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The Small Hive Beetle a Serious Threat to European Apiculture Pollination

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The Small Hive Beetle a Serious Threat to European Apiculture Pollination www.defra.gov.uk/fera The Small Hive Beetle a serious threat to European apiculture Pollination Pollination Pollinating insects provide almost incalculable economic and ecological benefits to people, flowering plants and wildlife. Pollination by honey bees, which are the main managed pollinator species throughout the world, and other insects are key steps in the production of many important food crops that together comprise approximately one third of our diet. More than three quarters of crops cultivated in Europe and, worldwide, 70% of the 124 main crops used directly for human consumption, are dependent on pollinators. The UK’s crop pollination industry has an estimated value greater than £400 million every year. Pollinating insects are also vitally important for the pollination of wild flora. With this in mind, it is easy to see why honey bee health is so important and why beekeepers should remain vigilant to pests and diseases that damage these essential pollination providers. Honey bee on willow The Food and Environment Research Agency Sand Hutton York YO41 1LZ UK Telephone +44 (0)1904 462 000 Fax +44 (0)1904 462 111 Email info @fera.gsi.gov.uk Website www.defra.gov.uk/fera © Crown copyright 2013 Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Crown. This publication (excluding the logo) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright with the title and source of the publication specified. This document is also available on BeeBase (National Bee Unit) website, www.nationalbeeunit.com Published by The Food and Environment Research Agency. Printed in the UK, December 2013,on material containing 80% post-consumer waste and 20% Elemental Chlorine Free pulp. About this leaflet The Small Hive Beetle This leaflet describes the Small hive beetle ( Aethina tumida ), a potential threat to European and UK beekeeping. This beetle, indigenous to Africa, has spread to the USA, Canada, Mexico, Jamaica, Australia and Cuba where it has proved it can be a very serious pest of European honey bees. There is a serious risk of its accidental introduction into the UK. All beekeepers need to be aware of the fundamental details of the beetle’s lifecycle and how it can be recognised and controlled. Acronyms AFB American Foul Brood BBKA British Beekeepers’ Association BDI Bee Disease Insurance BFA Bee Farmers Association BQCV Black Queen Cell Virus CBPV Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus CRD Chemicals Regulation Directorate DARDNI Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Northern Ireland Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DWV Deformed Wing Virus EBV Egypt Bee Virus EFB European Foul Brood EPS Exotic Pest Surveillance Fera Food and Environment Research Agency GIS Geographical Information Systems GLP Good Laboratory Practice ISO International Standards Organisation IPI Insect Pollinators Initiative IPM Integrated Pest Management NBI National Bee Inspector NBU National Bee Unit OIE Office International des Epizooties RAS Random Apiary Survey RBI Regional Bee Inspector SA Sentinel apiary SASA Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture SBI Seasonal Bee Inspector SIA Statutory Infected Area VMD Veterinary Medicines Directorate WBKA Welsh Bee Keepers’ Association WG Welsh Government 1 Contents About this leaflet 1 Contents 2 Help and advice 4 The National Bee Unit 4 BeeBase 4 Why is it so important to register on BeeBase? 5 How to sign up to BeeBase 5 How do I know that my details will be secure? 5 Beekeeping Associations 5 Introduction to the Small hive beetle problem 6 Potential impact on UK beekeeping 7 Could the Small hive beetle reach the UK? 7 Could the Small hive beetle survive in the UK? 7 Limiting factors 7 Could we eradicate the Small hive beetle from the UK? 7 Surveillance for the Small hive beetle 8 National Bee Unit apiary surveillance for exotic threats including Small hive beetle 8 Sentinel apiaries 9 Keeping an eye out for the Small hive beetle 9 Contingency planning 9 Why is it important to know about apiaries? 9 Small hive beetle facts 10 Small hive beetle biology 12 Adult beetle anatomy 12 Egg laying 12 Larval development 13 Pupation 13 Emergence of adults 14 Reproductive potential 14 Life cycle of the Small hive beetle 15 Harmful effects of the Small hive beetle 16 Small hive beetle and African bees 16 Small hive beetle and European bees 16 Damage to the colony 16 Honey spoilage 17 Small hive beetle and bumble bees 17 Small beetle and feral bees 17 Small hive beetle and other hosts 17 Your responsibilities as a beekeeper 18 What should we be doing now? 18 2 Contents Small hive beetle and the law 18 Sending suspect beetle samples to the NBU 18 How to check your hives for the Small hive beetle 19 Method: Scanning combs and boxes 19 Method: Using corrugated hive floor inserts 20 Have I found a Small hive beetle? 21 Small hive beetle management methods 22 Small hive beetle control overseas 22 Using bee husbandry to control the Small hive beetle 22 Control of Small hive beetle using pesticides 22 Future research into Small hive beetle biology and control 23 Precautions in the extraction room 23 Useful addresses 25 References and Acknowledgements 26 Notes 27 3 Help and advice The National Bee Unit for your area, or visit the NBU’s BeeBase website key contacts pages ( https://secure.fera.defra.gov. The Food and Environment Research Agency’s uk/beebase/public/Contacts/contacts.cfm ). (Fera’s) National Bee Unit (NBU) provides an integrated statutory and advisory service to The NBU has broad research and development beekeepers in England and Wales. It provides interests (current list outlined on BeeBase diagnostic, consultancy and research services https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm to Defra, Welsh Government, the Scottish ?sectionid=48 ). Our portfolio covers varroacide Government, commerce and beekeepers. The NBU development, EU-wide colony loss surveillance, is a recognised centre of excellence in the provision risk assessment and novel control methods for of advice and research in bee health. The Unit’s exotic pest threats, and the economics and biology laboratories are fully compliant with the of pollination. The NBU is a contributor within the international Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and Insect Pollinators Initiative (IPI) ( www.bbsrc.ac.uk ISO 9001 quality schemes to ensure a high /pollinators ), leading research into systems that professional standard, and use as a base, the model the epidemiology of disease to enable Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Manuals of improved management in the future. We are also Standard diagnostic tests for laboratory diagnosis. using advanced molecular techniques to identify Most staff are trained practical beekeepers as well specific bacterial strain types, which will add to as scientists and are supported by teams of our understanding of the spread of serious brood specialists across the rest of Fera diseases. The NBU works in partnership with (www.defra.gov.uk/fera ). many Universities and Organisations both in the UK and overseas to achieve these shared research The Unit has modern facilities, including goals. laboratories with computer support through BeeBase (see next section), as well as 150 colonies and the apiary buildings to support them. The NBU has a bee health inspection and advisory service operating in England and Wales, BeeBase is the NBU’s award winning website. comprising a regional network of Inspectors. The BeeBase contains all the apicultural information head of field inspection services is the National relating to the statutory bee health programme in Bee Inspector (NBI). Regional Bee Inspectors England and Wales. In June 2010, the information (RBIs) reporting to the NBI manage teams of for the Scottish inspections programme was also Seasonal Bee Inspectors (SBIs) throughout incorporated into BeeBase. BeeBase contains a England and Wales. As well as the statutory wide range of beekeeping information, such as the inspections and apiary surveillance programme, activities of the NBU, the bee related legislation, Bee Inspectors provide free advice and assistance pests and diseases information including their to beekeepers on a range of bee health issues and recognition and control, interactive maps, current run training courses for beekeepers on disease research areas, publications, advisory leaflets recognition, disease control and good husbandry, (including this one) and key contacts. To access often in conjunction with local Beekeeping this information visit the NBU website Associations. The NBU team delivers around 500 (www.nationalbeeunit.com ). Many beekeepers training events every year. Bee Inspectors also find this website to be a very useful source of assist with field trials within the NBU’s Research information and advice. In addition to the public and Development programmes. pages of the BeeBase website, registered users (see below) can view their own apiary records, For further information contact the NBU, who will diagnostic histories and details. put you in touch with the appropriate Bee Inspector 4 Help and advice Why is it so important to register on solely to you. As a personally registered beekeeper, BeeBase? once you have received an inspection visit, you can check your own record on BeeBase. If you wish, As well as containing useful information on you can make use of the apiary records system to beekeeping, BeeBase is a vital tool in the control of record your apiary visits. Your SBI, RBI, NBI and bee disease and pests. Where statutory pests or NBU staff at Fera will have access to your records, diseases (for example, foulbrood) are confirmed, but no Inspector or NBU staff member will ever the NBU can use BeeBase to identify apiaries at disclose to others that you have been inspected or risk in the local area and, as a result, target any details about your bees or beekeeping without control measures effectively.
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