Gordiida, Nematomorpha

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Gordiida, Nematomorpha Influencia de perturbaciones ambientales de origen antrópico sobre el ciclo de vida de Chordodes nobilii (Gordiida, Nematomorpha). Tesista: Cecilia L. Achiorno Directora: Lucrecia Ferrari Co-Directora: Cristina de Villalobos 1 Influencia de perturbaciones ambientales de origen antrópico sobre el ciclo de vida de Chordodes nobilii (Gordiida, Nematomorpha). Tesis para acceder al título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Autor: Cecilia Luján Achiorno Directora: Lucrecia Ferrari Co-Directora: Cristina de Villalobos Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Lugar de trabajo: Unidad de Servicios en Bioensayos y Diagnósticos Ecotoxicológicos (SERByDE), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) y Programa de Ecofisiología Aplicada (PRODEA), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Lujan. 2010 A mi familia, y a todos aquellos que creen que los sueños pueden hacerse realidad y luchan por ellos AGRADECIMIENTOS Estoy finalizando esta etapa de mi vida, y se agolpan los nombres de las personas a quienes quiero agradecer. A mis directoras por su apoyo durante esta etapa de mi vida. A Cristina que realizó la primer pregunta que llevó a la realización de esta tesis, y que confió en mí para desarrollarla. A Lucrecia que aceptó este desafío y que también confió en mí para realizar esta investigación. Me siento privilegiada por las dos personas que dirigieron mis pasos en esta etapa. Desde el inicio estuvieron a mi lado, guiándome, respondiendo mis preguntas, con gran paciencia y predisposición me brindaron sus conocimientos, transformándose en mis amigas. No existen palabras para agradecerles el tiempo dedicado a esta tesis, que creyeran en mí, que me alentaran, que estuvieran a mi lado, y no solamente durante el desarrollo de esta investigación, sino en cada momento importante de mi vida. Gracias infinitas. A la facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo y al PRODEA, por facilitarme las instalaciones y los medios para la realización de la Tesis. A Verónica, Diego, Adonis, Alfredo, Anabella, Bety, Carolina, Fernando, Laura, Martina, Natalia, Paola, Patricia, Paula, mis compañeros en el PRODEA y el SERByDE, por su ayuda continua. Especialmente a Carolina Vilches y a Paula, que me ayudaron muchas, muchas veces en las mediciones que se realizaron en el laboratorio. A Juan García y a Susana Licastro, ya que gracias a ellos pude obtener las larvas de Aedes aegypti necesarias para la realización de los bioensayos. A Veronica Lemi por su invalorable ayuda para realizar la traducción del resumen. A CONICET por sus becas A mi familia, que me apuntaló desde el momento que decidí estudiar biología. Estuvieron a mi lado durante toda la carrera de grado y durante el tiempo que llevó la realización de esta tesis, dándome aliento a cada paso. A mis padres, Gerardo y Graciela, que sabiendo que no volvería a Olavarría si quería seguir mis sueños, me ayudaron de mil y una maneras para poder cumplirlos. A mi hermana Evangelina, que también vino a estudiar a La Plata y compartió muchos momentos, de certidumbre y de incertidumbre, pero siempre tuvo una palabra de aliento. A mis abuelas, a mis tíos Daniel y Marta, a mis primos, todos y cada uno me ayudaron a avanzar en esta etapa. A mis amigos, muchos de los cuales me acompañan desde el primer día del curso de ingreso (que ahora se ve tan lejano), pilar importantísimo en mi vida, que comparten mis alegrías y tristezas con la misma predisposición. Con sus consejos y su ayuda continua estuvieron siempre conmigo, y sin los que, seguramente, hubiera resultado mucho más difícil llevar a cabo este proyecto. A Germán, que supo apoyarme durante estos años, por su paciencia, su ayuda constante y sus consejos para con mi trabajo. ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ I ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... V SECCIÓN I INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL............................................................................. 1 CAPÍTULO I MARCO CONCEPTUAL: EL AGUA, LA CONTAMINACIÓN Y LA ECOTOXICOLOGÍA ............................................................................................................ 2 CAPÍTULO II SOBRE LA ESPECIE DE ESTUDIO: Chordodes nobilii ............................. 11 ALGUNAS CONSIDERACIONES BIOLÓGICAS SOBRE LOS ESTADIOS DE VIDA DE GORDIIDA ................................................................................................................. 11 EMBRIONES ............................................................................................................. 11 LARVAS .................................................................................................................... 12 JUVENILES ............................................................................................................... 12 ADULTOS ................................................................................................................. 13 CICLO BIOLÓGICO ................................................................................................... 16 RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Y ESTADO ACTUAL DEL CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS GORDIIDA .................................................................................................................................. 19 CAPÍTULO III PARÁSITOS: ¿INDICADORES DE POLUCIÓN? ........................................ 23 CAPÍTULO IV ANTECEDENTES ECOTOXICOLÓGICOS ................................................. 29 CAPÍTULO V DISTRIBUCIÓN DE Chordodes nobilii ....................................................... 32 DISTRIBUCIÓN DE Chordodes nobilii EN ARGENTINA ............................................ 32 DESCRIPCIÓN DE ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ................................................................... 32 ÁREA DE COLECTA DE Chordodes nobilii ................................................................ 32 CLIMA ....................................................................................................................... 34 CUENCA DEL RÍO SAUCE GRANDE ........................................................................ 34 USO DEL SUELO EN LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO .......................................................... 39 CAPÍTULO VI FUNDAMENTOS DE LA ELECCIÓN DEL TEMA ....................................... 42 SECCIÓN II HIPÓTESIS, OBJETIVOS Y METODOLOGÍA ………………………………….. 45 CAPÍTULO I PLANTEO DE HIPÓTESIS Y OBJETIVOS.................................................... 46 CAPÍTULO II MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ........................................................................ 48 METODOLOGÍA EN EL TRABAJO DE CAMPO......................................................... 48 METODOLOGÍA EN EL TRABAJO DE LABORATORIO ............................................ 49 Mantenimiento de los individuos colectados en el campo ........................................... 49 Medición de parámetros físico-químicos de agua y sedimento del río Sauce Grande (SG)........................................................................................................................... 50 BIOENSAYOS ........................................................................................................... 51 DISEÑO DE LOS PROTOCOLOS DE ENSAYO ........................................................ 51 BIOENSAYOS CON EMBRIONES ............................................................................. 51 BIOENSAYOS CON LARVAS .................................................................................... 53 BIOENSAYOS CON ADULTOS ................................................................................. 55 BIOENSAYOS REALIZADOS CON TÓXICOS ........................................................... 56 Bioensayos con Embriones y Larvas: ......................................................................... 56 Bioensayos con Adultos: ............................................................................................ 56 Tóxicos ensayados .................................................................................................... 57 PUNTOS FINALES .................................................................................................... 60 BIOENSAYOS PARA EVALUAR TOLERANCIA TÉRMICA ........................................ 60 EVALUACIÓN ESTADÍSTICA .................................................................................... 61 SECCIÓN III RESULTADOS Y DISUSIÓN ………………………………………………………63 Consideraciones acerca de la Sección III Resultados .................................................... 64 CAPÍTULO I ANÁLISIS DE LA CAPACIDAD INFECTIVA DE LAS LARVAS DE Chordodes nobilii ................................................................................................................................ 65 INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... 65 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................... 65 CAPÍTULO II EVALUACIÓN DE LA SENSIBILIDAD DE Chordodes nobilii A TRES PLAGUICIDAS .................................................................................................................. 70 INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... 70 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................... 76 CAPÍTULO
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