside gift shop and café (seasonal), surf hire shop (seasonal), and at nearby Newtown there is the Newtown Garage, Petrol Station and Mace Convenience Store, and the Newtown Angling Shop. In addition, there are a number of ‘farm shops’ and small ‘nurseries’, such as the Lower Kenneggy Nursery, across the Parish but these tend to have intermittent opening hours. Building is currently taking place in Praa Sands to provide replacement retail floor space, arising from the closure and redevelopment of the former R and J Supplies retail outlet, into a mixed-use development of residential and retail floor space. Public Houses As mentioned previously, there has been a similar decline in the number of public houses across the Parish and only four now remain: the Coach and Horses (on the A394 at Kenneggy), the Lion and Lamb (in Ashton), the Queens Arms (in Breage) and the Sandbar in Praa Sands. Cafes and Restaurants The four public houses in the Parish all offer catering but, in addition to this, there are few other dining establishments – the beachside café at Praa Sands (seasonal), the Pengelly Tea Rooms to the east of Godolphin Cross (seasonal), the National Trust Tea Room at Godolphin House and the Trevena Cross Restaurant (part of the nursery and garden centre at Trevena Cross). Results of Household Survey Respondents were asked whether the retention of local facilities such as shops, public houses (and social clubs) in the Parish should be encouraged and a very large majority (95%) agreed or strongly agreed that this should be the case – indeed some 71% of respondents strongly agreed with this.

Footpaths, Bridleways and Byways Introduction This section of the report considers the distribution of public footpaths, bridleways and byways across the Parish. Existing Network The Parish has an extensive network of 82 footpaths and bridleways (Map 2) that is enjoyed by many residents and visitors and these cross mainly agricultural lands. Dog walkers, in particular, benefits from the paths, especially where near a settlement or a car park. The total length amounts to approximately 40 miles (64km). The paths join all of the main villages and more minor settlements with each other, and link to the roads and “green lanes” of the Parish. Bridleways are spread around the Parish and are used by horse riders and, in some cases, vehicles, especially for access. Paths extend beyond the Parish boundary to link to the surrounding area. Notable is the South West Coast Path (SWCP) which tracks the southern coastal Parish boundary. It is recognised both nationally and internationally and is specifically targeted by leisure users for a day out or even for hiking the full length (Somerset to Dorset) as an organised holiday, taking a considerable time and commitment, and the section within the Parish plays its part in the overall experience. Other local features with many paths are Tregonning Hill (on the Parish boundary), Godolphin Hill and Godolphin House Estate which attract some 50,000 visitors per annum. The National Trust Estate additionally has a number of permissive routes that complement the public footpaths, allowing circular itineraries in some cases. Many paths cross ancient field boundaries in the Parish, using centuries old stiles, including the three main types - Cattle Stile, Coffen Stile and Sheep Stile. These evidence the human landscape of the Parish drawn from past uses and, in particular, mining and agriculture and for accessing churches and the movement of stock in the case of “green lanes”. There are, at present, no paths which have been made accessible to people with limited mobility or sensory impairments. Categorisation and Maintenance Public footpaths and bridleways in the Parish are categorised as follows: Gold: National routes (e.g. SWCP), strategic routes promoted by Cornwall Council, links to promoted and national routes, links between communities, routes known to be well used local paths. The South West Coastal Path, which passes through the Parish, is categorised as a Gold National Route. Silver: Local routes linking existing highways, and local circular routes (if not categorised as Gold). Some 23 fall within this category in the Parish. Bronze: Dead-end or little used paths, with either Definitive Map anomalies or low value to the network (if, not categorised as Gold or Silver). Maintenance responsibility is largely with Cornwall Council, which has handed the day to day duties to Breage Parish Council with an appropriate budget. The three categories of public rights of way have differing cutting regimes dependent on their status. A special note is made of paths used by children to safely access schools and paths currently being used as safer alternatives to dangerous roads as most of the roads in the Parish have no pavements at all. The National Trust maintains its length of the SWCP.

Map 2: Public Rights of Way (Footpath, Bridleway, Byway and Restricted Byway)

Results of Household Survey Respondents to the second household survey were asked whether public footpaths, bridleways and byways in the Parish should be retained and enhanced with a large majority (97%) agreeing or strongly agreeing that this should be the case.

Open Space Introduction This section of the report considers the distribution of open space across the Parish, and particularly that which lies within, or adjacent to, the recognised villages and hamlets. There are a variety of areas in the Parish that can be termed open space, they include: Right to Roam Areas The Parish is characterised by extensive tracts of open countryside much of which, as has already been noted, is traversed by a network of footpaths, bridleways and byways. In addition, the Parish contains a number of ‘right to roam’ areas. This provides a mechanism to access designated areas of land for the purpose of walking, running, watching wildlife and climbing. Right to roam areas in the Parish are identified on the map (Map 3) and include: A. Godolphin Hill B. Tregonning Hill C. Wheal Fortune D. Carnmeal Downs E. Rinsey coastline F. Hoe Point, Sidney Cove Map 3: Right to Roam areas in Breage Parish

Common Land and Village Greens The Parish contains several areas that are formally defined as either ‘areas of common land’ or ‘village greens’. Five of these are situated close to the coastline and are shown on the following map (Map 4): A. Sydney Cove, Praa Sands (adjacent to the Sandbar) B. Praa Green, Praa Sands (adjacent to Castle Drive) C. Pengersick Down (adjacent to Pengersick Parc Road) D. Hendra (adjacent to Cliff Place) E. Rinsey (adjacent to Rinsey Farm) Map 4: Common land and village greens in Praa Sands and Rinsey

Other areas of common land are to be found in Godolphin Cross and Trew and are shown on the following maps (Maps 5 and 6):

Map 5: Common land in Godolphin Cross This area, Godolphin Cross Green, contains a shelter, post box and information board about the area (adjacent to Rose Cottage)

Map 6: Common land in Trew This area in Trew is the site of an ancient village spring/water supply prior to building of piped mains water in 1958 (adjacent to Spring Mead Cottage). It served a large number of homes and farms, including the hamlet of Trew (which contained 50 families in 1821), the village of Carleen and the area surrounding Wheal Vor and Carnmeal Downs.

Other Open Spaces A number of other ‘open spaces’ have been identified as being of importance to the character and setting of the Parish’s villages and hamlets. These are shown on the following maps and include:

• Breage Field (between Breage Playing Field and the Queens Arms) (Map 7) • Carleen Play Space - Recreational field adjacent to Hall, also includes an outside recreational exercise area with four exercise machines installed in 2019 (Map 8) • Trew Green – privately owned and maintained open greenspace adjacent to the private residence of Trelawney. Historically, Carleen was renowned for its Tea Treats, held annually on the first Saturday in August. On their procession of witness, the first teachers and scholars always performed the “Serpent’s Walk” over the Green at Trew before returning to Carleen to enjoy their saffron buns and other Tea Treat fare (Map 9) • Praa Green – possibly privately-owned open land adjacent to the common land of Praa Green, allowing a continual open space between residential development and the beach (Map 10) In addition, there are the playing fields of the two primary schools in Breage and Godolphin which are also important open spaces but are available only for pupil use in term time school hours, and Praa Sands Golf Club (lying between the A394 and the settlement of Praa Sands) Map 7: Breage Field

Map 8: Carleen Play Space

Map 9: Trew Green

Map 10: Praa Green

Results of Household Survey Respondents were asked whether open and/or green spaces within and adjoining villages in the Parish should be protected from development. A large majority of respondents (90%) agreed or strongly agreed that this should be the case – indeed some 72% of respondents strongly agreed that open and/or green spaces should be protected from development.

Transport and Traffic Introduction This section of the report considers the broad issue of transport and traffic within the Parish. Strategic Policy Cornwall Council have implemented Connecting Cornwall 2030 which is a 20-year local Transport Plan. One of its main aims is to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels by encouraging walking, cycling and improved public transport. To this end Town Transport Strategies have been put in place for local towns such as Helston, Penzance, Redruth and others throughout the county but none directly affect the Parish. Policy 27 of the Cornwall Local Plan provides guidance on transport and accessibility.

Roads

The Parish is basically remote from any major strategic road network. The only classified road that passes through the middle of the Parish, east to west, is the A394 (connecting Helston and The Lizard with Penzance/A30). There is a small section of the B3002 which passes through the north eastern corner of the Parish. All the other roads, which feed off these two and connect all the settlements and hamlets within the Parish, are unclassified (i.e. either over or under 4 metres wide).

Rail

There are no rail lines or rail stations in the Parish. The main line that serves all of Cornwall is the London to Paddington route that terminates at Penzance, there are four other stations that are in reasonable travelling distance of the Parish: Penzance (10 miles, 24 minutes’ drive time), St. Erth (some 8 miles, 20 minutes’ drive time); Camborne (some 12 miles, 20 minutes’ drive time); Redruth (some 12 miles, 30 minutes’ drive time). From these stations there are some branch lines and connections to areas such as St. Ives, Falmouth, Bodmin, Liskeard and Plymouth.

Water

Although the county is surrounded by water the nearest ferry terminal to the Parish is at Penzance – connecting to the Isles of Scilly only. There is a cross channel ferry terminal at Plymouth some 80 miles or two hours’ drive away – connecting to Roscoff in Brittany and from there to other European destinations by road.

Air

There are two civilian air terminals situated in Cornwall. Land’s End Airport is some 19 miles (45 minutes’ drive time away) from the Parish and provides connections to the Isles of Scilly. Newquay Airport is some 36 miles (1 hour and 10 minutes’ drive time away) and provides connections to London Heathrow, London Stansted, Glasgow, Newcastle, Liverpool, Leeds/Bradford, Doncaster/Sheffield, Manchester, Bristol, Dublin and Cork and other European destinations.

Public Transport

Public transport is limited locally to buses or taxis. There are two bus routes that connect the Parish to other local towns and villages. Both normally run at two hourly intervals. Many parts of the Parish are 30 to 40 minutes’ walk from their nearest bus stop, which makes using a bus for transport difficult, especially for the elderly and less mobile members of the public, and made further difficult if carrying shopping or when raining:

• The U4 runs through the Parish along the A394 from Helston to Penzance railway and bus station. On week days and during school term the first bus leaves Breage Shute Hill at 07.23 then there is a bus 33

every hour until 18.53 where after it is every two hours until the last bus at 00.25. The journey time to Penzance is 37 minutes. The last bus departs Penzance at 23.08. The first bus to Helston Town Centre from Breage Shute Hill is at 07.59 with a travelling time of some 15 minutes. The last bus back leaves the town centre at 00.10.

• The 39 runs from Helston to Camborne and its route takes it through part of the Parish, namely Carleen and Godolphin Cross after which it leaves the Parish. Again, on week days and during school term, the first bus leaves Carleen at 09.05 and Godolphin Cross at 09.08 and by 09.12 it is out of the Parish, with a journey time of some 27 minutes it arrives in Camborne at 17.45. The buses basically run every two hours. The last bus from Carleen leaves at 18.08 and the last bus from Camborne leaves at 17.45.

With both routes the timetable is different over weekends and during school holidays, usually resulting in a more restricted service.

Walking and Cycling

Walking and cycling in the Parish is predominately for recreational purposes. There are no dedicated cycle tracks at present and the narrow roads and blind bends make both walking and cycling potentially very dangerous. This was highlighted as a major problem at the public consultation meetings in the Parish, especially for those pupils walking to the two primary schools.

Car Ownership

Much of Cornwall is largely reliant on the private car as the prime means of transport, as is Breage Parish in particular. As there are no significant employment sites within the Parish, no major shops and only three small convenience stores: in Breage, Praa Sands and Newtown, and no secondary schools, it means that, as mentioned previously, the residents of the Parish are heavily reliant on the private motor car to access their place of employment, services and place of education. Table 6 that follows, shows the availability of cars and vans to the population of the Parish.

Table 6: Access to Car/Van in Breage Parish

count %

All households 1,306 100.0 No cars or vans in household 115 8.8 1 car or van in household 512 39.2 2 cars or vans in household 479 36.7 3 cars or vans in household 138 10.6 4 or more cars or vans in household 62 4.7

2,152 -

sum of all cars or vans in the area

Source: Census of Population, 2011 The data indicates that only 9.0% of households in the Parish have no car (compared with 26% across England). This reflects the rural nature of the Parish with its lack of retail facilities within easy reach of household residences and a restricted public transport system which makes it difficult for people to get to and from their place of employment, to retail outlets, hospitals, pharmacies, doctors’ surgeries, banks, libraries, etc, without a private car. Traffic Management

As mentioned, a large number of comments have been received from residents, both at consultation events and in the household survey (see following paragraph), concerning traffic safety issues and management. The biggest issue appears to speeding throughout the Parish but, in particular, along the A394 through Breage, Ashton and Praa Sands. Other areas such as Godolphin Cross, Breage, Carleen and Trew have also been highlighted. An approach to both the Devon and Cornwall Police and Cornwall Council has failed to obtain any statistics regarding accident black spots or problem areas with speeding.

Results of Household Survey

Respondents to the second household survey were asked a number of questions in respect and parking and roads and the results reiterate that traffic movements are a concern amongst the local community:

• 75% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that speed restrictions and/or traffic calming should be promoted on roads within and between villages in the Parish. • 78% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that roads and the road system in the Parish should be made safer for cyclists, horses and pedestrians

Location and Distribution of Development Introduction The Cornwall Local Plan provides strategic planning guidance on the location of development in the Parish and this has been summarised earlier in the report. This section outlines the views of the local community as articulated in the second household survey. Development in the Open Countryside Respondents to the second household survey were asked whether the open countryside in the Parish should be protected and retained, with 93% agreeing or strongly agreeing that this should be the case. Indeed some 71% of respondents strongly agreed that the open countryside should be protected. Expansion of Main Villages Respondents were asked whether the expansion of the main villages in the Parish should be encouraged or resisted:

• Some 57% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that expansion of the Parish’s villages should be encouraged: a small minority (18%) considered the opposite. • Some 69% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the further expansion of the Parish’s villages should be resisted: again, a very small minority (10%) adopted the opposite response. Open Space Respondents were asked whether open and/or green spaces within and adjoining villages in the Parish should be protected from development with some 90% agreeing or strongly agreeing that this should be the case. Settlement Boundaries Respondents were asked whether settlement boundaries should be established around the main villages in the Parish as a mechanism to protect the open countryside and avoid over expansion of existing settlements – some 89% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the delineation of settlement boundaries. Development in Smaller Hamlets Respondents were questioned on the nature of future development in the Parish’s smaller hamlets with some 90% agreeing or strongly agreeing that this should be carefully controlled in order to preserve their character. Characteristics of New Development Respondents were asked about the characteristics of new development in the Parish with some 93% agreeing or strongly agreeing that this should generally be small scale, provide off road access and parking and reflect local architectural styles.

Environment Introduction This section of the report provides a description of the variety of ways in which the environment and landscape in the Parish is managed by international, national and County legislation. Breage Parish contains several stunning landscapes and environments. Some are natural ecological and geological environments, while others are the product of historical and present day industrial and farming practices. The large difference in height from sea level to the tops of Tregonning and Godolphin Hills, and the varied geology, has allowed a varied set of ecosystems to evolve through time, from the sand dunes at Praa Sands to the moorland of the hills. In recognition of this, a large part of the Parish is protected by international, national and County legislation and organisations. This protection is manifested in several ways and includes areas of the Parish being part of an AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty), part of a World Heritage Mining area and several SSSI’s (Sites of Special Scientific Interest). Other areas are protected playing fields and open spaces, while part of the Parish is owned by the National Trust – the Godolphin Estate. Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) Since 2002, the Cornwall AONB has worked to conserve and enhance Cornwall's protected landscape so that it remains Cornwall's key economic asset, valued by local people and visitors alike. The status of the Cornwall AONB, including the area in Breage Parish, as a nationally and internationally important protected landscape, has equal status and protection to that of a National Park. There are 12 unique parts of the Cornwall AONB and the coastal area of Breage Parish forms part of the South Coast Western Section stretching from the Lizard to Marazion (Map 11). The area within the Parish contains the extremely popular Praa Sands beach and smaller, though increasingly popular, beaches at Rinsey and Lower Kenneggy. The South West Coastal Footpath also takes you past the spectacular engine houses at Trewavas and Rinsey headlands. A number of landscape characteristics combine to give the coastal AONB in Breage Parish its natural beauty, unique identity and sense of place. Map 11 – Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) within Breage Parish

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI’s) Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) are those areas of land and water that are considered to best represent the UK’s natural heritage in terms of their:

• flora • fauna • geology • geomorphology (landforms) • a mixture of these natural features. There are six SSSI’s in Breage Parish (Map 12). Two are designated because of their flora and four for their geology. They are:

• Tregonning Hill • West Cornwall Bryophytes, near Godolphin Bridge (the Tregonning Hill and the West Cornwall Bryophtes sites are nationally biologically important due to the flora they contain) • Folly Rocks, at the western end of Praa Sands beach, • Porthcew, on the coast south of Rinsey, • Great Wheal Fortune, near Breage • Tremearne Par, east of Trewavas Headland (the last four are nationally important geological sites. Map 12 – Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) within Breage Parish

The last four are also designated as part of the Geological Conservation Review (GCR). The GCR is a major initiative to identify and describe the most important geological sites in Britain. The GCR was designed to identify those sites of national and international importance needed to show all the key scientific elements of the Earth heritage of Britain. After over two decades of site evaluation and documentation, over 3,000 GCR sites were selected for around 100 categories (GCR 'Blocks'), encompassing the range of geological and geomorphological features of Britain.

Great Wheal Fortune is also a RIGS site, while Porthcew is also a Heritage Coast and Scheduled Ancient Monument site. RIGS are Regionally Important Geological and geomorphological Sites are designated sites of local, national and regional importance for geodiversity (geology and geomorphology) in the United Kingdom. RIGS may be designated for their value to Earth Science, and to Earth heritage in general, and may include cultural, educational, historical and aesthetic resources. The concept was introduced by the Nature Conservancy Council's publication Earth Science Conservation in Great Britain – A Strategy (1990). They are conserved and protected from development through the planning system by the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. They do not though, have the statutory management protection enjoyed by Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).

Heritage Introduction This section of the report explores the key heritage features of the built and natural environment within the Parish. Reference has already been made to the history, and the importance of mining in past centuries, in the Parish in previous sections of the report and the relics of this history are an integral part of the heritage of the Parish. Breage Parish landscape is characterised by flat-bottomed valleys, distinctive natural hills at Godolphin and Tregonning, a mixture of mediaeval and ancient landscape patterns, and well-vegetated hedgerows. The Parish has a rich and diverse heritage from the Bronze Age to the present day. The Historic Environment Record of Breage Parish shows 538 records, dispersed across the entire Parish. They include:

• Prehistoric sites to War Memorials • Boundary Stones • Chapels Some of the Heritage sites are on the “at risk” register and this includes Breage Church and some of the hut circles on Tregonning Hill. There are three designated Conservation Areas (Map 13) within the Parish: Breage, Pengersick, and Tregonning Hill; Godolphin is a listed Grade 2* Park and Garden, and, as mentioned in the previous section, a portion of the Parish is included within the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site. Map 13 – Conservation Areas within Breage Parish

The Tregonning/Godolphin industrial area is a unique combination of prehistoric landscapes with significant monuments (hill fort, defended settlements), early mining landscapes left relatively unaltered by 19th century exploitation, and one of the most important aristocratic landscapes in Cornwall associated with Godolphin House, now under the stewardship of the National Trust. There are six Grade 1 listed buildings in the Parish:

• Pengersick Castle (in Pengersick Conservation Area) 40

• Church of St Breaca in Breage Conservation area • Four Grade 1 listings are found at Godolphin House including: Godolphin House (1) stabling and cobbled pavements adjoining (2), forecourt walls, stiles and mounting block (3), Blowing House and attached walls (4) The outbuildings and adjoining walls NW of Pengersick Castle are Grade 2* listed. There are also seven listings of Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the Parish:

• Two in the Tregonning Conservation Area • One in the Pengersick Conservation Area • The side and King’s Garden at Godolphin House • Wheal Prosper Engine House • Wheal Trewavas copper mine • The Trevena Cross. The Breage Conservation Area The village of Breage is gathered around and focussed on the elevated early Christian church site. The historic settlement is situated principally along Higher Road, with Bakers Row and Fowlfield Row comprising terraces of miner’s cottages with long front gardens facing a lane to one side, with yards opening onto a further lane at rear. The buildings are largely of local stone, some rendered, with slate roofs and boundary walls. The village is surrounded by fields, with green space at the centre.

The special character of the Breage Conservation Area is summarised in the Cornwall Council Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Strategy as follows: • A village on the main route between Helston and Penzance at its junction of the road north to Carleen and Godolphin, with a well-preserved medieval church on an early Christian site. Part of the Godolphin estate from the Reformation to the twentieth century • Historic settlement principally along the main road to the west of the church and to the south • Distinctive rows of miners’ cottages on the northern edge of the village and two fields away to the west • Green space (both public and agricultural) within the heart of the village, giving open views across the settlement. Its prominent setting results in long views to the settlements of Porthleven and Sithney. • Buildings largely of stone often using killas (a local term for metamorphosed slates and shales - a common building and hedging stone) with granite detailing); some rendered. Slate roofs • Boundary walls (often of vertical-coursed granite and/or killas) make an important contribution to local character. • Strong community spirit and pride in the church/historic buildings. Within the village, the Church of St Breaca is listed as a Grade 1 building and is of particular importance. It incorporates part of a pre C15 chancel (the chancel is the space around the altar of a church, including the choir and the sanctuary, sometimes called the presbytery, at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building), but the church was mostly rebuilt by, and reconsecrated, in 1466 (Church Guide) and further restored in 1891. The interior of the church has a great deal of 15th century timberwork in the form of ceiled waggon roofs, with carved bosses over the aisles; coffered ceiling, with cross braced panels and carved bosses over the north aisle and a moulded beam and some moulded joists to the tower ceiling. Incorporated into windows in the south wall right (east) of the transept and the east window of the south transept is some medieval glass.

Arguably the most remarkable 15th century features, however, are the fine painted murals on the north and south walls including a very striking figure of Saint Christopher on the left of the north doorway. Breage Conservation Area has been extended to take in Troon Row and Trevithick Road and fields behind Vicarage Row, on the opposite side of the A394, and the chapel and adjacent property on Shute Hill, a number of other buildings within the Conservation Area are Grade 2 Listed, and there are a number of other buildings and structures noted to be of local interest (including Old Meldrum, the water pump, stone stiles, etc.). The Pengersick Conservation Area Cornwall Council has not yet prepared an Appraisal and Management Strategy for this area. The area includes the Grade 1 listed Pengersick Castle; some outbuildings and adjoining walls 30m NW of Pengersick Castle, which are Grade 2* listed; and the Castle itself and its associated building platform which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, together with various other structures. In respect of Pengersick Castle there is documentary evidence for a house on the site from 13th century, but the current fortified manor house dates from c. 1510 with earlier remains. More recent alterations were made in1968. The farm buildings, store and ruinous walls date largely from the second half of 19th century but are on the site of, and incorporate parts of, earlier Tudor buildings. The outbuildings and adjoining walls date from the early 16th century and were originally part of the castle, later converted to farm buildings. There is no parallel to this building in the south-west of England (except perhaps a putative tower at Trerice). The need for short term defence on a site so vulnerable from the south coast at a time of constant threat from French and Spanish raids is obvious, but the form that the house took as a consequence is original. The monument includes the below ground remains associated with Pengersick Castle and an associated building platform protected within two areas. The Castle and platform in Praa Sands sit within a shallow basin on a south facing slope overlooking the English Channel. Pengersick Farmhouse was built in the late 17th – early 18th century and was remodelled in the late 19th century. The piggery and adjoining outbuildings are a particularly good example of this 19th century building type. As mentioned, the outbuildings and adjoining walls 30m NW of Pengersick Castle are Grade 2* listed buildings. They were part of Pengersick Castle and were converted to farm building with a first-floor granary and adjoining wall. Considerable quantities of documentary evidence survive relating to both Pengersick and the people who lived there. The owners of Pengersick played a major role in the Cornish social scene and politics. For example, in 1522 John of Pengersick was granted the capteynshippe of St Michael's Mount and in 1526 John Milliton was implicated in the disappearance of valuables from the wreck of the King of Portugal's ship San Antonio! Finally, during the 20th century some of these farm buildings together with some parts of the castle were converted into dwellings. All dwellings, roofed buildings, modern surfaces and garden features are excluded from the scheduling, but the ground beneath is included. The Tregonning Hill Conservation Area Cornwall Council has not yet prepared an Appraisal and Management Strategy for this area. Tregonning Hill has two Scheduled Ancient Monuments:

• The multi-period archaeological landscape • The round cairn 225m NNW of Tregonning Hill House. The boundary with Germoe Parish runs across the middle of the Conservation Area.

The multi-period landscape, situated on the top of Tregonning Hill, includes a small multivallate hillfort, called 'Castle Pencaire'; barrows; two rounds; a field system; an 18th century watch house; extensive mineral working and prospecting pits; and part of a china clay works notable for being the place, as mentioned previously, where William Cookworthy found commercial deposits of kaolin/china clay. The area between the hillfort and rounds contains an extensive field system defined by low stony banks and field clearance cairns thought to be of prehistoric date, and thus contemporary with, the hillfort and rounds. Individual fields contain ridge and furrows from cultivation which suggests re-use as medieval strip fields. The war memorial within Castle Pencaire is a Listed Grade II structure. Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site The northern half of Breage Parish and the Trewavas coastline form part of the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site (Maps 14 and 15). The World Heritage Convention, adopted by UNESCO in 1972, provides for the identification, protection and conservation of natural and cultural sites of outstanding universal value. In 2006 ten mining landscapes across Cornwall and west Devon were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, placing Cornish mining heritage on a par with international treasures like Machu Picchu, the Taj Mahal and the Great Wall of China. It is the largest industrial World Heritage Site in the UK, covering over 20,000 hectares, and is spread across both Cornwall and West Devon. World Heritage status gives recognition to 'Cornish Mining’s' excellence as a world class cultural and heritage site and recognises the importance of 'Cornish Mining’s' historic landscapes and outstanding buildings in addition to its important role in technological innovation and scientific research. Map 14 – World Heritage Site Areas within Breage Parish

Map 15 – Specific World Heritage Site Areas within Breage Parish The following map shows more specific detail related to the Tregonning and Trewavas Heritage Area.

Tregonning and Trewavas is the largest of the ten areas and much of it lies within Breage Parish. It contains diverse landscapes ranging from the idyllic pastoral charms of the rural farmland in the west of the chosen area to the atmospheric cliffscapes at Rinsey, with silent woods, exposed hills and Godolphin House provides a valuable insight into the wealth of some of Cornwall’s most successful industrialists and mine owners. The wealth accrued by the Godolphin family in their mines within the Parish allowed them to become one of the UK’s most powerful families throughout the 16th-19th centuries. To the south of the Area, two of the best-known undersea mines – Wheal Trewavas and Wheal Prosper – offer a unique glimpse into how treacherous mining could be. Trewavas, which seems to burst out of the cliff edge, is particularly inspiring and, together with its neighbour Wheal Prosper, which sits a little further along the cliff, has now been conserved by the National Trust. Wheal Trewavas copper mine is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and despite partial reduction of the buildings and limited modification for use as rough pasture, the mine survives very well. Early 19th century methods and technology for copper extraction, transportation, and primary processing are well represented. The remains form a fairly complete and well-integrated complex, with evidence for development at the site over time. The whole site illustrates vividly how copper mines, often situated on the coast because of the visibility of the mineral in cliffs, could be adapted to exploit such locations with their natural hazards and limited accessibility. Wheal Trewavas was a short-lived, though productive, mine documented as beginning production in or just before 1834 and ceasing by mid-1846 when the workings beneath the sea were flooded. On the land are earthworks and structures for obtaining ore through shafts and adits (sloping tunnels), and dressing or

44 preparing it for smelting. The Old Engine Shaft is spectacularly sited on a ledge on the cliff top, some 40m below the plateau and 20m above sea level. The count house where workers were paid is by the track and parts of its walls are standing. Miners going to and from work, via the adits, would also have used this route. Ore brought to the surface at New Engine Shaft for dressing was hauled up the coastal slope by an inclined tramway. Wheal Prosper pumping engine house nearby is also a Scheduled Ancient Monument and survives well in a prominent location on the coastal footpath between Praa Sands and Porthleven. Many other reminders of the Area’s mining history can be found here, from the terraces of mine workers’ cottages, to the vast number of mine shafts dotted through the countryside. The Area is also thought to have seen the installation of one of the world’s earliest practical steam pumping engines at Great Wheal Vor mine complex, in around 1710 Within the Parish, the granite moorland of Godolphin Hill and Tregonning Hill, with the engine house and chimney stack of Great Work mine prominently visible in the saddle between them, dominate the southern part of this chosen World Heritage mining district. To the north of Breage Parish, the landscape is a mixture of gently rising down land on which a patchwork of smallholdings and new farms has been created, interspersed with long-established farms and parkland associated with the great mining estate of Godolphin. Most miners’ cottages are dispersed in a landscape of small fields or set in small groups, though larger settlements of highway villages with fine industrial terraced cottages exist in Breage, Ashton, Carleen and Trew. Small groups of miners’ cottages set within substantial blocks of early nineteenth century miners’ smallholdings flank the A394 road through the southern part of the mining district. A number of engine houses form visual landmarks in the area and the sheer density of mine shafts in the landscape is particularly impressive. Some mark the site of some of the earliest steam engines on metal mines in the world. Great Wheal Vor, for a large part of the 1800’s was the world’s richest tin mine.

Godolphin House and Estate

The House and Estate cover 550 acres (220 ha) of the Parish and includes Godolphin Hill. It contains more than four hundred recorded archaeological features range from Bronze Age enclosures to 19th-century mine buildings. The National Trust bought the Godolphin estate land in 1999 and the house in 2007.

Godolphin House provides a valuable insight into the wealth of some of Cornwall’s most successful industrialists and mine-owners. Sir Francis Godolphin, in the 17th century, became famous as an innovative and highly successful mine-owner, bringing in a German mineral man to assist in improving ore-dressing and blowing methods and employing 300 men in his mines.

Godolphin also has a listed Grade 2* Category Park and Garden. This listing covers formal gardens and ornamental orchards dating from the 15th century, together with a late medieval deer park and a 16th century deer course surrounding a late 15th century mansion.

The deer park was disparked in the early 19th century, with the last deer being killed c 1830. Planting, including landscaping of redundant workings, was carried out in the mid and late 19th century.

The Side and King’s Garden at Godolphin House are also a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The gardens fall into two areas, separate formal gardens associated with the Grade I Listed Godolphin House and the larger late Elizabethan/Jacobean garden known as the Side Garden and are described as an astonishingly ambitious and coherent scheme for this period, and a rare example nationally.

Together these gardens provide valuable evidence of the garden design and planting schemes that were popular at the time and an indication of the high social status of the Godolphin family. 45

There are four Grade 1 listings at Godolphin House: Godolphin House (1) stabling and cobbled pavements adjoining (2), forecourt walls, stiles and mounting block (3), Blowing House and attached walls (4) No other substantial remains of blowing houses are known to survive in Cornwall and none of the Dartmoor ones is so complete.

Results of Household Survey

The results of the second household survey indicate that 64% of respondents value highly or very highly the presence of the World Heritage Site in the Parish.

Housing Introduction This section of the report considers the broad issue of housing within the Parish. The 2011 Census of Population indicates that there are some 1,503 households in the Parish of which 1,306 (87%) have at least one usual resident and 197 (13%) have no usual resident. The average household size in the Parish is 2.3, residential properties have an average of 6.1 rooms and three bedrooms per household. Housing Type The table below shows the distribution of households across the Parish by type of property. Table 7: Households by type of property in Breage Parish

Household Type Number % Detached 897 60 Semi Detached 319 21 Terraced 160 12 Flat (purpose built) 26 2 Flat (shared property) 18 1 Flat (other) 8 1 Caravan/mobile 75 5 Source: Census of Population, 2011 The data in the table indicates that:

• Detached, and, to a lesser extent, semi-detached properties, make up the majority of the Parish’s housing stock. • Other types of property account for much lower proportions of the housing stock. Housing Tenure The table below shows the distribution of households across the Parish by tenure. Table 8: Households by tenure of property in Breage Parish

Tenure Number % Owned (outright/mortgage) 1036 79 Shared ownership 4 <1 Local authority rented 15 1 Other social rented 56 4 Private rented landlord 143 11 Other private rented 27 2 Rent free 25 2 Source: Census of Population, 2011 The data in the table indicates that:

• Home ownership is by far the largest form of housing tenure across the Parish. • Other types of tenure account for relatively small proportions. Minimum Housing Target for Breage Parish Policy 2A of the Cornwall Local Plan indicates an expectation that some 1,100 new dwellings are to be provided in the Helston and South Kerrier Community Network Area outside of the principal town of Helston over the period 2010 to 2030. The 2018 Update to Cornwall Councils Local Plan Housing Implementation Strategy indicates that, after allowing for completions, existing permissions and likely windfall sites, the CNA outside Helston already has a surplus of provision of just over 400 dwellings over the period to 2030 (Table 9). 47

Table 9: Housing development in Helston and Lizard CNA (outside Helston)

Local Plan Target 1,100 Completions: small sites <10 464 Completions: large sites 10+ 295 Permissions: small sites 351 Permissions: large sites 45 Subject to S106: large sites - CLI sites without permission - Windfall: small sites 350 Local plan allocations - Neighbourhood plan allocations - Surplus/deficit +405 Source: Cornwall Local Plan Housing Implementation Strategy Update, 2018 The data implies that:

• There is already a significant surplus of housing development opportunities across the residual area of the CNA, although windfall sites capable of delivering some 350 properties over the next 12 years still need to come forward to generate this surplus. • Even without the bringing forward of windfall sites the residual area of the CNA still demonstrates a potential surplus of 55 dwellings over the period to 2030. Cornwall Council has produced more specific guidance at the parish level in respect of minimum housing requirements to be met in Neighbourhood Development Plans. The position in respect of Breage at the base date of April 2017 is set out in Table 10 that follows. Table 10: Minimum housing target for Breage Parish at Mid-2017 to be in conformity with Cornwall Local Plan

Helston and Lizard CNA (Rural) CLP Target (April 2010 – April 2030) 1,100 CNA completions (April 2010 – April 2017) 642 CNA commitments -10% (April 2017) 388 Residual CLP Target for CNA (April 2017 – April 2030) 70 Breage Parish Adjusted Pro Rata Rate 24% Breage Parish Target (April 2017 – April 2030) 17

Breage Parish completions (April 2010 – April 2017) 76 Breage Parish commitments – 10% (April 2017) 69

Source: Cornwall Council Advice Note, 2017 The data presented in Tables 10 includes completed and extant planning permissions within the Parish. It should be noted that between April 2010 and April 2017 some 76 new dwellings were built across the Parish – an annual completion rate of around 11 properties per year. There were also some 69 properties (after making an allowance of 10% to reflect planning approvals that do not proceed to construction) with the benefit of an extant planning permission. The following are currently extant planning permissions that aim to provide five dwellings or over:

• Double S Service Station, Fore Street, Ashton, 5 dwellings, PA 16/01373 • Adjacent Greenville House, Fore Street, Ashton, 11 dwellings (5 affordable), PA 16/07939 (under construction) • OS field 3547, Fore Street, Ashton, 20 dwellings (10 affordable), PA 16/11616 (under construction) • Wheel Parade, Pengersick Lane, Praa Sands, 10 dwellings, PA 18/06022 Table 10 indicates that at mid-2017 the Parish had to make provision for a minimum of 17 additional dwellings to be provided over the period to 2030 (an annual completion rate of just over 1 per year) in order for a Neighbourhood Development Plan to be adjudged to be in conformity with the Cornwall Local Plan. 48

Table 11 that follows, re-applies this analysis but with the more up to date data relating to the Helston and Lizard Community Network Area from the Cornwall Local Plan Housing Implementation Strategy Update 2018. Table 11: Minimum housing target for Breage Parish at Mid-2018 to be in conformity with Cornwall Local Plan

Helston and Lizard CNA (Rural) CLP Target (April 2010 – April 2030) 1,100 CNA completions small/large sites (April 2010 – April 2018) 759 CNA commitments -10% (April 2018) 396 Windfalls on small sites < 10 350 Residual CLP Target for CNA (April 2018 – April 2030) (405) Breage Parish Adjusted Pro Rata Rate 24% Breage Parish Target (April 2018 – April 2030) (97) Source: Cornwall Council Advice Note, 2017 and Cornwall Local Plan Housing Implementation Strategy Update, 2018 The updated position presented in Table 11 indicates that:

• After allowing for potential windfall developments, at mid-2018 the Parish already has a surplus of housing completed or committed in order to maintain conformity with the Local Plan: in other words to ensure conformity with the Cornwall Local Plan in respect of meeting housing requirements between 2010 and 2030 there is no need to allocated specific sites in the Neighbourhood Development Plan for housing. • Even if assumed windfall developments are excluded from the data the CNA continues to demonstrate at mid-2018 a surplus of some 55 dwellings, and pro rata the Parish shows a surplus of some 13 dwellings. Again, in order to retain conformity with the Cornwall Local Plan the Neighbourhood Development Plan does not need to allocate specific sites for residential development. Affordability Improvements in access to Cornwall have not greatly influenced employment prospects, either within the Parish or in many other parts of Cornwall as a whole. Proxy data suggests that average incomes among residents of the Parish remain at a level which is considerably less than the UK national average. In Cornwall average income data is available at the Parliamentary Constituency level. Resident annual earnings for Cornwall County in 2014 was £18,354, 83% of the UK average. However, in the St. Ives constituency, of which the Parish is a part, average incomes were even lower at £16,663 (76% of the UK average) This low level of income coupled with high house prices, has had the unfortunate effect of denying many Parish residents, especially younger wage earners, the opportunity to own their own home within the Parish. House prices have increased considerably nationally in recent years, but local residents also find themselves having the extra burden of competing with people who wish to move to the Parish either for retirement, semi-retirement or as a location for a second home. There is quite a disparity within the Parish - the average price for property in August 2017 in Carleen was £232,161, in Breage it was £291,203, Ashton £301,944, Godolphin Cross £345,949 and in Praa Sands £375,946 – but even in the lowest priced areas of the Parish the cost of a property is well out of the reach of many young first time buyers. With local house and building plot prices in the Parish often beyond the reach of many local people, both the Cornwall Local Plan and Breage Parish Council have encouraged the building of a number of affordable homes to tackle this problem. However, it would seem from the results of the Breage NDP exhibitions at Godolphin, Ashton, Carleen and Breage in 2018 that the issue is still high on the list of concerns of people who live in the Parish. Often, affordable house prices and rents are based upon market values which are so far above the means of local people that the resultant discounts offer limited benefit and because of high affordable price levels, the required deposit for many local people (even allowing for government schemes to encourage home

49 ownership) is out of reach. The number of second homes in the Parish may also be a factor in contributing to such high house prices. Housing Need It is a matter for the Neighbourhood Development Plan therefore as to whether the Parish wishes to plan for a greater amount of housing than that outlined to date, and also if it wishes to consider making specific allocations of land to meet either market or affordable housing need in addition to the identified minimum requirement over the balance of the plan period. In 2010 Breage Parish Council in conjunction with Cornwall Council undertook a housing needs survey across the Parish. This indicated:

• 39 households in housing need and wishing to live in the Parish • 60% of these were seeking a two-bedroom property • 29% were seeking one-bedroom property • 8% were seeking a three-bedroom property This data is now a little dated and Cornwall Council’s Home Choice Register is perhaps the principal source of evidence on housing need. Data from November 2017 is summarised in Table 12 that follows. Table12: Housing need from Home Choice Register

1 bed 2 bed 3 bed 4 bed 5 bed Total Band A Band B 3 2 1 6 Band C 2 6 4 2 14 Band D 1 1 1 3 Band E 26 22 8 1 57 Total 32 31 13 3 1 80 Source: Cornwall Council Home Choice Register, 2018 The data indicates:

• Some 80 households in housing need • The majority of these seeking a one (40%) or two (39%) bedroom property respectively. The Cornwall Local Plan has two specific policies aimed at meeting affordable housing needs:

• Policy 8: Affordable Housing. In summary, all new housing schemes providing a net increase to the housing stock of 10 dwellings must contribute towards meeting affordable housing needs. In designated rural areas and AONBs this threshold is reduced to five dwellings. • Policy 9: Rural Exception Sites. In summary, development proposals that are primarily intended to meet local housing needs can be supported on sites outside of but adjacent to the built-up area of smaller villages and hamlets, with market housing of up to 50% acceptable when this is necessary for the viability of the development proposals. The key point here is that the Neighbourhood Development Plan does not have to allocate specific sites to meet needs identified on the Home Choice Register, it can elect to rely on windfall sites within existing settlements and rural exception sites outside of existing settlements to accommodate any need for affordable housing. Results of Household Survey The second household survey further tested out community views towards new housing development in the Parish. The majority of respondents (83%) considered that new housing development in the Parish over the planning period should be at the estimate of 17 new dwellings (64% favoured this) or within 10% of this estimate (19% favoured this). There was relatively little support for levels of new housing development in excess of this.

Respondents were questioned on where new housing should be developed in the Parish if it was shown to be required. The results echo respondent’s responses in respect of the general location of development in the Parish with the preferred locations being:

• Previously developed land within/adjacent to existing villages (43%) • Small sites spread across the Parish’s villages (27%) • Re-use of redundant farm buildings (25%) There was very little support for development in the open countryside or for the development of large sites adjacent to existing villages, Respondents were also questioned on the type of any new housing to be developed in the Parish. The results in rank order were as follows:

• Low cost to buy (30%) • Medium cost to buy (21%) • Shared ownership (19%) • Social rented (17%) • Private rented (7%) • High cost to buy (6%) There is a clear bias towards low/medium cost home ownership and shared ownership models. Conversely, there is very little support for the development of higher cost owner occupied housing. In respect of the provision of affordable housing targeted at local residents, respondents were also asked whether self-build projects on small sites by and for local people should be encouraged. The response to this was largely favourable with some 69% of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing with this proposal.

Landscape Introduction This section of the report provides an overview of the landscape characteristics of the Parish. Overview The Parish enjoys a mixed and varied landscape; medieval farmland sits side by side with disused industrial land and 20th Century farmland. As previously mentioned, the Parish is made up of five villages and a number of hamlets which provide the main centres of occupancy. Isolated farmsteads, mining houses and cottages stretch across an undulating fertile landscape. Praa Sands is a relatively modern collection of properties set in a beach related, sea view, semi-circle. Framed along its lower edge by the beautiful South West Coastal Path, the Parish contains two notable high points: Godolphin Hill and Tregonning Hill. The granite ridge of Tregonning sits on the boundary with Germoe, with the eastern slopes of the hill lying securely within the boundary of the Parish. The rounded profile of Godolphin is located to the north west. From both hills commanding views can be enjoyed over the Parish towards St Michaels Mount in the West, the Lizard peninsular to the south east and inland towards St Agnes Beacon and beyond. Much of the low land in the Parish is farmed, although there are pockets of industrial land that were once the spoil heaps or working floors for tin and copper mines. These areas contain disused shafts, adits, vents rendering areas un-useable for farming. These, now wildlife regenerated areas, create oases for nature and provide a recreational use. Aside from the regenerated oak, beech and scrubland the Parish contains the remains of ancient woodland managed by the National Trust at Godolphin. As mentioned previously in the report, the South West Coastal Path passes through the Parish and provides the opportunity to appreciate the spectacular cliffs at Trewavas Head, as well as the golden sands of Praa and Hendra. The coastal landscape provides a rich and varied habitat for wild flowers, animal and birdlife. The changing hue of the sea has captured the imagination of many artists who have painted and enjoyed this area. Landscape Character Natural England has divided much of England into Natural Character Areas (NCA’s). These divide England into 159 distinct natural areas. Each is defined by a unique combination of landscape, biodiversity, geodiversity, history, and cultural and economic activity. Their boundaries follow natural lines in the landscape rather than administrative boundaries. Cornwall produced its first County-wide landscape assessment in 1994. This was updated in 2007 and is the first stage in developing an evidence base for future landscape policy and landscape strategies in Cornwall. The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Landscape Study was carried out between 2005 and 2007 and identified 40 Landscape Character Areas within Cornwall and 5 for the Isles of Scilly based on their component Landscape Descriptions Units. The Study created 40 separate Landscape Character Areas in Cornwall, each with its own description, to highlight the elements of the local landscape character which create the Cornish ‘sense of place’. Breage Parish lies in LCA No CA06, the Mounts Bay East Landscape Character Area (Map 17) stretching from Marazion on the coast, east to Mullion Cove and inland in a sweep across to Hayle and the outskirts of Camborne, then south-east to include Helston. The key settlements in the LCA are Helston, Mullion and Hayle. Breage Parish, as it forms part of this LCA, is subject to planning and land management guidance with the aim of supporting the World Heritage Site Management Plan and the use of several agri-environmental schemes, especially along the coast. Some of the distinctive landscape features highlighted in the LCA containing Breage Parish are described here.

Map 17 – Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) for the Mount’s Bay Area

Farmland Medieval farmland covers more than half of the Parish; as such fields remain relatively small in acreage compared to modern farmland. Post medieval and 20th Century farmland covers a further quarter. Cornish hedges provide demarcation between land ownership, line the lanes between villages and hamlets and signify a synthesis between land use and wild habitat. ‘Hedges are our largest semi-natural wildlife resource and our most prominent landscape feature… Many hedges date from the Bronze and Iron ages, 2000-4000 years ago, When Cornwall’s traditional pattern of landscape became widely established’ (Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Landscape Study 2005-2007). The mild Cornish climate favours these human-made wildlife refuges, providing habitat for an array of species from microscopic fungi, wild flowers and forest trees, to providing shelter to birds, mammals and invertebrates. The hedges in the Parish provide a very rich habitat resource. Land Cover and Land Use Although consisting of mixed arable farmland of mainly improved pasture, fields of horticultural crops tend to dominate the Parish farming landscape. Land use in the Parish is divided into mainly smallholdings and post medieval farms are interspersed with long established farmland, often associated with great mining estates such as Godolphin. There is a variable pattern of woodland and trees, mostly in valleys or covering regenerated former mining areas. Rough ground mainly runs along the coast, with small fragmented areas inland, especially covering former mining activity. Woodland Plantations and Scrub Godolphin Wood is a mixed wooded area popular with dog walkers; it is principally on the level with well- kept footpaths. In springtime it is amass with bluebells. Pockets of scrubland exist across the Parish replacing the ancient woodlands that had been intensely harvested in the centuries of mining activity.

Disused Industrial Throughout the Parish there is evidence of tin, copper and lead working. Mining was extensive, and today many of the engine houses, stamps, blowing houses and workers accommodation continue to sit within the landscape, a distinctive reminder of Cornish history. These former mining landscapes include not only the industrial structures and sites, but also distinctive settlement patterns and large areas of post-medieval enclosure of rough ground as smallholdings and small farms. Inland the most technologically innovative mines in Cornwall were situated within the Parish; they were the deepest and richest, demanding inventive means of extracting minerals. These former mining landscapes gave rise to distinctive settlement land use patterns (the settlements of Ashton, Carleen, Breage, Trew, Godolphin Cross) and post-medieval enclosure of smallholdings. Carnmeal Downs is an extensive site of mine working with several major works in close proximity. Like so many of the tin mining sites it has regenerated into havens for wildlife. Historic Features As mentioned previously, Godolphin and Tregonning Hills accommodate important, well-preserved archaeological landscapes including prehistoric and medieval field systems, prehistoric enclosures and industrial remains. There are numerous traces of later prehistoric defended farmsteads (rounds) throughout much of the Landscape Character Area. Prominent Bronze Age barrows are a feature of the cliff tops in several places along the coast. Intertidal and Inshore Water Along the coastal edge of the Parish boundary, rocky outcrops give way to sandy beaches. The coast at Kenneggy, Praa Sands, Hendra and Rinsey has rich intertidal areas. Despite harsh conditions intertidal zones are teeming with life and biodiversity. Organisms that inhabit this area include anemones, barnacles, brittle starts, chitons, crabs, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea stars, snails, whelks, and some marine vegetation Geology Cornwall’s geology has created many distinct landscapes, and these have affected the human use of it, and it has forged a unique economic and social history. Parish settlements were undoubtedly influenced by the geology of the area, as has been highlighted previously in this report Biodiversity The farmed areas in the Parish are mostly improved grassland. Semi natural habitats are varied and in some places are associated with former mining activity. Along the coast, areas of coastal lowland with bracken is interspersed by small areas of natural grassland and cliff scrubland stretches across the higher coastal areas. As highlighted previously, much of the coastline has protected status and the extensive network of Cornish hedges which pattern the Parish form important ecological semi-natural habitats. Area of Great Landscape Value An Area of Great Landscape Value is an area of land in England which is considered to have a particular scenic value and is therefore afforded a degree of protection by local authorities. The designation was established under the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. If an area is designated as an AGLV, this restricts development in the area, especially if it will affect the distinctive character or quality of the landscape. Covering approximately half the Parish, the Area of Great Landscape Value (AGLV) is a local designation (Map 18), defined as areas with strong distinctive characteristics having particular scenic value, which make these areas sensitive to development. The primary objective of a designated AGLV is the conservation and enhancement of the landscape and individual characteristics.

Map 18 – Area of Great Landscape Value (AGLV) within Breage Parish

Pressures and Threats The Parish is set in a beautiful rural landscape, and like many other areas it experiences threats and pressures from human activity. Cornwall Council have identified these as follows: • Recreation on coast path and river valleys (footpath erosion). • Rural housing, utilities and related structures. • Development that changes settlement pattern. • Changes in agricultural land management, with consequent loss of field boundaries. • Change from farmland to amenity. • Lack of financial incentives to maintain stock on heath. • Inappropriate management of hedges. • Climate change leading to increased flooding.

Results of Household Survey Respondents to the second household survey were asked to what extent they valued the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Area of Special Landscape Value that falls in the Parish. Encouragingly, some 86% of respondents valued, or highly valued, both of these areas.

Recreation and Leisure Introduction This section of the report considers the distribution of recreation and leisure facilities across the Parish. Earlier sections of the report have considered the distribution of community facilities in the guise of community centres and village halls and the distribution of open space, public footpaths, bridleways and byways. This section therefore focuses primarily on playing fields and play space. Playing Fields and Play Space There are two principal playing fields/play spaces in the Parish:

• Breage Playing Field (Map 19) – this forms part of a key area of open space in the centre of the village and provides an attractive and safe playing space that includes formal and informal areas and equipment. Map 19: Breage playing field

• Ashton Amenity Area (Map 20) – this is located to the north of the village and provides an informal play space, including a football pitch. It is considered in need of some enhancement. Map 20: Ashton Amenity Area

In addition, there are a number of other areas in the Parish that offer play and outdoor recreation facilities including:

• Carleen Village Hall Field (adjacent to Carleen Village Hall) • Praa Sands Basket Ball Court (adjacent to Breage Parish Council car park) Results of Household Survey Respondents to the second household survey were asked whether existing playing fields and play spaces in the Parish should be retained and protected from development. Some 98% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that this should be the case – indeed some 77% of respondents strongly agreed that playing fields and play spaces should be protected from development.

Wildlife Introduction The term “biodiversity” refers to the range of different species. Maintaining a wide biodiversity is an important part of using the environment in a sustainable way. This section of the report provides a description of key wildlife interests making up the rich biodiversity of the Parish. Overview

The Parish is blessed with a countryside that hosts and enables a wealth of wildlife of many taxa with a patchwork of habitats dominated by the coastal southern edge and the granite hills. Human activity of the past has resulted in lanes full of flowering plants, ‘green’ lanes, hedges, holes and hollows, drainage ditches, quarries, woodland, and farmland. The land is a veritable tapestry, with past uses evident alongside the more modern. The mining history has caused extraordinary soils and unusable land which create additional variety.

The Parish has an agricultural setting but one where field boundaries, the underlying geology, and topography have allowed wildlife to have a place and flourish through the seasons. The maritime climate is one that can provide relief from harsh and adverse conditions and this goes hand in hand with the ecology.

The Parish includes or is close to, valuable areas for a wide range of specific fauna and flora including, and being recognised for, some rare and more locally valuable creatures and plants. Habitats, both natural and human-made, have the potential to be improved even beyond today’s status quo. The Parish already supports and sustains a richer fauna/ flora, relative to many other areas.

As an example, the stunted growth of trees, seen in many parts of the Parish, is a result of a combination of factors present in the Parish, including the dominant westerly, salt laden, winds, the relatively thin top soil and concentrations of surface minerals brought about by mining.

The presence of these trees provides a rich and varied range of micro habitats. Much of the water catchment runs to the River Hayle but numerous springs discharge to the sea or neighbouring parishes, via short streams. The valley and floodplain of the River Hayle, as it flows east to west along the northern boundary of the Parish, provides a range of wetland types.

Many of the green spaces in the Parish provide very valuable avenues and corridors for wildlife movement, often along streams, rivers, hedgerows or other natural features, These corridors connect the green spaces of the Parish together, and, in turn, provide highly valued, pleasant walks for the public away from main roads.

The Parish is predominately agricultural however and as such wildlife is subject to the pressures brought to bear on the land and soil by modern farming practices. The high use of agri-chemicals on the farmland is one example of the potential threats to wildlife in the Parish. Bulb / flower growing is one such intensive agricultural land use with high agri-chemical inputs.

It is recognised that many local farmers and land owners are sympathetic to the needs of wildlife, but there can be some conflict of interest between the economics of farming productively and environmental sustainability. The past loss of flower rich meadows, scrub and field margins indicate that future preservation is essential. Soil structure and health are becoming increasingly important to farmers for long term sustainability and resilience, and the improvement of agricultural production techniques can equally benefit nature/ natural organisms.

Cornish hedges, are noted for providing a rich habitat throughout the Parish and it is worth quoting the Cornwall Wildlife Trust on their value in the natural ecology of the landscape – “[they] are important habitats in their own right supporting up to six hundred native species of plants and shrubs which in turn support a

59 varied population of insects, mammals, and birds. Vitally important pollinators and pest controllers - these little insects also provide food for the rest of the ecosystem.”

As mentioned, of particular value is the inter-connectedness of the hedges in the landscape, providing not just corridors for wildlife, but a network, both within the Parish but also contributing to the neighbouring places as a wider natural asset.

The south coast of the Parish also provides a rich intertidal area with a high number of important fauna and flora species, including seals, anemones, barnacles, brittle stars, chitons, crabs, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea stars, snails, whelks, and marine vegetation.

Wildlife Data and Records

A brief reference to local interested parties and groups is enlightening as to the high value of the Parish for wildlife. The information in this report is in no way exhaustive but is enough to highlight and headline the quality of the area and importance for conservation:

• Mammals: the Godolphin National Trust Estate is a special place for bats with as many as 11 species of the 18 occurring in Britain. Notably - Brown Long Eared, Pipistrelle(s), Barbastelle’s, Noctules, Lesser Horseshoe and Greater Horseshoe bats, the last of which, following surveys has recently been highlighted for its very healthy local population, important due to their national rarity. Other mammals known to be present are deer, fox, badger, grey squirrel, rabbit, mole and hedgehog.

• Birds: notably Kittiwake, Chough and Barn and Tawny Owl have important populations and rely on the sustainable and proper management, and protection under law, within the Parish. All have precarious population dynamics. The beaches have a variety of shorebirds and gulls depending on season and tide. The government Magic web site notes Grey Partridge for Godolphin. The land around Godolphin is known to be an area where four uncommon warbler species winter, which is notable. (Firecrest, Blackcap, Lesser Whitethroat and Chiffchaff). The National Trust started breeding bird survey work on three sites in 2018 to form a knowledge baseline on the estate.

• Insects and butterflies: survey results in recent years have been very encouraging with Purple Hairstreak, Green Hairstreak, Comma, Wall Brown, and maybe the (frustratingly elusive) Small Pearl Border Fritillary, previously known locally. Dragonflies and Damselflies Maps show that there are records of many such species in the Parish.

• Reptiles: Common Lizard, Slow Worm and Adder

Other less well-known taxa are covered as part of a full list of long-term records provided by Cornwall Wildlife Trust / ERCCIS. This with accompanying plans (Maps 20-24) and documents collects the biodiversity knowledge, land use and wildlife baseline evidence using best readily available current knowledge. Categories are also given of the status and national values per species and informs an understanding of what should be especially preserved within this rich tapestry.

Official Designations and Citations

Apart from the SSSIs in the Parish which have been mentioned previously, there are also six County Wildlife Sites recognised as providing a comprehensive suite of sites that complement other sites/ networks; provide wildlife refuges for fauna and flora; have a significant role to play in meeting overall national biodiversity targets; represent local character and distinctiveness; contribute to the quality of life and the well-being of the community, with many sites providing opportunities for research and education. These sites are found in:

• the whole of the southern coastal strip • Carnmeal Downs • Tregonning Hill 60

• Godolphin Hill • Hayle Valley.

There is a single Special Area of Conservation on Tregonning Hill which is cited for its botanical value

At an international level, part of the eastern end of the Parish is recognised by “Natura 2000” as being part of a network of core breeding and resting sites for rare and threatened species. The network stretches across all the EU countries and UK, both on land and at sea. The aim of the network is to ensure the long- term survival of Europe's most valuable and threatened species and habitats, listed under both the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive.

Results of Household Survey

Respondents to the second household survey were asked whether corridors and sites that are of wildlife importance should be protected and enhanced with some 90% of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing that this should be the case.

Second Homes Introduction This section of the report explores the issue of second homes and holiday lets in the Parish. Council Tax records in 2013 indicated there were some 255,000 second homes in the UK, just 1.1% of the UK housing stock. Drivers for Second Home Ownership Improved mobility and access through increased car ownership, an improved road system, faster trains, and the establishment and growth of Newquay Airport are some of the factors that have given rise to an increase in the demand for second homes for use by their owners and their rental to visitors in many of the parishes in Cornwall. Incidence of Second Homes in the Parish Second homes are included in the census grouping of dwellings/residences with no usual residents. A household space with no usual residents may still be used by short-term residents, visitors who were present on census night, or a combination of short-term residents and visitors – such households are usually, but not always, second homes and holiday lets. In the most recent census, the Parish had 197 (13.1%) dwellings/residences with no usual residents. The figure for Cornwall is 11.2%, South West England 6.0%, and England and Wales 4.4%. On this proxy measure dwellings/residences with no usual residents, including second home ownership, in the Parish is therefore around two percentage points higher than the average for Cornwall as a whole. Data from Cornwall Council Tax Database on 31st March 2018 provides (not including holiday lets). At this date, there were an estimated 13,500 second homes in Cornwall - 5% of the housing stock. Table 13 displays for Breage and its neighbouring parishes, the number of second homes (not including holiday lets) and their percentage of the total dwellings in each Parish. Table 13: Second Home Ownership in Breage and Surrounding Parishes Second Parish Dwellings Percentage Homes Breage 1,485 87 6.0 Crowan 1,165 19 2.0 Sithney 401 12 3.0 St. Hilary 375 14 4.0 Perranuthnoe 1,144 54 4.0 Germoe 252 15 6.0 Porthleven 1,705 126 7.0 Source: Cornwall Council Tax Database at 31st March 2018

Table 14 highlights the level of second home ownership in the top ten parishes within Cornwall that have the highest levels of second home ownership. Table 14 Highest Levels of Second Home Ownership in Cornwall Parish Percentage St. Minver Lowlands 42.0

St John 41.0

St. Minver Highlands 36.0

St. Merryn 35.0

Maker-with-Rame 33.0

St. Just-in-Roseland 32.0

Lanteglos 31.0

St. Endellion 30.0

Gerrans 28.0

Padstow 28.0

Source: Cornwall Council Tax Database at 31st March 2018

It is clear that second home ownership in the Parish lags a way behind the ‘top 10’ parishes in Cornwall. Breage Parish is 73rd in the Cornwall Parish list of 213 parishes. Both Mevagissey and St Ives parishes have prepared Neighbourhood Plans that include ‘primary residency policies’ that are intended to curb the use of newly built houses as second homes or holiday lets. However, it should be noted that assumed levels of second home ownership at around 25% are much higher in both of these parishes than in Breage. A survey of one of the eight hamlets in the Parish is quite revealing in both its demographics and dwelling/residence ownership, while highlighting the relatively low number of second homes and it does reflect the second home percentage of the Parish (6%). The hamlet has 23 dwellings/residences in total with 19 of these being lived in by people older than 65. Of the remaining 4 dwellings/residences, 2 are a second homes and 2 are vacant/empty. Only one of the 23 residences is a long term let, the rest are owner occupied and owned, with an average price for property of £292,891 in March 2019. None of the properties have a child of school age and only one contains a person who has lived in the Parish all their life. Results of Household Survey Respondents to the second household survey were asked if they thought that there are too many second homes/holiday lets in Breage Parish. There was a mixed response with some 52% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with this, while 41% were ambivalent and 7% disagreed or strongly disagreed. Respondents were also asked if they thought that second homes/holiday lets in Breage Parish have a negative impact on the local housing market and/or the sustainability of local communities. There was a stronger response here with some 62% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that second homes/holiday lets have a negative impact, while 29% were ambivalent and 9% disagreed or strongly disagreed with this statement.

Renewable Energy Introduction This section of the report considers the issue of renewable energy in the Parish. Cornwall Local Plan Policies 14 and 15 of the Cornwall Local Plan provide guidance on the development and safeguarding of renewable and low carbon energy, with the supporting text making it clear that Cornwall Council does not intend to allocate sites for wind turbines either in the Local Plan itself or through a specific Site Allocations Development Plan Document. Cornwall Renewable Energy Informal Planning Advice In 2016 Cornwall Council published an informal planning advice note in respect of renewable energy and this is pertinent to the Parish in respect of suggested policy advice for the Mounts Bay East Landscape Character Area of which the Parish Forms a part. The Mounts Bay East Landscape Character Area is identified as having a ‘moderate’ level of sensitivity in respect of the potential impact of wind turbines and solar photovoltaic development, although this increases to ‘moderate to high’ in the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It notes that development would be particularly sensitive along the undeveloped coast line and its immediate environs, and on the prominent hill slopes of Godolphin Hill and Tregonning Hill. The advice note continues to set out a landscape strategy for both wind energy and solar photovoltaic development within the Landscape Character Area. This is as follows:

• Wind: the landscape strategy is for a landscape with occasional single turbines, or possibly small clusters (up to 5 turbines) of up to and including Band C size (approximately 61 – 99 metres to tip) or the lower end of Band D size (100 – 150 metres to tip) in the east of the Landscape Character Area. No turbines along the undeveloped coastal edge, and its immediate hinterland. Within the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty the landscape strategy should be one of a landscape without wind energy development except for occasional Band A size (approximately 18 – 25 metres to tip, excluding roof mounted turbines) single turbines linked to existing buildings (such as farm buildings). • Solar photovoltaic: the landscape strategy is for a landscape with occasional solar photovoltaic developments up to and including Band D scale (10 – 15 hectares), with no solar photovoltaic development along the landscape’s open and undeveloped coastline and its immediate environs or on prominent hill slopes, particularly Godolphin and Tregonning Hills. Within the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, a landscape without solar photovoltaic development should be pursued, except for very occasional Band A scale (less than 1 hectare) well sited developments. Neighbourhood Planning: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Cornwall Council has also produced a guidance document on energy efficiency and renewable energy to help in the preparation of Neighbourhood Development Plans (Neighbourhood Planning: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: a Community Led Approach, 2016). This indicates that Neighbourhood Development Plans can give consideration to:

• Supporting the transition to a low carbon future by encouraging the use of renewable energy • Having a positive strategy to promote renewable energy • Designing policies to maximise renewable energy whilst ensuring that adverse impacts are addressed • Identifying suitable areas for renewable energy where this would help secure the development • Supporting community led projects • Identifying opportunities to link new development with renewable energy generation. Renewable Energy Facilities in the Parish There are four wind turbines operative in the Parish that produce between five and eight MW per year and all of which were installed between 2006 and 2013. These are located at Sparnon Farm, Greenvale, Connings Farm and Wheal Breage. 64

No planning consents have been granted to date for large, ground mounted solar panel arrays, although many individual buildings across the Parish have roof mounted solar panels. There is an anaerobic digester at Pengelly Farm. Permission for this was granted in 2004 and it is understood that this generates some 8150 MW per year. Results of the Household Survey Respondents to the second household survey were questioned on the siting of wind turbines and/or wind farms and large-scale solar panel arrays in the Parish:

• Some 67% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that wind turbines and/or wind farms should be located in the Parish, with a sizeable minority (45%) being in strong disagreement. • Some 61% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that solar panel arrays should be sited in the Parish, with a sizeable minority (42%) in strong disagreement.

Education Introduction This section of the report considers education provision and skill levels in the Parish. Educational Provision The Census of Population indicates that in 2011, 133 (4.4%) of the resident population of the Parish were aged 5-9 and 151 (5%) were aged 10-14 and 32 (1.1%) were aged 15. In total therefore, 316 (10.5%) of residents were school age. Education within the boundaries of the Parish is provided by two primary/junior schools – Godolphin Primary School in Godolphin Cross and Breage School in Breage. In 2018, Godolphin Primary School had 85 pupils, aged 4-11, with a capacity to take 105 pupils, while Breage School had 77 pupils aged 4-11, with a capacity to take 73 pupils. Very close to the parish boundaries are Germoe Community Primary School (57 pupils, 93 pupil capacity) and Sithney Primary School (89 pupils, 87 pupil capacity) to which some school age pupils from the Parish attend. Breage Parish does not have its own secondary school, so all pupils need to take some form of public or private transport to attend a secondary school. There are several options for secondary age pupils aged 11-16 to attend – Helston Community College, approximately 4 miles from the Parish, Mullion School, Mounts Bay Academy and Humphry Davy School in Penzance, Camborne Science & International Academy and Hayle Academy. For pupils aged 16 plus, two of these schools offer 16 plus education, Helston Community College and Camborne Science & International Academy. Pupils also have the option of attending Truro and Penwith Colleges in Truro and Penzance, and Cornwall College in Camborne. The nearest independent schools are St Pirans in Hayle, Truro School and Truro High School for Girls in Truro. There are no further or higher education facilities in the Parish.

Qualifications Table 15 that follows provides an over view of qualification levels in the Parish. Table 15: Qualification levels in Breage Parish

Qualifications and students Persons

Breage Parish

count %

All usual residents aged 16 and over 2,569 100.0

No qualifications 545 21.2

Level 1 qualifications 341 13.3

Level 2 qualifications 383 14.9

Apprenticeship 108 4.2

Level 3 qualifications 305 11.9

Level 4 qualifications and above 751 29.2

Other qualifications 136 5.3

Schoolchildren and full-time students: Age 16 to 17 47 1.8

Schoolchildren and full-time students: Age 18 and over 46 1.8

Full-time students: Age 18 to 74: Economically active: In employment 27 1.1

Full-time students: Age 18 to 74: Economically active: Unemployed 5 0.2

Full-time students: Age 18 to 74: Economically inactive 14 0.5

Source: Census of Population, 2011 The data indicates that:

• Around a fifth of residents of the Parish over 16 have no qualifications. • More encouragingly, just under a third have a qualification at Level 4 or above.

Economy Introduction This section of the report considers the broad issue of the economy and employment within the Parish. Economic Activity Table 16 that follows illustrates the levels and type of economic activity of residents of the Parish. Table 16: Economic activity in Breage Parish

Number % All usual residents 16 – 74 2271 Economically active 1503 66 In employment 1396 62 Part time 341 15 Full time 669 30 Self employed 383 17 Unemployed 58 3 Full time student 49 2 Economically inactive 768 34 Retired 521 23 Student 47 2 Looking after home/family 91 4 Long term sick 71 3 Other 38 2 Source: Census of Population, 2011 The data in the table indicates:

• Economic active rates are around 66% • Some 62% of residents are in employment • 17% residents are self employed • 23% of residents are retired The patterns of economic activity in the Parish are broadly similar to those across Cornwall as a whole with two key exceptions:

• Self-employment: levels of self-employment are relatively high in the Parish being three percentage points higher than the average for Cornwall as a whole (14%) • Retired: similarly the proportion of retired residents is also relatively high in the Parish being some four percentage points higher than across Cornwall as a whole (19%) Hours Worked Table 17 shows the broad distribution of hours worked by those residents in the Parish that are in employment. Table 17: Hours worked by residents of Breage Parish

Number % All residents 16-74 in employment 1435 Part time < 15 hours 166 12 Part time 16 – 30 hours 326 23 Full time 31 – 48 hours 717 50 Full time 49> hours 226 16 Source: Census of Population 2011

The data illustrates:

• Full time work of between 16 and 30 hours accounts for the employment of most residents of the Parish that are in employment. The patterns are similar to the position across Cornwall as a whole, although a higher proportion across the wider geography work full time for between 31 and 48 hours (52%) and a smaller proportion work full time for over 48 hours (14%). The proportion of residents working part time is broadly similar. Occupation Table 18 that follows shows the distribution of occupation for those residents of the Parish that are in employment. Table 18: Occupational structure of residents of Breage Parish

Number % All residents 16-74 in employment 1453 Managerial/director 207 14 Professional/scientific 217 15 Associate professional/technical 142 10 Administrative/secretarial 118 8 Skilled trades 276 19 Catering and leisure 139 10 Sales and customer services 109 8 Process/plant operatives 75 5 Elementary 152 11 Source: Census of Population, 2011 The occupational structure of the Parish is broadly similar to that of Cornwall as a whole but with a few key exceptions:

• Managerial/professional occupations: employment in managerial and professional occupations is three percentage points higher in the Parish than across Cornwall as a whole (11%) • Skilled trades: similarly, employment in skilled trades is two percentage points higher than across Cornwall (17%) • Process and plant operatives: conversely employment as process and plant operatives is two percentage points lower than Cornwall as a whole (7%), and the same is the case for administrative and secretarial occupations (10%) Industrial Structure There is little reliable evidence at the local level as to the number and type of businesses in the Parish, the nature and type of employment opportunities that these provide or the broader industrial structure of the Parish. However, local knowledge indicates that the Parish does not have any major industrial or commercial centres such as business or retail parks. It is likely therefore that the majority of businesses and therefore employment opportunities that are actually available within the Parish are to be found in the agriculture forestry and fishing, wholesale and retail, construction, tourism, education and health and social care sectors. The Parish contains several, normally family-run, small camp and caravan sites and several Bed and Breakfast locations that operate, usually on a seasonal basis, between April and September. Camp and caravan sites include Lower Polladras, Poldown, Wheal Vreagh Farm, Higher Pentreath, Higher Kenneggy, Tremorvu and Bracken Farm. All these are popular in the summer season as the Parish location gives easy access to both coast and countryside locations. However, the seasonal nature of the tourism industry in Cornwall means that employment and income in this activity is also seasonal.

Data is more readily available in respect of the type of industry actually worked in by residents of the Parish, either inside or outside of the Parish, and a summary of this is provided in the following table (Table 19). Table 19: Industrial sector worked in by residents of Breage Parish

Number % All residents 16-74 in employment 1453 Agriculture, forestry, fishing 93 7 Mining, quarrying 9 1 Manufacturing 87 6 Energy supply 5 <1 Water, sewage, waste 11 <1 Construction 139 10 Wholesale and retail 229 16 Transport 61 4 Accommodation/food services 120 8 Information, communication 21 2 Finance, insurance 17 1 Real estate 19 1 Professional, scientific, technical 74 5 Administration 58 4 Public administration, defence 92 6 Education 158 11 Health, social care 162 11 Other 80 6 Source: Census of Population, 2011 The data illustrates that:

• The greatest proportion of local residents (16%) work in the wholesale and retail sectors, followed by the education and health and social care sectors (both 11%). • Mining and quarrying, energy supply, water, sewage and waste, finance and insurance and real estate each account for the smallest (1% or less) proportion of industrial sectors in which local residents work. The industrial structure of the Parish broadly reflects that of Cornwall as a whole, but with a few key exceptions:

• Agriculture, forestry and fishing: employment in this sector is four percentage points higher than across Cornwall as a whole (3%). • Health and social care: employment in this sector is three percentage points lower than the picture for Cornwall (14%). • Manufacturing: manufacturing employment is two percentage points lower than across Cornwall as a whole (8%). Results of Household Survey Respondents to the second household survey were asked whether extra job opportunities should be provided in the Parish with some 66% of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing with this. However, when questioned whether large scale employment generating uses including industrial, commercial or retail facilities should be permitted in the Parish some 83% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed – with a majority (54%) strongly disagreeing.

Annexes: SUMMARY REPORT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN CONSULTATION – still undergoing consultation and will be added when available. ANNEX 1 BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN REPORT OF SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 INITIAL PROGRAMME OF PUBLIC MEETINGS Introduction This short report sets out the key findings and conclusions from a series of initial public meetings that were held across Breage Parish to explore the preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish. Schedule of Meetings Public meetings were advertised by posters in key locations and convened by the Parish Council in each of the five principal settlements in the Parish as follows:

• Praa Sands: 26 September 2017, 7.00 to 8.30 pm

• Godolphin Cross: 28 September 2017, 7.00 to 8.30 pm

• Breage: 5 October 2017, 7.00 to 8.30 pm

• Carleen: 7 October 2017, 2.00 to 3.30 pm

• Ashton: 11 October 2017, 7.00 to 8.30 pm The meetings had four key aims:

• To disseminate information on the purpose of Neighbourhood Plans and the process for their preparation.

• To explore community attitudes towards the opportunity to prepare a Neighbourhood Development Plan for Breage.

• To capture initial views from the community in respect of planning issues facing the Parish as a whole and each of its five main villages.

• To identify potential members of a ‘Neighbourhood Development Plan Steering Group’ to adopt the lead in the preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish. Each meeting followed a similar structure and reporting process:

• A presentation on the purpose of neighbourhood planning and the process to be adopted in preparing a Neighbourhood Development Plan.

• An examination of general maps and plans showing the extent of the Parish, key environmental constraints and features, and the general extent of each of the five main villages.

• A ‘question and answer’ session covering both the neighbourhood planning process and planning issues facing the Parish and its constituent villages, but also extending to cover a range of other issues that were pertinent to the local community.

• A short written report was prepared for each of the meetings and is available as a separate document. Each meeting was attended by Councillors Woodhams and Ralph from Breage Parish Council, and Councillor Keeling from Cornwall Council. A number of other parish councillors also attended one or more of the meetings.

Attendance at each of the meetings excluding Parish and Cornwall Councillors was as follows:

• Praa Sands: 10 members of the public

• Godolphin Cross: 15 members of the public

• Breage: 13 members of the public

• Carleen: 10 members of the public

• Ashton: 33 members of the public The general consensus is that the level of attendance at each of the meetings was ‘about average’ for a public meeting in that village, with the exception of Ashton which secured a relatively high turnout – this may well be reflective of the relatively high level of development pressure on the village. Preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan The views expressed by the community on whether a Neighbourhood Development Plan should be prepared were mixed, but tended on the whole to be towards the positive. Specific concerns that were raised included:

• Why prepare a Neighbourhood Development Plan if it is not compulsory?

• A Neighbourhood Development Plan will not give Breage Parish Council more authority, as planning applications will just go to appeal?

• How can it be ensured that the planning process will not be taken over high by individual interests?

• Who should decide whether it is worth preparing a Neighbourhood Development Plan?

• Will all relevant agencies be consulted?

• Why does evidence have to be provided to prevent development?

• What ‘teeth’ would a Neighbourhood Development Plan Steering Group have?

• Should members of a Neighbourhood Development Plan Steering Group be vetted and what should the membership be?

• What are the barriers/constraints to what Neighbourhood Development Plan can cover?

• Will Cornwall Council be able to help with the formulation of planning proposals and policies?

• Is it too late to prepare Neighbourhood Development Plan now that a number of relatively large planning applications have been approved?

• Will the local community and Parish Council have a stronger voice if a Neighbourhood Development Plan is in place?

• Does a ‘balanced view’ need to be taken in preparing a Neighbourhood Development Plan?

• Can a Neighbourhood Development Plan be ‘revisited’ once in place as it is a long time to 2030? Planning Issues Members of the local community expressed a range of helpful views in respect of scoping out potential land use planning issues facing the Parish and its principal villages including:

• Village boundaries need to be defined.

• Beach at Praa Sands needs to be protected from erosion.

• Green spaces need to be identified and preserved. 72

• Public transport needs to be improved.

• Traffic calming and safer walkways are needed (in Godolphin Cross)

• New developments need to provide adequate car parking provision.

• Land needs to be identified for a play area (in Godolphin Cross).

• Infill on very small sites should be resisted.

• Affordable housing is needed for young people.

• Explore need for a new or ‘super school’.

• Valuable public buildings should be preserved.

• Traffic speeds need to be reduced.

• Conservation Area status (in Breage) needs to be stronger.

• Doctors/dentists surgeries are required.

• Explore a stipulation on second homes.

• Breage field is a special amenity area.

• Affordable housing should have a maximum selling price.

• Infrastructure needs to come before/with development and not after it.

• An appropriate use is needed for the old motel site on the A394.

• Playing fields need to be protected from development.

• Identify an appropriate location for a village hall (in Ashton) Conclusions The following key conclusions can be drawn from the initial round of public meetings: 1. Although views on whether to prepare a Neighbourhood Development Plan were mixed there was sufficient support to proceed to the next stage – the distribution and analysis of an initial Parish wide house hold survey. 2. A range of initial views were expressed on potential planning issues to be addressed but these are relatively well defined and largely have a focus on conserving and protecting existing assets.

ANNEX 2 BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN REPORT OF NOVEMBER 2017 INITIAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY Introduction This short report sets out the key findings and conclusions from an initial survey of households in Breage Parish exploring the opportunity to prepare a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish. Methodology Some 1,300 questionnaires were hand delivered by parish councillors and volunteer helpers to normally resident households in the Parish – the 2011 Census of Population indicating that there are 1,306 normally resident households in the Parish. The questionnaire followed the model suggested for initial household surveys from Cornwall Council’s online Neighbourhood Development Plan Toolkit and was accompanied by a covering letter from the Chair of Breage Parish Council. Distribution of the questionnaires largely took place over the weekend commencing 2 November 2017, with a closure date of the 24 November 2017 set for the return of questionnaires to Breage Parish Council. With a reliance on the use of hand delivery by volunteers it cannot be guaranteed that the questionnaire was distributed to all households in the Parish. Recognising this and in order to provide a potential fall back solution a copy of the questionnaire was also made available through the Breage Parish Council web site. The questionnaire sought views on a number of topics:

• To explore community attitudes towards the opportunity to prepare a Neighbourhood Development Plan for Breage.

• To capture initial views from the community in respect of what are seen as positive attributes of living in the Parish, and of what could be improved.

• To what topics should be considered in a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish.

• To identify potential volunteers from the community that might wish to contribute in some way towards the preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish. Response Rate At the close of the initial survey period some 141 completed questionnaires had been returned to Breage Parish Council. This represents a response of some 11%. Consultation with officers of Cornwall Council indicates that this is around the average for other parishes across Cornwall that have embarked on the preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan and have used the initial questionnaire from the Council’s Neighbourhood Development Plan Toolkit. Preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan A large majority (95%) of respondents to the survey considered that producing a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish was a good idea. Although a myriad of reasons were given as to why preparing a Neighbourhood Development Plan was considered a good idea these largely fell into three broad categories:

• Local involvement in policy making: the opportunity for the local community to have a say on the future development of the Parish.

• Provide a more local flavour to existing policies: the opportunity to add detail to and interpret strategic policies that currently apply to the Parish.

Not all respondents considered that the preparation of Neighbourhood Development Plan was a good idea. A small minority (5%) either did not know or considered the preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan to be a bad idea. The main reasons for this were as follows:

• Neighbourhood Development Plan will lead to unwanted development.

• Scarce resources should be spent on other things.

• Parish Council will not respect local views.

• Unnecessary administrative burden and bureaucratic. Positives of Living in Breage A large and varied number of responses were received in respect of what are considered to be the positive aspects of living in the Parish, but the most common of these fell into the following categories:

• Countryside and rurality: the rural nature of the Parish and its local countryside, including a network of footpaths, landscape and wildlife are highly valued.

• Coastline and beaches: the coastline to the south of the Parish and its associated beaches are seen as positive attributes.

• Community spirit: kith and kin connections, neighbourliness and a generally strong community spirit are considered positive characteristics of living in the Parish.

• Quiet and tranquil: the relatively peaceful nature of the locale, and a low incidence of anti social behaviour and crime are all valued.

• Community facilities: the on-going availability and access to various community facilities are seen as positives, particularly in the village of Breage.

• Access to nearby towns: the relative ease of access to nearby towns including Helston and Penzance via the local road network is seen as a positive attribute of the Parish. Other ‘positives’ that were identified by respondents include:

• Breage Church

• Local schools

• Cornishness

• Clean air

• Population diversity

• Most homes occupied all year

• Nice, older properties

• Bus routes

• Dark skies

• Green spaces

• Local history

• Superfast broadband

Potential Improvements for Breage A myriad of suggestions were put forward in respect of ways in which the Parish could be improved but only four broad categories that demonstrated some commonality:

• Community facilities: although the availability of community facilities is seen as a positive attribute of the Parish respondents also suggest that there is a need to extend and improve these further, particularly in Ashton and in respects of services for younger people and the over 50s.

• Footpath network: the network of public footpaths and bridleways that runs across the Parish is also seen as a positive but one that requires enhanced maintenance and improved access and signage.

• Litter

• Too much development in Ashton

• More consultation with local residents

• Improve policy engagement

• Maintain roads

• Improve old motel site on A394

• More litter/dog dirt bins

• More support for local events

• Maintain hedgerows

• Get local people together more

• Re-use empty properties

• Provide public toilets in Breage

• Impact assess all housing developments

• Keep Praa Sands public toilets open

• A more central role for Breage Parish Church

• Fewer caravans to be sited on domestic sites

• Improve public transport

• Holiday lets to pay council tax

• Offer vacant land to local people

• Curb second homes

• Stop light pollution

• Improve the ‘horsepool’

• Parish Council to be more visible to the electorate

• Provide space for business

• No more houses to be built

• Provide a community website

• Lighting needed in smaller hamlets

• Cut overgrown hedges/verges

• Provide mains drainage

• More public seating

• Neighbourhood Watch Scheme

• Display council meetings better

• Keep local settlements separate and distinct

• Build in traditional materials and terrace style

• Fewer solar panels/satellite dishes on domestic properties

• Improve enforcement

• Improve upkeep of Breage Church

• Provide low level street lights

• More police

• Unblock drains

• Reduce weeds

• Tidy up Praa Sands

• More public houses

• Cheap bus fairs and improved provision

• Cycle lanes

• Sustainable growth

• Church services

• Clean up beaches

• Reduce take up of green fields

• Stop seagull feeding

Topics to be Considered by a Neighbourhood Development Plan The table below sets out the level of support for a Neighbourhood Development Plan addressing a range of different topics. Topics to be considered in a Neigbourhood Development Plan

Rank Topic % in support

1= Community facilities 93

1= Open space, footpaths 93

3 Transport, traffic 87

4 Location, distribution of development 86

5= Historic environment, heritage 84

5= Type of housing 84

7 Landscape 83

8 Recreation, leisure facilities 81

9= Housing design 77

9= Housing numbers 77

11 Wildlife 75

12 Second homes, holiday homes 69

13 Renewable energy 59

14 Education, skills 57

15 Economy, jobs 52

The data indicates the following:

• All of the topics secured a majority (50%+) in support of their inclusion in a Neighbourhood Development Plan.

• There are two clear ‘front runners’ that secured the greatest level of support – community facilities and open spaces, footpaths.

• There are three clear ‘back sliders’ that secured the lowest level of support – economy, jobs, education skills, and renewable energy

• Other potential topics to be considered in a Neighbourhood Development Plan fall between these two extremes. In order to give greater direction to the topics that a Neighbourhood Development Plan for Breage might elect to prioritise it is helpful to group the above responses into convenient categories demarked by percentiles – this is summarised in the table overleaf.

Typology of support for topics to be included in a Neighbourhood Development Plan

Relative % band Topics importance

Most important 91 – 100 Community facilities Open spaces, footpaths

Important 81 – 90 Transport, traffic Location, distribution of development Historic environment, heritage Type of housing Landscape Recreational facilities

Mixed 71 – 80 Housing design Housing numbers Wildlife

Less important 61 – 70 Second homes, holiday homes

Least important 51 – 60 Renewable energy Education, skills Economy, jobs

The above typography suggests that a Neighbourhood Development Plan for Breage should:

• Definitely consider issues related to ‘community facilities’ and ‘open spaces, footpaths’.

• Give consideration as to whether the issues of ‘housing design’, ‘housing numbers’ and ‘wildlife’ need to be addressed.

• Think carefully as to whether the issue of ‘second homes, holiday homes’ needs to be addressed.

• Probably not consider issues relating to ‘renewable energy’, ‘education, skills’ and ‘economy, jobs’.

Other Topics In identifying ‘other topics’ that a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish might focus on many responses commonly reiterated topics already listed in the schedule of 15 potential topic areas set out above or areas for improvement in the Parish that had been previously identified. Additional comments that do not fall into either of these categories are listed below for completeness:

• Link villages together socially

• Transport scheme to doctors/hospital

• Food recycling

• More dog access to Praa Sands beach

• Discount scheme for solar panels

• Prepare a register of vested interests

• Tourism

• Protect green fields in centre of Breage

• Keep school class size small

• Fiscal penalties for second homes

• Fiscal limit on sale price of new homes

• Provide accommodation for farm workers

• Improve care of cemeteries

• Prevent coastal erosion

• Boundary issues on building plots

• Tackle car parking prices and provide disabled parking

• Resist proposals for big retail stores/heavy industry

• Keep community pubs open

• No planning permissions granted until Neighbourhood Development Plan in place Conclusions The following key conclusions can be drawn from the initial household survey: 1. A large majority of respondents support the preparation of a Neighbourhood Development Plan for Breage and consider that this will promote greater local involvement in policy making, give direction to the future development of the Parish, and provide a more local flavour to existing more strategic policies. 2. There is evident commonality in respect of local perceptions of the positives of living in the Parish and these focus on: rurality and the countryside, the coastline and beaches, community spirit, quiet and tranquillity, community facilities and access to nearby towns. 3. A Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish should seek to protect, retain and build upon these positive attributes. 4. There is also some commonality in respect of those areas in which respondents consider the Parish could be improved with a focus on: traffic management, the protection and provision of community facilities, the maintenance and enhancement of the footpath network, and the provision of affordable housing to meet local needs.

5. A Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish should look to explore how these issues could be addressed from a development and land use perspective. 6. Although all potential topics secured majority support for consideration in a Neighbourhood Development Plan there were two clear front runners and three back sliders: the former being ‘community facilities’ and ‘footpaths, open spaces’ and the latter being ‘economy, jobs’, ‘education, skills’ and ‘renewable energy’. 7. This would intimate that a Neighbourhood Development Plan for the Parish is likely to need to explore issues and provide policy coverage in respect of ‘community facilities’ and ‘footpaths and open spaces’ but is much less likely to need to consider issues relating to the economy, education and renewable energy. 8. Other topics that scored highly at this juncture include traffic and transport, the location of new development, heritage, type of housing, landscape and recreational facilities: this would suggest that these should also be considered further through the Neighbourhood Development Plan process. 9. Housing design, housing numbers, wildlife and second homes scored less highly at this juncture, and careful consideration should therefore be given to whether or how a Neighbourhood Development Plan should address these.

ANNEX 3 BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN REPORT OF EXHIBITION AT ASHTON AND GODOLPHIN FETES JULY 2018 Godolphin on the 8th July 2018 The day was a hot sunny Sunday and some 30 individual stalls and larger tents were erected in the grounds of the local National Trust property and adjacent to the distinguished and well-known Godolphin House. The event was organised by the Godolphin Cross Community Association as in previous years, which is grateful to be able to work with the National Trust to raise funds for local needs and the community. 2018 proceeds were targeted to help pay for the refurbishment of the village chapel to provide future accommodation suitable for a range of local organisations and groups. (In particular to pay for the Land Fill Tax expected.) An estimate of 1000 visitors has been given for the day by GCCA, the programme hours running from 11.00am to 4.00pm. Apart from the craft stalls there was food and drink available and activities for children and entertainment in the form of music. This is the largest local event in the vicinity. The NDP steering group manned a tent and display showing the extent of the Parish, posters of our remit and inviting comments. We had appreciated at the outset that visitors could be from places outside the exact boundaries but we invited comment from one and all, separating those of parishioners from others, just to be clear. This was achieved by explaining a simple system of alternative note colours to interested persons. Over the day 47 comments were received and these have been transcribed into an appendix herewith. A photo record has been kept of the notes. Responses - initial summary. The greatest response was in respect of traffic issues, mainly from a lack of safety viewpoint, many concentrating on excessive and /or non-monitored speed especially in the vicinity of schools and junctions. Solutions suggested included bumps in the road, new signs and better policing. One stretch of road has young children walking along to recreation and games/ sports lessons. Parking here was also raised. Protection of the environment and wildlife, plus the nationally important mining heritage were seen as issues and retaining open countryside. Provision of affordable housing for local people is required Ashton on the 14th July 2018 A beautiful day and a well-attended event serving the village raising funds and providing food drink and entertainment in stalls and tents. The NDP steering group again manned a tent and display showing the extent of the Parish, posters of our remit and inviting comments. We had appreciated at the outset that visitors could be from places outside the exact boundaries but we invited comment from one and all, and as it happened all were from parishioners. Over the day 6 comments were received and these have been transcribed into an appendix herewith. A photo record has been kept of the notes. Responses - initial summary. The greatest response was in respect of traffic issues, mainly from speed restriction / control view, the need to improve bridleways and footpaths plus a request for allotments. The danger with the combination of horses and motor vehicles is a concern. Comments received on post-it notes

Godolphin Fete 8th July 2018 From Breage Parishioners:

• Verges need cutting along the narrow roads

• Wild flowers need protecting – do not mow verges [verbal]

• This area is a very valuable natural area and needs increased protections (Tindene Woods)

• Tindene Engine house needs to be preserved

• Keep it small, keep it simple and in keeping with what is already in place. Andrew and Denise Trewithen Terrace

• This corner is now extremely dangerous due to new entrance/ exit to new house. (SG have no note of exactly where this is, sorry)

• What is going on with these fields? Lower Trescowe Fm.. Excavations. Material dumped in fields?

• Wheal Prosper Engine house needs to be preserved

• Speed limits before the village of Godolphin Cross

• Public loos at Praa Sands! And everywhere else.

• Praa Sands – love the beaches and footpaths. Don’t like the big proposed housing developments

• Extend the 30mph zone past the turning for the school playing fields. Children on a 60mph road!! Bonkers. (Assume this is Godolphin Cross which fits the circumstances)

• On the sharp bend at Boscreege, - mirrors in hedge to see oncoming traffic (this happens to be in Germoe CP)

• Speed bumps on Herland Rd Godolphin Cross, please!!

• Speed reduction or bumps along Herland Rd Godolphin Cross

• Affordable housing for the next generation in Godolphin

• Godolphin – sort out parking outside school

• Trewithen Terrace - control speeding 20 mph on this terrace. (This happens to be in Germoe PC)

• Godolphin Cross – reduce speed limit in village, CMR

• Ditto – Yes please 20mph, Ted

• Trees should not be planted on World Heritage Site small-holding fields. People buying these properties [to be told] that they are buying a World Heritage property. Great Work Hill.

• Create affordable housing in the Godolphin area for local families

• Speed bumps earlier than the 30mph limit, pavements from Herland Park and Herland barn for school children safety

• Trew – need to slow the traffic through Trew

• Pavement between Breage and Ashton, please!

• Road from Carleen through to Helston speed bumps . Cats are getting killed! Resident Breage

• Love the open spaces. Footpaths could be better maintained (some are blocked locally). More frequent buses (I can dream!)

• Don’t forget Godolphin Cross

• Moved from the city to a clean, fresh unspoiled environment. Want it to remain unspoiled.

• We need a conversation about how to keep wildlife corridors in this intensively famed area – gardens can be of great value, but not if they are sub-urbanised

• Breage – Protect the park and the spaces surrounding, including neighbouring fields – the park is amazing! The post office is essential.

• Protect open countryside in area. Too much pressure to develop with housing etc

• Speed bumps on road from Trew to Breage PLEASE!.

• Ditto Breage !!

• Speed bumps on Higher Road – cars etc are very fast and a lot of children use the park.

• Traffic calming measures through Breage!

• Traffic ridiculously quick between Carleen and Hayle Rd, past Wheal Vor

• Traffic too fast on road despite 30mph limit. 38 comments From Non-Breage Parishioners

• We enjoy open spaces and wish to keep these; traffic in this area is very fast – no one keeps to 40mph – not safe to walk on the road

• Cut back vegetation on tracks on Tregonning Hill

• Insist and future development requires the developer to actually build infrastructure not just make (or fail to make) a pathetic contribution.

• Speed signs in the area – everyone thinks they can drive at 40 -60 mph - Boscreege resident

• There is no speed limit on our road and there are about 20 children. We want a speed limit of 20mph on Trewithen Terrace (This happens to be in Germoe PC)

• Clear fly-tipping along the public footpaths along the valley to Wheal Fortune.

• Second home owners should pay equivalent council tax that local people pay. (Gweek resident)

• I love the wild flowers along the lanes – (Illogan resident)

• Please build more bungalows anywhere (2 or 3 bed. detached) (Hayle resident) 9 comments Comments received on post-it notes

Ashton Fete 14th July 2018 From Breage Parishioners

• Improvements to pedestrian pathways and cycle tracks; possibly develop the existing bridleway/footpath network,

• Bridlepaths – as very few in Parish, need safe places to ride off roads

• Bridleways are inadequate; danger to riders, horses and drivers is very worrying.

• Better speed traffic management through Ashton

• Could we please have allotments in Ashton

• Can we please have effective speed control through Breage in the 30 zone, please. 6 comments

ANNEX 4 BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN Carleen Table Top Sale report back (review and actions) July 28th 2018 The Carleen Table Top Sale allowed the Steering Group the opportunity to display the map of the Parish and the background information on Neighbourhood Development Plans. As with our Godolphin Fete display, we asked that if anybody had any positive or negative thoughts on the issues facing the Parish that they wrote a brief note on a Post-It and put it on the map, over a relevant area of the map, if the issue/thought was specific to one part of the map. Chris Ralph and I were on hand to explain the background and importance of the NDP and the role of the Steering Group in putting together the NDP. Over the three and a half hours of the Sale we had a fair amount of interest and eight responses in the form of Post-Its placed on the map. All eight responses were from people who lived in Breage Parish. Three responses referred to housing in both Breage and Carleen and requested that there should only be housing development in delegated areas and that this housing should be affordable housing for locals and not luxury bungalows. Also, the lack of buses, shops, etc to support any new housing. Three responses were linked to traffic – concerning the dangerous stretches of highway between Polladras Corner and Trew to Carleen Bus stop, often caused by overgrown verges, and the need for traffic calming between Carleen and Breage. Also, that some signs are obscured by verge foliage and that some signs need repairing. Another response was a request for more bridleways in the Wheal Vor area was made. The final response was a positive response regarding the children’s playground in Breage which is perceived as being very safe for young children, an excellent facility and a request that it continues to be maintained and safety checks on equipment be regularly carried out.

ANNEX 5 BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN REPORT OF EXHIBITION AT CARLEEN VILLAGE SHOW SEPTEMBER 2018 Carleen Village Show report back (review and actions) September 8th 2018 The Carleen Village Show allowed the Steering Group the opportunity to display the map of the Parish and the background information on Neighbourhood Development Plans. As with our earlier events over 2018, we asked that if anybody had any positive or negative thoughts on the issues facing the Parish that they wrote a brief note on a Post-It and put it on the map, over a relevant area of the map, if the issue/thought was specific to one part of the map. David Davies, Ian Stovell and Chris Ralph were on hand to explain the background and importance of the NDP and the role of the Steering Group in putting together the NDP. Over the two and a half hours of the show we had a fair amount of interest but only three responses in the form of Post-Its placed on the map. All responses were from people who lived in Breage Parish. The responses were:

• Highway safety issues arising from granite blocks falling into the road. • Protection of views to Breage Church. • Provide more local needs housing in each of the main villages. The majority of discussions with parishioners focussed on retaining the character of the Parish, and controlling development to ensure that this character is not compromised.

ANNEX 6 BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN REPORT OF EXHIBITION AT TREVENA XMAS EXTRAVAGANZA FAIR DECEMBER 2018 Trevena Cross Christmas Extravaganza The owner, Graham Jeffrey, kindly allowed us to set up our Breage NDP display amongst the 60 stalls in Trevena Cross Garden Centre’s Christmas Extravaganza on the two weekends of December 8th/ 9th and 15th/ 16th 2018. Due to the size of the event and the numbers of people involved, many people took time out to read, ask about and comment on the NDP. Many were from out of Parish and were interested in the concept and took back information and ideas for their own Parish NDP’s, while others were determined to get involved in their own. For those who live in the Parish it was a chance to learn about the Breage NDP, a chance to ask about where the process is currently at and for us to make sure that they were aware of the questionnaire that they will receive early in 2019 and to emphasise the need to fill the questionnaire in and return it to the Steering Group for analysis and integrate the results into the final Plan. Although the bulk of responses were from residents of Breage and Ashton villages we did get responses from the geographical extremes of the Parish – from Trenwheal in the far north to Millpool in the north west and from Sethnoe Way in the south east There were 32 written Post-it responses, but many other people read what was written on the Post-its and stated that what they agreed with what had been said on them. Nine of the written responses were concerned with the problem of traffic speeding through the narrow roads of the Parish and the danger that this was posing for other traffic users, people on bicycles and pedestrians. The pedestrians included parents walking their children to school, people walking to bus stops and walkers. The locations highlighted on the display were the Breage to Carleen road, within the village of Breage itself (referring to the main Helston-Penzance through road – the A394), the Poldown Nursery corner, the Nancegollan-Godolphin road, the Godolphin-Great Work road and Sethnoe Way. People asked for the extension of the 30mph speed limit throughout the roads of the Parish; 20mph speed limits in villages and hamlets, physical traffic calming in the roads and more triggered flashing warning signs such as that currently in Ashton. The volume of traffic on the A394 through Ashton is also making it difficult for those who live south of the road to access the pub, church, chapel and playing field to the north of the road. A zebra crossing near the Lion and Lamb public house was suggested by one respondent. The poor and expensive public transport links within the Parish was highlighted, helping to explain the very high level of private car ownership in the Parish, and the limitation this put on the ability of many to shop in surrounding larger towns, get to doctors/optician’s appointments, obtain cash/pay in cheques and get to the remaining Post Office in Breage. The demographic of respondents was almost exclusively 50 plus (subjective analysis I must point out!) but, after traffic speeding, the majority of responses highlighted the lack of affordable housing for young, first time buyers, many with the inability to raise a deposit or raise a mortgage for high cost housing. There was opposition to high end housing; the perceived need to stop a free-for-all in planning permission policy; the possible locations of any new housing was raised with suggestions of the eastern and southern outskirts of Breage. There were several requests for the NDP to highlight a need for affordable housing in the Parish, especially for young people who were finding it difficult to both raise a deposit and/or pay for the size of mortgage needed to buy a building plot or house in the Parish. One suggestion was for a percentage of any new housing development to be made available to locals only or first-time buyers. There was specific opposition by three respondents to the possible housing development of the fields in the centre of Breage; two requests that the fibre of Ashton not be destroyed by virtually doubling its size and

88 one request to prevent the overdevelopment of Praa Sands. Associated with these requests was the wish to preserve the green spaces in the villages of the Parish and in the centre of Breage in particular – reference was made by many Breage residents to the planning applications for housing in the fields near the Queens Arms and how this would have a detrimental effect on the character of the centre of the village. The use of some of these fields for more community events, such as for local markets, was suggested. There were two written and several oral responses concerning the lack of preservation of the wildlife and unique ecology of the Great Work, Tregonning Hill and the Great Wheal Vor/Carnmeal Downs valley and it’s mining heritage, including the remaining engine houses, mine stacks and other mining structures and roads, such as Rocky Lane near Great Work and Wilson’s Shaft/Engine House and Chimney in Great Wheal Vor. The cutbacks to English Nature have meant that the SSSI’s in the Parish are no longer being managed and this has led to the disappearance of at least one UK endangered plant species. There were three requests concerning the clearance of overgrown footpaths and the unlocking of gates on public footpaths and by-ways (specifically on the eastern access to Tregonning Hill). In particular one respondent wanted the bridleway link to be cleared/opened up through Sparnon Lane and Tregonning Hill. Three young couples with pre-school children highlighted the need for a Pre-school and Breakfast Club facilities to be set up in Breage and for help in funding a new pre-school building in the village.

ANNEX 7 BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN REPORT OF CONSULTATION MEETINGS WITH CHILDREN OF BREAGE AND GODOLPHIN CROSS SCHOOLS

ANNEX 9 BREAGE PARISH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN TABULATIONS FROM SECOND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

SECOND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ANALYSIS OF RESULTS BY PERCENTAGE Survey undertaken over January 2019, closing date of 31 January. Mail out, e-survey and down loadable with response rate of 506 out of 1450 = 35% General How long have you lived in Breage Parish?

< 5 years 5 – 10 years 11 – 25 years 25+ years All life 118 23% 62 13% 143 28% 146 29% 37 7%

N = 506 Which village or hamlet in Breage Parish do you live in or near?

Ashton Breage Carleen Godolphin Praa Other (please Cross Sands/Germoe specify)

Cross Roads 13% 10% 19% 23% 13% 22%

N= 506 What are the best three things about living in Breage Parish (circle three only)?

Countryside Coast Community Tranquillity Facilities Accessibility 432 31% 340 24% 194 14% 313 22% 39 3% 97 7%

All responses = 1415 Support for a Neighbourhood Development Plan Do you think the local community should have a stronger say in the future planning of Breage Parish?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 1% 0% 5% 33% 61%

N= 497 Community Facilities Should existing village and community halls in Breage Parish be retained for continued community use?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 0% 0% 4% 30% 65%

N= 492

Should the refurbishment of existing village and community halls in Breage Parish be encouraged?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 0% 1% 10% 40% 49%

N= 496 Should the development of new village and community halls in Breage Parish be encouraged?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 4% 11% 37% 25% 22%

N = 485 Should the retention of local facilities such as shops, public houses and social clubs in Breage Parish be encouraged?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 0% 1% 3% 24% 71%

N= 498 Open Space, Footpaths and Bridleways Should open and/or green spaces within and adjoining villages in Breage Parish be protected from development?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 1% 3% 7% 18% 72%

N=498 Should public footpaths, bridleways and byways in Breage Parish be retained and enhanced?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 0% 0% 2% 26% 71%

N= 490 Should existing playing fields/play spaces in Breage Parish be retained and protected from development?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 0% 0% 2% 21% 77%

N= 484 Parking and Roads Should roads and the road system in Breage Parish be made safer for cyclists, horses and pedestrians?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 1% 3% 18% 36% 42%

N = 495 Should speed restrictions and/or traffic calming be promoted on roads within and between villages in Breage Parish? 92

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 4% 6% 14% 28% 47%

N= 503 Location of Development Should the open countryside in Breage Parish be protected and retained?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 0% 1% 6% 22% 71%

N= 493 Should the further expansion of the main settlements in Breage Parish be resisted?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 2% 8% 22% 26% 43%

N= 493 Should the expansion of the main settlements in Breage Parish be encouraged?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 28% 29% 26% 13% 5%

N= 487 Should settlement boundaries be established around the main villages in Breage Parish to protect the open countryside and avoid over expansion?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 1% 3% 8% 36% 53%

N= 497 Should development in smaller hamlets in Breage Parish be carefully controlled in order to preserve their character?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 0% 3% 7% 35% 55%

N= 505 Should new development in Breage Parish generally be small scale, with off road access and parking, and reflect local architectural styles?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 1% 1% 5% 32% 61%

N= 500 What would worry you most about new development in Breage Parish (circle 3 only)?

Traffic Loss of Parking Loss of open Impact on Change of countryside space infrastructure local character 21% 21% 14% 14% 20% 10%

All responses = 1402 Heritage To what extent do you value the presence of the World Heritage Site in Breage Parish?

Very highly Highly Neutral Little Very little 37% 27% 22% 5% 8%

N= 503 Housing From the existing Cornwall Local Plan it is estimated that a minimum of an additional 17 new houses (over and above those that have already been built or secured planning permission since 2010) will be required in Breage Parish over the period to 2030 in order to meet the Cornwall Local Plan requirements. Should new market housing development in Breage Parish be limited and if so at what level?

At estimate (17) Estimate+10% Estimate +25% Estimate+50% No limit 64% 19% 9% 6% 3%

N= 473 If additional housing is required where should it be provided in Breage Parish (select two only)?

On previously developed land within/adjacent to existing villages 43%

On a number of small sites spread across the parish’s villages 27%

On one or two large sites within or adjacent to existing villages 4%

On land/property associated with redundant farm buildings 25%

On land in the open countryside 1%

All responses: 931 If additional housing is required what type should be provided in Breage Parish (select three only)?

Private rented 7%

Social rented 17%

Shared ownership 19%

Low cost to buy 30%

Medium cost to buy 21%

High cost to buy 6%

All responses:1325 Should self-build homes on small sites for and by local people in Breage Parish be supported?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 3% 4% 24% 40% 29%

N= 496 Landscape

To what extent do you value the presence of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Area of Special Landscape Value that falls in Breage Parish?

Very highly Highly Neutral Little Very Little 59% 27% 6% 2% 6%

N= 501 Wildlife Should corridors and sites that are of wildlife importance in Breage Parish be protected and enhanced?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 4% 0% 6% 22% 68%

N= 498 Second Homes Do you think there are too many second homes/holiday lets in Breage Parish?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 2% 5% 39% 24% 30%

N = 529 Do you think second homes/holiday lets in Breage Parish have a negative impact on the local housing market and/or the sustainability of local communities?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 2% 7% 29% 34% 29%

N= 488 Renewable Energy Should large scale wind turbines and/or wind farms be sited in Breage Parish?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 45% 22% 21% 8% 4%

N= 496 Should large scale solar panel arrays be sited in Breage Parish?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 42% 19% 23% 12% 5%

N= 481 Economy Should extra job opportunities be provided in Breage Parish?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 3% 3% 28% 44% 22%

N= 483

Should large scale industrial, commercial or retail development be permitted in Breage Parish?

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 54% 29% 12% 4% 1%

N= 485 The Future Chose four words from the list below to describe how you would like Breage Parish to be described in 2030?

Accessible 5% Sustainable 10%

Affordable 8% Traditional 9%

Attractive 11% Tranquil 13%

Friendly 16% Vibrant 2%

Prosperous 4% Unchanged 4%

Safe 18% Other (please specify) By-passed; properly resourced; transparent; more affordable; local facilities; unspoilt; peaceful; environmentally friendly; open minded; green; conserved; improved environmentally; good cudtodian of its natural environment. 1%

All responses = 1919

ANNEX 9 WILDLIFE SECTION REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

1. Maps and Interpretation

• ERCCIS Landcover Habitat with ERCCIS Hedges Project data • Cornwall Hedges Metadata • Symbols of Landcover - Phase One Cornwall • Selected Designations and Features of Conservation Interest • Layered Breage CP Wildlife Resource Map 2018 • ERCCIS Priority Habitat Map • Phase I Habitat Interpretation Map • ERCCIS Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) • Priority Habitat Interpretation Key • ERCCIS Land Cover 2005 Interpretation Key • ERCCIS Priority Habitat Map

2. Species List

• Parish-wide SoCC Listed Species Summary Report 2019 • ERCCIS Notable Species Search – Abbreviations Details

3. Citations for SSSI’s

• Folly Rocks SSSI • Great Wheal Fortune SSSI • Porthcew SSSI • Tregonning Hill SSSI • Tremearne Par SSSI • West Cornwall Bryophytes SSSI (Noonvares, Land to the East of Godolphin Bridge)

4. County Wildlife Sites

• K3.3 - Porthleven to Lesceave Cliff CWS • K3.4 - Praa Sands to Prussia Cove CWS • K28 - Tregonning Hill CWS • K30 - Godolphin Warren CWS • K31 - Carnmeal Downs CWS • P-K1.5 - Relubbus Ponds CWS

5. Guidance notes

• Wildlife Resource Map for Neighbourhood Planning • Homes for people and wildlife Guidance Notes • Lighting in the Countryside: Towards Good • Practice • Biodiversity and Geological Conservation – Planning good practice Guide