Index
A humor-specific activation, 273 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 324 hypothalamus influence, positive emotions, 275 Adaptive glucose sensors, 213–214 limbic-affective and mesolimbic reward circuits, 273 Adenosine mini-sequence of pictures, 273–274
A1and A2A receptors, 87–88 mPFC and hypocretin deficiency, 275 narcolepsy, sleep homeostasis MRI data analysis, 275 hypocretin neurons, 90 NC patient hypothalamic activity, 274 MWT trials, 90 neurobiological implications, 275–276 narcolepsy patients, 90 time-course assessment, 275 self-medicate excessive, 91 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 333, 353 sleep-wake regulation, 89 Animal phenomenological model, 177 physiological sleep Animal physiologically based model caffeine-induced insomnia, 101, 102 neuronal populations and modulatory input, 178, 179
SeCl4-induced insomnia, 101 REM sleep abnormalities, 178, 181 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 218 sleep/wake fragmentation, 181–182 Adult narcolepsy sleep/wake regulation, 178, 180 ICSD–2, 370–371 Antidepressants narcolepsy with cataplexy cataplexy, 287 clinical onset and clinical course, 376–377 REM sleep behaviour disorder, 298 coexistent polysomnographic abnormalities, 377 restless leg syndrome, 287 EDS, 372 Anti-neuronal antibodies, 22–23 history, 372–373 Anti-self T lymphocytes HLA subtype, 377 macrophages/microglial cells, 21–22 hypersomnia, 376 narcolepsy, factors, 21–22 hypnagogic hallucinations, 377 Appetite and obesity hypnopompic hallucinations, 377 actigraphic study, 235–236 hypocretin–1 levels, 375–376 age- and gender-matched control, 229 MSLT, 373–375 BMI and waist circumference, 228–229 sleep paralysis, 377 clinical observation, 227 narcolepsy without cataplexy eating disorder atypical cataplexy, 378 age-and socioeconomic status-matched control, 231 biological basis, 380 BED, 230 clinical onset and clinical course, 379 cataplectic symptom, 230–231 EDS, 378 DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, 232 HLA typing, 380 feeding behavior, 230 hypersomnia, 379 5-HT-mediated carbohydrate craving, 230–231 hypnopompic hallucinations, 379 psychometric test, 231 polysomnography, MSLT, 379 SIAB-S questionnaire, 231–232 recurrent hypnagogic hallucinations, 379 energy expenditure, 234–235 recurrent sleep paralysis, 349 leptin hypothesis, 229–230 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 331–332 mean body mass index and standard deviation, 228 Ambiguous sleep, 298 night eating syndrome Amygdala NEQ, 232–233 clinical implications, 275–276 sleep-related eating disorder, 233–234 CS+ trials during acquisition, 275 orexin role, 227
C.R. Baumann et al. (eds.), Narcolepsy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment, 419 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8390-9, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 420 Index
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), 323 sleepy subjects, 315 Armodafinil, 415 symptomatic cataplexy, 316 Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), 108, 109 Central nervous system (CNS) Associated comorbidities treatment, 414 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 324 Atypical cataplexy, 294 anti-Ma2 associated encephalitis, 324–325 Atypical eating disorder, 303 Behçet’s disease, 325–326 Autoimmune disorders, 316, 317 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 324 Autoimmunity, 24 infections, 326–327 multiple sclerosis, 323 neuromyelitis optica, 323–324 B tumors, 327–328 Behaviorally-induced insufficient sleep syndrome Children (BIISS), 361 cataplectic facies, 290, 291 Behavioral modification treatment, 410 isolated cataplectic attacks, 311 Behçet’s disease, 325–326 treatment of narcolepsy Binge eating disorder (BED), 230 associated comorbidities, 404–405 Borbely two-process model, 183 cataplexy, 404 Brain circuits dyssomnia, 404 amphetamine-like treatments, 277 excessive daytime sleepiness, 403–404 emotional processes and reward, 277 immunosuppressant treatments, 405 game-like task, 277–278 IVIg perfusion, 405, 406 Hcrt activity, 277 medication-based therapies, 402 mesolimbic and midbrain reward system, 277 new therapeutic alternatives, 405 Brain trauma, 25 non-medication-based approaches, 401–402 Bromocriptine, 287 streptococcal infections, 406 Bruxism, 302 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 133–134 Clonazepam, 298 Cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), 204 C Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), 154 Caffeine, 88–89 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 218 Cataplectic facies, 290, 291 Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), 286 Cataplexy animal models, 295 consequences of, 293–294 D definition, 289–290 Depression diagnostic classification, 294 affective regulation diagnostic criteria, 315 chronic social defeat stress, 244 diagnostic tools, 294 intracranial self stimulation, 245 differential diagnosis, 294, 315 REM sleep, 244 duration, 293 visible burrow system behavior, 244 epidemiology, 290 Wistar-Kyoto line, 244 excessive daytime sleepiness, 310, 311 cerebrospinal fluid, 243 frequency, 293 cognition regulation hallucinations, 293 hippocampus impaired acquisition, 246 idiopathic and episodic hypersomnias, 67 MDD impairing features, 245 muscle weakness pattern memory retention, 246 associated features, 290–292 homeostatic function regulation, 246–247 involved muscle groups, 290, 291 preclinical findings, 244 partial vs. complete attacks, 290 psychiatric comorbidities, 241–242 narcolepsy with cataplexy, 67 psychosocial consequences, 242–243 narcolepsy without cataplexy, 68 Devic disease. See Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) tricks, 293 Disturbed nocturnal sleep treatment, 413 triggers Divided attention driving test (DADT), 393 emotions, 292 Dopamine spontaneous attacks, 292, 293 anatomy, 62–63 warning signs, 293 arousal disorders and hypersomnia, 66–67 Cataplexy-like episodes behavioral state, 64–65 gelastic seizures and laugh syncope, 316 exogenous dopaminomimetic effects in healthy subjects, 315 physiological effects, 61–62 in psychiatric patients, 315–316 physiology, wake-sleep-related, 66 Index 421
signaling electrophysiological properties, 48 circadian influence, 63–64 electrophysiological techniques, 51 diurnal variation, 64 a-FMH inhibitor, 48 homeostatic influences, 63–64 GABAergic input, 51 wake-sleep states, mesotelencephalic relation, 62–63 TMN, anatomical studies, 48–49 Dopaminergic dysfunction, 284 children Drug abuse methylphenidate, 403 acute/chronic drug administration effects, 265–266 modafinil treatment, 403 behavioral data, 263, 264 Sodium oxybate, 403–404 chronic amphetamine exposure, 265–266 CSF histamine, clinical studies, 54–55 conditioned place preference, 267 hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy, 55, 56 narcolepsy implication, 268–269 hypocretin-histamine interactions, narcolepsy, orexin role, 266 52–53 Dyssomnia, 404 idiopathic hypersomnia, 360 long-acting agents, 411 mazindol, 411 E modafinil, 411–412 Eating disorder, 302, 303 multiple wake-promoting systems, 57–58 age-and socioeconomic status-matched control, 231 Parkinson’s disease, 348, 349 BED, 230 pathophysiological aspects, 47 cataplectic symptom, 230–231 pharmacology DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, 232 H3 antagonists, 56–57 feeding behavior, 230 histamine acute deprivation, 57 5-HT-mediated carbohydrate craving, 230–231 hypocretin release, 57 psychometric test, 231 narcolepsy treatment, 56–57 SIAB-S questionnaire, 231–232 sleep-wake cycle, 57 Emotional processing wake-promoting compounds, 56–57 amygdala activity, 271 physiological aspects, 47 amygdala-dependent startle potentiation, 272 physiology, histamine, 54 brain respons, 271 sleep-wake regulatory systems, 47 cataplexy attacks, 272 thioperamide, 54 emotion/reward brain circuit interaction, 272 treatment of, 411–412 fMRI studies, 271 Exploding head syndrome, 297 Hcrt/orexins deficiency, 271 hypocretin system, behaviors motivation, 272 neuroimaging F brain circuits (see Brain circuits) Facial cataplexy, 290, 291 drug-free NC patients, 272–273 Familial narcolepsy, 311, 312 fMRI and MRI data, 273 Fitness and driving assessments Encephalitis lethargica, 191 accident risk, 389–392 Endocrine abnormalities divided attention driving test, 393 causes and consequences, 222 maintenance of wakefulness test, 395 classical symptoms, 217 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 393 endocrine-sleep interactions, 221–222 regulations, 393–394 endocrine stress system regulation, 218–219 Sleep Disorders Centres, 395 endocrine systems and organs, 217–218 Steer Clear test, 393 glucose metabolism, 221 stimulants, 396 growth hormone and prolactin secretion, 218 Swiss recommendations, 395 physiological functions, 218 principle, 218 sleep regulation/circadian system interaction, 217 G Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), 348, 361 Gelastic seizures, 316 Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), 316, 317, 324 assessment, 341 caffeine, 411 central histaminergic neurotransmission H anatomical techniques, 51 Hallucinations brain, 48–49 cataplexy, 293 classification and characterization, 50 sleep paralysis, 311 clinical aspects, 48 sleep-related, 301 422 Index
Human cataplexy NREM or REM sleep, 76 “behavioral arrest,” 37 orexin interaction canine cataplexy, 37–38 neurons effects, 78–79 drugs effective, 37 serotonergic neurons effects, 77–78 histaminergic activity, 38 pharmacological studies, 75 noradrenergic activity, 38 physiological effects, 75 noradrenergic agonists treatment, 38 raphe nuclei, 74 serotonergic activity, 38 REM sleep regulatory network, 74 SWS and REM sleep, 38 rostral nuclei, 75 Human narcolepsy serotonergic neurons, 75 cataplexy and hypocretin serotonin transporter, 75 characterization, 38 sleep-promoting neurotransmitter, 75 hcrt cells, 38, 40 Hypnagogic hallucinations, 300–301 MCH cells analysis, 40 Hypnopompic hallucinations, 300–301 etiology and genetics Hypocretin–1 deficiency brain-related autoimmune diseases, 14 autoimmune disorders, 316, 317 cholinergic/monoaminergic imbalance, 13 cataplexy, 290, 292 clinical practice, HLA, 9 hypothalamic damage, 316, 317 CSF hcrt–1, diagnostic tool, 11–12 Parkinson’s disease, 316, 317 DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102, 7–9 traumatic brain injury, 316, 317 environmental factors, 4–5 Hypocretin–1, hypocretin–2 and endocrine systems familial aspects, 5–6 growth hormone axis, 220 HLA-DQB1*0602-positive, 9–11 HPA, HPG, and HPS systems, 219–220 HLA-DR2 and autoimmunity, 7 non-CNS structures, 218 HLA-TCR interactions, 11 pancreas, and adipose tissue, 220–221 hypocretin/orexin deficiency, 6–7 prolactin release, 220 narcolepsy-cataplexy, 3 Hypocretin-hypothalamic glucosensors interaction, 214 prevalence, 3–4 Hypocretin/orexin neurons secondary narcolepsy, 12–13 anatomical substrates, 153–154 trimolecular HLA-peptide-TCR complex, 14 corticotrophin releasing factor, 154 Human phenomenological model excitatory modulators, 154 40-h sleep deprivation protocol, 176 GABA inhibited Hcrt neurom, 155 Lawder’s modeling framework, 176–177 green fluorescent protein, 154 process C and S measurement, 176 inhibitory modulators, 155 two-process model, 175–176 invivo activity and activation, 160 Human physiologically based model mapping technique, 153 Borbely two-process model, 183 metabolic influence coupling strength alteration, 180, 184 adaptive glucose sensors, 213–214 GABAergic NREM sleep, 183 body energy levels regulation, 211 McCarley-Hobson reciprocal interaction model, glucose-induced inhibition, 212–213 182–183 glucose sensing, 213 Phillips and Robinson model, 184 hypothalamic glucosensors interaction, 214 REM-NREM cycling, 182–183 intrinsic electrical detectors, 211–212 sleep/wake flip-flop switch architecture, 180, 184 pharmacology, 213 SOREMPs mechanism, 185 ventromedial hypothalamus stimulation, 213 wake bout production, 185 neurotransmitters, 154 Huntington’s disease (HD), 332–333 nociceptin/orphanin FQ, 155–156 g-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 287 peptidergic inhibitor, 155–156 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) thyrotropin-releasing hormone composition, 74 hypocretin-immunoreactive cell distribution, 159 EEG activity control, 74 hypocretin neuron depolarization, 157 electrophysiological heterogeneity, 76 LMA counts, 159–160 G-protein-coupled receptors, 75 sIPSCs frequency, 157–159 leep-wake behaviors, 74 sleep/wake control, 157 microdialysis Hypocretin/orexin receptor cats and rats, 76 arousal-related function, 139 SSRIs, 76 atropine effect, 148, 149 narcolepsy, 79 cataplexy, mouse model, 147 5-HT signaling, 79–80 cholinergic property, LDT neuron pharmacology, 80 Ca2+ imaging study, 144–145 Index 423
Ca2+ influx pathway, 146–147 extrahypothalamic structures, 197–198, 201 ChAT fluorescence, 145, 146 HVPG, 199 optical density distribution, 145, 146 hypothalamic zones, 197–198, 201 pontine reticular formation, 145–146 medial to lateral partition, 197 DR neuron, noisy cation current, 141 neuroendocrine motor zone, 198 genetic dissection, 142, 143 SCN neurons activity, 199–200 home cage observation codition, 147 osmoregulation, 203 LC neuron, inward current, 141–142 thermoregulation, 202–203 LDT neuron, slow excitatory current wake-sleep regulation Ca2+ influx pathway, 140 encephalitis lethargica symptom, 200 EPSPs and IPSPs stimulation, 140 hypocretin neurons, 202 GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents, 140–141 MCH neurons release, 202 whole-cell patch clamp method, 140 preoptic sleep-promoting neurons, 201 locus coeruleus, 139 sleep induction, POA role, 200 narcolepsy/cataplexy implication, 144, 147, 149 VLPO and MePO, 201 neostigmine microinjection, 148, 149 orexin signaling, 144 physostigmine, behavioral arrest, 147–149 I postsynaptic action, 142 Idiopathic hypersomnia (IHS) wakepromoting and REM sleep effects, 139–140 clinical features Hypocretins (Hcrts) associated features, 360 addiction, 124–125 excessive daytime sleepiness, 360 administration, 41–42 nocturnal sleep, 360 allostasis, 123–124 diagnosis anatomical and electrophysiological study, 122 ESS, 361 arousal-related behavior, 125 polysomnographic recordings, 361 behavioral phenotypes, 121 psychiatric evaluation, 361 Hcrt-expressing neurons, 121–122 history and nomenclature, 357–359 lentiviral delivery system, 125–126 pathogenesis and pathophysiology optogenetic technology, 125 genetic analysis, 362 Parkinson’s disease medication, 363 excessive daytime sleepiness, 348, 349 NREM sleep, 362, 363 in vivo studies, 348 prevalence and epidemiology, 359 neuronal loss and symptoms, 353–354 types, 364–365 post mortem studies, 350–353 Idiopathic restless legs syndrome, 285 photostimulation, 126 International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD–2) postsynaptic target excitation, 122 cataplexy, definition of, 289 preprohypocretin, 121 REM sleep without atonia, 298 role of, 42–43, 121 Intrinsic electrical detectors, 211–212 stress, 124 Isolated sleep paralysis, 311 wakefulness electrophysiological study, 123 loss- and gain-of-function study, 123 L narcolepsy, 122–123 Lateral hypothalamic cell Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG), 218 alpha-MSH, 193 Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT), 218 hypothalamic-spinal projection, 193–194 Hypothalamus orexin and MCH neuron, 193 body function control, key role, 200 Laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) neuron cardiovascular regulation, 205–206 cholinergic property emotion and reward, 206 Ca2+ imaging study, 144–145 energy homeostasis Ca2+ influx pathway, 146–147 ARC neurons, 203–204 ChAT fluorescence, 145, 146 food intake and body weight control, 203 optical density distribution, 145, 146 food regulation, 204 pontine reticular formation, 145–146 hypocretin neurons, 204 slow excitatory current PVN signals, 204 Ca2+ influx pathway, 140 VMH projections, 204 EPSPs and IPSPs stimulation, 140 functional neuroanatomy GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents, 140–141 behavioral control, 198 whole-cell patch clamp method, 140 components, 200 Laugh syncope, 316 424 Index
Lawder’s modeling framework, 176–177 Multiple wake-promoting systems, 57–58 L-dopa, 286 Myotonic dystrophy type 1, 330 Leptin hypothesis, 229–230 Lewy-body dementia (LBD), 332 Long-term depression (LTD), 253 N Long-term potentiation (LTP), 253 Narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, 132 Narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC) clinical onset and clinical course, 376–377 M coexistent polysomnographic abnormalities, 377 Maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT), 386 EDS, 372 Major depressive disorder (MDD), 241 exploding head syndrome, 297 Markov model, 177 familial forms of, 311–312 Mathematical modeling history, 372–373 animal phenomenological model, 177 HLA subtype, 377 animal physiologically based model hypersomnia, 376 neuronal populations and modulatory hypnagogic hallucinations, 300–301, 377 input, 178, 179 hypnopompic hallucinations, 300–301 REM sleep abnormalities, 178, 181 hypocretin deficiency, 317 sleep/wake fragmentation, 181–182 hypocretin–1 levels, 375–376 sleep/wake regulation, 178, 180 MSLT, 373–375 human phenomenological model nightmares, 298, 302 40-h sleep deprivation protocol, 176 nocturnal terrors, 301–302 Lawder’s modeling framework, 176–177 REM sleep behaviour disorder, 297–300 process C and S measurement, 176 sleep enuresis, 297, 302 two-process model, 175–176 sleep paralysis, 299, 300, 377 human physiologically based model sleep-related eating disorder, 302, 303 Borbely two-process model, 183 sleep-related groaning, 297 coupling strength alteration, 180, 184 sleep-related hallucinations, 297, 301 GABAergic NREM sleep, 183 sleepwalking, 301–302 McCarley-Hobson reciprocal interaction model, Narcolepsy without cataplexy (NwC) 182–183 atypical cataplexy, 378 Phillips and Robinson model, 184 biological basis, 380 sleep/wake flip-flop switch architecture, 180, 184 clinical onset and clinical course, 379 SOREMPs mechanism, 185 diagnostic criteria, 310–311 wake bout production, 185 differential diagnosis, 310–311 Mazindol, 411 EDS, 378 McCarley-Hobson reciprocal interaction model, 182–183 HLA typing, 380 Median preoptic nucleus (MnPn), 109–110 hypersomnia, 379 Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), 202, 352–353 hypnopompic hallucinations, 379 a-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH), 203 isolated sleep paralysis, 311 Methylphenidate, 414 latency of, 310 Mice sleep abnormalities, gene coding, 98–99 NREM narcolepsy, 311 Modafinil, 411, 412, 414 polysomnography, MSLT, 379 Moebius syndrome, 329–330 recurrent hypnagogic hallucinations, 379 Monosymptomatic narcolepsy recurrent sleep paralysis, 349 existence of, 310 Narcoleptic mice sleep paralysis, 311 abnormal sleep homeostasis, 166 Monozygotic narcoleptic twins, 312–313 advantages and limitations, 170–171 Morris-Lecar equation, 181 behavioral state instability Morris water maze (MWM), 245 narcolepsy instability, 166 Motor vehicle accident (MVA), 390–392 NREM and REM sleep, 165 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 323 space analysis technique, 165–166 Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) unstable wakefulness and sleep, 165 idiopathic hypersomnia, 359, 361 wake bout duration, 165 narcolepsy with cataplexy, 373–375 chronic sleepiness, 163 narcolepsy without cataplexy, 379 circadian promotion, wakefulness, 166–167 normal adults, 322 mouse model PD patients, 348 orexin KO mice, 163–164 standardized diagnostic procedures, 386 OX1R KO mice, 164 Multiple system atrophy (MSA), 332 OX2R KO mice, 164–165 Index 425
sleep-wake fragmentation, 163, 164 Nonpharmacological narcolepsy treatment, 414 pathophysiological process, 163 Non-rapid eye movement (NREM), 129 poor quality sleep, 167–168 nocturnal terrors, 301–302 sleep-promoting system, 169–170 periodic leg movements, 285–286 weak arousal system sleepwalking, 301–302 monoamine signaling, 169 orexin neurons pathway, 168 pharmacologic and genetic study, 168–169 O Natronomonas pharaonis, 134 Obesity NES. See Nocturnal eating syndrome age- and gender-matched control, 229 Neurodegenerative disorder BMI and waist circumference, 228–229 brain compounds measurement, 28 mean body mass index and standard deviation, 228 disease progression, 32 Optogenetic probing etiology, 27 gain-of-function study, 130–131 FDG-PET, 28 genetic tagging and manipulation, 135–136 hypocretin neurons, patients Hcrt neural activities and behavioral states, 130 demographic and clinical data, 29 Hcrt neurons, heterogeneity, 135 hybridization, 29 loss-of-function study hypocretin and MCH expression, 28, 30 arousal-promoting effect, 134–135 immunohistochemistry, 29 arousal threshold, 135 NARP staining, 30 channelrhodopsin–2, 133–134 radioactive hybridization, 28 electrical/pharmacological activation inflammation/gliosis signs or inhibition, 133 GFAP staining density, 31 Hcrt-mediated sleep-to-wake transition, 134 markers, 30–31 Hcrt receptor antagonist, 131–132 neurodegenerative disease, 27–28 Hcrt system role, 134 protein aggregates, 32 LH lesions, 131 tetrad of symptom, 27 mutant model, 132 Neuroimaging rodent model, genetic engineering, 132 amygdala saporin, 131 clinical implications, 275–276 neural circuit, 129 CS+ trials during acquisition, 275 NREM and REM sleep, 129–130 humor-specific activation differences, 273 sleep definition, 129 hypothalamus influence, positive emotions, 275 sleep-wake cycle, 130 limbic-affective and mesolimbic reward circuits, 273 Optogenetics, 125–126 mini-sequence of pictures, 273–274 Orexin/hypocretin mPFC and hypocretin deficiency, 275 addiction-associated behavior, 257 MRI data analysis, 275 anatomical study, 192 NC patient hypothalamic activity, 274 behavioral data, 264, 265 neurobiological implications, 275–276 brain dopamine circuit, 263–264 time-course assessment, 275 c-Fos protein, 194 brain circuits drug-induced plasticity, 256–257 amphetamine-like treatments, 277 effect of, 254–255 emotional processes and reward, 277 lateral hypothalamus, game-like task, 277–278 alpha-MSH, 193 Hcrt activity, 277 hypothalamic-spinal projection, 193–194 mesolimbic and midbrain reward system, 277 orexin and MCH neuron, 193 drug-free NC patients, 272–273 locomotor response, 265–266 fMRI and MRI data, 273 mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway, 263 Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), 323–324 motivation, 257–258 Neuronal activity-regulated pentraxin (NARP), 351 narcolepsy implication, 268–269 Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), 329 neurochemical nature Night eating questionnaire (NEQ), 232–233 alpha-MSH, 193 Night eating syndrome hypothalamic-spinal projection, 193–194 NEQ, 232–233 orexin and MCH neuron, 193 sleep-related eating disorder, 233–234 neuronal excitation and plasticity, 264 Nightmares, 298, 302 neurotransmitter, 191 Nocturnal eating syndrome (NES), 302, 303 NMDAR activation, 256 Nocturnal terrors, 301–302 OxB/hcrt–2, 255–256 Non-hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy, 313–314 physiological study, 191–192 426 Index
Orexin/hypocretin (cont.) Polysomnography (PSG), 359 361 receptors, 263 Post mortem studies, Parkinson’s disease receptor signaling, 256–257 neuronal quantification, 351 and reward, 268 results, 351–353 self-administration, extinction, and reinstatement, tissue levels, 350–351 267–268 Posttraumatic narcolepsy sensitization, 265–266 posttraumatic EDS, 343–344 yin-yang relationship, 194 traumatic brain injury narcolepsy without cataplexy, 343 obstructive sleep apnea, 342 P sleep-wake disorders, 341, 342 Paradoxical sleep (PS) treatment, 344–345 GABAergic neuron inhibition, 112 Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), 328–329
glutamatergic SLD neurons, 111–112 Prostaglandin D2 ( PGD2) hypocretin neurons and cataplexy, 115 histaminergic neurons, 97–98 monoaminergic neurons role, 112–113 induced sleep, molecular mechanisms, 95–97 network model, 115–116 physiological sleep
pontine generator and cholinergic hypothesis, 111 adenosine A1 receptors, 101 posterior hypothalamus and MCH neuron role, 114–115 caffeine-induced insomnia, 101, 102 reciprocal interaction model, 113 H-PGDS KO mice, 100 retrograde tracing and CTb and GAD inorganic tetravalent selenium compounds, immunohistochemistry, 114 99–100 tonically excited SLD, 112 L-PGDS KO mice, 100 Parasomnias NREM sleep and wakefulness, 100 classification of, 297 ONO–4127Na, 99
exploding head syndrome, 297 SeCl4-induced insomnia, 101 hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations, 300–301 sleep-wake pattern, 100 nightmares, 298, 302 sleep induction, 93–94 nocturnal terrors, 301–302 sleep-wake regulation, 97–98 REM sleep behaviour disorder, 297–300 Protein aggregates, 32 sleep enuresis, 297, 302 Pseudocataplexy, 315–316 sleep paralysis, 299, 300 Psychoaffective disorders, 69 sleep-related eating disorder, 302, 303 sleep-related groaning, 297 sleep-related hallucinations, 297, 301 R sleepwalking, 301–302 Radioimmunoassay (RIA), 350 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 331 Rapid eye movement (REM), 129 excessive daytime sleepiness behaviour disorder, 297–300 electrophysiological studies, 348, 349 nightmares, 298, 302 ‘sleep attack,’ 348 periodic leg movements, 285–286 hypocretin deficiency, 316, 317 sleep-attacks, 347 in vivo studies sleep paralysis, 299, 300 cerebrospinal fluid measurements, 350 Reciprocal interaction model, 113 hypocretin function, 348 REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), 297–299 results, 350 REM sleep dissociation phenomena, 412–413 neuronal loss and symptoms, 353–354 REM sleep without atonia (RWA), 298–300 nighttime sleep disturbances, 347 Restless leg syndrome (RLS) post mortem studies antidepressant treatment, side effects of, 287 neuronal quantification, 351 A11 system, 283 results, 351–353 bromocriptine, 287 tissue levels, 350–351 clinical and polysomnographic links, 285–286 secondary narcolepsy, 68–69 dopamine receptors, 283–284 Periodic leg movements (PLM) dopaminergic system, 284 cyclic alternating pattern, 286 GHB treatment, 287 NREM and REM sleep, 285–286 hypocretin system therapeutic links, 286–287 age of onset, 285 Pharmacological narcolepsy treatment, 410–411, 414, 415 idiopathic RLS, 285 Phillips and Robinson model, 184 motor activity and wakefulness, 284 Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), 385 L-dopa, 286 PLM. See Periodic leg movements symptoms, 283 Index 427
S Sleep-related groaning, 297 Saporin, 131 Sleep-related hallucinations, 297, 301 Secondary narcolepsy, 12–13 Sleep-wake disturbances (SWD), 341, 342 cause of, 314 Sleep-wake regulatory systems, 47 central nervous system Sleep-wake system acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 324 forebrain sleep center anti-Ma2 associated encephalitis, 324–325 Fos marker, 109 Behçet’s disease, 325–326 POA lesion, 108 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 324 slow-wave sleep model, 108, 109 infections, 326–327 VLPO and MnPn, 109 multiple sclerosis, 323 wake-promoting areas, 109–110 neuromyelitis optica, 323–324 waking model, 108 tumors, 327–328 paradoxical sleep end-stage renal disease, 69 GABAergic neuron inhibition, 112 hereditary diseases glutamatergic SLD neurons, 111–112 moebius syndrome, 329–330 hypocretin neurons and cataplexy, 115 myotonic dystrophy type 1, 330 monoaminergic neurons role, 112–113 Niemann-Pick disease type C, 329 network model, 115–116 Prader-Willi syndrome, 328–329 pontine generator and cholinergic hypothesis, 111 hypersomnia, 321–322 posterior hypothalamus and MCH neuron role, medical/psychiatric condition, 68 114–115 neurodegenerative disorders reciprocal interaction model, 113 Alzheimer’s disease, 331–332 retrograde tracing and CTb and GAD amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 333 immunohistochemistry, 114 Huntington’s disease, 332–333 tonically excited SLD, 112 idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, 331 SWS neuronal network, 110 Lewy-body dementia, 332 VLPO neuron, 110 multiple system atrophy, 332 Sleepwalking (SW), 301–302 Parkinson’s disease, 68–69 Slow wave sleep (SWS), 301, 302 psychoaffective disorders, 69 Sodium oxybate (SO), 413–414 Serotonin, 73 SP. See Sleep paralysis Short interfering RNA’s (siRNA), 354 SRED. See Sleep-related eating disorder Single cell modeling, 186 Standardized diagnostic procedures SLD. See Sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus actigraphy, 386–387 Sleep homeostasis CSF hypocretin–1, 385
adenosine A1and A2A receptors, 87–88 Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 385 caffeine attenuates markers, 88–89 ESS, 386 dysregulation, adenosinergic mechanisms HLA association, 384–385 hypocretin neurons, 90 maintenance of wakefulness test, 386 MWT trials, 90 MRI scans, 387 narcolepsy patients, 90 MSLT, 386 self-medicate excessive, 91 Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, 385 sleep-wake regulation, 89 sleep-EVAL, 386 electroencephalogram sleep laboratory tests, 386 neurobiological mechanisms, 85–86 Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale, 385 processes, 85 vigilance tests, 385 waking and slow-wave sleep, 85 Streptococcus pyogenes, 14 neuromodulator adenosine Sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) adenine nucleosides metabolism, 86 GABAergic neuron inhibition, 112 agonistic-antagonistic interaction, 86 glutamatergic SLD neurons, 111–112 Ecto-ADA catalyzes, 86 monoaminergic neurons role, 112–113 humans genetic study, 86–87 tonically excited, 112 transgenic and wild-type mice, 86 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 199 Sleep-onset REM periods (SOREMPs), 314, 315 Swiss narcolepsy score (SNS), 312 Sleep paralysis (SP) Symptomatic narcolepsy, 314, 317 isolated, 311 monosymptomatic narcolepsy, 311 narcolepsy with cataplexy, 299, 300 T Sleep propensity during active situations (SPAS), 312 TBI. See Traumatic brain injury Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED), 302, 303 TCR polymorphism, 25 428 Index
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) excitatory synaptic transmission hypocretin-immunoreactive cell distribution, AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission, 253–254 159 drug-induced plasticity, 253–254 hypocretin neuron depolarization, 157 LTP and LTD, 253 LMA counts, 159–160 neutral environmental stimuli, 253 sIPSCs frequency, 157–159 orexin/hypocretin sleep/wake control, 157 addiction-associated behavior, 257 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) effect of, 254–255 hypocretin deficiency, 316, 317 motivation, 257–258 hypocretin neurons, 344 NMDAR activation, 256 and narcolepsy, 342–343 OxA/hcrt–1 trafficks NMDARs, 255, 256 sleep-wake disturbances, 341, 342 OxB/hcrt–2, 255–256 Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) receptor signaling and drug-induced plasticity, anatomical studies, 48–49 256–257 electrophysiological properties, 48 psychoactive drug, 251 Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), 109–110 Volvox carteri, 134 V Ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron ACT–07857, 259 W addiction, 251 Wake-sleep state burst firing, 252–253 dompamines’s modulation, 65 drug-seeking behavior exogenous dopaminomimetic effects, 65–66 mesolimbic dopamine system, 252 mesotelencephalic dopamine neurons, 62–63 neural circuit, 251, 252 Whipple disease (WD), 326 nucleus accumbens, 252 World Health Organisation (WHO), 389