DOCSLIB.ORG

The Small Hive Beetle, Aethina Tumida

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Small Hive Beetle, Aethina Tumida SP 594 Agricultural Extension Service The University of Tennessee TheThe SmallSmall HiveHive BeetleBeetle -- aa NewNew PestPest ofof HoneyHoney BeesBees -- Detection: Colonies should be John A. Skinner, Associate Professor, and J. Patrick Parkman, carefully inspected for signs of Extension Assistant, Entomology and Plant Pathology infestation. Adult beetles run across the comb when the hive is first he small hive beetle, Aethina easily disperse to new honey bee colonies opened; and they are often discovered T tumida Murray, a new pest of to lay eggs. underneath the hive cover. To detect honey bees, was discovered damaging Beetles are most likely to be found in adults in the top hive body, place the honey bee colonies in Florida in spring of colonies that have been weakened by cover, inverted, on the top of an 1998. It is native to South Africa. When some other factor, usually mites. Larvae adjacent hive. Place the top hive body and how it arrived in North America are are most damaging because they feed on in the cover. Beetles will move unknown; however, the earliest known honey, stored pollen and bee brood. As downward away from the light. After a collection was made in 1996 in Charles- they feed, brood and honey combs are few minutes, lift the hive body to ton, SC. By 1999 it was established in damaged, especially as the larvae burrow check for beetles in the cover. To Florida, Georgia and North and South through them. Larvae defecate in the detect beetles on the bottom board, Carolina. In 2000, it was discovered in honey, causing it to ferment and bubble another area where adults normally Alabama, Ohio, Maine, Michigan, South out of the cells. Bee brood rearing stops gather, place a corrugated cardboard Dakota and Mississippi. In Tennessee, the when beetle numbers are high, and the square (4"x 4") with one surface beetle was found in Polk County in 2000 bees may abandon a heavily infested peeled to expose the ridges inside. The and in Hamilton, Sequatchie and Dyer colony. As the infestation builds, fer- cardboard is placed ridge side down counties in 2001. Eradication efforts by mented honey may run out of the hive. on the bottom board of the hive. The the Tennessee Department of Agriculture This is often the first external symptom next day the cardboard is removed and in these counties may have delayed the that is noticed. Beetles usually infest and adult beetles, if present, should be pest’s establishment and spread. damage stored comb and supers of honey. found under it. The adults hide in dark, Adult beetles are 6 mm (1/4 inch) Wax cappings may also be infested. moist places. Unfortunately, adults do not get caught on sticky boards. long, dark brown to black, flattened, oval Prevention: Maintain healthy bee Small hive beetle larvae often to oblong in shape, with the head often colonies capable of protecting all comb in congregate in corners, possibly to tucked below the thorax (see figure). If the hive. This includes mite and disease retain heat. This clustering distin- the head is in view, the short antennae prevention and having young, healthy guishes beetle larvae from wax moth have a conspicuous club on the last queens. Unfortunately, recent research larvae that are found scattered segment. The larvae are elongate, whitish indicates that vegetable shortening patties throughout weak colonies. Other grubs that grow to 11 mm in length. They containing granulated sugar and antibi- distinguishing characteristics include have tapered front and rear ends, and otic, which are used in hives for preven- size. Beetle larvae never reach the size rows of small spines on their back. Beetle tion of foulbrood and for tracheal mite of mature wax moth larvae. Also, pupae are light tan to brown and can be control, are attractive to beetle adults. Do beetle larvae have three pairs of found in the soil beneath and near the not let honey supers sit for more than a jointed, “true” legs located behind the hive. Based on observations made in day or two off colonies before extracting. head. Wax moth larvae have many South Africa, eggs hatch in a few days Maintain a clean honey house. Carefully small, fleshy, uniform legs along the and larvae complete development in 10 to inspect honey bee packages received from length of the body. And the bodies of 16 days. Pupation takes from three to four areas where the beetle is established, such beetle larvae have tough exteriors, weeks. Several generations can occur as Georgia and South Carolina. while those of wax moth larvae are within a year. Adults are strong fliers and soft and easily penetrated. Control: CheckMite+® is registered honey can be washed off with a garden Portions of this publication were for use in Tennessee as a within-hive hose and the bees will normally reuse the adapted from Small Hive Beetle by treatment for small hive beetles. A soil equipment. W. M. Hood, Entomology Insect ® drench insecticide, Gard Star , can be Beekeepers should be made aware of Information Series. Clemson Univer- used for treating under or around possibly this pest. Any suspected hive beetle adults sity Cooperative Extension Service infested hives. Follow label directions for or larvae should be placed in a small publication EII/AP-2. both insecticides. These products are bottle of alcohol and forwarded to this available from most beekeeping supply office for confirmation through your dealers. Freezing combs at 10 degrees F. county Extension office. Please have the for 24 hours will kill all life stages of the agent contact the Entomology Department beetle. Comb containing beetle-spoiled office at The University of Tennessee honey will not be accepted by bees. The before sending a sample. A. B. C. The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida. Clockwise from upper left: A) Dorsal (top) view of adult with head and legs exposed. B) More natural view of adult. C) Dorsal view of larva. D) Larvae in comb. E) Honey bee and beetle adults. Measurements in millimeters. E. (photos A - D by Jeff Lotz, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services.) D. SP594-2.5M-1/02 E12-4615-00-016-02 The Agricultural Extension Service offers its programs to all eligible persons regardless of race, religion, color, national origin, sex, age, disability or veteran status and is an Equal Opportunity Employer. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and county governments cooperating in furtherance of Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Agricultural Extension Service, Charles L. Norman, Dean.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Two Additional Invasive Scarabaeoid Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Hawaii
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Entomology Museum, University of Nebraska State 12-2009 Two Additional Invasive Scarabaeoid Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Hawaii Mary Liz Jameson Wichita State University, [email protected] Darcy E. Oishi 2Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Branch, Honolulu, [email protected] Brett C. Ratcliffe University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Grant T. McQuate USDA-ARS-PBARC, U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologypapers Part of the Entomology Commons Jameson, Mary Liz; Oishi, Darcy E.; Ratcliffe, Brett C.; and McQuate, Grant T., "Two Additional Invasive Scarabaeoid Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Hawaii" (2009). Papers in Entomology. 147. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologypapers/147 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. AProcddition. HawaiianAl inv AEsiventomol scA.r SAocbs. in(2009) HAwA 41:25–30ii 25 Two Additional Invasive Scarabaeoid Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Hawaii Mary Liz Jameson1, Darcy E. Oishi2, Brett C. Ratcliffe3, and Grant T. McQuate4 1Wichita State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 537 Hubbard Hall, Wichita, Kansas 67260 [email protected]; 2Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Branch, 1428 South King St., Honolulu, HI 96814 [email protected]; 3University of Nebraska State Museum, Systematics Research Collections, W436 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 [email protected]; 4USDA-ARS-PBARC, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Save the Bees Save the Bees
    Unit for week 5 save the bees Save the bees Stresses on the Honey bee Several factors may create stress in the hive, which can cause a decrease in population. Below are some of those possible contributors. All of these effects on the colony can be observed, some more easily than others, in the Observation Hive. VARROA MITES: The Varroa mite is a parasitic, invasive species that was introduced to the United States in the 1980’s . It BEYOND THE originated in Asia and the western honey bee has no resistance. The mated adult female Varroa mites enter the brood cells right before HIVE the bees cap the pupae and feed on the growing bee. The bee will hatch with deformities such as misshapen wings that result in an inability to fly. SMALL HIVE BEETLES: Hive beetles are pests to honey bees. Ask the Audience They entered the United States in the late 90’s. Most strong hives will not be severely affected by the beetle; however, if the hive • Do you know what it feels like beetle becomes too overbearing, the colony will desert the hive. The to be stressed? beetle tunnels in the comb and creates destruction in the storage of honey and pollen. Ways to identify a beetle problem is a smell of • Do you have any pests in your fermented honey, a slimy covering of the comb, and the presence life? of beetle maggots. • Do you have a vegetable DISEASE: although bees keep their hive very clean and try to garden or any flowers in your maintain sanitation as best as possible, there are many pathogens, yard? disease causing microorganisms, which can infect the bees.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Pine Beetle Voltinism and Life History Characteristics Across Latitudinal and Elevational Gradients in the Western United States
    For. Sci. 60(3):434–449 FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.13-056 entomology & pathology Mountain Pine Beetle Voltinism and Life History Characteristics across Latitudinal and Elevational Gradients in the Western United States Barbara Bentz, James Vandygriff, Camille Jensen, Tom Coleman, Patricia Maloney, Sheri Smith, Amanda Grady, and Greta Schen-Langenheim Substantial genetic variation in development time is known to exist among mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations across the western United States. The effect of this variation on geographic patterns in voltinism (generation time) and thermal requirements to produce specific voltinism pathways have not been investigated. The influence of voltinism on fitness traits, body size, and sex ratio is also unclear. We monitored mountain pine beetle voltinism, adult body size, sex ratio, and air temperatures at sites across latitudinal and elevational gradients in the western United States. With the exception of two sites at the coolest and warmest locations, the number of days required to complete a generation was similar. Thermal units required to achieve a generation, however, were significantly less for individuals at the coolest sites. Evolved adaptations explain this pattern, including developmental rates and thresholds that serve to synchronize cohorts and minimize cold-sensitive life stages in winter. These same adaptations reduce the capacity of mountain pine beetle at the warmest sites to take full advantage of increased thermal units, limiting the capacity for bivoltinism within the current realized distribution. Temperature was not correlated with adult size and sex ratio, and size was greatest in host trees other than lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.).
    [Show full text]
  • Darkling Beetles and Mealworms Theresa A
    Darkling Beetles and Mealworms Theresa A. Dellinger and Eric R. Day, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Description Darkling beetles belong in the beetle family Tenebrionidae, which consists of more than 20,000 species of beetles. Adult darkling beetles widely range in shape and size, with most measuring from 2 – 19 mm (0.13” – 0.75”). Adults are usually a reddish-brown to brownish-black in color and can be shiny or dull. The elytra (the wing covers) can be smooth, grooved, or otherwise sculptured. Most do not have colorful patterns on their wing covers. Adults are most active at night and tend to avoid bright lights. Darkling beetle larvae are often referred to as mealworms or false wireworms. They are long, hard-bodied grubs with a cylindrical shape and are shiny yellow-brown to darKer brown in color. They are active crawlers. Yellow mealworm larva, top. Dark mealworm larva, bottom. Clemson University-USDA Cooperative Adult yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Clemson University-USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Life Cycle Darkling beetles have a complete life cycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Most species of darkling beetles have a slow rate of development and may live for a year as an adult. Species living on grains or other stored products may develop faster. Habitat/Distribution Darkling beetles are found throughout the world except for places with very cold climates. They are scavengers and omnivores, feeding on decomposing plant material, dead insects, fungi, and stored products. Only a handful of darkling beetles are considered pests; the vast majority of them live in the wild and pose no harm.
    [Show full text]
  • Honey Bees: a Guide for Veterinarians
    the veterinarian’s role in honey bee health HONEY BEES: A GUIDE FOR VETERINARIANS 01.01.17 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Honey bees and veterinarians Honey bee basics and terminology Beekeeping equipment and terminology Honey bee hive inspection Signs of honey bee health Honey bee diseases Bacterial diseases American foulbrood (AFB) European foulbrood (EFB) Diseases that look like AFB and EFB Idiopathic Brood Disease (IBD) Parasitic Mite Syndrome (PMS) Viruses Paralytic viruses Sacbrood Microsporidial diseases Nosema Fungal diseases Chalkbrood Parasitic diseases Parasitic Mite Syndrome (PMS) Tracheal mites Small hive beetles Tropilaelaps species Other disease conditions Malnutrition Pesticide toxicity Diploid drone syndrome Overly hygienic hive Drone-laying queen Laying Worker Colony Collapse Disorder Submission of samples for laboratory testing Honeybee Flowchart (used with permission from One Health Veterinary Consulting, Inc.) Additional Resources Acknowledgements © American Veterinary Medical Association 2017. This information has not been approved by the AVMA Board of Directors or the House of Delegates, and it is not to be construed as AVMA policy nor as a definitive statement on the subject, but rather to serve as a resource providing practical information for veterinarians. INTRODUCTION Honey bees weren’t on veterinarians’ radars until the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a final Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rule, effective January 1, 2017, that classifies honey bees as livestock and places them under the provisions of the VFD. As a result of that rule and changes in the FDA’s policy on medically important antimicrobials, honey bees now fall into the veterinarians’ purview, and veterinarians need to know about their care.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution and Genomic Basis of Beetle Diversity
    The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity Duane D. McKennaa,b,1,2, Seunggwan Shina,b,2, Dirk Ahrensc, Michael Balked, Cristian Beza-Bezaa,b, Dave J. Clarkea,b, Alexander Donathe, Hermes E. Escalonae,f,g, Frank Friedrichh, Harald Letschi, Shanlin Liuj, David Maddisonk, Christoph Mayere, Bernhard Misofe, Peyton J. Murina, Oliver Niehuisg, Ralph S. Petersc, Lars Podsiadlowskie, l m l,n o f l Hans Pohl , Erin D. Scully , Evgeny V. Yan , Xin Zhou , Adam Slipinski , and Rolf G. Beutel aDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152; bCenter for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152; cCenter for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany; dBavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, 81247 Munich, Germany; eCenter for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany; fAustralian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; gDepartment of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; hInstitute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany; iDepartment of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Wien, Wien 1030, Austria; jChina National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; kDepartment of Integrative Biology, Oregon State
    [Show full text]
  • Altitudinal Variation of Dung Beetle (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae
    Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) (2005) 14, 327–337 Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. RESEARCH Altitudinal variation of dung beetle PAPER (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) assemblages in the Colombian Andes Federico Escobar1,2,*, Jorge M. Lobo3 and Gonzalo Halffter1 1Departamento de Biodiversidad y ABSTRACT Comportamiento Animal, Instituto de Ecología, Aim We describe the changes in species richness, rarity and composition with alti- A.C., Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, tude, and explore whether the differences in Scarabaeinae dung beetle composition Veracruz, México; 2Programa de Inventarios de Biodiversidad, Instituto Humboldt, Apartado along five altitudinal transects of the same mountain range are related to altitude or Aéreo 8693 Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia; and if there are interregional differences in these altitudinal gradients. 3 Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Location Field work was carried out on the eastern slope of the eastern Cordillera, Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Colombian Andes, between Tamá Peak to the north, in the Tamá National Park Naturales (CSIC), c/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. (07°23′ N, 72°23′ W) and the San Miguel River (00°28′ N, 77°17′ W) to the south. E-28006 Madrid, Spain Methods Sampling was carried out between February 1997 and November 1999 in five regions spanning elevation gradients. In each gradient, six sites were chosen at 250 m intervals between 1000 and 2250 m a.s.l. Results We found a curvilinear relationship between altitude and mean species rich- ness, with a peak in richness at middle elevations. However, the diversity of dung beetle assemblages does not seem to be related to the interregional differences in environ- mental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • DARKLING BEETLE Or STINK BEETLE Class Order Family Genus Species Insecta Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Eleodes Spp
    DARKLING BEETLE or STINK BEETLE Class Order Family Genus Species Insecta Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Eleodes spp Range: Found worldwide. 100 species in this genus in California. Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and deserts. Found under rocks and logs during the day. Niche: Herbivorous, terrestrial, nocturnal Diet: Wild: Scavenge on a wide variety of decaying and fresh plant and animal matter Zoo: Apple, monkey chow, lettuce Special Adaptations: The forewing (elytra) is fused so this beetle is flightless. They have chewing mouthparts and adults have a hard exoskeleton, smooth and black and are a little over an inch long. Antennae are thread-like, but some species’ are slightly enlarged at the terminal end and appear club-like. Darkling beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis. The eggs are laid in soil. The mealworm is the larval state of the darkling beetle and may molt 9-20 times. The adults will live 3-15 years. Compound eyes are kidney-shaped or notched rather than round. These beetles do not need to drink and can produce water metabolically; also their wings are fused to reduce water loss. Other: When disturbed, they will stand on their heads and elevate their rear end and emit a foul-smelling odor. This emission makes them unpalatable to would-be predators. Hence an alternate common name of “stink beetle”. They are sexually dimorphic. The cactus longhorn beetle mimics the darkling beetle because of the smell. Complete metamorphosis. ▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼▲▼ DERMESTID BEETLE or SKIN BEETLE Class Order Family Genus Species Insecta Coleoptera Dermestidae Dermestes maculatus Range: Worldwide distribution except Antarctica Habitat: on dead animals Niche: Scavengers, omnivorous, terrestrial Diet: Wild: dry animal or plant material such as skin or pollen, animal hair, feathers, dead insects and natural fibers Zoo: Special Adaptations: Undergo complete metamorphosis.
    [Show full text]
  • BEEKEEPING: General Information by R
    BEEKEEPING: General Information by R. A. Morse and E. J. Dyce A Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication Information Bulletin 90 The New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences is a statutory college of the State University, at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 2 BEEKEEPING: This bulletin provides general informa­ Honey Bee as a Pollinator tion about beekeeping that is not usually General Information included in current publications. Informa­ The pollination of agricultural crops is by R. A. Morse and E. J. Dyce tion on specific beekeeping problems can the most important contribution of honey be obtained by writing to the Office of bees to our national economy. Although Apiculture, Department of Entomology, the value of honey bees for pollination Contents Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. cannot be estimated , it is many times the 2 Extent of Beekeeping Industry total value of both the honey and bees­ wax that they produce . Without cross­ 2 Honey Bee as a Pollinator Extent of Beekeeping Industry pollination many crops would not set seed 3 Who Keeps Bees? or produce fruit. Many insects other than In New York State about 8,500 people the honey bee can carry pollen from one 3 Where Bees Can Be Kept keep at least 125,000 colonies of honey plant to another; but in areas where agri­ 4 A Skilled Occupation bees. The annual production is about 8 culture has been intensified, such as the million pounds of honey and 120,000 fruit areas in New York State, the number 4 How to Acquire a Knowledge of pounds of beeswax.
    [Show full text]
  • INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT May 15Th, 2011
    INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT May 15 th , 2011 Disease & Pest Identification CAPA Honey Bee Diseases and Pests Publication. OBA Beekeeping Manual Tech-Transfer Website - http://techtransfer.ontariobee.com American Foulbrood (AFB) A bacteria affecting brood ( Bacillus larvae ) Found on every continent Spores remain viable indefinitely on beekeeping equipment Larvae are susceptible up to 3 days after hatching Spores germinate in the midgut, then penetrate to body cavity Spread by robbing and drifting bees and through transfer of hive equipment AFB Combs of infected colonies have a mottled appearance Cell cappings containing diseased larvae appear moist and darkened Larval and pupal colour changes to creamy brown, then dark brown Unpleasant odour in advanced stages Death in the pupal stage results in the formation of the pupal tongue Diseased brood eventually dries out to form characteristic brittle scales adhering tightly to the cell wall Monitoring - visual exam every time hive is opened AFB AFB Diagnosis Ropiness test Use twig or matchstick to ‘stir’ larvae 2 cm ‘rope’ will be attached to stick Microscopic examination Spores resemble slender rods in chains European Foulbrood (EFB) A bacteria affecting brood Not as widespread as AFB Larvae are infected by nurse bees EFB Twisted larvae Slight ropiness Monitoring - visual exam Chalkbrood A fungus affecting brood Patchy brood White/black “mummies” in cells, at hive entrance, on bottom board Monitoring - visual exam Sacbrood A virus affecting brood Patchy brood, punctured cells Larvae are like
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Lithium Levels in Bees and Their Products Following Anti-Varroa Treatment
    insects Communication Changes in Lithium Levels in Bees and Their Products Following Anti-Varroa Treatment Éva Kolics 1,2, Zsófi Sajtos 3,4 , Kinga Mátyás 1, Kinga Szepesi 1, Izabella Solti 1, Gyöngyi Németh 1 , János Taller 1, Edina Baranyai 4, András Specziár 5 and Balázs Kolics 1,2,* 1 Festetics Bioinnovation Group, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary; [email protected] (É.K.); [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (I.S.); [email protected] (G.N.); [email protected] (J.T.) 2 Kolics Apiaries, H-8710 Balatonszentgyörgy, Hungary 3 Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; sajtos.zsofi@science.unideb.hu 4 Atomic Spectrometry Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] 5 Balaton Limnological Research Institute, ELKH, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-302629236 Simple Summary: Varroosis caused by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor has been the biggest threat to managed bee colonies over recent decades. Chemicals available to treat the disease imply problems of resistance, inconsistent efficacy, and residues in bee products. Recently, alongside novel compounds to defeat the pest, lithium chloride has been found to be effective. In this study, we found Citation: Kolics, É.; Sajtos, Z.; that lithium treatments leave beeswax residue-free. The possibility of decontamination in adult bees, Mátyás, K.; Szepesi, K.; Solti, I.; bee bread, and uncapped honey was revealed.
    [Show full text]
  • Elm Bark Beetles Native and Introduced Bark Beetles of Elm
    Elm Bark Beetles Native and introduced bark beetles of elm Name and Description—Native elm bark beetle—Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff Smaller European elm bark beetle—Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) Banded elm bark beetle—S. schevyrewi Semenov [Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae] Three species of bark beetles are associated with elms in the United States: (1) the native elm bark beetle (fig. 1) occurs in Canada and south through the Lake States to Alabama and Mississippi, including Kansas and Nebraska; (2) the introduced smaller European elm bark beetle (fig.2) occurs through- out the United States; and (3) the introduced banded elm bark beetle (fig. 3) is common in western states and is spreading into states east of the Missis- sippi River. Both the smaller European elm bark beetle and the banded elm bark beetle were introduced into the United States from Europe and Asia, respectively. Hylurgopinus rufipes adults are approximately 1/12-1/10 inch (2.2-2.5 mm) long; Scolytus multistriatus adults are approximately 1/13-1/8 inch (1.9-3.1 mm) long; and S. schevyrewi adults are approximately 1/8-1/6 inch (3-4 mm) long. The larvae are white, legless grubs. Hosts—Hosts for the native elm bark beetle include the various native elm Figure 1. Native elm bark beetle. Photo: J.R. species in the United States and Canada, while the introduced elm bark Baker and S.B. Bambara, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org. beetles also infest introduced species of elms, such as English, Japanese, and Siberian elms. American elm is the primary host tree for the native elm bark beetle.
    [Show full text]