The Struggle of Migrant Workers: Subaltern Perspectives in Steinbeck’S the Grapes of Wrath P

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 THE STRUGGLE OF MIGRANT WORKERS: SUBALTERN PERSPECTIVES IN STEINBECK’S THE GRAPES OF WRATH P. Michael Arokiasamy, Department of English, Don Bosco College, Keela Eral, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

The Grapes of Wrath is an eye-opening novel that deals with the struggle for survival of migrant workers in the western United States. It was the best-selling novel of the year and won the Pulitzer Prize. The most part of the novel focuses on the human experience of the mass migration. Although the novel predominantly follows one family, the Joads, Steinbeck did not want the struggles of the Joads to be considered as an isolated event, specific only to a particular family. It is a global problem. The powerful oppress the powerless. Most migrant workers face the similar situation across the globe. This novel makes known the plight and difficulties of the migrant workers to all. It recognizes oppression of the weak and the subordination of migrant workers. In this paper therefore, I attempt at exploring the subaltern perspectives in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath by analyzing the various struggles of migrant workers of the novel. Keywords: Subaltern, migrants, discrimination, oppression, emancipation, depression, liberation, proletarian revolt. The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is a classic novel noted for its expressive equality and fascinating writing techniques. It won the Pulitzer Prize and was the best-selling novel of the year. Steinbeck’s migration saga remains relevant as a piece of (dramatized) social analysis. It is essentially a road novel about the Joads, a poor Midwestern migrant farming family. Throughout the novel, the Joads fight to keep their family unbroken while fleeing the 1930s Oklahoma Dustbowl in the hope of farm work in California. But once the Joads begin to migrate, the family begins to crumble. The Joad grandparents aren’t able to cope with life outside their native Oklahoma, and they both die early in the novel. A brother-in-law gets fed up with the itinerant farm work, so he leaves the family and his pregnant wife to seek other opportunities. The main character, oldest son Tom Joad, gets tangled in a labor clash and is forced to abandon the family and live in hiding. The disintegration of the Joad family demonstrates that, although we are all subject to pressures and influences that bring us together and push us apart, migrants face unique and strong centrifugal forces that work against family unity.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017

The novel begins with a description of the conditions in Dust Bowl Oklahoma that ruined crops and instigated massive foreclosures on farmland. Tom Joad, the protagonist has been released early from the penitentiary on parole after serving four years of his seven year sentence. Tom, once released, begins the trip back home to his family on their forty acre farming estate. Tom, through the help of a truck driver, is given a ride to the general area of his house. It is interesting to see how Tom manages to get a ride with the truck driver, who under normal circumstances, would not have given any rides to hitch hikers, simply due to a sticker on his cab which reads “No Riders.” Tom however, through astute reasoning skills, is able to get what he needs. Through his actions in the opening scenes, we learn a little bit about Tom Joad, and what he is like as a person. Once Tom is dropped off, he meets an old minister named Jim Casey. Jim’s inner struggle before he joins Tom in accompanying him back to his house is unspeakable. Meanwhile, the Joads’ were being expelled from their house by the owner of the land, and were making plans for a trip to move in with Uncle Tom. Upon the arrival of Tom and Jim, they are quick to discover, through the knowledge of Muley, an old friend of Tom, that his family has already left, but were unable to reach him to let him know what was happening to them. Tom and Jim eventually meet the family at Uncle Tom’s cabin and are greeted with open arms. Soon after their arrival, the family is once again forced to leave. After purchasing a truck, the family heads for California in search of a home and work, but not without a struggle with Grandpa who does not wish to leave. The family is forced to drug him to bring him along, only for him to later die along the way of a massive stroke. Casey decides to come along with the family while still struggling with his internal conflict. As the trip lengthens, the family meets up with Mr. and Mrs. Wilson one night along the side of the road. The two families befriend each other and continue the trip west together. Both families continue to travel west together until they are separated when Mrs. Wilson becomes seriously ill, which forces the Wilsons to stay behind. The struggle of the Joads is becoming more and more ostensible now as they experience the realities of life. Cruel police officers, cunning salesmen, and ignorant people all add to the total picture and struggle the family is enduring, and bring the reality of the entire situation to a front. Grandma dies, as well as Rose of Sharon’s baby which only adds to the trouble. Connie eventually walks out on Rose, and Noah Joad gives up on the thought of going west, and abandons the family to remain by a river in which the family had stopped. By this time, Ma Joad, who has struggled so hard to keep the family together, has become terribly aware that the family is falling apart.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Slowly everything is turned for the worst as Jim Casey is murdered, and Tom, due to avenging Jim’s death is forced into hiding all of while the lack of jobs and appropriate wages still overshadows the family. Once the family reaches California, their hopes and dreams are basically shattered. Although briefly employed for descent pay, wages are slashed, and the hard times become even worse. With lack of money, possessions, and an adequate food supply, the family finally hits rock bottom when torrential rains flood their makeshift boxcar home, destroying their truck, and once again sending them on the run. Although The Grapes of Wrath predominantly follows one family, the Joads, Steinbeck also makes a point to convey just how massive a phenomenon the migration to California was. As circumstances changed in Oklahoma and elsewhere, sending hundreds and thousands of people to find work in other parts of the country, this also caused massive changes in California, where people were hoping to re-start their lives. Chapter 19 includes this description of migration into California: “And the dispossessed, the migrants, flowed into California, two hundred and fifty thousand, and three hundred thousand. Behind them new tractors were going on the land and the tenants were being forced off. And new waves were on the way, new waves of the dispossessed and the homeless, hardened, intent, and dangerous”. (158) Most of The Grapes of Wrath focuses on the human experience of the mass migration: the lives of the migrants themselves. We get to know the Joads in particular, but through their experiences we also get a sense of the hundreds of thousands like them. Chapter 21 includes a passage that describes the impact of mass migration, and its attendant struggles, on the migrants: The movement changed them; the highways, the camps along the road, the fear of hunger and the hunger itself, changed them. The children without dinner changed them, the endless moving changed them. They were migrants. And the hostility changed them, welded them, united them - hostility that made the little towns group and arm as though to repel an invader... (192-193) As in the passage above, Steinbeck describes these situations (hunger, highways, etc.) as forces that have a significant impact on the people and bring about substantial changes in them. We get the sense that all the people involved, both the migrants and the townspeople, are at the mercy of a changing country that they don’t understand. This is often how the migrants are described in the book: as objects that are formed and altered by forces out of their control.

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Not only the migrants who were affected by the changes but also the people in the community that absorbed. In Chapter 29, we get this description of these communities: “The sheriffs swore in new deputies and ordered new rifles; and the comfortable people in tight houses felt pity at first, and then distaste, and finally hatred for the migrant people.” (299) In this case, we can see that the townspeople’s feelings about the migrants have shifted from the ‘hostility’ in Chapter 21 to ‘hatred’ in Chapter 29. Granted, the circumstances have changed as well - in this part of the book, the rains have come and have left the migrants out of work, starving, and desperate - but all of this has had the knock-on effect of making the migrants a hated community. One can say that Steinbeck wrote this novel to make the plight and difficulties of the migrant workers known to all of America. He accomplished this by telling the story from the viewpoint of a particular family, rather than the migrant workers as a whole. Steinbeck exposed what these people went through from their eviction from their home, to their eventually self-destruction and failure as a family. Once the appropriate focus on the Joad’s had been reached, it was then possible for Steinbeck to tie it all together by bringing the entire situation into view. This was possible through the demonstration of the workers establishing a common ground with each other. Once the forte of the inner family had been established, a family of families could be constructed. The story went from “I lost my land” to “We lost our land.” It showed just what the life of a migrant worker was all about; for example the establishing of a common ground within one another. However, times were tough, and that constant harassment of police organizations only worsened the situation. The suffering of the migrant workers and their oppression by larger, more powerful forces was a social crisis of widespread magnitude. Steinbeck was concerned that readers would not comprehend this urgent, yet impersonal problem unless they could focus their sympathy on the ordeals of a specific family. At the same time, however, he did not want the struggles of the Joads to be considered isolated events, specific only to a particular family. It is a global problem. The powerful oppress the powerless. The most migrant workers face the similar situation across the globe. The following ideas and concepts could be considered to subvert subalternity of the migrant workers. The first is the Emersonian concept of the Oversoul. The Transcendental concept of the Oversoul is articulated in the earthy folk language of Jim Casy as the belief that all human’s souls are really just part of one big soul. Ralph Waldo Emerson, the most well-known proponent of transcendentalism, defined the Oversoul as the universal mind or

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 spirit that animates, motivates, and is the unifying principle of all living things. Casy makes numerous references to this one large soul that connects all in holiness, and they dovetail nicely with the basic idea of strength in group unity. This concept of the survival of the human life force is symbolized by the survival of the land turtle and Ma’s comment, “We’re the people — we go on.” This combination of individualism and an embracing of all men as part of the same Great Being are physically expressed in the education and re-birth of Tom Joad: His strongly individual nature gives him the strength to fight for the social welfare of all humanity. The second is the theory of Jeffersonian agrarianism, which holds that the identification of humankind with soil is necessary for the continuation of the life cycle. Agrarianism is a way of living that is intricately tied to one’s love and respect of land. Through connection with the growth-cycle of the land, humankind gains identity. Steinbeck’s symbolic treatment of this idea can be found repeatedly in The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck uses the life force in a horse and the mechanized power of the tractor to metaphorically contrast the productiveness that comes from a love of the land with the deadness that arises from anisolation from it. Men are whole when they are working with the land, and equally, they are depleted, emotionally and physically, when they are taken from the land. When that land is taken away, the men lose part of themselves, their dignity, and their self-esteem. Also closely tied to the land is family unity. With the separation from the land comes a fragmentation of the family unit. Ma expresses this most succinctly when she observes, “They was the time when we was on the lan’. They was a boundary to us then. …We was the fambly — kinda whole and clear. An’ now we ain’t clear no more.” (270) Thus, throughout the book, Steinbeck tries to show that good can still exist among evil. The most moving example of this is the final scene of the book, where Rosasharn breastfeeds a dying man, still willing to help another despite her own losses. In general, Steinbeck’s characters can be divided along two lines: those who just do everything they can to help themselves, and those who cooperate so as to help both themselves and others. In Steinbeck’s writings, for example, the greedy bank owners and crop growers who take advantage of the migrants are shown in a bad connotation. Steinbeck’s message is that people should cooperate to offset such evil. Steinbeck openly advocates Marxist proletarian revolt in response to unjust economic conditions, which, he goes on to explain, are directly caused by capitalism: “The tractors which throw men out of work, the belt lines which carry loads, the machines which produce, all were increased; and more and more families scampered on the highways, looking for

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 crumbs from the great holdings, lusting after the land beside the roads.” (162)Thus, one of Steinbeck’s major messages is that socialistic revolt is the way to solve economic problems. He says that people must join together and as he says, “This is the beginning-from ‘I’ to ‘We.’” (102)Ironically, Steinbeck’s novel does not point toward God bringing about justice. Instead, Steinbeck promotes the idea that a proletarian revolt will be the time when “the grapes of wrath” are trod and justice is brought about. In other words, in Steinbeck’s eyes the coming of the Lord is a proletariat revolt. Thus, Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath analyses logically the subaltern situations in the struggle of migrant workers. He wrote this novelin order to make the plight and difficulties of the migrant workers known to all of America. He skillfully accomplished this by telling the story from the viewpoint of a particular family, rather than the migrant workers as a whole. His concern for subverting subalterns by way of examining the struggle of migrant workers has certainly made a great impact on the life of people in general and the subalterns in particular. Works Cited Bhowal, Sanatan. The Subaltern Speaks: Truth and Ethics in Mahasweta Devi’s Fiction on Tribals. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2016. Print. Chaturvedi, Vinayak. Mapping Subaltern Studies and the Postcolonial. New Delhi: Hardback, 2015. Print. Louis, Prakash. “The Meaning of Subaltern: A Socio-Philosophical Discourse.” Subaltern Perspectives: Philosophizing in Context. Ed. George Thadathil. Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 2005. Print. Pankaj, Ashok.K and Ajit K.Pandey. Subalternity, Exclusion and Social Change in India. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print. Poltevin, Guy. The Voice and the Will: Subaltern Agency. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 2002. Print. Ranajit, Guha. A Subaltern Studies Reader (1986-1995): Society, Government and Urban Growth. Australia: University of Pennsylvania, 1997. Print. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin Classics, 2006. Print.

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Kurt Vonnegut’s Gala′pagos: A Catastrophic Caution of Charles Darwin’s Natural Law of Selection S.Sudha Rani Department of English, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, Inida

Abstract The novel Gala′pagos brings Kurt Vonnegut’s earlier interests in Darwinism to fictional fruition. It is a fictional projection of mankind’s dire future. Unbridled belief in evolutionary science gained widespread appeal in America since the nineteenth century. Vonnegut believes the accumulated thought of mankind has led to nothing but misery, exploitation, ideological warfare and the oppression of many by a few. He holds the “big brains” as responsible for the destruction of the race. The survivors of the human race are attacked by a new bacterium that surfaces during the 1986 Frankfurt Book Fair. It quickly spreads across the world, attacking the ovaries of all the human females in the globe making them infertile. Mary Hepburn, through genetic engineering, makes the kanka-bono girls, the few survivors the mothers of a human race which becomes a fur-covered group of fish-eating mammals with flippers. In Galápagos one finds, therefore, Vonnegut’s bitter and pessimistic comment on man’s tendency toward self-annihilation. The influence of social “Darwinism” absolves the individual of any moral or social responsibility. There is an inherent danger in extrapolating science beyond the realm for which it was intended. The paper thus analyses Darwin’s theory of evolution and its widespread misuse, as an alibi for selfishness and cruelty. Key words: Darwinism. evolutionary science, self-annihilation, social responsibility. Human existence has always been subjected to a constant state of analysis, philosophical ruminations, religious and mythical queries, scientific and physiological researches and so on. Multiple theories, ideologies and doctrines have been propounded since the trace of the primeval roots of humans. In this, both Science and Arts have equal roles played. What Science has found, Art establishes and popularises. Though there is a principle war between Science and Arts there is the inter-relatedness in them- creative imagination, fore vision and prophetical vision. Fact and fiction have found a common home in science fiction. Writers of science fiction base their fictional stories rooted in scientific theories. One such writer is Kurt Vonnegut, the German American, who has based his novels against the background of

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 physical and biological sciences. The novel Gala′pagos brings Vonnegut’s earlier interests in Darwinism to fictional fruition. It reflects Vonnegut’s knowledge of the work of scientists like Carl Sagan and Stephen Jay Gould, evolutionary biologists. The very title strikes a concord to the Gala′pagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador, that Charles Darwin visited in 1835 where his observations on species inspired his theory of evolution. In the controversial book called On the Origin of Species he proposed that species evolve or, as he put it, undergo “descent with modification” known as natural selection. He suggested a mechanism for evolution: natural selection, in which heritable traits that help organisms survive and reproduce become more common in a population over time. Gala′pagos is narrated by a ghost and covers a span of million years of startling human history. It is another fictional projection of mankind’s dire future. The novel covers a span of million years from the present. He applies the Law of Natural Selection and devises an apocalyptic scenario. The destruction portrayed deals with the more frightening destruction of an irreversible regression of man from higher intelligence from predatory man into a simpler harmless animal existence, as aquatic mammals. Lurking behind this destruction of the world is the unbridled belief in evolutionary science which was gaining widespread appeal in America since the nineteenth century. Arthur E. Jones illustrates: One of the reasons for suggesting in detail the ramifications of the reception of Darwinism in the United States has been to show the tremendous extent to which Darwinian evolutionary ideas had permeated the thinking and writing of scientists, theologians, sociologists, and even industrialists, reaching all the way down into almost all levels of American life. (12) Vonnegut asserts the “big brains” as responsible for the destruction of the race using their complex weapons. The accumulated thought of mankind has led to nothing but misery, exploitation, ideological warfare and the oppression of many by a few. According to Peter Freese, Vonnegut seems to say that “man is an evolutionary mistake, and the only chance to prevent the imminent destruction of the world is not to think ever better thoughts but to give up thinking altogether. This is the outrageous premise Vonnegut develops in his Gala′pagos with his inimitable mixture of cynical pessimism and bourgeois sentimentality …” (168). Here intelligence becomes a threat to survival. Entrepreneurs in New York and South America along with some passengers sign up to board the luxury ship Bahia de Darwin. A series of economic crises and wars ravage the earth. Only ten randomly chosen and pathetically unfit people are forced to make the journey. They become stranded on Santa Rosalia, one of the uninhabited and hostile islands of the

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Galápagos Archipelago. Financial crises and revolts occur. The survivors of the human race are attacked by a new bacterium that surfaces during the 1986 Frankfurt Book Fair and quickly spreads across the world. It attacks the ovaries of all the human females in the globe making them infertile. It is apt to quote here Jerome Klinkowitz: The sexually related disease that destroys most of the human race in the novel reflects Americans’ shock and fear at the discovery in the mid-1980s that millions of people around the world were infected with a new, incurable, sexually transmitted disease-AIDS. Arising out of this troubled climate, Galápagos is a somber, chilling book reflecting its author’s pessimism about the chances for the survival of humanity. In it mankind does survive, but only by ceasing to be fully human. (152) The outcasts stranded in the island begin a new evolutionary cycle on the very island Charles Darwin had the first seeds of his theory germinate. One of the survivors, a Japanese ikebana teacher, gives birth to a girl who is covered with a furry pelt resulting from a genetic mutation brought about when her grandmother was exposed to excessive radiation at the bombing of Hiroshima. Then Mary Hepburn, a widow and former teacher of biology, secretly starts an artificial insemination program with the seeds of Captain Adolph von Kleist, who refuses to procreate because he is a latent carrier of a disease called Huntington chorea. She, however, manages to impregnate the Kanka-bono women belonging to an extinct tribe of rain forest Indians. Vonnegut holds the big brain of Mary Hepburn responsible for this. She believed that “there was no harm, and possibly a lot of good, in people’s playing with all sorts of ideas in their heads, no matter how impossible or impractical or downright crazy they seemed to be” (290). Vonnegut tells the diabolic aspect of the big brains is that it would not rest until it had actually performed the experiment that had gone within the mind. It had been the cause of many a tragic annihilation of the human race in the past. Mary goes ahead with her experiment of procreation and succeeds in creating the modern mankind. Mary becomes a prey to the most diabolic aspect of the big brain. The perpetuation of the marooned islanders is not caused by the Law of Natural Selection but by Mary’s program of artificial insemination. But it agrees with this Law and this is in concordance with Peter Freese’s view point in his essay in the Critique: The Law of Natural Selection exists and works, of course totally independent of the fact that Darwin managed to discover and formulate it. Moreover, because

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 the discovery of that law pre-supposes the possession of one of the big brains that are decried as a “distracting and irrelevant and disruptive” mistake of evolution, and because Darwin’s very discovery contributed greatly to the misbehavior of humankind by providing man with a justification for greed and heartlessness …. (170) Vonnegut writes of how the Law of Natural Selection was powerless to respond to new technologies: “No female of any species, unless, maybe, she was a rhinoceros, could expect to give birth to a baby who was fireproof, bombproof, or bullet proof” (157). Vonnegut ironically comments that the Law of Natural Selection has come up with somebody who wasn’t afraid of anything, even though there was so much to fear: “I knew a few people like that in Vietnam--to the extent that such people were knowable” (157). Determinism takes a different form in Galápagos. Darwin’s notion of natural selection discloses a world of mystery and awe. The chance element in natural selection shares the mystery element of God. Natural Selection becomes the almighty power that governs humanity and the universe. It is as Karl R. Popper and John C. Ecles state that natural selection is “often seen as the result of an interaction between blind chance working from within the organism and external forces upon which the organism has no influence” (11). Darwinian Theory of survival of the fittest -- the test of strength is learnt in the beginning of the novel itself. The characters who are soon to die are star crossed. Gilbert McInnis vouchsafes this: However, the characters are not active participants in “the mystery dimension of the universe,” but rather are victims of the deterministic force underlying the chance mechanism of natural selection. When we further examine that malicious force, we conclude that it, too, resembles the mechanistic view of the universe propounded by evolutionary science. (1) Leon Trout emphasizes this omnipotent power when he says, “I am prepared to swear under oath that the Law of Natural Selection did the repair job without outside assistance of any kind” (319). Leon tells that natural selection played a mysterious role in correcting human evil. But natural selection itself seems to operate according to the force of chance. It is only by chance that some have signed up for the Nature Cruise of the Century Bahia de Darwin to the Gala′pagos Islands. It is only by chance some end up on the ship by mistake. The kanka-bono girls for instance land up only by accident. They avoid being wiped out like the rest of their tribe by an insecticide sprayed from a plane because they had gone to participate in a choir practice. They are rescued and taken to Guayaquil by a bush pilot.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Domingo Quezeda, the only speaker of their language turns them into street children. They escape him and rush into a store begging for food. When riot breaks out and a paranoid soldier opens fire, they escape with James Wait and Mary Hepburn into a bus. They board the passenger ship Bahia de Darwin with a few others who escape the riots. Captain Adolf von Kleist, runs the ship aground on the island of Santa Rosalia because of his ineptitude. Only by chance a few survive. They have escaped the rest of human extinction by a deadly bacterium that eats human eggs. Mary Hepburn, through genetic engineering, makes the kanka-bono girls the mothers of all humankind. One million years from the novel’s present, human race becomes a fur-covered group of fish-eating mammals with flippers rather than hands and a greatly diminished mental capacity. This is narrated by Leon Trout who foregoes going through the Blue Tunnel of after-life, for the simple reason to watch the evolutionary process. All these happen much in keeping with nature’s seemingly random operations. The story of Galápagos therefore reveals that all actions are determined not by one’s will but by obedience to immutable natural laws. Mustazza confirms the same: According to this way of looking, nature is responsible for human evil, since every action and thought is the product of the naturally derived oversized human brain. Among the products of this evolutionary error inside people’s heads, the narrator asserts, are opinions that have life-and-death implications for human beings on Earth. (281) Vonnegut portrays the big brains as destroying the earth and humanity: “Famine was purely a product of oversize human brains” (24) and the financial crisis of several nations had also originated entirely in human brains. From the violence people were doing to themselves, each other and all living things, Vonnegut states “a visitor from another planet might have assumed that the environment had gone haywire, and the people were in such a frenzy because Nature was about to kill them all” (25). Hence it is nature, according to Darwinian logic and the dictates of determinism which is responsible for the organ that makes ethical evil possible. These big brains devolve to “smaller skulls” (320) in the course of time through natural selection. The planet is saved from destruction. Determinism functions in this scheme of natural law. The role of God is substituted by characters who function like God. In Galápagos, it is Mary Hepburn. She is characterized as both god and “Mother Nature personified” (95). As a god, she quietly acts as the imposer of order and as overseer of creation within the little colony on Santa Rosalia. As an agent of nature she does all she could to keep life going on and on. Through Mary Hepburn nature pursues its self-corrective course. She becomes the agent of creation and the kanka bono girls

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 vessels of procreation. In Galápagos Vonnegut uses evolutionary science as the mystery dimension of the universe. He marks it as a force that determines the life of human race. Anything apart from it cannot control the working of the human race. The schema of evolutionary adaptation as propounded in this novel goes to prove that adaptation is not chosen nor willed. It happens, by chance and necessity. Perry Westbrook in this connection states: Natural selection, a characteristic doctrine of naturalism, teaches that nature (or God, or the Unknowable, through nature) has endowed certain individuals of a species with certain traits which ensure their advancement over their fellows and their survival in this life. Nature’s reason for so endowing some and not others is as inscrutable as is God’s sovereign whim in electing certain souls to salvation. (120) In Galápagos, as in other Vonnegut novels, the cause of human evil and human suffering turns out to be paradoxically human inventiveness, since every action and thought are the products of the oversized big brain. Vonnegut asserts that in this brain lies life and death implications for human beings on earth: “More and more people were saying that their brains were irresponsible, unreliable, hideously dangerous, wholly unrealistic -- were simply no damn good” (25). So, according to Darwinian logic, nature is responsible for the organ that makes ethical evil possible. Michael Wood quotes: As Stephen Jay Gould has noted, our failure to find moral goodness in the ruthless survival operations of the animal world “merely demonstrates that nature contains no moral messages framed in human terms …. The factual state of the world does not teach us how we, with our powers for good and evil, should alter or preserve it in the most ethical manner” (281).

In Galápagos one finds, therefore, Vonnegut’s bitter and pessimistic comment on man’s tendency toward self-annihilation. He has selected Darwin’s theory of evolution and its widespread misuse as an alibi for selfishness and cruelty. Here the apocalypse is the calamity of mankind’s gradual regression into animalism. This is cosy catastrophe -- an end caused to the civilization.

The influence of social “Darwinism” absolves the individual of any moral or social responsibility. There is thus an inherent danger in extrapolating science beyond the realm for which it was intended. As evidenced in Kurt Vonnegut’s representation of Darwinism, it is

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 but ironical that this human trait is perhaps best understood as an evolutionary hangover from the development of the massively expanded brainpower. Humans have an innate need to expand and develop ideas in order to explain wider existence or justify humankind’s behaviours.

Works Cited Freese Peter. “Surviving the End: Apocalypse, Evolution, and Entropy in Bernard Malamud, Kurt Vonnegut, and Thomas Pynchon”. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. Volume xxxvi, No.3, (Spring 1995). 163-175.Print. Jones, E. Arthur. Darwinism and its Relationship to Realism and Naturalism in American Fiction, 1860 to 1900. New Jersey: The Drew University Bulletin, 1950. Print. Klinkowitz, Jerome and Donald L. Lawler, Ed. Vonnegut in America: An Introduction to the Life and Work of Kurt Vonnegut. New York: Delacorte Press/ Seymour Lawrence, 1977. Print. McInnis, Gilbert. “Evolutionary Mythology in the Writings of Kurt Vonnegut Jr.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 46.4 (Summer 2005): 383-96. Print. Mustazza, Leonard - -. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.8, Ed. Dedrin Bryfonski and Phyllis Carmel Mendelsons. Detroit, Michigan: 1978. Print. Westbrook, Perry D. Freewill and Determinism in American Literature. London: Associated University Presses, 1979. Print. Wood, Michael. “Vonnegut’s Softer Focus”. The Critical Response to Kurt Vonnegut. London: Greenwood Press, 1994. Print.

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THE ESSENCE OF BEING: SAUL BELLOW’S SEIZE THE DAY

M. Mangaleswari, Department of English, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India.

Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasises individual’s existence, freedom and choice. According to the doctrine of The Basics of Philosophy,

“Existentialism is the view that humans define their own meaning in life and try to make rational decisions despite existing in an irrational universe. It focuses on the question of human existence, and the feeling that there is no purpose or explanation at the core of existence. It states that there is no God or any other transcendent force and the only way to counter this nothingness is by embracing existence” (36).

Existentialism believes that individuals are entirely free and must take personal responsibility. It also emphasises action, freedom and decision as fundamentalcondition of humanity that helps to rise above the essential absurdity of life characterised by suffering and inevitable death. It asserts that people actually make decisions based on what has meaning to them rather than what is rational like the protagonist of Saul Bellow’s Seize the Day.

The existentialists believe that personal experience and acting on one's own convictions are essential in arriving at the truth and that the understanding of a situation by someone involved in that situation is superior to that of a detached, objective observer. Tommy Wilhelm, an existentialist is the central character of Bellow’s Seize the Day who makes decision on his own will and ultimately suffers, later he is termed as an failed person in life. This paper discusses the essence of Tommy’s beingness in Saul Bellow’s Seize the Day.

According to Albert Camus, when an individual is longing for order collides with the real world's lack of order and the result is absurdity. Martin Heidegger was also considered as an important early philosopher in the Existentialist movement because of his influential work "Being and Time" (1927) where he claims himself as not an existentialist in the Sartrean sense. Bellow’s Tommy wants to have a good existence and authenticity; his anxiety in modern culture to be called as a rich person makes him an existentialist in the usual modern usage.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Existentialism originated in the 19th Century by Philosophers Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. The other exponents of existentialism are Jean-Paul Sartre, Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. The popular existential themes are dread, boredom, alienation, absurdity, freedom, commitment and nothingness which are also commonly seen in the life of the protagonist, Tommy.

In general, Bellow’s SeizetheDay is about the conflict between expectation and experiment. Tommy is in his middle forties and living temporarily in the Hotel Gloriana on the Upper West Side of New York City. Dr. Adler, his father has also taken residence there for a number of years. Tommy doesn’t belong to that place from the beginning along with the other inmates, the elderly retirees, “Most of the guests at the Hotel Gloriana were past the age of retirement. Along Broadway in the Seventies, Eighties, and Nineties, a great part of New York’s vast population of old men and women live…. Among these old people at the Gloriana, Wilhelm felt out of place” (4). It makes him a figure of isolation amidst crowd throughout the novel.

As the novella opens, Tommy is descending in the hotel elevator to meet his father for breakfast, as he does every morning. However, this morning feels different to Tommy, he feels a certain degree of fear which threatens him for something that lies in the hours ahead of him. The descending elevator is a metaphor which stands for the falling of Tommy in his real life.

Then Tommy thinks over his failures as a series of flashbacks like he has just recently been fired from his job as a salesman, a college drop-out, a man with two children, recently separated from his wife, and he is a man on the brink of financial disaster. Tommy has just given over the last of his savings to the fraudulent Dr.Tamkin, who has promised to knowingly invest it in the commodities market. Amid all of this, he has apparently fallen in love with a woman named Olive, who he cannot marry because his wife is not granting him a divorce instead takes away all his hard earned money like a parasite. Tommy is unhappy and in need of assistance both emotionally and financially.

Dr. Adler always sees his son as a failure in every sense of the word. Tommy is refused financial assistance and also refused any kind of support from his father. His flashbacks in between the conversation highlight various other things where he had failed miserably.The main character Tommy, right from the beginning wanted to become an Hollywood actor, “he had once been an actor - no, not quite, an extra” (3).One incident is

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Tommy's meeting with the duplicitous Maurice Venice, the talent scout who shows initial interest in a young Tommy and his good looks. Wilhelm, however, is later rejected by the same scout after a failed screen test but nevertheless attempts a career in Hollywood as an actor.And early in the nineteen-thirties, because of his striking looks, he had very briefly been considered star material and he had gone to Hollywood. This is clearly stated in the following lines,

Hollywood was his own idea, too. He used to pretend that it had all been the doing of a certain talent scout named Maurice Venice. But the scout had never made him a definite offer of a studio connection. He had approached him, but the results of the screen test had not been good. After the test Wilhelm took the initiative and pressed Maurice Venice until he got him to say, “Well, I suppose you might make it out there.” On the strength of this Wilhelm had left college and had gone to California”.(14)

He discontinues his college education and moves to California, against his parent's will and warnings.

The name “Wilhelm” is his own creation; his real name isWilky Adler. The change of his original name into a new one leads to the first crevice in a strained relationship with his father. Nonetheless even his father, Dr Adler feels the need to hide Wilhelm’s inadequacies among his friends and tells him a “sales executive” with an income upto five figures. But Tommy hates this attitude from his father as,

Despite his troubles, Wilhelm almost laughed. Why, that bounding old hypocrite. He knew the sales executive was no more. For many weeks there had been no executive, no sales, no income. But how we love looking fine in the eyes of the world!…It’s Dad, thought Wilhelm, who is the salesman. He’s selling me. He should have gone on the road”. (13)

This brings in absurdity and identity crisis because of his agony in this modern age to have a good status of his own in order to enjoy the real freedom of an independent life.

Tommy’s troubles are inseparable from him wherever he goes they follow him. But he is unable to face them or escape from them. He is living in a hotel and cannot pay his bill. His path through life, begun when he abandoned college to avoid “the narrow life of the average,” has become a dead end, or worse, a maze of possibilities, none of them very

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 tempting. He wants freedom from his past and his self: “His spirit, the peculiar burden of his existence lay upon him like an accretion, a load, a lump. In any moment of quiet, when sheer fatigue prevented him from struggling, he was apt to feel this mysterious weight, this growth or collection of nameless things which it was the business of his life to carry about” (35).

Next Tommy encounters Dr.Tamkin, a fraudulent psychologist who gives him endless advice and also provides the assistance which his father fails to do. Tamkin is quite charming and appeals to Tommy. Dr.Tamkin calls himself a poet, a healer, a member of the Detroit Purple Gang and many other positions under various titles. Despite his lies, he gives Tommy kernels of truth that become significant in the novella and for Tommy. Finally, Tommy entrusts Tamkin with the last of his savings to invest in the commodities market, since Tamkin claims a certain stock market expertise.The novel finally illustrates Tommy's terrible loss in the commodities in which Tamkin has invested Tommy's money. Tommy has lost all of his savings but still has the monetary demands of his family to meet. Tamkin has also disappeared, neither receives any monetary assistance from his father and stands without any support as helpless person.

Thus the first climax is the final confrontation with his father in the massage room of the hotel in which Tommy is denied any assistance one last time, as he stands before his father. Afterward, Tommy has a loud and almost raving fight with his wife on the telephone in which he claims to be suffocating and unable to “You’ve got to let me breathe” (114). Full of rage, he exits out onto Broadway where he believes to see Dr.Tamkin at a funeral, nearby. He calls out to Tamkin but receives no reply. Suddenly he is swept in by a rush of people and finds himself carried into a crowd within the chapel where the funeral is taking place.

In the climax, Tommy finds himself before the body of a dead stranger, unable to break away and he begins to cry and weep. He releases pools of emotion as "He cried with all his heart” (118). To the extent the other people at the funeral are confused as to who he is wondering how close he had been to the deceased. The deceased is a stranger but Tommy, however, “It poured into him where he had hidden himself in the centre of a crowd by the great and happy oblivion of tears. He heard it and sank deeper than sorrow, through torn sobs and cries toward the consummation of his heart’s ultimate need” (118).

Tommy suffers a lot and stands as afqllen man because of heart’s unfulfilled and unwanted desire of becoming a film star. His high and over ambitious nature made him to be so and his mindset is clearly projected as:

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 At the same time Wilhelm doubts whether he can ever be free, “Don’t talk to me about being free. A rich man may be free on an income of a million net. A poor man may be free because nobody cares what he does. But a fellow in my position has to sweat it out until he drops dead” (68). His ways of trying to be a rich man on one side and in the other direction to invest money in lard futures as per the advice of foolish and cheater Tamkin, left Tommy into this critical stage of expecting “help” from somebody.This made him to face the greatest loss in his life of losing his last money and not even leaving him a single penny.Thus making Tommy to realize that, “The past is no good to us. The future is full of anxiety. Only the present is real – the here-and-now. Seize the day” (66).

Bellow has used Tommy as the third person narrator in this novel. He has also used water imagery in its negative or reversal sense in order to bring about the main character’s reversal of fortune as quoted in the text book of Lieder and Lovett’s British Poetry and Prose, “Sunk though he be beneath the watery floor…” (13). These lines literally stand for Tommy’s drowning into the miseries, chaos and confusions of his real life from which he couldn’t come out.

Bellow has utilized Tommy as a tool to demonstrate the American existentialism which urges the individuals to chase an impossible dream.

Works Cited

Bellow, Saul. Seize the Day. New York; Viking Publishers, 1956. Print.

Camus, Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. Vintage Publishers; New York,

1955. Print

Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Harper Perennial; Sydney, 1927. Print

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Discovery of the Female self: A study of Anita Nair’s Mistress A.Judit Sheela Damayanthi Department of English, St.Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India

Feminism is concerned with the marginalisation of all women that is, with their being relegated to a secondary position. Most feminists believe that our culture is a patriarchal culture: that is, one organised in favour of the interests of men. Feminist literary critics try to explain how power imbalances due to gender differences in a given culture is reflected in or challenged by literary texts. Anita Nair’s fiction exhibits her unique perception concerning gender issues. Her female protagonists are characterized by their struggle against their subordination within the confines of domestic sphere. In the process they produce new meanings, subvert representations of gender, and create new representation of womanhood, identity and collective self. Her works are a reflection upon the strength and weakness of modern ideals of gender and she works upon them to derive new power equations. What makes Anita Nair’s fiction refreshingly different from the works that constitute the feminist canon is the exploration of gender issues with a view to suggest the possibility of an alternate culture. The novel Mistress foregrounds problems concerning the present day middle class Indian women. As a highly praised writer, Anita Nair formulates it reasonable that her purpose of writing novels is to furnish importance on the disheartened condition of women in society. She is to a great extent apprehensive with reference to the abuse of women by the male members which persuades her to put in writing for the oppressed. As kalamani N opines: Anita Nair is a powerful writer, who through this tender story shows great understanding and compassion for all women and for the choices and regrets they cannot avoid. She portrays women as not totally cut off from familial social ties but women who remains with those orbits and protest against injustice and humiliation. (Kalamani 143) The title of the novel Mistress itself affirms the uncertain standing of a woman who is opted out from the prime position. The foremost female protagonists in the novel namely Saadiya, Angela and Radha fit into dissimilar time and space, yet related to one another, as they can be generally introduced as Koman’s mother, Chris’ mother/Koman’s ex-girlfriend and Koman’s niece/Shyam’s wife The drive of soul searching and self discovery is represented in the novel Mistress. Set against the milieu of Kerala, Kathakali happens to be the key and the soul

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 incisive expedition. The complete novel is based on nine special figures of emotions coupled with an amalgamation of tradition and present-day living. The key female character Radha’s matrimony does not authenticate her safety and uniqueness. Presided over by the scaffold of the well-known norms of the society, she normalizes her survival to the conservative womanly vision of abiding a warped rapport with her husband. An exploration establishes outside the marriage when life and the liaison turns out to be a humdrum and a responsibility to live with. She is impressed by Chris- a vacationer writer who has come to Kerala to put in writing story on Koman, Radha’s uncle and a famous Kathakali dancer. Shyam, her husband and hotel owner is head in heels with love for Radha who in turn looks down on him: Shyam feels, Both Radha and her uncle prefer to believe that I know little or nothing of mythology, or anything which appeals to the unconscious. That is their realm and they guard it fiercely.... As far as they are concerned, I’m a businessman. I don’t belong in their world and they prefer that I don’t try and trespass. (Anita Nair, Mistress 117). Shyam attempts to run his wife’s life like he runs his business. He is quite domineering for her. From taking into account her menstrual cycle dates to ordering the odd jobs to be done in free time, he looks forward to Radha to corroborate to his dictated norms: You are my wife and you have a place in society. When I ask you to show some interest in what I do, I mean just that. Display interest and not hobnob with my employees or share meals with them. (Anita Nair, Mistress 72) Radha has been considered by Shyam not more than an acquisitive positive feature to be owned like an asset and obsessed enviously. All such issues and many more sent Radha into the arms of Chris, and Radha has the nerve to infringe the pigeonhole patriarchal society. Finally, she repudiates to be a wife and a mistress. She makes up her mind to give her unborn child a fatherless identity and be a mistress of herself. The negligible characters like Saadiya, Lalitha and Maya provide an avant- garde thinking procedure to the onhand patriarchal norms. Saadiya, a Muslim disregards her community to come to stay with Sethu, a Hindu. Unfortunately She soon arrives to comprehend the restraint of religion in their relationship. After a squabble with Sethu, she resolves to leave him and her baby behind .Since the conventional patriarchal society does not accept her into the Muslim community, she drowns herself and thus becomes the mistress of herself. Socadhiya’s death replicates her bitterness against patriarchal society. The anecdote of Lalitha adds yet an additional dimension to the stratagem of the novel. When wished-for nuptials by Koman, she replied: Do you think I sleep with other men...I don’t. I

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 haven’t in a long time. It is best we remain this way. Besides, this way, there is no room for gossip. Can you imagine what would happen if you married me? The scandal! Your family would sever all ties with you. (Mistress 416). The novel meanders about the gainsay and flattering life state of affairs of travel writer Christopher Stewart and a Kathakali dancer whom he meets in Kerala named Koman, and the niece of Koman, Radha, who ensue to be locked up into the time-honored housewife’s role. Stewart’s and Radha’s fondness for each other, mystified situation of Radha’s husband Shyam and Koman‟s life story and his affairs, are slowly exposed in the yarn. The tale frequently queries paternity ranging from Stewart to the unborn child of Radha. In black and white against the milieu of Kathakali, subdued emotions of characters are disclosed through Navrasas or the nine emotions of Kathakali in the novel. While characterizing the female characters of the novel, it is decisive to understand how their identity as women in the society, devoid of space and time, is foreseeable in investigating their proceedings and retort. Saadiya was too young to opt death. Angela coped not to lose grip out of her life, since she was psychologically and rationally reasonable. Radha by no means cared for the social order or anyone else. She married Shyam just to get away from the reminiscences of her old love. But her education, pragmatic wisdom and conception of self-actualization, facilitate her not to take life as it comes. Here, Radha’s personality overwhelms the female diffidence raised by society. Anita Nair’s depictions and description of characters are greatly palpable. Her most important spotlight of interest is the world of women – the fight back of women in the milieu of modern Indian society. Anita Nair’s novel Mistress relates the enthralling anecdote of a woman’s aspiration. Relating down the blunder lines of tradition and modernity in contemporary India, the novel intertwines a triangle of longing that theater out through Radha’s lack of love for her entrepreneur husband Shyam and her emergent longing for Chris, a travel writer and cello player from America in seek out of his own stories. Anita Nair puts across her views through various rasas-raudram, bhyanakam, etc. In the novel, Mistress, the story spins round the Kathakali dancer Koman, his niece Radha, who is married to one man but desires another a travel writer, Christopher Stewart who comes to India to write about Koman. The milieu of the novel is the banks of the river Nila in Kerala, where the prestigious dance form, Kathakali, blossom. Koman, a famous Kathakali artist, and her niece Radha receive Chris at the railway station. From their first meeting, both Radha and her uncle are deeply overwhelmed by him and his curiosity about

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 the dance form. Radha is a true representation of the modern Indian woman. In her study of the image of Indian women in literature, Rajan states that “The image of the "new Indian woman" is of course derived primarily from the urban educated middleclass woman" (Rajan 130) and describes her as "attractive, educated, hardworking, and socially aware" (Rajan 131). In spite of her origin as a daughter of a middle class traditional family, while studying and in the consequent years, Radha befalls well conscious of her possibilities. Living in a large city away from home, having a job and later even a lover, she likes to think of herself as of a free young woman who can freely choose about her life. Satirically, it is exactly Radha free way of life that makes her go back to her family and, what more, leave her new found life behind. By being married to Shyam, she is required to turn out to be the time-honored woman she sought to escape. His bond to her is somewhat undecided. On one hand he is proud of her being a modern woman who knows what she desires to achieve in her life, on the other hand, he hampers her from accomplishing it. Radha amazes him with her self- contained -ness and is ready to tag along many of her verdict, yet still he is not able to agree to her persona as a whole. Thus, Radha finds herself in between her yearning for freedom, which is accredited to a certain degree and the time- honored role that she is to play. Even though she, at the beginning of her marriage, makes up her mind “never to flout the rules of custom again," (Anita Nair, Mistress 54), she still experiences flattened by the anticipation that Shyam has. In his eyes she is to play a modern wife whose extreme wish is to please her husband. The whole society is all set to blame Indian women. On the other case of Shyam’s overriding nature is to put her end to all her plans. So Radha retaliates with: I hope that is not going to undermine your standing in society. Is there anything I can do that won’t? I wanted to teach in one of the primary schools and you said it was too much work for too little money. When I wanted to start a tuition class, you said the same. Then I wanted to start a crèche and you said you didn’t want the house filled with bawling babies. So I thought I would find something else to do which didn’t involve making money, but even that isn’t right. Don’t I have to an opinion? I am your wife. Your wife, do you hear me? But you treat me as if I am a kept woman. A bloody mistress to fulfill your sexual needs and with no rights. (Anita Nair, Mistress 73) While her first breach of the social rules was aggravated by the push for to pursue her love and carry out herself as per her wishes. This impasse is inescapably the theme of the novel—and Saadiya's quest for freedom can be seen as a disparity on the theme. The nearer

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 to the ideal of a housewife Radha gets, the more she feels the need to escape. The more limitations she traverses, the more she has a propensity to get back to her role of a wife. The hunger for adventure as well as the remorse she feels while following it is the core dynamic clout that constructs her swing between her obligation to Shyam and her lure to Chris. The two men set for a secure yet uninteresting and exhausting life full of pigeonhole in which she is unable to appreciate herself .She feels ensnared by the anticipations that are related to her, such as having a baby or being a "glossy, silly wife" (Anita Nair, Mistress 61) and fights back to find a way out so that she could gasp without restraint. While Chris gives her, at least according to her, the space she desires in able to breathe freely, Shyam looks ahead to her to perform in the way his state of affairs necessitates, rejecting her own personal preferences. I look at him. With every moment the thought hinges itself deeper into my mind: what an attractive man” (Anita Nair, Mistress 8) Radha feels that for her husband, she is merely a much cherished possession and what he actually desires is a mistress.( Anita Nair, Mistress 54), His expectations, Does she ever consider that such silly acts have repercussions? Besides, what will my friends and their wives say if they find out? We have a place in society. A standing that Radha has always treated rather carelessly. (Anita Nair, Mistress 70) stand in a contrast to Radha's feelings Don't I have a right to an opinion? I am your wife. Your wife, do you hear me? But you treat me as if I am a kept woman. A bloody mistress to fulfill your sexual needs and with no rights.(Anita Nair, Mistress 72). She is nevertheless guilt-ridden, I lie here in my bed in my husband’s arms and think of another man. What kind of woman am I? (Anita Nair, Mistress 59). In the face of several altercations with Shyam and the grief of being, deprived of independence, she yearns for the personal company of Chris. I see myself in his arms. I am the cello. It is me he is caressing. It is I who am responding. (Anita Nair, Mistress 115) Radha knows that The world would think it is wrong. There is no justification for adultery, I will be told. But I love him. He is fire in my blood: (Anita Nair, Mistress 207). Chris and Radha prolong to get pleasure from physical and emotional relationship until one day she feels, “I don’t want to be involved in this deception. It makes me feel sordid and responsible” (Anita Nair, Mistress 252). Her affair with Chris is such an effort to slot in herself completely in a bond with a man who be pleased about her needs and lets her breath, just like the women she reads about or whom she sees in the television, able to realize herself. The breach does not, establish to be a resourceful one, in that sense that she does not find the space for self realization she is looking for. But, it helps her redefine her self-image. Radha becomes conscious of the flaws of—and in a sense, also the likeness between— Chris and

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Shyam. As she puts it, When I think of Chris, what I see is the shadow of Shyam. And when I think of Shyam, what I see is the possibility of escape with Chris. I know for certain that I cannot live with one or the other” (Anita Nair, Mistress 398). Radha abandons both Indian and western culture and she decides to lead her life as she wishes. She looks for her own eccentricity. Hence she never wants to live in tradition and society. Hence she smashes the restraint and family customs of tradition. So Radha is called “a new Indian woman” in this modern world. At the end of the novel, Radha is in a predicament and she thinks of returning to Shyam for support. It is fear that makes me seek him, not regard for him….. I cannot continue to play wife merely because it frees me of worries.(Anita Nair, Mistress 426). At one point of life, Radha finally finds the strength for the supreme revolt in her life and leaves her husband in order to appreciate herself. She happens to finally conceive a child. For Radha, the main impetus to breach the rules that border her life is to unearth the freedom she is looking for and the turn of phrase for her life as she wants to live it. By no means being actually able to find her place in the society, being first a lover of a man who did not welcome her fully, then a wife to a husband she did not love, she is trying to regain her true self. It is only through great effort and wiles with her husband and an affair with a stranger that she finally controls to establish her future and draws together the nerve to recognize it. So Radha is called “a new Indian woman” in this modern world. Radha's character is close to the ideal of a modern woman, in that she not only is able to find her own way and follow it, but is defiant to what the others think of her. The life of a woman is a well thought-out public affair, her private upheavals are as a result revolution against the society as a whole. Radha, the main motivation to violate the rules that limit her life is to find the freedom she is looking for and the expression for her life as she wants to live it. However, most of the individual violations are empty attempts to achieve this goal. Never being really able to find her place in the society, being first a lover of a man who did not appreciate her fully, then a wife to a husband she did not love, she is trying to retrieve her true self. It is only through struggles and arguments with her husband and an affair with a stranger that she finally manages to determine her future and gathers the courage to realize it. As Bernard Shaw rightly quotes: Man and wife do not, as a rule, live together, they only have breakfast together, dine together, and sleep in the same room. In most cases the woman knows nothing of man’s working life.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 (He calls it her home life). (Bernard Shaw, The complete prefaces of Bernard Shaw, 11.) As Quoted by S. Krishnawamy in “Kamala Markandaya: Autonomy, Nurturance and Sisterhood of Man.”The women in Indian Fiction in English, Literature provides the resonance that lingers in the mind long after the last headline has fled the memory, while it lingers there is neither black and white. There is only human Brotherhood. (167-168) Therefore, the relationships we find in the characters of Mistress, between Sethu and Saadiya, Koman and Anjela, Koman and Maya, Radha and Shyam, Radha and Chris, are not very happy affairs, but very much give and take upon after primary ecstasy. Anita Nair’s Mistress pictures an array of Indian women who are dissatisfied against the tradition combined old mode of life. Anita Nair, through her novel Mistress inquires our desperate confidence at our anticipated acquaintance of worldly astuteness, our bogus delight in barren habitual life. Anita Nair’s characters are so authentic and close to life. They are commonplace, everyday characters. They are living, their tears genuine, their frustration actual and undramatic and their dilemma comprehensible. It could very well be a story of anyone of us. Anita Nair’s characters are exceptionally life asserting. Even Anita Nair in an interview with Sheela Reddy articulates the identical feeling, “I like to write about ordinary people and don’t want to write about characters larger than life” (Anita Nair 6). Anita Nair being a woman, seeps deep into the inner mind of the dejected women by virtue of their feminine receptivity and psychosomatic approach and bring to light their concerns, which are the upshot of Indian women’s emotional and disturbing dissimilarity in a male subjugated society. Slowly the shift is articulated by the pursuit for identity. This expedition for identity leads to self discovery which is highlighted in the novel Mistress. This seek facilitates a woman to be away from the legendary and hampered pigeonhole. Anita Nair’s female protagonists take up centre-stage in her narrative; her feministic attitude springs up to facade. As their roles are conventionally linked with women, the views of these women characters are definite to reap a good harvest in their fight back for their identity and self discovery. Anita Nair throws light on different aspects of human relationships and brings out the factors, which are responsible to bring about change in the behaviour of man towards man. She feels that men have been successful in suppressing women for centuries. She does not waver in her version of a better world where men and women can live and work together

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 harmoniously, developing a higher level of consciousness by means of a closer sharing of meaningful concepts, meaningful to the conditions that are present and prevailing.

Works cited

 Bernard Shaw, The complete prefaces of Bernard Shaw, London: Paul Hamlyn, 1965. P-11.  Kalamani N, The fusing horizons: a critical essay in Indian writing in English. New Delhi: Arul and sons, 2008. Google Books Search. Web 18 August 2014.  Nair, Anita, Mistress, Penguin, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2001. Print

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 INDIAN ETHOS AND VALUES IN THE NARRATIVES OF BHARTI KIRCHNER

N. Sumathi, Department of English, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India.

This study examines the important figure of Indo American literature, Bharti Kirchner, who portrays the image of the “Indian” and the Indian traits in the American context. The author explores how the repetitive image of the suffering Indian found in fiction becomes a symbol of emerging and eminent culture. Indian English literature is a great ocean of Indian identity and ethos. The present research paper is a bold venture to visualize this typical and unique Indian phenomenon which pervades the whole of Indo American fiction. It tries to bring out the recesses of human psyche which is a reservoir of Indian thought processes, sensibilities and sentiments. The author perceives things through an eye of Indian climate. The deep - rooted Indian consciousness has been expressed through diverse forms like culture, culinary art etc. The Indianness in Bharti Kirchner’s novels is a speculation of her own experiences not only in the external level but also in the emotional and spiritual sense.

Bharti Kirchner projects India as a strong nation with its unique behavioural patterns. Her observation of India articulates the historicity of the country with its rich and varied shades and shapes that contribute greatly to the better understanding of India to the foreigners. According to Bharti Kirchner, home remains a place to reassure one’s Indianness and the Indian woman is expected to be solely responsible for maintaining this Indian home even in diasporic atmosphere by remaining true to her Indian womanhood. The Indo American fiction registers a remarkable shift in culture. Instead of introducing an individual Indian cultural background or an American culture, their works exhibit global concerns through the representation of multicultural reality. This has resulted in the increasing readership. Moreover, the vast thinking of their minds and their broad horizons of thematic concerns has earned those titles and awards. The writers concentrate on life with its distinct forms and cultures.

Bharti Kirchner was born and brought up in India but left for the USA in the sixties to pursue her study of Mathematics. She became a systems software engineer in America before becoming a prize-winning cook book author. Like her protagonists, Kirchner’s was once a

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 predominant Indian sensibility which is now undoubtedly an American one. She tries to prove how a successful woman in the American field will suffer an “identity crisis”. It is not the physical terrain of India that Bharti Kirchner tries to portray but the philosophy, religion, myths and legends, food and cultural beliefs are also evoked through her novel Darjeeling. The novel juxtaposes both the East and the West, a major theme in the narrative of modern fiction. While reviewing the author’s first novel Shiva Dancing, Manju Jaidka argues:

The book, thus, brings together the East and the West, a theme that is predominant in the works of writers of the Indian diaspora. It seeks to answer some of the questions that plague the writers on the personal, emotional and intellectual level. And the answer it comes up with, as in Neena’s story, is there is no going home. For “home is a world that has now changed beyond recognition. It is a milestone left behind. Left behind forever. (Tribune, 326)

The present study focuses on the author’s third novel Darjeeling which has reminiscences of Indian ethnicity. The very title Darjeeling is suggestive of the author’s love for her native culture. Set in the mountainous tea plantations of Darjeeling, India, the novel deals with the story of two sisters Aloka and Sujata and their love and loss that are funny, moving and wise. The novel takes the readers to a world of an old tea estate family with its charm, tradition, taboos and surprise. Aloka was forced to be an immigrant in America and act as the journalist serving the immigrant masses in the USA. She was the sole companion to the homeless in the alien land. She acknowledges that “Inherent in any migration is a loss of certainty about the self, a hardening of the spirit, the walling off of a section of the heart. Immigrants pine for a way of life forever lost, but they also forget. They do so to survive” (Darjeeling, 128).

The existents in the novel mope for what has been ingrained in them since their childhood. Mreenal Bose, a subsidiary character though working abroad and mingling with Americans, retains his Indian spirit. The inheritance of his Indian culture and tradition never permit him to change his way of life. Despite living with a Portuguese girl friend for two years, he is unable to prepare him get wedded to her. Bharti Kirchner herself being an Indian American feels greatly the loss of Indianness through her characters. She documents that “Even though our boys act modern, they’re actually tradition – bound at heart (143). The very opening of the novel gives reference to the traditional characters i.e Aloka always wants to imitate the mythological characters such as Sita, Savitri and Sakuntala examples of Hindu

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 devoted wives and wants to be a pativrata which proves to be a downfall after she gets her divorce from her husband Pranab Mullick, a revolutionary working as a manager in her father’s reputed tea estate. Jhumpa Lahiri in her novel Interpreter of Maladies has subtly juxtaposed the distinctive merits of Indian and American cultures through the characters of Mrs. Sen and Eliot. Mrs. Sen states that “… in India a knife is in every household and a retinue of women would gather to prepare feasts for weddings over the night. In India homes are noisy while in America it is too quiet. Eliot too hates his home as he lives with his mother alone in a beach house” (62).

The author’s account of the pleasant sights and sounds in New Delhi is really enjoyable. Her subtle narration is spiced with anecdotes which are useful to the readers. In her novel, Sharmila’s Book, Prem, the chauffeur of Raj Khosla says that as per the legend, the ashok trees were planted when Delhi was named Indraprastha. The author has a particular consideration for mango trees. In her first novel Shiva Dancing, Bharti Kirchner refers to the mango fruit presented by Meena’s friend Carlos. The lushy gold colour is described with such keen interest. In Sharmila’s Book, also the author portrays about the shade given by the mango trees through the character of Prem. His remembrance of his childhood days in the village of Parampur, his relaxation in the mango orchard enjoying the softness of the grass and the gentle breeze and the rustling of the mango leaves with the fall of the ripe mango bring a real image of India to the view of distinct readers.

A nation’s culture resides in the hearts of its people. Bharti Kirchner makes frequent references to Indian festivals like India date Parade, Diwali, gala and Navaratri festivals. The festival of Teej is described in detail by Bharti Kirchner as her roots lie in India. Indian festivals mark the Indian culture. During Teej, men do all the work at home. Women folk dancers perform dance having sticks in their hands and bangles upto their shoulders. They make graceful sign and symbols with the sticks and their bangles make a pleasing noise as they dance barefoot. They wear bright colour costumes especially red, gold and green and appear beautiful. Teej is celebrated in Rajasthan. The Indians always give priority to functions and festivals. Bright colour costumes and the custom of wearing bangles mark the glorious tradition of India. Teej is celebrated in the full moon.

Aloka, the protagonist of Darjeeling has often encountered a man in many community functions. The man as a trait of Indian culture does not introduce him to Aloka. In the opinion of Kirchner, Indians always delay in self introduction. Jahar, one of the minor characters

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 invites Aloka to a meal which consists of Indian dishes like sukhe aloo, gughni and pullao rice. The smell of Indianness is also felt in the dance of Pranab. When Aloka wants to chat with Pranab face to face, she sees him dancing vigorously under a huge tree. It is a familiar dance to the staccato table beat from India’s folk tradition celebrating a new season. Any significant news travels fast in India. The news of his divorce travels far and wide.

Narratives fulfill the purpose of passing along the long cherished cultural values of what is considered good and aesthetically respected so that the people try to adopt them in their relationship with others. Dress is the ephemeral architecture which echoes the culture of a person. The significance of sari, a typical Indian costume has been splendidly described by Bharti Kirchner. As an Indo-American, Bharti Kirchner probes deep into both American and Indian civilization. Her admiration for the Indian costume finds its full-fledged expression through the mouth piece of Sharmila, the modern American protagonist of Sharmila’s Book. Her pictorial discourse is evident in the following words:

… a sari means more to an Indian woman than just a way to cover her body. It’s a work of art, a treasured possession, almost a language through which she communicates. She veils her face with a corner of her sari when she blushes, tugs the folds on her shoulder when feeling demure lets her pallu spread out like a fan when in a flirtatious mood. Indian women compare saris, talk endlessly about the color, fabric and design as though the garb were a vehicle of friendship. (Sharmila’s Book, 58)

Bharti Kirchner’s commentary on the traditional costume, sari is really superb. Her diction needs to be possessed as a treasure as she calls the dress, a treasure and a language. As the modals represent different moods, the sari conveys distinct characteristics of a woman. It opens the mine of miscellaneous moods such as shame, modesty and romance.

Aloka reveals the news of her trip to India in an article through her Ask Seva. Bharti Kirchner uses Aloka as her mouthpiece to tell the tales of the immigrants. She states that immigratns’ only aim is to return to their homeland. Only the newspapers remind them of their native country. They often compare their experiences in the State with that of India. They realize the significance of the Indian products only when they go abroad. They work for extra hours either to save money for their family or for the sake of earning a good name from their boss. Their only thought of going to India makes them extremely happy. She documents that “There exists no happier phrase in our vocabulary than “I’m going back to India” (Darjeeling 223).

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Aloka’s arrival at Darjeeling is amazing. It is full of expectations, gaiety, longing and blessings tinged with tradition. Her favourite aunt Toru, blowing a conch shell thrice, cousin Kabita’s garlanding Aloka with a marigold, young cousin’s touching her feet with reverence, a great aunt’s provision of sandesh with sweet blessings add flavor to the rich Indian culture. Bharti Kirchner beautifully portrays the family bond which is teeming with relationships. It is a unique feature of Indian culture. No other country has such deep emotions outpouring in when someone returns from an alien country. Another characteristic of Indian culture is that everyone should give his or her presence when a person comes home after a long time. But when some social injustice happens, it is the Indian attitude which always attacks the women especially divorce. A divorced woman is looked down by the Indians. Aloka being divorced by Pranab, Toru advises her to be wary of some relatives who will be ready to attack her with strong words.

Bharti Kirchner has details about a Bengali wedding. A traditional Bengali wedding consisted of nearly fifty mandatory rituals from the turmeric ceremony to the auspicious night of the wedding. It needed the help of many relatives. Aloka was one such a relative who showed extraordinary care to her cousin Kabita. Aloka’s selfless devotion to Kabita was responsible for the unusual gap between Aloka and Pranab. The author uses the term “biraha” which means longing for one’s love. Nina imagined that Aloka would experience biraha in the company of Pranab. The concept of biraha is found in ancient Indian literature. Bharti Kirchner’s narrative discourse sheds light on different dimensions of Indian culture which she believes, will be of use to the hybrid cultural beings. Her portraiture of India affirms its colossal unique nature in the global scenario.

References:

Kirchner, Bharti Shiva Dancing. New York: Dutton, 1998. Print.

---. Sharmila’s Book. New York: Dutton, 1999. Print.

---. Darjeeling. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002. Print.

Jaidka, Manju. “Does a Transplant have roots”. Tribune. 6 Sep. 1998. Pp. 326. Web. 27-1-18.

Suresh,V. “Cultural Elements of the East and the West in Jhumpa Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies”. Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Web. 29 Jan. 2018.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 CONDITIONING WOMEN TO PATRIARCHAL NORMS: A STUDY OF GITA HARIHARAN’S THE THOUSAND FACES OF NIGHT

F. Mary Priya, Department of English, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India.

Women have been treated as secondary citizens over the years. Even in the era of globalisation and technological advancements where “equality for all” has become a mantra of all societies, the status of all women has not reached a level of satisfaction. The traditional patriarchal norms and the social systems continue to oppress women in all possible ways as it used to do. This is rightly pointed out by Simone de Beauvoir, a feminist in her book The Second Sex, “One is not born, but rather becomes a woman”. Fiona Talon points out the causes for the problems of women, “Women’s oppression was achieved by a combination of physical violence and cultural pressure. All aspects of society and culture functioned according to a sexual politics that encouraged women to internalize their own inferiority until it became psychologically rooted” (326). This proves the oppression of women was engineered by the patriarchal society for many ages in which women are not given equal importance.

Women have been raising their voice against this prolonged oppression in many forms. Writers like ShashiDeshpande, Anita Desai, Arundhati Roy register their views for women through their literary output. The chosen writer for this paper GithaHariharan is a fine example for writers who expose the suppressed feelings of women. She traces the psychological reasons that have been keeping women as the second sex over centuries in her novels. Her novel The Thousand Faces of Nightrecords how love, marriage and family life have been the source of the oppression for women. Also, this novel portrays the problems of women in married life and their mental trauma through the depiction of women characters like Devi, Mayamma and Sita, Devi’s mother.

In the patriarchal society, a woman is not considered to be an integral part of the family in which she is born. Even the parents themselves consider that the female child does not belong to them and she has to be sent to another family without blemish. Consequently, she is prepared mentally, physically and emotionally to meet the expectations of the family in whichshe is going to live. Mayamma was told as follows when she got married at the age of twelve, “ Flourish, without fierce looks and without harming your husband; be good to animals, amiable to everything else; be the mother of heroes, be devoted to gods and the bringer of happiness” (79).

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Mothers play an important role in preparing the mind of their female child for marriage. In this novel, Devi’s mother and grandmother give input to her telling mythical stories in which women are very submissive. The novelist has renarrated the mythical stories that have been instrumental in damaging the minds of the women for a long time. First, the story of Nala and Damayanthiare told to Devi and her mother says that she will live happily like Damayanthi. As a child Devi believes that marriage will bring prosperity and happiness in life like Damayanthi and she starts waiting for such a marriage in her life.

Once Devi’s grandmother narrates the story of Gandhari who blinds her for blind husband. This story perplexes Devi and she questions the need for such a stupid action. The grandmother convinces her saying “Because, my child, a woman meets her fate alone” (28). Being a child Devi is not able to accept this and the grandmother strengthens her argument further saying “All husbands are noble, Devi. Even the blind and deaf ones” (29). Also she praises Gandhari, “she embraced her destiny – a blind husband – with a self – sacrifice worthy of her royal blood”(29). Like this a woman is told that she has to accept her destiny and she cannot do anything against it. Also a woman is expected to do sacrifice for her husband. This is the earlier damage done by the family member of a girl even before her marriage.

Devi’s grandmother narrates another story in which a young girl marries a snake and lives happily. The innocent Devi feels “How horrible! Did the snake bite her?” (33). The girl who marries a snake accepts her fate and replies to the worrying friends, “A girl is given only once in marriage. So, stop this mockery of lamenting and wailing. Let me go to my waiting husband” (33). This is the way a girl is prepared mentally during her marriage in most of the families. At the end of the story, a handsome youth comes out of the snake and the girl lives with him happily forever. It is true such miraculous things can happen only in stories but in real life innocent women are cursed to accept the suffering inflicted upon them in such improper marriages and also they do not have any right to raise their voice.

While narrating the stories of submissive women like Damayanthi, Gandhari and the girl who marries a snake, Hariharan registers her revolutionary mind through the inclusion of some brave women. The mythical character Ambai suffers a lot in life because of men but she takes revenge upon them. While narrating the story of Ambai, Devi’s grandmother advises “When you marry, Devi, your heart moves up to your shoulder and slip down your arm to the palm of your hand. The hand that holds yours tightly as you walk round the fire receives it like a gift. You can’t do anything about it: when you marry it goes to him and you never get it back” (37). Though Devi

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 is not convinced with the idea of marriage, she likes the way Ambaitook revenge upon the men who were responsible for her sufferingsand this story makes a deep impression in her mind.

Devi is caught between the traditional preachings of her mother and grandmother and her inherent desire to lead a life of freedom. He acknowledges, “I lived a secret life of my own: I became a woman warrior, a heroine I was Devi. I rode a tiger, and cut off evil magical demons’ heads” (41). Since there is no opportunity to realize the dreams of liberation in real life, she identifies her with Ambai and lives a life of imagination. Like her, many women are able to enjoy the life of freedom and happiness only in their imaginary world. It is interesting to note not only men but also women play a pivotal role in ensuring the patriarchal norms as it happens in the life of Devi. MalashriLal considers this novel, “a narrative ofsplit consciousness” (109).

Education is considered to be a liberating force as far as the rights of women is concerned. On the contrary, it fails to help the women to attain the freedom they deserve as in the case of Devi. She goes to US for higher education but education she has obtained does not help her to change her fate. Though she has a better career opportunity and married life because of the compulsion of her mother, she returns to India. She marries Mahesh, a Sales Manager who is away from home for twenty days in a month. Devi’s education loses its value along with her self-respect after the marriage. She is reduced to a house wife and her degree and knowledge are used only for housekeeping. It is proved that the lessons taught by her mother and grandmother about marriage overpowered her views of life so that she accepted her fate like many mythical characters. She laments, “My education has left me unprepared for the vast, yawning middle chapters of my womanhood” (54).

Devi’s relationship could not withstand longer since it is thrust upon her by Sita, her mother. The absence of her husband turns her to her neighborGopal, the musician. She goes away from home to accompany him in musical concerts. It is unfortunate that problems in married life and her loneliness drive her to embrace an unacceptable role in which she cannot get recognition. Devi realizes this fact later and decides to go to her mother as a prodigal son.

The novel ends with Devi’s return to her mother. The novelist describes the scene, “Suitcase in hand, Devi opened the gate and looked wonderingly at the garden, wild and overgrown, but lush in spite of its sand-choked roots. Then she quickened her footsteps as she heard the faint sounds of a veena, hesitant and childlike, inviting her into the house” (139). The sound of veena highlights the sorrow of women for thousands of years. Though the social situations have changed over the years, as the sound of veena remains unchanged, the sufferings of women continue forever. Also, it proves

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 another fact that the preparation of Devi’s mother regarding her marriage has not yielded desirable result. So, it needs a change of approach to liberate women to make them free from the patriarchal oppression. If Devi had not yielded to her mother’s desire as far as her marriage is concerned and chose a career instead of marriage, she might have ensured a better life. So, it is true education and career may provide them a unique place in the society.

Also, the last paragraph symbolically conveys feministic views. Once, Sita prepared her daughter for marriage like any other mother which was simply the reflections of patriarchal norms. But, there is a change in her attitude at the end of the novel. Receiving the message that her daughter had left her husband’s house, she has been waiting for her daughter’s return to her. Moreover, she starts playing the veena once again in her life. Earlier, she stopped playing it when her father in law ordered to stop playing it. This is the first time she has come forward to break the patriarchal norms which has to continue forever.

Works Cited

Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group: (Reprint 2010). Print

Garg, Tripti. “Narrative Technique in Gita Harriharan’s The Thousand Faces of Night: Interrogation

Conjugal Ideals.” The Atlantic Quarterly 8.4 (Oct- Dec 2007): 63. Print.

Gupta, Monika. “Myth and Religion in Gita Hariharan’s The Thousand Faces of Night”. Litt Crit

5. (Jan- Dec 2006): 37. Print

Hariharan, Githa. The Thousand Faces of Night: Penguin Books: India, 1992. Print.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 THE UNIQUENESS OF PARSIS IN THE INDIAN CULTURE OF PLURALITY

Jacqulaine Leo, Department of English, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India

Simon During observes that “For victims of colonialism, culture means strategies of survival as much as heritage, so that the gap between inherited or official meaning (ideology) and its individual performance provides room for resistance and individuation”(189). In the act of social survival in a colonised or dominant society, there could thus be a huge distance between the life-ways of the struggling subalterns and the privileged theorists and Parsis are no exception.

Parsis are the followers of Zarathustra, and the descendants of the ancient Persians who immigrated to India on the conquest of their country by the Arabs, about the year 720 A.D. “These Persies are by another Name term’d Gaures, or worshippers of Fire, because of their Veneration for that Element; and were Transported into India, when Calyf Omar reduc'd the Kingdom of Persia, under the Power of the Mahometans” (Ovington374). They are perceived as ancient Persian Aryans by race. A. C. L. Carlleyle claims:

. . . the Parsis who entered India as colonists . . . are the lineal representatives of the ancient Persians, and of the “Airyanem Vaejo,” of the Zend Avesta. The Parsis are therefore, genuine, pure, and typical Aryans. They are genuine, because they truly represent the ancient Aryans of Persia. They are pure, because they have been obliged to marry among themselves. They are typical, because the very characteristic features and general physiognomy which mark the Parsis, and . . . show us the features and dress of the ancient Persian Aryans. (102)

Parsis take pride in terming them as belonging to a presumably superior race of Persian Aryans and progeny of the mighty race that ruled the vast Persian Empires for several centuries spanning before and after the Common Era. Porus Homi Havewala, a contemporary Parsi writer and author of The Saga of the Aryan Race, a semi-fictional historical epic focusing on the history of the Zoroastrian and Aryan people, seeks to inculcate a feel of pride to the community’s youth by aligning them in the name of race. Though there are “discernible differences in skin colour, head form or type of hair among members of the human species, no satisfactory general classification of `races' exists to

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 which individuals may be assigned on the basis of these characteristics”(Martin Bulmer 3). However, grouping on the basis of ethnic homogeneity, in a sense of common identity evolved from culture, language, ancestry, etc. is more acceptable.

A shift in culture entities usually happens when another culture is absorbed into the current one making a considerable impact on the social and cultural norms. Parsis on their migration into India eventually blended into the surrounding to make a different culture to recognize and respond to the challenges of social and cultural compulsions or adjustments. The cultural transition that the Parsi community has thus undergone in the land of settlement reveals three major dimensions. Primarily, the community tactically agreed to abandon its language and adopt the local language, Gujarati; its women adopted local dress and its men ceased to bear arms as a part of its original covenant. Secondly, some local practices which are per se alien to and inconsistent with those of the Parsis, permeated into the community overriding the community’s resistance and efforts to get rid of them. Thirdly, the community makes a conscious and concrete refusal to concede when it involves preserving the community’s ethnic and religious identities.

As a diasporic people, Parsis had kept a low profile and did their best to please their Hindu hosts. Parsis seriously differ from other diaspora who nurture or boast of an idea of return to homeland. The diasporic people, as William Safran suggests:

. . . are not – and perhaps cannot be – fully accepted by their host society and therefore feel partly alienated and insulated from it . . . they regard their ancestral homeland as their true, ideal home and as the place to which they or their descendents would (or should) eventually return when conditions are appropriate. (83-84)

But the Parsis have “no myth of return to their original homeland” (Safran 89). Oftentimes, members of a diaspora suffer issues of acceptability because of doubts about loyalty to their homeland or host country. Cohen finds that the Parsis “are not so much a travelling culture, as a travelling religion” (153) and this could be the basis for Parsis not fostering an idea of return to homeland. Moreover, as Nilufer E. Barucha observes: “The way back to Iran was sealed by the consolidation of Islamic rule and return there has never been central to Parsi consciousness” (59).

Parsis have seen ups and downs in their host country and have no doubt undergone differing circumstances in a dominant society; but like the traditional “sugar in the milk” they

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 have enriched and assimilated into Indian culture. As immigrants, Parsis did not taste a tense relationship with host country. The Indian culture of plurality, the built-in tolerance, and the all pervasive caste system provide a fluid matrix where embedding is possible. The Parsi adaptability makes it more resilient and the element of hostility on the part of the host society eventually becomes indiscernible against the Parsis. The caste customs, the class variances and the diverse languages and cultures prevalent in India – all living along in a thread of tolerance and acceptance – in fact, both encouraged the Parsi assimilation and quite contrarily fostered its isolation and exclusiveness as well. This congenial atmosphere in the host country could also have been a major catalytic for the community in obliterating its imaginations about and ideas for return to homeland. The Parsis’ adoption and use of language of India was the most conspicuous example of their assimilation:

Persian was effectively abandoned and forgotten in favour of a dialect version of the Gujarati in Western India. . . . the Parsis followed the taboo against the eating of beef or pork, adhered to by the Hindus and Muslims respectively, according to . . . the Parsi neighbourhood. (Palsetia13)

Parsis have also been so receptive to several other Indian practices that it has become so difficult to sift and identify the antiquities of a good number of their social customs and practices as those that are Persian and those that are not. While the Parsis partially assimilated into the Indian settings as part of the covenants on immigration and they were blended for varied reasons with some of the Indian practices on acquaintances over a period of time, they fiercely protected their racial and religious identities through strict rules of endogamy and a ban on conversion to Zoroastrianism. Worship in fire-temple is restricted to Parsis; Jamsheed K. Choksy says: “Parsis do not permit non-believers or converts to enter fire temples. Devotees, who must possess Zoroastrian paternity, are required to don prayer caps or scarves and perform the padyab, or purification, and kustı or holy cord rites, before worship” (570). Thus, Parsi acculturation is a composite mixture of issue based assimilation, adaptation and resistance according to priorities, conveniences, influences, compulsions and convictions. John Fletcher Hurst observes that, “Parsis could have remained in Persia, had they been willing to adopt the Mohammedan faith. But the religion of Zoroaster had too strong a hold on them. They would not sacrifice one of its tenets. They preferred exile to another religion”(135). Though the community abandoned its language in favour of Gujarati, significantly its “prayers and religious rituals continued to be recited in Avestan” (Palsetia13). Rashna Singh rightly says that “they maintained their distinct religious, cultural,

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 and social identities even while blending in and borrowing traditions from their local host communities” (1223).

Parsis, the settlers for succour, witnessed yet another wave of acculturation as the community came in contact with the European settler colonists. The Europeans on their arrival saw the wealth of the Parsis, their business acumen and reliability on all commercial matters; the wealthy region of Surat, the early home of the Parsi immigrants, attracted the European traders and Parsis became natural choice for doing business with. The Parsi - European connect benefitted both and was the beginning of the amazing commercial prosperity of the Parsis. Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between Mughal emperor Jahangir and James I of England, the British East India Company obtained the exclusive rights to reside and build factories in Surat and other areas. Unhampered by caste prejudices, Surat provided an ideal opportunity for Parsis to engage in occupations that they had never attempted before. Many Parsis, who until then had been living in farming communities throughout Gujarat, moved to the British run settlements to take the new jobs offered; farmers became traders and chief native agents, and carpenters became shipbuilders.

When the Parsis first arrived in Bombay in the mid-seventeenth century, Bombay was then a Portuguese colony of only a set of small islands in the wilderness. Here, the Parsis acted as brokers between the Indians and the Portuguese. Meanwhile, Parsis in Thana had to face a threat of conversion in the hands of the Portuguese missionaries whom the Parsis cleverly avoided by fleeing out of their territory only to return when Bombay became a British colony. The condition of Bombay then in the hands of Portuguese was pathetic. On first coming to take possession of Bombay from the Portuguese, in September of 1662, “as part of the dowry of the Infanta Catherine of Braganza to Charles II, Captain James Ley of the Royal Navy conveyed his disappointment at the sight of the paltry island” (Palsetia32). In 1668, the British East India Company obtained from the British Crown the seven islands of Bombay on lease and declared that all persons born in Bombay would become natural subjects of England; all communities migrating to Bombay were guaranteed religious freedom and were permitted to build their houses within the fort walls, alongside the British, where they would be protected from any hostile attacks. The Parsis, who had to leave Bombay sometimes before to escape from the Portuguese, were quicker to recognise and seize this unique historical opportunity and came to Bombay earlier than most others and in larger numbers.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 The patronage of the British brought about great social and economic success to the community and the Parsis utilized the opportunity the best for religious reforms and strengthening of Parsi identity and uplift and stormed into the power centre and gained financial supremacy. Parsis were elected to “represent themselves as being like the British,” and they did it “more diligently and effectively than perhaps any other South Asian community” (Luhrmann 861). The British were also enamoured of the people of this community because they were quite adept in English and wore a good complexion as compared to the native counterparts and best suited as their deputies to handle the native Indians. Critic Coomi Vevaina observes:

The Raj highlighted their outsider position by creating in the Parsis a “fairer- therefore- better-than-most-Indian” complex thereby alienating them from most of their countrymen. Though many intellectuals resisted it and even joined the independence movements against the British, most Parsis gulped down the untruth and felt pleased with the preferential treatment meted out to them by the empire builders. (338)

Many of the first Parsis who came to Bombay to make their fortune and name were the founders of great families and were honoured with titles and emoluments from the British and they in turn encouraged the advent of other Parsis to Bombay. Drought and famine in Gujarat periodically witnessed the migration of Parsis to Bombay, and they were provided assistance by their fellow fortunate Parsis. Unlike the Hindus who were handicapped by caste taboos and the Muslims who suffered the psychological trauma caused by their defeat at the hands of the British, the Parsis had no difficulty in taking up any work or in aligning with the British. Unlike the British, who were also migrants several hundred years before, the Parsis were settlers for succour, with no desire to conquer.

However with the end of Colonial rule, the Parsis went into a kind of hibernation. The independence of India was won at a high cost and the country was divided into India and Pakistan. The carnage of Hindus and Muslims on both sides of the new border, made the tiny Parsi community feel very insecure, as it was spread out in both the new nations. Consequently the Parsis withdrew into prudent silence. In the Post-Independence period, they were in quick succession stripped of their primacy and authority, much of their wealth lost in governmental action and quickly sidelined leaving many of them to crave for the good-old times with the colonists. According to Coomi Vevaina, “The post independence years left them feeling confused and bereft. While many emigrated to the white lands, those who

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 remained in India needed to grapple with their loss and “fit in” as best as they could” (338). The new governments imposed Land Ceiling Acts and other Agrarian Reforms. The new Tenancy Laws, for instance, affected a large number of Parsi landlords with the loss of land directly cutting into their financial supremacy.

When Bombay evolved politically, the first major development that came into being was the bifurcation of Bombay Presidency into Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960. Bombay eventually got linked not with Gujarat but with Maharashtra. Maharashtra the new Maratha state began adoring Marathi, sidelining Gujarati. Parsis, who have adopted Gujarati as their mother tongue, felt insecure with the new found significance of Marathi. Parsis found themselves further sidelined and drifting away from the centre stage they were fondly occupying all along; many Parsis feared that their religion and culture were in danger. The change in language influenced and affected the local political ties and concerns; Marathi rulers favoured the Marathis in employment and education, etc. When the Shiv Sena, emerged in the 1960s as an anti-immigrant movement, its central stand was that the Maharashtrians suffer in the face of the wave of migrants who take jobs and other opportunities from the locals and that Maharashtrians be given preference in employment and education. The Parsis, who had built the city and contributed a lot to its immense economic prosperity by their sheer dedication and hard work, are relegated into political insignificance. All these factors of course led the Parsis to develop an aversion towards the natives and the natives in turn could never accept them into their fold because of their elite and refined manners and hence the detached demeanour.

As the Parsis during the colonial rule in India adapted themselves to the British life style most perfectly, conforming to their basic credo of assimilation and adaptation, they suffered double alienations due to too much mingling up with the colonizers. As said in The Good Parsi:

The despair of their experience lies in the double loss, for after Gandhi and Independence, they were deprived both of the moral rightness of the British ideal and of the hope that if they embodied that ideal, power would come to them at the end. . . . Had they rebelled, revolted against the colonizer, they could perhaps have freed themselves. But they did not and the past remains unaltered. (23)

The greatest problem faced by the community today is a decrease in the number of marriages, delayed marriages, decreasing fertility rate and deaths outnumbering births – in all

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 resulting in an ageing population and decreasing numbers. Empowerment of Parsi women through education, employment and socialisation right from olden days, the limited choices within a small circle, inner marriages and its adverse impact on fertility, the ethnographic curiosities and the eugenic restraints, the Parsis evolving as a caste resisting recruitment and inflow through conversions, and the western connections and continued migration of youngsters in the post independence and post globalisation, to cite a few, have snowballed into a crisis not easy to revert.

For many decades, there has been a constant discussion and debate on how the Parsis will preserve their Zoroastrian “identity” and on how they will pass the torch to the next generation amidst anxieties on progeny. Despite the variety of view points on what should be preserved, there is consensus that their religion is more than texts and prayers in books. It is the doctrine and rituals, rich culture and traditions, and identity and heritage of this close-knit community that are found essential to be preserved as their legacy; each trait though is equally challenging for future generations to preserve. However to conclude, as Bertram B. Benas rightly observes:

The first step to the self-preservation of a people is the consciousness that it is a people worthy of being preserved. The recognition of this consciousness can only be realised by the abandonment of excessive concentration on the present, and the insistence upon the cherishing of hope for the future. But this cherishing of hope for the future can only come with living force if tradition is linked with the present. Tradition and aspiration become united in the realising of a conscious participation in the continuous process. (8 - 9)

WORKS CITED Benas, Bertram B. Zionism – the Jewish National Movement with Appendices of Diplomatic Documents and Contemporary Articles and Reports. New York: Lewis,2008. Print. Bharucha, Nilufer E. “Retreating into Tribal Mansions: Race and Religion in Plays Written by Parsi Zoroastrians in India”. Contemporary Drama in English 06. Ed. Bharucha, Sheriarji Dadabhai. A Brief Sketch of the Zoroastrian Religion &Customs: An Essay written for the Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha of Bombay. Bombay, 1893. Print.. Bulmer, Martin. “Measuring Race and Ethnicity.” Social Measurement through Social Surveys: An Applied Approach. Eds. Martin Bulmer, Julie Gibbs and Laura Hyman. Routledge, 01 Apr. 2016.Web.15 May 2016.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Cohen, Robin. Global Diasporas: An Introduction, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2008. Print. Carlleyle, A. C. L. The Archaeological Survey of India: Report of Tours in the Central Doab and Gorakhpur in 1874-75 and 1875-76. Vol.12. Calcutta, 1879. Print. Catalano, During, Simon. Editor’s Introduction. “Chapter -14. The Postcolonial and The Postmodern: The Question of Agency.” By Homi K. Bhabha. The Cultural Studies Reader, 2nd ed., Ed. Luhrmann, T. M. The Good Parsi: The Fate of a Colonial Elite in a Postcolonial Society. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1996. Print.

Ovington, John. A Voyage to Suratt, In the Year, 1689. London, 1696. Print. Palsetia, Jesse S. The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Print. Safran, William. “Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return.” Diaspora, Spring 1991, 83-99. Web.18 Mar. 2015

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER SOURCES IN THOOTHUKUDI CITY

P.Hermalin, Vidyarani George, M. Glory and K. Rabina Department of Botany, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

The study was designed to predict the water qualities at three different stations viz., station I - Therespuram to Bus stand, station II – Bus stand to 3rd miles and station III – 3rd miles to Puthukottai of Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, India. The groundwater samples of about 60 samples were collected and subjected to comprehensive physiochemical analysis. This investigation was done to have an overview of present groundwater quality for the following 11 parameter such as pH, EC, acidity, alkalinity, chloride, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sodium, potassium and sulphate. The results were compared with drinking water quality standards prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Most of the water is under the permissible limit but 45% of the tested samples are said to exceed them. And therefore a certain limit of treatment before consumption would be better and it is necessary to avoid further contamination.

Keywords: physiochemistry, anions, cations, water quality

Introduction

Water has been an essential necessity of life. For domestic as well as industrial purpose the groundwater is utilized. A tremendous increase in demand of water has been observed for last two decades due the rapid growth of population and hastens the pace of industrialization (Shivaprasad et al.,., 2014). Water which is used by the human for drinking purpose comes in different forms. Surface water and groundwater are the two main source of water but people are noticed to use the ground water more when comparable to the surface water. And therefore, groundwater contamination is known to be a more critical problem than other source (Tiwari et al.,., 2015). Analysis of water quality is an important facet in groundwater studies. The suitability of water for drinking, industry and agricultural purpose is assessed through the hydro chemical study. Seven major chemical elements such as Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-1, Na+1 etc. which are present in the groundwater play a significant role in classification and assessment of water quality (Sadashivaiah et al.,., 2008). In the city like Thoothukudi, river

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 bodies and well water are the major water source for domestic as well as industrial purpose. But the short fall of monsoon rain, poor water shed management, sea intrusion and over exploitation by industries leads the city to face critical problems. Sea intrusions into the coastal groundwater via aquifer penetration have become a major concern because it is the common source of pollution. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made in the coastal region of Thoothukudi to assess ground water quality with reference to sea water intrusion and other man made activities.

Study Area

Thootukudi is located on the southeast coast of Tamil Nadu, India (Fig. 1). The coast is located near Gulf of Mannar where mangrove vegetation forms very dense strands. It is extended to all side by major industries such as Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation, Thermal Power Plant, Salt Pan etc. The mangrove strands have become a major dumping ground for municipal waste and sewage disposal. The drainage pattern is mainly controlled and influenced by the presence of Korampallam creek and it drains through an area of about 4,838 sq.km. The study area is divided into three stations based on their different ecological significance. Station I – Therespuram to Bus stand, Station II – Bus stand to 3rd miles and Station III – 3rd miles to Puthukottai.

Fig. 1 Thoothukudi study area

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Station I Therespuram to Bus Stop

Station II Bus Stand to 3rd mile

Station III 3rd mile to Puthukottai

Materials and Methods

Sixty samples were collected from 60 locations of three stations from Thoothukudi city. The collected water samples were transferred into pre-cleaned polythene container for analysis of chemical characters. Chemical analysis were carried out for the major ion concentrations of the water samples collected from different locations using the standard procedures recommended by APHA-1994. The analytical data can be used for the classification of water for the utilitarian purposes and for ascertaining various factors on which the chemical characteristics of water depends. The water samples for analysis of DO were fixed in situ with Alkali mixture and Manganese sulphate. The water samples were brought for the physio-chemical analysis to know the following parameters pH, EC, acidity, alkalinity, chloride, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sodium, potassium and sulphate were brought to laboratory and filtered and fixed with concentrated nitric acid. For TDS analysis the samples were not filtered.

Result and Discussion

The physic-chemical parameters of water samples collected in three stations of Thoothukudi were determined of parameters such as pH, EC, acidity, alkalinity, chloride, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sodium, potassium and sulphate. pH

The pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in water. If the hydrogen ions are in excess, it leads to acidity while if hydroxyl ions are excess it leads to alkalinity of water. This parameter is of great importance as it helps in checking of water quality for consumption in domestic water supplies. The pH range from 6.5 to 8.5 is normally acceptable as per suggested by BIS and WHO. In present study the maximum and minimum pH was observed in station-I is 7.9 and 5.4 respectively (Fig 2). Whereas in station-II and station-III the maximum is 7.9 and 7.4 while minimum is 7 and 5.6 respectively.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 pH 25

20 Station-III 15 Station-II 10

variations Station-I

Concentration Concentration 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sample locations

Fig 2. pH of water samples from different stations

Electrical Conductivity

Solids present in the water samples conduct current through the solution which can be measured using EC meter. The conductivity of ground water ranges from 150 to 2112 µs/cm (Fig. 3). It is found that 93% of the samples are within the desirable limit while rest 7% have crossed it. Higher EC indicates saline intrusion as well as the presence of ion along with their total concentration, mobility, valence and relative concentration.

EC µs/cm-1

Station-I Station-II Station-III

1420 1032 1040 1768 1138 980 1022 1060 1138960 21121048 430 1176 10321021 940 1512 1018 1480 968 594 1440 1368 11861294 1194 1240 13901440 906 10661120 1068 1042 1018 1396 1662 1292 10441144 1058 1010 1118 10301049 10201090 1021 980 10521011 958 150 150 800 933 700164720

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sample locations

Fig 3. Electrical Conductivity of water samples of different stations

Acidity

Sources of acidity are the organic content in polluted waters where the oxidation of organic matter leads to the production of CO2. Carbonate and bicarbonate exchange takes the responsibility of buffering in aquatic system. Based on the range of CO2 the acidity of the

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 water is considered i.e. below pH 8 the water is said to be acidic. Acidity value of the study ranges from 25-90 g/l (Fig. 4). Station II correspond to highest acidity than the other stations. Minimum level of acidity is said to be suitable for drinking purpose. The study area is surrounded by the industries which lets out a great amount of waste discharge which contains

H2SO4, HNO3 being the main reason for increased acidity.

Acidity mg/l

90 68 75 70 60 65 60 64 80 50 45 36 50 31.5 25 80 70 70 32 40 50 70 65 30 50 30 50 60 65 70 70 60 60 50 40 60 65 40 55 82 76 50 70 60 65 70 60 70 60 60 60 64 68 68 70 40 50 55 40 50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Station-I Station-II Station-III

Fig 4. Acidity of the water samples from different stations

Alkalinity

The alkalinity level denotes the amount of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxide present. It acts as a stabilizer for the pH. Alkalinity value in the study is varied from 46 to 154 mg/l (Fig. 5). The values of all sampling sites fall within the permissible limit which was prescribed by WHO. The noticeable amount of alkalinity present in all the three stations is due to the saline intrusion and weathering of silicate rocks.

Alkalinity

400 350 300 250 200 Station-III 150 100 Station-II 50 Station-I

0 Concentration variation Concentration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Fig 5. Alkalinity of the water samples from different stations

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 The bicarbonate ions control alkalinity of groundwater which could be possibly obtained from weathering silicate rocks and dissolutions of carbonates from atmospheric carbon di- oxide gas (Jeong 2001; Krishnakumar et al.,., 2011).

Chloride, Calcium and Magnesium

The chloride present in the ground water samples are in the range of 40-450 mg/l which exceeds the permissible limit of 250mh/l as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards. It may occur due to the saline intrusion. Chloride is a common element which is distributed widely in all rock types. The porosity of soil as well as the permeability plays a key role in increasing the concentration of chlorides (Raval and Malik, 2010).

Calcium and magnesium are alkali earth minerals which contribute to the total hardness of water. The permissible limit if Ca and Mg in the water samples are 200 mg/l and 100 mg/l respectively as per ISO classification. In the study area the Ca and Mg level range from 80 to 560 mg/l and 40 to 440 mg/l respectively this exceeds the maximum allowable limit (Fig. 6). The high Ca and Mg level observed in the study reflects the multiple sources of calcium and magnesium such as seepage marine water and weathering of rocks.

Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium and Total

hardness

2500 2000 1500 1000 TH mg/l 500 Magnesium mg/l 0 Comcentration variation Comcentration Ther Bus 3rd Calcium mg/l espu stop mile Chloride mg/l ram to to to 3rd Puth bu… mile uk…

Fig 6. Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium and Total hardness content of groundwater samples

Dissolved Oxygen

DO content in water reflects the physical and biological processes prevailing and influencing the aquatic nature. High DO level is considered good while low level is correlated to organic pollution. But the high level of DO caused the water pipeline corrosion

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 as therefore not suitable for industries. In industrial level, the water boiler they use is of low pressure not more than 2ppm but most boiler plant operators try to keep the oxygen level to 0.0007 ppm or less. In the present study, the DO level varies from 0.3 to 2.5 mg/l whereas maximum allowable limit for DO is 7 mg/l as per the WHO (Fig. 7).

3 2.5 DO mg/l 2 1.5 1 DO mg/l 0.5 0 There Bus 3rd

Concentration variation mg/l variationConcentration spura stop mile m to to to bus… 3rd… Put… Sample Locality

Fig 7. Dissolved oxygen content in the groundwater samples

Total Dissolved Solids

TDS in groundwater is due to the presence of calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate ions. It is considered to be an indicator for salinity in groundwater. The prescribed limit of TDS for water is 500 mg/l while in the study area it varied from 592 to 2289 mg/l (Fig. 8). Based on the reports of Freeze and Cherry (1979), 23% of water samples are fresh water while the rest are brackish water. And when compared to WHO standards, 8% of samples are permissible whereas 92% exceed that level.

TDS mg/l

2500

2000

varaition 1500

1000 TDS mg/l 500

Concentration 0 Stati Stati Stati on I on II on III

Fig 8. TDS content in the groundwater samples

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Sodium, Potassium and Sulphate

Sodium level in the study area ranges from 20-500mg/l which indicates the presence of groundwater salinity. Sodium is the dominant element present due to the natural ion exchange in water. High sodium content also attributes to saline intrusion which has also been reported by Gopinath et al.,., (2015). Potassium concentration varied from 8-45 mg/l which comes under the allowable limit of WHO. It is found in maximum level in the station II which may be due to agricultural activities like leaching and percolation of fertilizers similar to Gopinath et al.,., (2015). Sulphates are present in different form due to the changes in pH. The permissible limit according to WHO is 259 mg/l. In the study area the concentration ranges from 35 to 220 mg/l with higher values in station II (Fig. 9).

Sodium, Potassium And Sulphate

700 600 500 400 Sulphate mg/l 300 Potassium mg/l 200 100 Sodium mg/l 0 Concentration variation Concentration Stati Stati Stati on I on II on III

Fig. 9 Sodium, Potassium and Sulphate content in the groundwater sample

Conclusion

The groundwater is crystal clear, palatable and odourless after the careful analysis and interpretation. The groundwater of the study area are suitable for both drinking as well as irrigation purposes except certain samples which were taken nearby industrial areas. The chloride and sulphate level is also under the permissible limit which indicates that the water is not contaminated with the surface water. The anion and cation observed in the groundwater - are in the order of Cl ˃SO4 and Ca˃Na˃Mg˃K in which 45% of water samples are said to exceed the permissible limit in the alternate source. Electric conductivity of most samples is in permissible limit. The groundwater analysis of the three stations reveals that they need a certain limit of treatment before consumption and also it should be looked after from futher contamination.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Reference

1. APHA, American Public Health Association (2003), Standard method for examination of water & wastewater specifications, Washington DC, 6, 19th Edition. 2. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1993, (IS 10500:1991), Edition 2.1. 3. Freeze R. A. and Cherry J. A. (1979). Groundwater. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall inc., 15-77. 4. Gopinath S., Srinivasamoorthy K., Saravanan K., Prakash R., Suma C.S., Faizal K., Senthilnathan D., Sarma V.S., Padmavathi D. (2015). Hydrogeochemical characteristics of coastal groundwater in Nagapattinam and Karaikal aquifers꞉ implications for saline intrusion and agricultural suitability. Journal of Coastal Sciences. 2(2): 1-11. 5. Guideline for Drinking Water Quality Recommendation, 1994. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1:1-130. 6. Jeong C. H., (2001). Effects of land use and urbanization on hydrochemistry and contamination of groundwater from Taejon area, Korea. Journal of Hydrology. 253: 194-210. 7. Krishnakumar S., Chandrasekar N., Seralathan P., Godson P. S. and Magesh N. S. (2011). Hydrogeochemical study of shallow carbonate aquifers, Rameswaram Island, India. Environment Monitoring and Assessment. 184 (7): 4127-4139. 8. Raval V.H. and Malik G.H (2010). Physico- Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater in and around Surat City (India). Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 52(4):43-348. 9. Sadashivaiah C., Ramakrishnaiah C. R. and Ranganna G. (2008). Hydrochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India. Environmental Research and Public Health. 5(3): 158-164. 10. Shivaprasad H., Nagarajappa D. P. and Sham Sundar K. M. (2014). A Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Borewell Water In Sugar Town, Mandya City, Karnataka State, India. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications.4(7):112-123. 11. Tiwari M., Shukla N.K., Kumar V., Sharma G.D., Gupta M.K., Singh A., Toppo P. and Tiwari M.K. (2015). Assessment of ground water quality of Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 4(1): 597-603.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF Jatropha gossypifolia L.LEAVES EXTRACTS AGAINST CARRAGEENAN INDUCED PAW EDEMA B. Maria sumathi, R.S .Jothi and F .Uthayakumari. Research Centre for plant Sciences, St.Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India. ABSTRACT In the present study, leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia was extracted with methanol and evaluated its antiinflammatory activity in rats using a carrageenan induced paw edema method. Methanolic extract exhibited potent antiinflammatory activity (60.84%) at 300mg/kg at 3hr administration was compared with reference standard drug, Indomethacin. Observed pharmacological activity in the present study provided scientific validation of ethnomedicinal use of this plant in treating acute inflammation. Key words: Antiinflammatory, paw edema, Jatropha gossypifolia. Introduction Understanding inflammation has always been an enigma for mankind. Something as minor as a bruise or something as major as a myocardial infarction can trigger this phenomenon. The major classes of drugs to suppress inflammation are non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDS) and corticosteroids but their toxic adverse effects such as epigastric distress, peptic ulceration, osteoporosis and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome have limited their use (Grosser et al., 2011). Looking at the present scenario, medicinal compounds derived from plant sources such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and coumarins could provide an excellent fountainhead to develop new antiinflammatory agents(Zhang et al.,.,2009). Jatropha species are known for many biological activities such as anticancer, antitumour, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and pesticidal (Sabandar et al.,.,2013). These plants are also used as antipyretic, diuretic, choleretic and purgative (Panda et al.,., 2009). The plant Jatropha gossypifolia L. occurs in wastelands. The roots, stems, leaves, seeds and fruits of the plant have been used in traditional folk medicine in many parts of different countries. The young stem of plant is used as tooth brush as well as to clean the tongue in the treatment thrush (Ogundare, 2007). The leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia are used for intermittent fevers, carbuncles, eczema, itches and sores on the tongues of babies, swollen mammae, stomach ache , venereal disease and as blood purifier (Balee, 1994).The present study aimed to authenticate the traditional anti inflammatory activity of this species by in vitro anti inflammatory screening.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Materials and Methods Plant Material: The plant was collected from areas of mukkani, Thoothukudi district, Tamilnadu. The plant was identified and authenticated by Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore as Jatropha gossypifolia (Euphorbiaceae). Voucher specimen (SMCH-3073) was preserved in Department of Botany, St.Mary’s College (Autonomous) Herbarium, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India. Preparation of plant extract for anti-inflammatory activity: The dried leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia were powdered in a Wiley mill. Hundred grams of plant powder was packed in a Soxhlet apparatus and extracted with methanol. The methanol extracts was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The concentrated methanolic extract was used for anti-inflammatory activity. Animals: Adult Wistar Albino rats of either sex (150-200g) were used for the present investigation. Animals were housed under standard environmental conditions at temperature (25±20C) and light and dark (12:12h). Rats were fed with standard pellet diet (SaiDurga animal Feeds, Bangalore, India) and water ad libitum. Acute toxicity study: Acute oral toxicity study was performed as per OECD-423 guidelines (acute toxic class method), albino rats (n=6) of either sex selected by random sampling were used for acute toxicity study (OECD, 2002).The animals were kept fasting for overnight and provided only with water, after which the extracts were administered orally at 5mg/kg body weight by gastric intubations and observed for 14 days. If mortality was observed in two out of three animals, then the dose administered was assigned as toxic dose. If mortality was observed in one animal, then the same dose was repeated again to confirm the toxic dose. If mortality was not observed, the procedure was repeated for higher doses such as 50, 100 and 2000 mg/kg body weight. Anti-inflammatory activity Carrageenan induced hind paw edema: Albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200 grams were divided into four groups of six animals each. The dosage of the drugs administered to the different groups were as follows. Group I - Control (normal saline 0.5 ml/kg), Group – II and III – Jatropha gossypifolia leaves methanolic extracts (150 and 300 mg/kg, p o. respectively), Group IV – Indomethacin (100 mg/kg, p.o.). All the drugs were administered orally. Indomethacin served as the reference standard anti-inflammatory drug.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 After one hour of the administration of the drugs, 0.1 ml of 1% W/V carrageenan solution in normal saline was injected into the sub plantar tissue of the left hind paw of the rat and the right hind paw was served as the control. The paw volume of the rats were measured in the digital plethysmograph (Ugo basile, Italy), at the end of 0 min., 60 min., 120 min and 180 min. The percentage increase in paw edema of the treated groups was compared with that of the control and the inhibitory effect of the drugs was studied. The relative potency of the drugs under investigation was calculated based upon the percentage inhibition of the inflammation. Percentage Inhibition = [(Vc-Vt)/Vc] ×100 Where, Vt= Percentage difference in increased paw volume after the administration of test drugs to the rats Vc= Difference of increased volume in the control groups. Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed using student’s t-test statistical methods. For the statistical tests a p values of less than 0.01and 0.05 was taken as significant. Results In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia methanol extracts was assayed in Albino rats using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (acute inflammation) method. Table 1 showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia significantly inhibited the rat paw edema at 3rd hr post carrageenan were 44.08% and 60.84% for 150 and 300 mg/Kg of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia respectively. Discussion Edema represents the early phase of inflammation in carageenan induced paw edema and is the simplest and most widely used acute inflammatory model for studying anti-inflammatory agents. The results of the present study suggested that methanolic leaves extracts of Jatropha gossypifolia has antiinflammatory effect comparable to those of the standard drug indomethacin.The extracts are found to be significantly inhibiting the carrageenan – induced rat paw oedema, a test which has significant predictive value for antiinflammatory agents acting by inhibiting the mediators of acute inflammation. Carrageenan-induced inflammation is useful in detecting orally active anti-inflammatory agents (Di rosa et al.,.,1971; Ismail et al.,.,1997). The development of carrageenan-induced edema is believed to be biphasic (Vinegar et al.,., 1961). The initial phase seen at the 1sth is attributed to the release of

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 histamine and serotonin (Cruckhon and Meacock 1971). The second accelerating phase of swelling is due to the release of prostaglandin, bradykinin and lysozyme. It has been reported that the second phase of oedema is sensitive to both clinically useful steroidal and non- steroidal antiinflammatory agents (Sharma et al.,., 2010; Jothimanivannan et al.,., 2010).

The antiinflammatory activity exerted by leaves methanolic extracts of Jatropha gossypifolia suggested that it may be due to their effect on prostaglandin, bradykinin and lysozyme synthesis. The presence of alkaloids and flavonoids in plants has been found to exert active antiinflammatory effects. Flavonoids are known to inhibit the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase, more specifically the endoperoxidase and reported to produce antiinflammatory effect (Alcaraz and Jimenez , 1988).

The leaf methanol extracts of J. gossypifolia at both 150mg/kg and 300mg/kg show highly significant activities (p<0.001). There is a significant differences in their antiinflammatory activity at 150mg/kg and 300mg/kg hence this effect is found to be dose dependent. These results provide a scientific basis for the utilization of this selected plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds and other conditions that can cause inflammation. Further tests are needed to explore the exact mechanism of action at the molecular level and to know the actual constituents responsible for this activity.

Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to Dr. R. Sampathraj, Honorary Director, Dr.Samsun Clinical Research Laboratory, Thiruppur for providing necessary facilities to carry out this work. Table 1: Effect of Jatropha gossypifolia extracts on the Percentage inhibition of Carrageenan induced paw edema % of Edema volume( ml) inhibition Treatment Dose after 180 0 min 60 min 120 min 180 min mg/Kg mins normal Group I 27.16±1.26 61.89±1.74 93.14±3.65 119.64±2.16 - saline Group II 150mg/Kg 26.39±1.18 43.12±2.36* 54.18±1.16** 66.39±1.84*** 44.08

Group III 300mg/Kg 29.16±1.63 30.16±1.93** 49.86±1.93** 46.84±1.13*** 60.84 Group IV 100mg/Kg 26.33±1.18 38.22±1.39* 48.36±1.22** 39.65±1.84*** 66.85

Each Value is SEM ± 5 individual observations * P < 0.05 ; ** P<0.01 *** P<0.001,Compared paw edema induced control vs drug treated rats.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Group I : Normal Control Mouse given normal saline, intraperitonially(IP).

Group II : Carrageenan induced mice treated with Jatropha gossypifolia extract at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight Group III : Carrageenan induced mice treated with Jatropha gossypifolia extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight. Group IV : Carrageenan induced mice treated with indomethacin drug at the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. References 1. Grosser T, Smyth E, Fitzgerald GA. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. In: Brunton L, ed. Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Agents: Pharmacotherapy of Gout. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill; 2011:959e1000. 2. Di Rosa, M., Giround, J.P. and Willoughby, D.A. Studies on the acute inflammatory response induced in rats in different sites by carrageenan and turpentine. J.Pathology .1971 104:15-29. 3. Ismail, T.S., Gopalakrishnan, S., Begum, V.H. and Elango, V. Anti-inflammatory activity of Salacia oblonga Wall. and Azima tetracantha Lam. J.Ethnopharmacology. 1997,56: 145- 152.

4. Vinegar, R., Schreiber, W., Hugo, R.. Biphasic development of carrageenan oedema in rats. J.Pharmacol. and Exp. Therap.1969, 166: 96-103. 5. Crunkhon, P. and Meacock, S.E.R.. Mediators of the inflammation induced in the rat paw by carrageenan. Bri. J. Pharmacology. 1971, 292, 392-402. 6.Panda, B.B., Gaur, K., Kori, M.L., Tyagi, L.K., Nema, R.K., Sharma, C.S. and Jain, A.K.Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in Experimental Animal Models. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 2009, 3(1): 01-05. 7.Ogundare, A.O.Antimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifolia and Jatropha gossypifolia Leaf extract. Trends Appl. Sci. Res. 2007, 2(2):145-150. 8.Balee, W. Food prints of the forest, ka’apor ethnobotany and historical ecology of plant utilization by an Amazonian people. NewYork :Columbia University Press.1994. 9.Zhang, .X. P.,Zhang, .P. M., Su,H.X.,. Huo,C.H., Gu, and Shi,Q.W. “Chemical constituents of the plants from genus Jatropha,” Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2009,6( 12): 2166–2183..

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 10.Sabandar,C.W., Ahmat, N F., Jaafar,M and Sahidin,I. Medicinal property, phytochemistry and pharmacology of several Jatropha species (Euphorbiaceae): a review,” Phytochemistry, .2013, 85:7–29. 11.Alcaraz, M.J. and Jimenez, M.I. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents. Fitoterapia, 1988, 59: 25-38 12.Sharma, U.S., Sharma, U.K., Sutar, N., Singh, A. and Shukla, D.K. Antiinflammatory activity of Cordia dichotoma Forst seeds extracts. Int. J. Pharmaceut. Anal.2010, 2(1): 1-4. 13.Jothimanivannan, C., Kumar, R.S. and Subramanian, N. Antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of ethanol extract of aerial parts of Justicia gendarussa Burm. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2010,6(3): 278-283.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL PROPERTIES OF ENDEMIC CAPPARIS DIVARICATA LAM. (CAPPARIDACEAE) A.Jacintha Tamil Malar, Department of Botany, St.Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India ABSTRACT Capparis L. is a large genus of the family Capparidaceae which possess both medicinal and nutritional values. Capparis divaricata Lam. is endemic to India and Sri Lanka. The pharmacognostical parameters were carried out by macroscopic, microscopic analysis. Anatomical studies serves as a reference for further identification and authentication of taxa. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are nature’s gift to human beings to make disease free healthy life. The World Health Organization encourages the inclusion of herbal medicine of proven efficacy and safety in healthcare delivery system of developing countries. Despite immense progress in modern medicine approximately 80% of people in developing countries still rely on traditional medicine for their healthcare needs and the treatment of animals with the traditional medicine is also remarkable. Therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plants depends upon the quality and quantity of chemical constituents. To identify and authenticate the drug, the availability of detailed pharmacognostic information is essential. Pharmacognostical techniques are the best tools used for identification of crude drugs. Standardisation of phytodrugs and identification of their substitutes and adulterants are done by the use of several parameters namely morphological and anatomical characters, powder analysis, phytochemical studies and chromatographic studies. Capparis divaricata Lam. commonly called spreading caper, is a small armed tree with greenish yellow flowers and globose ribbed and beaked fruits. Perusal of previous literatures of this species reveals that the species is unexplored completely for its medicinal properties, so the primary pharmacognostic study was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of plant materials The fresh plant materials of Capparis divaricata are collected from the foot hills of Kalakadu and roadsides of Nagercoil to Tirunelveli respectively from November to April 2012-2014. The plants are identified with the help of local floras and authenticated from Botanical survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Voucher specimens (SMCH-4011 and 4012) are deposited and preserved in the St. Mary’s

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 College Herbarium (SMCH), Research Centre for Plant Sciences, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Macroscopic and microscopic studies Macroscopic studies were carried out by simple determination, technique like the shape, size, colour, odour, margin and apex. The stem and leaf specimens were fixed in FAA and microtome slides were prepared and stained (Johansen, 1940; O’Brien 1964). Photomicrographs of with different magnifications were taken with Nikon Labphot 2 microscopic unit. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The materials used in herbal drugs are traded mostly as roots, bark, twigs, flowers, leaves, fruits and seeds, visible authentication of the material used are difficult and has led to a high level of adulteration. To identify and authenticate the drug, the availability of detailed pharmacognostic information is essential. Standardization plays an important role in the production of phytopharmaceuticals of standard quality and purity (Mukherjee, 2002; Anonymous, 2002). Macroscopic characters Shrubs or small trees, 2 - 6 m tall, stipular thorns variable. Leaves simple, opposite, green, linear-oblong or elliptic to oblong, 4 - 7 x 0.1 - 2.5 cm glabrous, cuneate or rounded at base and acute-mucronate at apex. Flowers solitary, axillary, 3 - 5.5 cm across, creamy or white; Sepals elliptic-orbicular, thick, pubescent on both sides; outer pair boat-shaped, 11 - 16 x 4 - 7 mm; petals greenish yellow, linear, oblong, obovate-spathulate or strap-shaped, 2.5 - 3.8 x 0.8 - 1.2 cm, acute to rounded at apex; stamens 45 - 65, unequal; filaments yellowish, purplish-red at base, longer than petals; gynophore 2 - 2.2 cm long, thickened in fruit; ovary ovoid, often abortive; fruits globose or ellipsoid, ribbed and beaked; seeds 6 - 8, embedded in white or creamy pulp (Fig.1a). Microscopic characters Stem The stem is circular in outline, measuring 2.15 mm in diameter. It consists of epidermis, cortex, thick vascular cylinder and wide pith. The epidermal layer consists of vertically elongated conical thick walled cells with heavy cuticular thickening. There are wide deep cavities in the epidermis in which stomata are located. The cortex is wide and includes outer zone of chlorenchyma cells and inner narrow zone of parenchyma cells and isolated solitary wide circular sclereids. The inner boundary of the cortex consists of wavy layer of sclerenchyma cells. The sclerenchyma layer includes fibres and sclereids. The

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 vascular cylinder comprising secondary phloem and secondary xylem is thick and hollow. The secondary phloem consists of sieve elements, parenchyma cells and phloem rays. Secondary xylem includes several uniseriate narrow radial rows of xylem vessels, which are circular or elliptic, wide and thick walled. The xylem fibres are highly thick walled and lignified; cell lumen is fairly wide. The xylem rays are thin, narrow and straight and have lignified walls. The ray cells are elliptic or rectangular (Fig 1b). Leaf The leaf is dorsiventral, xeromorphic and amphistomatic. The midrib is planoconvex and 450 µm thick. The adaxial epidermis consists of vertical oblong tangential walls. The abaxial epidermis also consists of conical epidermal cells with very thick cuticle. On the adaxial part, the palisade layer is horizontally transcurrent in between the adaxial epidermis and vascular bundle. The vascular strand is single and collateral. It is conical at the upper end and broadly semicircular on the abaxial part. The xylem elements are long vertical rows. The cells are angular, narrow, thick-walled and lignified. Phloem occurs in thick arc on the lower end of the xylem. The ground tissue on the abaxial part includes circular thick walled compact paranchyma cells (Fig. 1c). Lamina The lamina is 300 µm thick. The adaxial epidermis consists of vertically oblong conical cells with highly thickened cuticular layer. The abaxial epidermis includes rectangular or squarish cells with thick wavy cuticular layer (Fig.1e) Mesophyll The mesophyll tissue is differentiated into three rows of vertically oblong cylindrical palisade cells on the adaxial side and a median zone of two layers of large squarish parenchyma cells and the abaxial part comprising short, cylindrical less compact spongy parenchyma cells. Large crystals are distributed in the mesophyll. Leaf margin The leaf margin is 260 µm thick. It is semicircular with fairly large, vertically oblong thick walled cells with thick wavy cuticle. Inner to the epidermis occur two layers of palisade cells. The median zone includes compact layers of parenchyma cells (Fig.1d) Leaf constants Microscopical measurements of Capparis divaricata leaf are given in Table 1. Stomatal number in upper epidermis is 5-10 and in lower epidermis is 28-32; stomatal index for upper epidermis is 4.21 and for lower epidermis 21.6 (Fig. 1g). The vein islets are

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 elongated hexagonal with dendroid vein terminations with curved tip. Vein islet number and vein termination are 9 to 15 and 10 to 16 respectively (Fig. 1f) Epidermal cells and stomatal type The abaxial epidermis consists of conical epidermal cells with very thick cuticle. Stomata was observed both on the adaxial and abaxial sides. The stomata are of anomocytic type, sunken in the epidermal layer and surrounded by radiating epidermal cells Crystal characters Calcium oxalate crystals of unique type are frequently observed in the leaf mesophyll. The existence of calcium oxalate crystals was reported in more than 215 higher plant families (Mc Nair, 1932; Franceschi and Horner, 1980; Lersten and Horner, 2006). The crystals are thin, wide circular plates comprising of tightly arranged compact thin needles, occurring within wide cavity called crystal idioblast.

Table 1: Leaf constants of Capparis divaricata S. No. Leaf Constants Range Upper epidermis 5 - 10 1. Stomatal index Lower epidermis 28 - 32 Upper epidermis 4.21 2. Stomatal frequency Lower epidermis 21.6 Upper epidermis 1.25 3. Palisade ratio Lower epidermis - 4. Vein islet number (VIN) - 9 - 15 5. Vein let termination Number (VTN) - 10 - 16 6. Vein islet type Variable irregular polygonal - Simple and dendroid type, 7. Vein termination type - blunt tip

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 CONCLUSION The present investigation of Capparis divaricata Lam. can be concluded that this the anatomical study yielded a set of parameters which could serve as an important source of information to ascertain the identity and determination of quality and purity of plant material for future studies. This simple standardization will be useful to a lay person in using the drug as home remedy and also in the pharmaceutical industry for testing the raw material. REFERENCES Anonymous. Quality Control methods for medicinal plant material. An authorized publication of WHO. First Edition, New Delhi, India.A.I.T.B.S. Publishes & Distributors. 2002. 18-21. Franceschi V.R. Calcium oxalate crystals in plants. Bot. Rev. 1980. 46: 361-427. Johansen, D.A. Plant Microtechniques MC.Graw Hill Book Co., New York. 1940. 523. Lersten N.R. and Horner HT. crystal macropattern development in Prunus serotina (Rosaceae, Prunoideae) leaves. Ann.Bot. 2006. 97: 723-729. Mc Nair J.B. The intersection between substances in plants: essential oils and resins, cyanogens and oxalate. Am.J. Bot. 1932. 19: 255-271. Mukherjee Pulok, K. Quality Control of Herbal Drug. Business horizon publication.1st Edition 2002. 180. O’Brien T.P., Feder N. and McCull, M.E. Polychromatic staining of plant cell wall by toluidine blue, Protoplasm. 1964. 59. 364-373.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 ANALYSIS OF REDUCTION OF OXYGEN AT SILVER NANOPARTICLE MODIFIED GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE IN 5-HYDROXY-1,4- NAPHTHOQUINONE SOLUTIONS

J. Antony Rajam1 A. Gomathi*2 and C. Vedhi3

1Department of Chemistry, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi. *2Department of Chemistry, Sri Kumara Gurupara Swamigal Arts College, Srivaikuntam. 3Department of Chemistry, V.O.Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi.

Abstract

The catalytic reduction of oxygen was investigated at silver nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode (AgNP/GCE) with 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5- HyNQ) in the buffer solutions of pH 1.0 – 13.0 using cyclic voltammetric, chronoamperometric and chronocoulometric techniques. The effect of pH on the electrochemical and catalytic behaviour of the modified electrode with naphthoquinone was studied and pH 8.0 was chosen as the optimum working pH by comparing the shift in oxygen reduction potential. The 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone-adsorbed silver nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrodes possess excellent electro catalytic abilities towards oxygen reduction with over potential 520.2 mV greater than that at a bare glassy carbon electrode. The stability of the modified electrode was examined. The diffusion coefficient value, surface coverage value and the number of electrons involved were evaluated by chronoamperometric and chronocoulometric techniques. Keywords: Silver nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode, 5-hydroxy-1,4- naphthoquinone, oxygen reduction, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and chronocoulometry. 1.Introduction: Fuel cells play a key role in the energy system. Oxygen reduction in energy conversion system is an important reaction for fuel cells and sensors [1-7]. For the reduction of oxygen, many types of modified electrodes have been reported as electrocatalysts such as copper [8], manganese oxide [9], ruthenium-iron cluster [10], titanium silicates [11], Au nanoparticle [12], metal complexes [13-17], metal pthalocyanine [18], cobalt porphyrin [19], metal macrocyclic complexes [20], pyrimidine base [21], naphthoquinone [22,23] clay-

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 modified electrodes [24], riboflavin modified electrodes [25], polypyrrole modified electrodes [26] and anthraquinone [27-30] derivatives. In this present article, we discuss the electrochemical behaviour, efficiency and stability of 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone at silver nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode with 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone towards oxygen reduction using cyclic voltammetric, chronoamperometric and chronocoulometric techniques.

2. Experimental 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5-HyNQ) and all other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 0.01M solution of 5-HyNQ was prepared in ethanol. The different pH solutions ranging from 1.0 to 13.0 were prepared and it was checked using a Hanna pH- meter. Doubly distilled water was used during the experiments. 99.99% pure nitrogen and oxygen gases were used for deaeration and aeration. A three electrode cell consisting of modified glassy carbon (working electrode), a platinum wire (counter electrode) and silver electrode (reference electrode) was used for the investigation. Electrochemical studies were carried out at room temperature on a CH Instruments Electrochemical workstation. Silver nanoparticle was deposited over the surface of the bare glassy carbon electrode means of solvent evaporation. The silver nanoparticle coated GCE (AgNP/ GCE) was immersed in the cell solutions containing 50% aqueous – ethanol buffer and naphthoquinone solutions to carry out the electrochemical studies.

3. Results and Discussion Glassy carbon electrode was modified with silver nanoparticles and the voltammetric studies of 5-HyNQ at the modified electrode was performed under deoxygenated and oxygen saturated conditions at various pH media in the range 1.0 - 13.0. 3.1. Electrochemical Behaviours of 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE Voltammograms of 5-HyNQ at the glassy carbon electrode modified with silver nanoparticles exhibited a single redox couple in the deoxygenated condition. The voltammograms were recorded at various scan rates 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700 mVs-1 to study the influence of scan rate with cathodic peak current. Figure 1 shows the cyclic voltammograms of 5-HyNQ at the modified electrode AgNP/GCE at scan rates 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700 mVs-1 in pH 7.0.

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Figure 1 Cyclic voltammograms of 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE at scan rates 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700 mVs-1 in pH 7.0 under deaeration.

Figure 2A shows the linear variation of cathodic peak current (Ipc) with the square root of scan rate (√υ). The plot of log Ipc versus log υ is also a straight line with slope value less than 0.5 (0.418) which predicts the diffusion controlled process as shown in the Figure 2B.

30 1.50

y = 0.418x + 0.199

20 1.25 R² = 0.998

(µA) Diffusion

–

(µA)

10 1.00

log I log

– 0 0.75 0 10 20 30 1.20 1.70 2.20 2.70 √ʋ (mV–1/2s–1/2) log ʋ (mVs–1)

Figure 2 Plots of (A) cathodic peak current (Ipc) vs scan rate (υ) and (B) logarithmic cathodic peak current (log Ipc) vs logarithmic scan rate (log υ) for 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE in pH 7.0 under deoxygenated condition.

3.1.1 Effect of pH

On increasing the pH of the solution, the reduction peak potentials shift cathodically toward more negative value. Three distinct linear portions with different slope values were observed. The pH-potential diagram for 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE is given in the figure 3.

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Figure 3 pH-potential diagram for 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE

5-HyNQ undergoes two-electron, three-proton reduction process which involves the formation of protonated hydroquinones at low pH (1.0 to 3.0) values. In the intermediate pH range (4.0 to 10.0), the compound undergoes two-electron, two-proton process to produce the hydroquinone. At pH above 10.0, the electrode surface reaction is a two-electron, one-proton process which leads to the formation of a hydroquinone anion.

3.1.2 Stability of the modified electrodes The stability of the AgNP modified electrode in the presence of 5-HyNQ and its electrochemical behaviour was examined. The modified electrode was immersed in acidic medium (pH 1.0) with 5-HyNQ for 40 h and in neutral medium (pH 7.0) containing 5-HyNQ for 30 h and then cyclic voltammograms were recorded. A slight decrease with no changes in the peak current or separation of the peak was obtained in both the media. In addition, there were no changes in the peak current or separation of the peak in cyclic voltammograms after 100 cycles of repetitive scanning at scan rate 20 mVs-1 in pH 7.0.

3.1.3 Surface coverage

The surface coverage of 5-HyNQ was determined from the cyclic voltammograms at -1 scan rate 50 mVs by using the relation Гnq= Q/nFA, where Q is the charge consumed, n is the number of electrons involved, F is the Faraday constant (96,500 C mol-1) and A is the geometric area of (0.0314 cm2) of glassy carbon electrode. The calculated surface coverage value of 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE was 1.63 x 10-8 mol cm-2.

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Figure 4 AFM images of (A) AgNP/GCE and (B) AgNP/GCE with 5-HyNQ.

The adsorption of 5-HyNQ at the surface of AgNP/GCE was also confirmed by atomic electron microscopy (AFM) studies. Figure 4 shows the AFM images of (A) AgNP/GCE and (B) AgNP/GCE with 5-HyNQ.

3.2 Catalytic reduction of oxygen at AgNP/GCE

3.2.1 Effect of pH The electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen was studied at bare GCE and AgNP/GCE with 5-HyNQ in different pH media from 1.0 to 13.0. Due to their different kinetic behaviour, the displacement may be unequal [29, 30]. The optimum pH was found to be 8.0 where the electrode’s anodic wave completely disappeared and cathodic wave reached its maximum current with the maximum shift in oxygen reduction potential (∆E). 5-HyNQ/AgNP/GCE causes a shift in the oxygen reduction potential of about 520.2 mV at pH 8.0.

Figure 5 shows the variation of shift in oxygen reduction potential (A) and cathodic peak current (B) with pH for AgNP/GCE in presence of 5-HyNQ which clearly indicates that the maximum shift is observed at pH 8.0.

Figure 5 Plot of (A) pH versus shift in O2 reduction potential and (B) pH versus cathodic peak current at the surface of AgNP/GCE with 5-HyNQ.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Cyclic voltammograms of 5-HyNQ at the surface of AgNP/GCE in deoxygenated and of oxygenated buffer solution of pH 8.0 are shown in the Figure 6. It shows that there is a large enhancement in the cathodic peak current for 5-HyNQ at the silver nanoparticle modified electrode in the presence of O2, while the corresponding anodic peak has disappeared indicating the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen that occurs. The reduction of oxygen occurred at -450.4 mV on AgNP/GCE in presence of 5-HyNQ. Thus, the modified electrode with 5-HyNQ causes the shift in oxygen reduction potential (ΔE) of 520.2 mV in pH 8.0.

Figure 6 Cyclic voltammograms of 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE in the absence (d) and presence (o) of oxygen at pH 8.0. Scan rate 20 mVs-1.

3.2.2 Effect of scan rate The variation of cathodic peak current with scan rate was studied at various scan rates of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700 mVs-1 under aeration. The cathodic peak current (Ipc) varies linearly with square root of scan rate (υ1/2) which clearly confirms the diffusion controlled process for oxygen reduction in presence of 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE. Further, the linear variation of logarithmic cathodic peak (log Ipc) with logarithm of scan rate (log υ) with the slope value less than 0.5 (0.348) confirms the diffusion controlled oxygen reduction process. Figure 7 shows the plot of (A) cathodic peak current versus scan rate and (B) logarithmic cathodic peak current versus logarithm of scan rate for reduction of oxygen at AgNP/GCE in presence of 5-HyNQ in oxygenated buffer solution of pH 8.0.

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Figure 7 The plot of (A) cathodic peak current versus the square root of scan rate and (B) logarithmic cathodic peak current versus logarithmic scan rate for oxygen reduction at AgNP/GCE in presence of 2-HyNQ at pH 8.0.

3.3. Chronoamperometric studies

The Double potential–step chronoamperometric studies were carried out for bare GCE and modified GCE with 5-HyNQ in deoxygenated and aerated condition at optimum pH 8.0 at an initial and final potential of -100 and -800 mV versus silver electrode, respectively. For instance, chronoamperograms of 5-HyNQ at bare GCE and AgNP/GCE in pH 8.0 in the presence and absence of oxygen is given in figure 8. The net electrolysis current (Inet) was determined by point to point subtraction of the background current in aerated and deoxygenated conditions. Under deoxygenated condition, a plot of net current against t-1/2 shows a straight line which extrapolates close to origin. From the slope of I Vs t-1/2 under deoxygenated condition, the diffusion coefficient value of 5-HyNQ was determined using the Cottrell equation

1/2 -1/2 -1/2 I = n F D A Cnq π t

1/2 -1/2 Slope = n F D A Cnq π

Where Cnq is the concentration of 5-HyNQ, D is the diffusion co-efficient of 5-HyNQ and A is the geometric area of the glassy carbon electrode (0.0314 cm2). The calculated

-9 2 -1 Diffusion coefficient (Dnq) value of 5-HyNQ was 4.84 x 10 cm sec .

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Figure 8 Chronoamperograms for 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE in pH 8.0 by double potential step technique at an initial potential of -100mV and final potential of -800mV vs silver electrode. (A) 1,1’ for AgNP/GCE with 5-HyNQ under aeration, 2,2’ for bare GCE. (B) 1,1’ for AgNP/GCE with 5-HyNQ under deaeration, 2,2’ for bare GCE.

3.4. Chronocoulometric studies The double potential–step chronocoulometric studies were performed with 5-HyNQ at bare GCE and AgNP/GCE in the presence and absence of oxygen at optimum pH 8.0 at an initial and final potential of -100 and -800 mV versus silver electrode, respectively. For an example, the chronocoulometric response of 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE in pH 8.0 is given in the figure 9. Under deoxygenated condition, the reversible peaks were observed. But under aeration, a large enhancement in the charge of forward peak and nearly a flat line was observed which indicates the irreversible electro catalytic reduction of oxygen. The number of electrons (n) involved in the reduction of 5-HyNQ at the optimum pH 8.0 was calculated from the slope of Q versus t1/2 under deoxygenated condition using the Cottrell equation,

Q = 2n FACD1/2 π -1/2 t1/2 where C = 1.25mM, A = 0.0314cm2 and D =1.57 x 10-5 cm2s-1. The number of electrons involved in the reduction of 5-HyNQ (nnq) and the number of electrons involved in oxygen reduction (nO2) were 2.05 and 1.98 respectively.

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Figure 9 Chronocoulometric curves of 5-HyNQ at AgNP/GCE in pH 8.0 under deaeration (d) and aeration (o).

4. Conclusion:

Cyclic voltammetric, chronoamperometric and chronocoulometric techniques were employed to investigate the electrochemical and catalytic behaviour of silver nanoparticle modified electrode in the presence of 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone under deoxygenated and oxygen saturated conditions at various pH medium in the range 1.0 - 13.0. The modified electrode gives higher oxygen reduction potential shifts as compared with bare GCE. A larger potential shift (526.9 mV) was observed at pH 8.0 and which is chosen as optimum pH. Thus, the AgNP/GCE with 5-HyNQ can be used as oxygen sensors. The diffusion coefficient, surface coverage and the number of electrons involved were determined. The adsorption of 5-HyNQ at the surface of silver nanoparticle modified electrode was also confirmed by AFM studies. 5. References:

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bioelectrocatalytic O2 reduction to water at highly positive electrode potentials near neutral pH, Electrochem. Commun. 5 (2003) 138-141.

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[7] M.C. Williams, Fuel Cell Handbook, 5th ed., Science Applications International Corporation, Department of Energy, Washington, US. (2000) 1. [8] M.B. Vukmirovic, N. Vasiljevic, N. Dimitrov, K. Sieradzki, Diffusion-Limited Current Density of Oxygen Reduction on Copper, J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 (2003) B10-B-15. [9] L. Mao, D. Zhang, T. Sotomura, K. Nakatsu, N. Koshiba, T. Ohsaka, Mechanistic study of the Reduction of oxygen in air electrode with manganese oxides as electrocatalysts, Electrochim. Acta. 48 (2003) 1015-1021.

[10] R. Gonzalez-Cruz, O. Solorza-Feria, Oxygen reduction in acid media by a RuxFeySez

(CO)n cluster Catalyst dispersed on a glassy carbon-supported Nafion film, J. Solid State Electrochem. 7 (2003) 289-295. [11] R. Chitra and R. Renuka, Electroreduction of oxygen on mercury in the presence of titanium silicalite, TS-1, J. Appl. Electrochem. 33 (2003) 443-446. [12] Y. Zhang, S. Asahina, S. Yoshihara, T. Shirakashi, Oxygen reduction on Au nanoparticle deposited boron-doped diamond films, Electrochim. Acta. 48 (2003) 741- 747.

[13] C. Shi, F.C. Anson, Catalytic Pathways for the Electroreduction of O2 by Iron Tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)Porphyrin or Iron Tetraphenylporphyrin Adsorbed on Edge Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes, Inorg. Chem. 29 (1990) 4298-4305. [14] J.P. Collman, P. Denisevich, Y. Konai, M. Marrocco, C. Koval, F.C. Anson, Electrode catalysis of the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water by dicobalt face- to-face porphyrins, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (1980) 6027-6036. [15] S. Zecevic, P. Simic-Glavaskai, E. Yeagar, A.B.P. Lever, P.C. Minor, Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of transition metal tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines: Part V. Voltammetric studies of adsorbed tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines (MTsPc) in aqueous solutions, J. Electroanal. Chem. 196 (1985) 339-358.

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[16] J.J. Zhang, F.C. Anson, Electrocatalysis for the reduction of O2 and H2O2 based on complexes of Cu(II) with the strongly adsorbing 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligand,Electrochim. Acta. 38 (1993) 2423-2429. [17] J.J. Zhang, F.C. Anson, Coordination of Fe(III)-Electrodes to produce electrocatalysts

for the reduction of O2 and H2O2 (By Alizarin complexone Adsorbed on Graphite), J. Electroanal. Chem. 353 (1993) 265-280. [18] G. Ramirez, E. Trollund, M. Issacs, F. Armijo, J. Zagal, J. Costamagna, M.J. Aguirre, Electroreduction of Molecular Oxygen on Poly-Iron-Tetraaminophthalocyanine Modified Electrodes, Electroanalysis. 14 (2002) 540-545. [19] H. Winnischofer, V.Y. Otake, S. Dovidauskas, M. Nakamura, H.E. Toma, K. Araki, Supramolecular tetracluster-cobalt porphyrin: a four-electron transfer catalyst for oxygen reduction, Electrochim. Acta. 49 (2004) 3711-3718. [20] A.S. Lin, J.C. Huang, Oxygen reduction on Nafion-bound unpyrolyzed metal macrocyclic complexes, J. Electroanal. Chem. 541 (2003) 147-151. [21] S. Peressini, C. Tavagnacco, G. Costa, C. Amatore, Electrochemical reduction of oxygen in the presence of 4,6-dimethyl-2-thiopyrimidine in DMF, J. Electroanal. Chem. 532 (2002) 295-302. [22] P. Manisankar, A. Mercy Pushpalatha, S. Vasanthakumar, A. Gomathi, S. Viswanathan, Riboflavin as an electron mediator catalyzing the electrochemical reduction of oxygen with 1,4-naphthoquinones, J. Electroanal. Chem. 571 (2004) 43- 50. [23] S.M. Golabi, J.B. Raoof, Catalysis of oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide at the surface of carbon paste electrodes modified by 1,4-naphthoquinone and some of it derivatives, J. Electroanal. Chem, 416 (1996) 75-82. [24] P. Manisankar and A.Gomathi, Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen on 9,10- Anthraquinones-Incorporated Clay-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 78 (2005) 1783- 1790. [25] P.Manisankar and A.Gomathi, Mediated oxygen reduction at a glassy carbon electrode modified with riboflavin and 9,10-anthraquinones, Journal of power sources. 50 (2005) 240-246. [26] P.Manisankar and A.Gomathi, Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction at polypyrrole modified glassy carbon electrode in anthraquinone solutions, Journal of Molecular Catalysis. 232 (2005) 45-52.

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catalysis for O2 reduction on quinine-modified glassy carbon electrodes, J. Electroanal. Chem. 515 (2001) 101-112. [29] A. Salimi, H. Eshghi, H. Sharghi, S.M. Golabi, M. Shamsipur, Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen at the Surface of Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified by Some Anthraquinone Substituted Podands, Electroanalysis. 11 (1999) 114-119.

[30] A. Salimi, M.F. Mousavi, H. Sharghi, M. Shamsipur, Electrocatalysis of O2 Reduction at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Adsorbed 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10- anthraquinone Derivatives, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn 72 (9) (1999) 2121.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 A REVIEW ON BIG DATA ANALYTICS

M.Nivedha and A.Narmadha

Department of Computer Science, St. Mary’s college (Autonomous),Thoothukudi,

Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract: Big data is a new driver of the world economic and societal changes. The world’s data collection is reaching a tipping point for major technological changes that can bring new ways in decision making, managing health issues, cities, finance and education. While the data complexities are increasing including data’s volume, variety, velocity and veracity, the real impact hinges on our ability to uncover the `value’ in the data through Big Data Analytics technologies. Big Data Analytics poses a grand challenge on the design of highly scalable algorithms and systems to integrate the data and uncover large hidden values from datasets that are diverse, complex, and of a massive scale. This paper deals with a review of how to efficiently analyze big data and to make it useful. To discuss this issue, this paper begins with a brief introduction to data analytics, followed by the discussions of big data analytics. Keywords: Big data-data analytics-data mining Introduction: As the information technology spreads fast, most of the data were born digital as well as exchanged on internet today. According to the estimation of Lyman and Varian[1], the new data stored in digital media devices have already been more than 92 % in 2002, while the size of these new data was also more than five Exabyte’s. Although the advances of computer systems and internet technologies have witnessed the development of computing hardware following the Moore’s law for several decades, the problems of handling the large-scale data still exist when we are entering the age of big data. That is why Fisher[2]pointed out that big data means that the data is unable to be handled and processed by most current information systems or methods because data in the big data era will not only become too big to be loaded into a single machine, it also implies that most traditional data mining methods or data analytics developed for a centralized data analysis process may not be able to be applied directly to big data. In addition to the issues of data size, Laney[3]presented a well-known definition (also called 3Vs) shown in figure.1 to explain what is the “big” data: volume, velocity, and variety. The definition of 3Vs implies that the data size is large, the data will be created rapidly, and the

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 data will be existed in multiple types and captured from different sources, respectively. Thus, veracity, validity, value, variability, venue, vocabulary, and vagueness were added to make some complement explanation of big data[4].

Figure. 1:

Data analytics: Analytics is the discovery, interpretation, and communication of meaningful patterns in data. Especially valuable in areas rich with recorded information, analytics relies on the simultaneous application of statistics, computer programming and operations research to quantify performance. To make the whole process of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) more clear, Fayyad[5] and his colleagues summarized the KDD process by a few operations in, which are selection, preprocessing, transformation, data mining, and interpretation/evaluation.

With these operators shown in following figure.2 will be able to build a complete data analytics system to gather data first and then find information from the data and display the knowledge to the user. KDD were simplified to three parts (input, data analytics, and output) and seven operators (gathering, selection, preprocessing, transformation, data mining, evaluation, and interpretation).

Figure. 2: The process of knowledge discovery in databases Data input: The selection operator usually plays the role of knowing which kind of data was required for data analysis and select the relevant information from the gathered data or

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 databases; thus, these gathered data from different data resources will need to be integrated to the target data. The preprocessing operator plays a different role in dealing with the input data which is aimed at detecting, cleaning, and filtering the unnecessary, inconsistent, and incomplete data to make them the useful data. After the selection and preprocessing operators, the characteristics of the secondary data still may be in a number of different data formats; therefore, the KDD process needs to transform them into a data-mining-capable format which is performed by the transformation operator. The methods for reducing the complexity and downsizing the data scale to make the data useful for data analysis part are usually employed in the transformation, such as dimensional reduction, sampling, coding, or transformation. The data extraction, data cleaning, data integration, data transformation, and data reduction operators can be regarded as the preprocessing processes of data analysis[6] which attempts to extract useful data from the raw data (also called the primary data) and refine them so that they can be used. If the data are a duplicate copy, incomplete, inconsistent, noisy, or outliers, then these operators have to clean them up. If the data are too complex or too large to be handled, these operators will also try to reduce them. If the raw data have errors or omissions, the roles of these operators are to identify them and make them consistent. It can be expected that these operators may affect the analytics result of KDD, be it positive or negative. In summary, the systematic solutions are usually to reduce the complexity of data to accelerate the computation time of KDD and to improve the accuracy of the analytics result. Data analysis: KDD is responsible for finding the hidden patterns/rules/information from the data, most researchers in this field use the term data mining to describe how they refine the “ground” (i.e., raw data) into “gold nugget” (i.e., information or knowledge). The data mining methods[6] are not limited to data problem specific methods. After the data mining problem was presented, some of the domain specific algorithms are also developed. An example is the apriori algorithm[7] which is one of the useful algorithms designed for the association rules problem. To speed up the response time of a data mining operator, machine learning[8], metaheuristic algorithms[9], and distributed computing[10] were used alone or combined with the traditional data mining algorithms to provide more efficient ways for solving the data mining problem. One of the well-known combinations can be found in, Krishna and Murty[11]attempted to combine genetic algorithm and k-means to get better clustering result than k-means alone does.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017

Figure. 3: Data mining algorithm

The above figure.3 debits that most data mining algorithms contain the initialization, data input and output, data scan, rules construction, and rules update operators[12]. In this algorithm D represents the raw data, d the data from the scan operator, r the rules, o the predefined measurement, and v the candidate rules. The scan, construct, and update operators will be performed repeatedly until the termination criterion is met.

Result Output: Evaluation and interpretation are two vital operators of the output. Evaluation typically plays the role of measuring the results. It can also be one of the operators for the data mining algorithm, such as the sum of squared errors which was used by the selection operator of the genetic algorithm for the clustering problem. The work to navigate and explore the meaning of the results from the data analysis to further support the user to do the applicable decision can be regarded as the interpretation operator , which in most cases, gives useful interface to display the information and a meaningful summarization of the mining results can be made to make it easier for the user to understand the information from the data analysis. Since the problems of handling and analyzing large-scale and complex input data always exist in data analytics, several efficient analysis methods were presented to accelerate the computation time or to reduce the memory cost for the KDD process. Most data analysis methods have limitations for big data, that can be described as follows: (i) Unscalability and centralization. (ii) Non-dynamic. (iii) Uniform data structure. Because the traditional data analysis methods are not designed for large-scale and complex data, they are almost impossible to be capable of analyzing the big data. Redesigning and changing the way the data analysis methods are designed are two critical trends for big data analysis.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Big data analytics: Nowadays, the data that need to be analyzed are not just large, but they are composed of various data types, and even including streaming data[13].Since big data has the unique features of “massive, high dimensional, heterogeneous, complex, unstructured, incomplete, noisy, and erroneous,” which may change the statistical and data analysis approaches[14]. Although it seems that big data makes it possible for us to collect more data to find more useful information, the truth is that more data do not necessarily mean more useful information. It may contain more ambiguous or abnormal data.

Figure.4: The comparison between traditional data analysis and big data analysis on wireless sensor network. The big data may be created by handheld device, social network, internet of things, multimedia, and many other new applications that all have the characteristics of volume, velocity, and variety. As a result, the whole data analytics has to be re-examined from the following perspectives:  From the volume perspective, the deluge of input data is the very first thing that we need to face because it may paralyze the data analytics. Different from traditional data analytics, for the wireless sensor network data analysis, Baraniuk[15] pointed out that the bottleneck of big data analytics will be shifted from sensor to processing, communications, storage of sensing data.  In addition, from the velocity perspective, real-time or streaming data bring up the problem of large quantity of data coming into the data analytics within a short duration but the device and system may not be able to handle these input data. This situation is similar to that of the network flow analysis for which we typically cannot mirror and analyze everything we can gather.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017  From the variety perspective, because the incoming data may use different types or have incomplete data, how to handle them also bring up another issue for the input operators of data analytics.

Big data input: The problem of handling a vast quantity of data that the system is unable to process is not a brand-new research issue; in fact, it appeared in several early approaches e.g., marketing analysis, network flow monitor, gene expression analysis, weather forecast, and even astronomy analysis. This problem still exists in big data analytics today; thus, preprocessing is an important task to make the computer, platform, and analysis algorithm be able to handle the input data. The traditional data preprocessing methods[16](e.g., compression, sampling, feature selection, and so on) are expected to be able to operate effectively in the big data age. However, a portion of the studies still focus on how to reduce the complexity of the input data because even the most advanced computer technology cannot efficiently process the whole input data by using a single machine in most cases. By using domain knowledge to design the preprocessing operator is a possible solution for the big data. The cloud system is employed to preprocess the raw data and then output the refined data (e.g., data with uniform format) to make it easier for the data analysis method or system to perform the further analysis work. Sampling and compression are two representative data reduction methods for big data analytics because reducing the size of data makes the data analytics computationally less expensive, thus faster, especially for the data coming to the system rapidly.

Bottlenecks on data analytics system: The bottlenecks will be appeared in different places of the data analytics for big data because the environments, systems, and input data have changed which are different from the traditional data analytics. The data deluge of big data will fill up the “input” system of data analytics, and it will also increase the computation load of the data “analysis” system. This situation is just like the torrent of water (i.e., data deluge) rushed down the mountain (i.e., data analytics), how to split it and how to avoid it flowing into a narrow place (e.g., the operator is not able to handle the input data) will be the most important things to avoid the bottlenecks in data analytics system.

One of the current solutions to the avoidance of bottlenecks on a data analytics system is to add more computation resources while the other is to split the analysis works to different computation nodes. A complete consideration for the whole data analytics to avoid the bottlenecks of that kind of analytics system is still needed for big data.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Security issues: Since much more environment data and human behavior will be gathered to the big data analytics, how to protect them will also be an open issue because without a security way to handle the collected data, the big data analytics cannot be a reliable system. In spite of the security that we have to tighten for big data analytics before it can gather more data from everywhere, the fact is that until now, there are still not many studies focusing on the security issues of the big data analytics. According to our observation, the security issues of big data analytics can be divided into fourfold: input, data analysis, output, and communication with other systems. For the input, it can be regarded as the data gathering which is relevant to the sensor, the handheld devices, and even the devices of internet of things. One of the important security issues on the input part of big data analytics is to make sure that the sensors will not be compromised by the attacks. For the analysis and input, it can be regarded as the security problem of such a system. For communication with other system, the security problem is on the communications between big data analytics and other external systems. Because of these latent problems, security has become one of the open issues of big data analytics. Conclusions: In this paper, we concluded studies on the data analytics from the traditional data analysis to the recent big data analysis. From the system perspective, the KDD process is used as the framework for these studies and is summarized into three parts: input, analysis, and output. The availability of Big Data, low-cost commodity hardware, and new information management and analytic software have produced a unique moment in the history of data analysis. The convergence of these trends means that we have the capabilities required to analyze astonishing data sets quickly and cost-effectively for the first time in history. These capabilities are neither theoretical nor trivial. They represent a genuine leap forward and a clear opportunity to realize enormous gains in terms of efficiency, productivity, revenue, and profitability. Future enhancement: Big data keeps growing by minute. The exponential growth in the number of connected devices fuels the demand for faster handling of large volumes of structured and unstructured data from these devices. The future of big data and analytics allows organizations across industries to instantly mine these data stores for machine learning and other real time applications. References: 1. Lyman P, Varian H. How much information 2003? Tech. Rep, 2004. [Online]. Available:http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/howmuchinfo2003/printable_rep ort.pdf.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 2.Fisher D, DeLine R, Czerwinski M, Drucker S. Interactions with big data analytics. Interactions. 2012;19(3):50–9. 3.Laney D. 3D data management: controlling data volume, velocity, and variety, META Group, Tech. Rep. 2001. [Online]. Available:http://blogs.gartner.com/doug- laney/files/2012/01/ad949-3D-Data-Management-Controlling-Data-Volume-Velocity-and- Variety.pdf. 4.Borne K. Top 10 big data challenges a serious look at 10 big data v’s, Tech. Rep. 2014. [Online]. Available:https://www.mapr.com/blog/top-10-big-data-challenges-look-10-big-data-v. 5.Fayyad UM, Piatetsky-Shapiro G, Smyth P. From data mining to knowledge discovery in databases. AI Mag. 1996;17(3):37–54. 6.Han J. Data mining: concepts and techniques. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.; 2005. 7.Agrawal R, Imieliński T, Swami A. Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases. Proc ACM SIGMOD Int Conf Manag Data. 1993;22(2):207–16. 8.Witten IH, Frank E. Data mining: practical machine learning tools and techniques. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.; 2005. 9.Abbass H, Newton C, Sarker R. Data mining: a heuristic approach. Hershey: IGI Global; 2002. 10.Cannataro M, Congiusta A, Pugliese A, Talia D, Trunfio P. Distributed data mining on grids: services, tools, and applications. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cyber Part B Cyber. 2004;34(6):2451–65. 11.Krishna K, Murty MN. Genetic k-means algorithm. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cyber Part B Cyber. 1999;29(3):433–9. 12.Tsai C-W, Lai C-F, Chiang M-C, Yang L. Data mining for internet of things: a survey. IEEE Commun Surveys Tutor. 2014;16(1):77–97. 13.Russom P. Big data analytics. TDWI: Tech. Rep ; 2011. 14.Ma C, Zhang HH, Wang X. Machine learning for big data analytics in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2014;19(12):798–808. 15.Baraniuk RG. More is less: signal processing and the data deluge. Science. 2011;331(6018):717–9. 16.Famili A, Shen W-M, Weber R, Simoudis E. Data preprocessing and intelligent data analysis. Intel Data Anal. 1997;1(1–4):3–23.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 ENTERPRISE INVOLVEMENT AMONGMICRO ENTREPRENEURS – A STUDY M.Juliet Department of Economics, St.Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India.

ABSTRACT

The status of women in any society is an index of its progress. But the actual condition of women does not match up to this statement. They are considered as weaker sex in the male dominated society especially in rural India. They lack self-confidence, face gender discrimination and are denied educational opportunities. There is a common assumption that men are the breadwinners and that most of the female work is either done in leisure time or serves to procure supporting income for the family. Today with the growth of micro-enterprises, many women have plunged into entrepreneurship. Women entrepreneurship in India represents a group of women who are exploring new avenues of economic participation. They play a very important role in the economic progress and industrial development of a country. It is important for the achievement of broader development objectives such as growth with equity.In this paper, an attempt has been made to present the development of entrepreneurship in India and, particularly in Thoothukudi District which is one of the districts of Tamil Nadu.Enterprise involvement is highly essential for the performance of the enterprises and the performance also acts as a motivation in enterprise involvement among the entrepreneurs. There is a cyclical relationship between these two aspects. In order to analyze the association between the performance of the micro entrepreneurs and their enterprise involvement, the mean score of each enterprise involvement variable is calculated. The 'F' statistics was also computed to find out the significant difference among the different groups of entrepreneurs. The significant differences among the good and poor performers are noticed in a few enterprise involvement variables, namely source of inspiration, help during setting up stage, managing various functions, time spent on unit-related work, pride in being an entrepreneur and future plans, since their 'F' statistics are significant at 5 per cent level. It reveals that the good performers have higher scores in the source of inspiration and in future plans, whereas the poor performers are very weak in the above two aspects. In the study area the government through agencies should give proper training in order to encourage and motivate.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Key Words:entrepreneurship, self-confidence, discrimination, enterprise involvement, good performers, inspiration

INTRODUCTION

The development of an economy depends, to a great extent, upon the highly motivated people rightly termed as ‘entrepreneurs’ who are willing to take risks for achieving tangible growth. The high rate of growth and success of entrepreneurs in the developed economies is illustrative of this. A glimpse into the history of India shows that Indian enterprises and entrepreneurial zeal were curtailed by the colonial British Empire. The mere destruction of the Indian handicrafts and village industries during the British rule pushed back the wheels of progress.

But the need to promote entrepreneurship for the country’s economic growth has attracted the attention of Indian planners in recent times. Though the country is committed to give equal opportunity for growth and for reducing regional imbalances, entrepreneurial growth has been limited to certain regions of the nation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to present the development of entrepreneurship in India and, particularly in Thoothukudi District which is one of the districts of Tamil Nadu.

ROLE OF ENTREPRENEUR IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

At present, most of the developing economies are primary sector-dominated economies and India is no exception. Therefore, there arises a logical base for recognising the role of the industrial sector in the overall economic development of the country. The ultimate aim of all economic development is to bring about an improvement in the quality of life of the members of the society.1 The role of the entrepreneur here is to produce an environment which is conducive to the optimum utilisation of the resources like money, man power or material. In a fast-moving world, no firm - small or large - can survive, if it is not alert and responsive to technological changes. Hence, a speedy and faster economic development is possible only with the help of dynamic and alert entrepreneurs. In India, “Small business firms produce two and a half times as many innovations as large firms, relative to the number of persons employed. Since the World War II, small business firms have been responsible for developing more than half of the new producers and service innovations2.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 In a country like India, state and private entrepreneurs exist side by side. The small- scale industrial sector and business are in the purview of private entrepreneurs. Hence, the need to promote entrepreneurship in the medium scale and small-scale industrial sectors becomes essential to hasten the rate of development. The need for broad-based entrepreneurial class in India arises from the need to speed up the process of activating the factors of production, leading to a higher rate of economic growth, dispersal of economic activities, development of backward and tribal areas, creation of employment opportunities, improvement in the standard of living of the weaker sections of the society and involvement of all sections of the society in the process of growth. Only if a conducive environment is created, there is a possibility for new persons to venture into business. The entrepreneur works as a catalyst opening up new vistas, creating wealth, fostering development in other sectors of the economy3. ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA During the pre-independence era, India was a centre of bustling trade activity. The Indian industries excelled in crafts such as weaving, tanning, metalling even as early as the early Vedic period. Ancient Indian literature provides substantial evidence to the well- ordered industrial structure of the Indo-Aryan society and the existence of commercial and industrial organisations. During the Mughal rule, there existed a regularised system of state-controlled industries. The government was in possession of factories (Karkhanas) in the principal cities. During the 16th and the early 17th centuries, there was an organised system of entrepreneurship and trade flourished in important cities like Varanasi, Allahabad, Ganga, Puri and Mirzapur which were situated on the banks of rivers. Exports of cotton, muslin, carpets and handicrafts were made possible through such commercial centres. India during the 17th century was one of the industrial workshops of the world. The decline and destruction of industries were due to the extravagant Mughals who never encouraged artisans nor gave commercial concessions to tradesmen. The British rule in India led to further destruction of indigenous and small-scale industries in India. The role of Indians was restricted to that of managing agents. In 1800, India was reduced to a raw material supplying region and Indian industries suffered a serious setback due to the industrial revolution in the western countries. The beginning of modern industry can be traced to the middle of the 19th century. The British introduced the factory system in India and several factories were established in the first half of the 19th century. The pioneers of modern industrial sector were the

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 entrepreneurs of western India who promoted industrial growth from around 1850. Following the World War I, a considerable emphasis was laid on the development of local and indigeneous industry and industrial development was rapid and diverse in 1930s and 1940s.4 During 1955, the role of Parsis, Gujaratis and Marwadis in industrial growth led to the sidelining of British entrepreneurship. At the time of independence, the industrial scene in India witnessed the emergence of a few large industrial or managing agency houses and their gaining control over a major part of the Indian industry. MICRO ENTERPRISES Micro-enterprises play a substantial role in all economies which are currently undergoing a transition from traditional subsistence to a modern industrial economy, such as in many Asian and African countries. The micro-enterprise sector plays a significant role in reducing poverty and promoting the creation of new jobs as well as higher levels of employment. Micro-enterprises represent the earliest stage of business development — a stage where the owner-founder is typically also the manager of the firm. At this stage, the management decisions of the founder or entrepreneur, his/her intentions about the business, and his background and aspirations are intrinsically linked with the success of the business itself.

Survival and growth are particular challenges for micro-enterprises, more so than for larger firms. Entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in the growth of any Society particularly in a fast developing country like India. The entrepreneur is an important agent in our society who can be a catalyst of social and economic changes.

Micro enterprises make an important contribution to the economic output and employment in developing economies. While estimates vary greatly depending on definitions, recent work by the World Bank suggests that almost 30 per cent of employment in low-income countries is generated by the informal economy, while an additional 18 per cent is provided by (formal) small and medium enterprises. Together these two groups contribute 63 per cent of the GDP5. Finance is the lifeblood of any enterprise irrespective of its size. Micro enterprises face many problems in raising finance, as the provider of finance may not find the return on investment interesting as compared to large enterprise, and also an investor is more skeptical about repayment.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Entrepreneurs compete in rapidly changing markets and must respond to the challenges of globalization, technological advance and other factors. Micro enterprise has limited resources at its disposal while competing with giant enterprises.

At the same time they have special pool of business where micro enterprise is more competitive. To be able to work out of poverty, to survive and to grow, entrepreneurs need access to a range of services. Broadly, these are categorized as (i) financial services and (ii) non-financial, or business development services (BDS), such as market information, management and vocational skills training and business advice.6

Non-financial services are equally important to design, develop and market a product or services. Micro enterprises have an edge over the large enterprises in various products; traditional knowledge and better control over business are a unique strength.

Ignoring substantial population suffering from poverty may be costly for any economy and it is not prudent not to utilize strengths vested in such poor lot. Socio-economic developments as well as macroeconomic and financial sector stability are important components in ensuring an enabling environment for continued growth of overall economy as a whole and the micro finance industry in specific. Supporting micro enterprise is therefore necessary policy – socially and economically. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The specific objectives of the study are 1. To study the socio–economic conditions of the sample respondents in the study area. 2. To examinethe development of entrepreneurship in India 3. To find out the nature of micro enterprises and average rate of return on investment in the study area. 4. To analyse theenterprise involvement among the micro entrepreneurs in Thoothukudi district. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research is based upon primary and secondary data both. The primary data was collected through a questionnaire designed exclusively for the study. Secondary data was taken from research papers, journals, magazines and websites. Samples were collected from micro entrepreneurs in Thoothukudi district. A target of 450 respondents was set, but many of them provided incomplete questionnaire and therefore only 300 questionnaires were entertained for final analysis and data interpretation. For data analysis, percentage analysis,

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 tabulation, averages, standard deviation, and 'F' statistics analysis tools are used to understand the enterprise involvement among the micro entrepreneurs. The data relates to the month of August 2017.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE Westhead (2003)7 provided the empirical evidence relating to the wealth contributions of female and male controlled business. His study focused on the performance of business controlled by male or female single decision makers. The total assets and owners’ equity were significantly higher for the male – controlled business. Also the total income and profit were significantly higher in male controlled business.

Sandra et.al, (2003)8 found that motivational reasons for business start -up are dissatisfaction with the previous employment, inability to find suitable employment and wanting to be one’s own boss. It was found that the important barriers faced are lack of affordable business premise, inadequate grants, cash flow problems, child-care worries, lack of business networking and support groups, inconsistent support from service providers, dissatisfaction with support from banks, lack of confidence and limited expectations about future business progression.

Mathur and Anamika (1987)9 found that men and women do not differ significantly with regard to innovative traits and internal focus of control. They also found that women are in no way inferior to men in terms of intelligence, foresight, curiosity and healthy sense of self. Ray, P., et.al (2004)10 found that the variables namely, caste, family size and social participation had a significant influence on the change in the income of the respondents. The data found was significantly and positively correlated with the change in income and the variables namely, size of holding, caste, family size, social participation, change in crop yield and the difference between the amount of loan applied for and the amount realized. The direct effects were substantial over the total effect. Katar Singh and Raji Gain (2004)11 pointed out that women distribute their work in three shifts. In the mornings, a team of four women prepares cows for milking and undertake distribution of milk, recording of milk yield and cleaning the shed. The second team of three in the afternoon prepares feed, washes the utensils and makes dung cakes. In the evenings, the third team of three women milks the cows, distributes the milk and records the yield. The

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 shifts are taken up by rotation. The total expenses and total income are equally shared by the women.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF MICRO ENTREPRENEURS

The study reveals that the sample respondents are mostly young i.e. in the age group of 26- 35 years accounting 30.67 per cent. This is followed by the age group below 25 years with 29.00 per cent. Out of the 300 respondents, 68 per cent of there are male and remaining 32 per cent are female. Majority of the respondents belong are Hindus (68.67 per cent). Nearly 58.00 per cent of the respondents belong to Most Backward Communities in the study area. Among the respondents, 43.67 per cent are married. They are followed by unmarried (29.33 per cent). Maximum of the entrepreneurs i.e. 43.00 percent have higher secondary level of education. Out of the 300 respondents, 54.33 per cent of entrepreneurs have a family size of 3- 5. The most common family monthly income of the respondents is Rs.10000 – 15000, followed by Rs.15000- 20000. Regarding the experience, majority of the respondents have less than 2 years of experience. They are followed by 2- 4 years of experience Majority of the respondents i.e. 46 per cent have an investment range of Rs.20001 to R.s 40000, followed by Rs.40001 to 60000. It is found that the majority of the respondents (41.33 per cent) have availed loan ranging from Rs.5000 to Rs.10000. The bank loan borrowed once scored 68.67 per cent and twice scored 24.67 per cent. NATURE OF ENTERPRISE IN THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT

The micro entrepreneurs may run the enterprises according to their capability in terms of finance, management, marketing and risk-taking ability. The nature of enterprises selected by them is influenced by the scope of business, profitability and other relevant aspects. The nature of enterprises may relate to coir products, masala products, palm leaf products, fishnet making, handicrafts, dry fish, poultry, farming, brick kila and Food processing. The nature and number of enterprises are presented in the following table.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 NATURE OF MICRO ENTERPRISES

Sl. Nature of Enterprises Number of Percentage of the No. Respondents Total 1. Coir products 39 13.00 2. Masala products 33 11.00 3. Palm leaf products 49 16.33 4. Fishnet making 35 11.67 5. Handicrafts 82 20.67 6. Dry fish 15 5.00 7. Poultry farming 21 7.00 8. Brick making 22 7.33 9. Food processing 24 8.00 Total 300 100.00 Source: Survey Data. The common micro enterprises of micro entrepreneurs relate to handicrafts, Palm leaf products, coir products and fishnet making which constitute 20.67 per cent, 16.33 per cent, 13.00 per cent and 11.67 per cent to the total respectively. Masala products constitute 11.00 per cent to the total. The other micro enterprises are below 10 per cent.

Return on Investment The return on investment is the ratio between the return and the investment in micro enterprises. It is calculated by the annual return and annual investment. The return on investment is a real indicator of the profitability of units. In the present study, the return on investment is as reported told by the respondents. This return on investment is only an average of various returns on investment in a unit during its performance. The average rate of return on investment in the study area is classified as less than 4 per cent, 4 to 7, 7 to 10, 10 to 13 and 16 per cent, and above.

AVERAGE RETURN ON INVESTMENT AND THE NUMBER OF MICRO ENTREPRENEURS Sl. Rate of Return on Investment Number of Micro Percentage to the No. (in per cent) Entrepreneurs Total 1. Less than 4 28 9.33 2. 4 – 7 64 21.33 3. 7 – 10 78 26.00 4. 10 – 13 69 23.00 5. 13 – 16 48 16.00 6. 16 and above 13 4.34 Total 300 100.00 Average Return 9.34 Source: Survey Data.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Nearly 56.66 per cent of the total units earned an average rate of return of 4 to 10 per cent on the investment. The number of units earning a rate of return of above 16.00 per cent constitutes 4.37 per cent to the total. The number of units earning a return of above 10 per cent constitutes 43.34 per cent. The average return on investment among the enterprises is 8.30 per cent, whereas the standard deviation is 1.78. The number of enterprises above the average rate of return of 8.30 are 166 (58.33 per cent) rated as good performers, whereas the remaining 134 (44.67 per cent) with less than the average rate of return (8.30) are noted as poor performers. PERFORMANCE OF MICRO ENTREPRENEURS Entrepreneurs are classified into good and poor performers on the basis of their average return on their investment at 9.34 per cent. The good performers are those who secured a percentage above the average return on investment (9.34 per cent) and the poor performers are those who earned below the average return on investment. Out of 300 micro entrepreneurs, 166 (55.33 per cent) came under the category of good performers and the remaining 134 (44.67 per cent) belong to poor performers category. Enterprise involvement is highly essential for the performance of the enterprises and the performance also acts as a motivation in enterprise involvement among the entrepreneurs. There is a cyclical relationship between these two aspects. In order to analyze the association between the performance of the micro entrepreneurs and their enterprise involvement, the mean score of each enterprise involvement variable is calculated. The 'F' statistics was also computed to find out the significant difference among the different groups of entrepreneurs. The resultant mean score of the enterprise variables and their related 'F' statistics are presented in the following table. ENTERPRISE INVOLVEMENT AMONG THE ENTREPRENEURS Sl. Average Score F- Enterprise Involvement Variable No. Good Performer Poor Performer statistics 1. Source of Inspiration 3.1338 1.9762 2.7176* 2. Help during setting up stage 2.6816 3.1618 1.3131* 3. Managing various functions 3.3319 1.7829 2.0168* 4. Major decisions 2.8319 1.9962 1.6314* 5. Time Spent on unit related work 3.4618 2.6911 1.8168* 6. Satisfaction 3.5341 3.0432 0.8221 7. Training 2.6283 2.6263 0.7192 8. Pride in being an entrepreneur 3.6314 2.0718 1.7218* 9. Membership 3.6141 3.2216 0.5216 10. Future Plans 3.8314 1.9911 2.3619* Overall Involvement 3.2680 2.2562 1.9192* * Significant at 5 per cent level.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 The most involved enterprising aspects among the good and poor performers are ‘future plans and membership’, since the mean scores are 3.8314 and 3.2216 respectively. The mean scores of overall involvement among them are 3.2680 and 2.2562 respectively. The significant differences among the good and poor performers are noticed in a few enterprise involvement variables, namely source of inspiration, help during setting up stage, managing various functions, time spent on unit-related work, pride in being an entrepreneur and future plans, since their 'F' statistics are significant at 5 per cent level. The higher mean differences regarding the enterprise involvement among the good and poor performers are seen in source of inspiration and future plans, with the mean differences at 1.1576 and 1.8403 respectively. It reveals that the good performers have higher scores in the source of inspiration and in future plans, whereas the poor performers are very weak in the above two aspects. CONCLUSION

To conclude, the economic, the economic development of a country depends upon the proper utilization of the available employment avenues. Micro entrepreneurship is the mode of self-employment. The main problems which have been faced by the micro entrepreneurs are drive and self-confidence and these problems can be overcome by proper guidance and motivation. In the study area the government through agencies should give proper training in order to encourage and motivate.

REFERENCES 1) G.P. Gupta and N.P. Srinivasan, Entrepreneurial Development, Sultan Chand & Co., New Delhi, 1993, pp. 127-130. 2) M.M. Anand, “The Big Change in Small-scale Industries”, New Report Tanstia, June 1995, pp. 13-14. 3) Vasant Desai, Small-scale Industries and Entrepreneurship, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, 1995, p. 2. 4) Medhora in Killby, Peter (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, The Free Press, New York, 1971, p.290. 5) Ayyagari, M.,T. Beck and A. Demirguc-Kunt, Small and medium enterprises across the globe: A new database, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. 6) MertenSievers and Paul Vandenberg, Synergies through Linkages: Who Benefits from Linking Finance and Business Development Services.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 7) Westhead (2003), “Comparing the Performance of Male – and Female – Controlled Business”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10 (2), pp. 217- 224. 8) Sandra L. Fielder, Mailyn J. Davidson, Adel. F. Dave and Peter J. Making, (2003), “Factors inhibiting the economic growth of female owned small business in North West England”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10 (2), pp.152-166. 9) Mathur, P. and Anamika, Difference of Personality Traits Among Male and Female Successful Entrepreneurs, Paper Presented at the 29th Annual Conference of Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, Waltain, March 23-25, 1987. 10) Ray, P. Chowdhury, S., Acharjee, S.K. and Hague, A. “A Study on the change in income in Loanees in a Rural Credit System furn some socio-economic and Situational Factors”, Economic Affairs, 47 (3), September 2004, pp.183-191. 11) Katar Singh and Raji Gain, “Management of Micro-enterprises for Rural Women”, National Institute of Rural Development, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, February 2, 2004, p.41.

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 CHITOSAN EXTRACTION CHARACTERIZATION WITH ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY FROM SHRIMP WASTE S. Muthu Lakshmi and Joys Selva Mary Albert Department of Microbiology, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India. ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to report the yield of extraction, as well as the physiochemical of extracted chitosan from shrimp Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus as compared to commercial chitosan. The yield obtained for extracted chitosan from Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus was 1.5% and 0.14% respectively with a moisture and ash content of 0.16% and 0.02%; 0.088% and 0.02% respectively. Commercial chitosan demonstrated a higher degree deacetylation 0.8% compared to extracted chitosan which were 0.10% and 0.02% respectively. The extracted chitosan possessed potential properties similar to the commercial chitosan with the scavenging activity of the DPPH activity. Keywords: Chitosan, Chitin, extraction, characterization, shrimp, antioxidant activity. INTRODUCTION Chitosan, which is a natural and linear polysaccharide made from chitin by a chemical process involving deproteinization, demineralisation, decolouration and deacetylation, has received considerable attention because of its properties. Chitin and chitosan are both polysaccharides, chemically similar to cellulose from which they only differ by the presence or absence of nitrogen in that nitrogen is not present in cellulose (Bautista- Banos et al.,. 2006). Shrimp shell waste are used in the food industry including as an ingredient in food products. However, the shrimp shell is also of benefit to us in the pharmaceuticals. Shrimp shell is also a source of chitosan, which is a polysaccharide. In Indian shrimp shell fisheries are limited to estuaries and coastal areas that contain wastes. Traditionally, shrimp shell were exploited by local individuals for immediate consumption, however, the first commercial shrimp shell gradually entered local markets and have become a main component of the local shrimp fishery (Ikhwanuddin et al.,. 2011). Chitosan offers a wide range of unique applications in the food industry and in the preservation of foods from microbial deterioration, formation of biodegradable films, and recovery of material from food processing discards. Moreover, it can act as a dietary fibre and as a functional food ingredient. The problem that is associated with the usage of chitosan is its degree of deacetylation. The characterization of chitosan is

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 determined by the degree of N-acetylation (DA), which not only influences the physicochemical characteristics but also its immunological activities (Mahlous et al.,. 2007). Physicochemical properties influence the functional properties of chitin and chitosan, which differ according to the crustacean species and method of preparation. Different preparations will result in different physicochemical properties, especially the degree of deacetylation, solubility, viscosity and molecular weight. The functional properties of chitin and chitosan products should be carefully monitored to effectively utilize chitosan products for particular usages (Cho et al.,. 1998). Chitosan solubility is affected by the presence of free amine groups along the chitosan chain, which allow chitosan to dissolve in diluted aqueous acidic solvents. Antioxidant activity is a molecule that inhibits the oxidant of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electron or hydrogen from substances to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reaction can produce free radicals. Antioxidant activity is assessed by DPPH radical assay. It is visually noticeable as a color change from purple to yellow color form (Majo et al.,,. 2008).The antioxidant properties of chitosan have been proposed for the application of food and pharmaceuticals industry. The present study is to produce chitosan from shrimp waste to investigate its characterization and antioxidant properties. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sample collection and processing: Shrimp shell Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus waste was collected from Fishing Harbour at Thoothukudi . The raw shells material was collected. If sample washed with tap water to remove any insoluble material on the shell then dried under the sun light for 24h. The sample was crushed and stored in a closed container prior to use. Penaeus monodon commonly name giant tiger prawn and Penaeus indicus are light pink hue in colour. Extraction of chitosan by chemical methods: Deproteination (Dp): The Shrimp shell waste from the carotenoid extraction process was treated with 2.0 % of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution with a ratio of ground shell to the solution of 1:20 (w/v), with constant stirring for 2h at 90 °C to remove the protein. The samples were then filtered under vacuum and the filtrates were washed with tap water for 30 mins until pH neutral (pH, 7). The deproteinized shells were dried in the oven at 60 °C for 24h (Shahidi and Synowiecki 1991). Demineralization (dm):

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 The deproteinized shrimp shells were demineralized with 2.5 % (w/v) of hydrochloric acid (HCl) at room temperature (20 °C) for 6h to remove the mineral content with a ratio of ground shell to the solution of 1:20 (w/v). The samples were then filtered under vacuum and washed for 30 mins with tap water until pH neutral (pH, 7). The demineralized shells were dried in the oven at 60 °C for 24h (Shahidi and Synowiecki 1991). Deacetylation (DA): The deacetylation of chitin was then conducted according to the method by Yen et al.,. (2009). The chitin obtained was treated with 40 % (w/w) aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with a ratio of chitin to the solution of 1:15 (w/v) at 105 °C for 2h. Then, the chitin was filtered using a filter pump and washed with deionized water until pH neutral (pH, 7) to obtain the chitosan. The chitosan obtained was then dried at 60 °C for 24h in the oven. Characterization of chitosan properties: Yield, moisture and ash contents The yield of chitosan was obtained by comparing the weight of the raw material to the weight of chitosan, which was obtained after the treatment, while the moisture and ash contents were determined according to the AOAC (1990) methods. Determination of degree of deacetylation (DD) The direct titration method was used to determine the degree of deacetylation of chitosan extracted from shrimp shell, which was conducted according to the method by (Kjartansson 2008) with some modification. Chitosan samples (0.1 g) were dissolved in 25 ml of 0.06 M HCl for 1h at room temperature. The solutions were diluted to 50 ml before being titrated with a 0.1 N NaOH to pH 3.8 under constant stirring. The volume of NaOH at pH 3.8 was acquired and recorded. Titration was continued to pH 8 and the total volume of NaOH (0.1 M) was recorded. The degree of deacetylation was then calculated using the following equation: DD=161.16*(V2–V1)NW1 where, 161.16 is the mass of chitosan monomer, V1 and V2 are the volumes of NaOH solution used, N is the strength of the NaOH solution (0.1 M) and W1 is the mass of sample after correction for moisture. The degree of deacetylation (DD) of the samples was determined in triplicate. DPPH free radical scavenging activity: Sample extracts and standard (Vitamin C) were prepared in methanol. Shrimp extracts and standard (Vitamin C) solution were prepared in different concentration

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/ml. 0.5ml of different concentration of standard solution, sample extracts was taken in different test tubes and then 0.5ml of DPPH (0.004 %) solution was added and kept in dark for 30 min and absorbance was recorded at 517nm. The decrease in absorbance of the DPPH radical caused by antioxidant was due to the scavenging of the radical by hydrogen donation. It was visually noticeable as a color change from purple to yellow (Majo et al.,,. 2008). The percentage inhibition activity was calculated using the formula below:

(Absorbance of control – Absorbance of test) % DPPH free radical scavenging = ×100

Absorbance of control

RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Chitosan characterization: Yield, moisture and ash content The yield of extracted chitosan, moisture content and ash content extracted from shrimp was compared to the commercial chitosan, as presented in Table 1. The yield was calculated as the dry weight of chitosan obtained from the extraction of dried shrimp shell powder, which was Penaeus monodon 1.5% and Penaeus indicus 0.14%. However, the yield obtained is also affected by the loss of sample mass/weight from excessive removal of acetyl groups from the polymer during deacetylation (i.e. the conversion of chitin to chitosan) (Fernandez-Kim 2004, Sarbon, et al.,., 2015). Table :1 The yield of extracted chitosan, moisture content and ash content extracted from shrimp (Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus) shells compared to commercial chitosan.

Characteristics (%) Penaeus monodon (%) Penaeus indicus (%) Commercial Chitosan Yield 21.2±1.5 19.8±0.14 -- Moisture Content 9±0.16 8±0.88 7.25±0.62 Ash Content 2±0.02 1.8±0.02 1.84±0.02 Degree of 52.4±0.10 50.8±0.02 55.4±0.8 deacetylation(%) Values are means ± SD of three determinations

Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 The present study also showed that the moisture content of the chitosan extracted from shrimp Penaeus monodon was 9±0.16% and Penaeus indicus was 8±0.88% , which was significantly different from the commercial chitosan, which was 7.25±0.62%. A lower moisture content of chitosan indicates better shelf stability and enhances the quality (Ocloo et al.,. 2011). As chitosan is very hygroscopic in nature, the extracted samples were affected by moisture absorption during storage. The standard moisture content of chitosan was used in application ranged from 0.16% and 0.88% changing with humidity and form of chitosan whether it in the form of flake or powder (Strusczyk 2006, Sarbon et al.,.,2015). In addition there was a significant difference in the ash content between shrimp and commercial chitosan. The ash content in chitosan is an important parameter as some ash residual of chitosan may affect its solubility and consequently, contribute to lower viscosity, or can affect other more important characteristics of the final product. Ash measurement is an indicator of the effectiveness of the demineralization step for the removal of calcium carbonate (Fernandez-Kim 2004, Sarbon, et al.,.,2015). Chitosan extracted from shrimp shells (Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus) presented an ash content of 2±0.02% and 1.8±0.02% respectively, which is more or less equal to commercial chitosan 2%. Study by (Kucukgulmez et al., 2011), showed that the possessed lower ash content than the chitosan extracted from shrimp waste. However, No and Meyers (1995) reported that a high quality grade of chitosan should have an ash content of less than 1 %. Degree of deacetylation (DD) The process of deacetylation involves the removal of acetyl groups from the molecular chain of chitin, leaving behind a compound (chitosan) with a high degree of chemical reactive amino group (−NH2) (Fernandez-Kim 2004). The degree of deacetylation (DD) is an important parameter that affects the properties, such as solubility, chemical reactivity, and biodegradability, of the chitosan obtained (Lamarque et al.,. 2005). In this study, the degree of deacetylation of commercial chitosan was found to be significantly higher (55.4±0.8%) than the degree of deacetylation of shrimp (Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus) chitosan (52.4±0.10% and 50.8±0.02%) respectively (Table 1). The deacetylation process in this study was only carried out for two hours, which has a great influence on the degree of deacetylation (DD) of the chitosan extracted from shrimp. The degree of deacetylation (DD) may range from 30 to 95 % depending on the source and preparation procedure (Martino et al.,. 2005, Sarbon,et al.,., 2015). The degree of deacetylation values are highly dependent on the source and method of purification (No et al.,. 1989, Sarbon,et al.,., 2015), as well as the type of analytical methods employed, sample

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 preparation and type of instrument used, and various other conditions that may influence the degree of deacetylation analysis. The degree of deacetylation of the extracted chitosan from shrimp shell which determined by potentiometric titration was reported as being about 92.19 % (Kucukgulmez et al.,. 2011). Antioxidant activity: In the present study, the scavenging activity was increased with the increasing concentration from 20-100 µg/ml but the scavenging activity of the extract was lower than that of standard which is summarized in fig:1 and fig:2. The results indicated that the extracts reduced corresponding hydrazine exhibiting better free radical scavenging activity as that of standard antioxidant vitamin C. The reducing ability of a compound generally depends on the presence of reductants which have been exhibited as antioxidative potential by breaking the free radical chain, donating a hydrogen atom. In the present study, higher DPPH radical activity was recorded in shrimp Penaeus monodon (67.47%) than Penaeus indicus (58.56%) at the concentration of 100 µg/ml, whereas the commercial chitosan showed (71.42%) respectively. The effect of antioxidants on DPPH radical scavenging is thought to be due to their hydrogen donating ability. Hydrogen donating ability is an index of primary antioxidants (Pracheta et al.,., 2011). DPPH is a stable free radical and it accepts an electron or hydrogen atom donor, a stable non-radical form of DPPH is obtained with the simultaneous damage of the violet color to pale yellow (Molyneux, 2004). DPPH radical is a commonly used substrate for fast evaluation of antioxidant because of its stability in the radical form and simplicity of the assay (Bozin et al.,., 2008). Shrimp have been used as a biological source of several constituents with various bioactivities.

150 150 100 Dose 100 Dose(µg/m (µg/ml) l) 50 50 0 0 VitaminPenaeus C indicus VitaminPenaeus C monodon

Fig:1 Antioxidant activity of the Penaeus Fig:2 Antioxidant activity of the Penaeus monodon against standard indicus against standard

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 CONCLUSION This study investigated the characterization of chitosan extracted from shrimp shells (Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus) in which the waste is discarded without being used and causes environmental pollution. The extracted chitosan from shrimp showed the same potential as that of commercial chitosan in the yield and functional properties of chitosan. It also showed good antioxidant activity which indicates that it can be further used for the pharmaceutical analysis. REFERENCES: 1. AOAC 1990 Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemistry, 15th edition. The Association of Official Analytical Chemistry: Washington, DC,Inc. 2. Bautista-Banos S, Hernandez-Lauzardo AN, Velazquez-del Valle MG, Hernandez- Lopez M, Ait Barka E, Bosquez-Molina E 2006 Chitosan as a potential natural compound to control pre and postharvest diseases of horticultural commodities. Crop Prot. 25:108–118. 3. Bozin B., Mimica-Dukic N., Samojlik, I. Goran A and Igic R 2008 Phenolics as antioxidants in shrimp., food chemistry, 111: 925-929. 4. Cho YI, No HK and Meyers SP 1998 Physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of various commercial chitin and chitosan products. J Agric Food Chem. 1998;46:3839–3843. 5. Fernandez-Kim SO 2004 Physicochemical and functional properties of shrimp chitosan as affected by different processing protocols. Seoul National University p. 107. 6. Ikhwanuddin M, Azmie G, Juariah HM, Zakaria MZ and Ambak MA 2011 Biological information and population features of shrimp shell Fish Res, 108:299–306. 7. Kjartansson GT 2008 Extraction and functional properties of ultrasonicated chitin and chitosan from crustacean by-products, University of Massachusetts Amherst, p 158. 8. Kucukgulmez A, Celik M and Yanar Y 2011 Physicochemical characterization of chitosan extracted from Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus shells. J Food Chem 126(3):1144–1148. 9. Lamarque G, Cretenet M, Viton C, and Domard A 2005 New route of deacetylation of a and b-chitin by means of freeze-pump out tawcycle. Biomacromolecules 6: 1380-1388.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 10. Mahlous M, Tahtat D, Benamer S and Nacerkhodja A 2007 Gamma irradiation-aided chitin/chitosan extraction from prawn shells. J. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys Res 265(1):414–417. 11. Majo, DO, La Guardia M, Giammanco S, La Neve L, Giammanco M 2008 Chitin extraction from shrimp waste shell using enzymatic treatment antioxidant activity of chitosan. Int. J. Biol. macromolecules. 69: 489-498. 12. No HK and Meyers SP 1995 Preparation and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan- A Review. J. Aquat. Food. Prod Technol, 27–52. Polish Chitin Society. P 98. 13. No HK, Meyers SP and Lee KS 1989 Isolation and characterization of chitin from shrimp shell waste. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 37(3):575–579. 14. Ocloo FCK, Quayson ET, Adu-Gyamfi A, Quarcoo EA, Asare D, Serfor-Armah Y and Woode BK 2011 Physicochemical and functional characteristics of radiation- processed shrimp chitosan. J Radiat Phys Chem, 80:837–841. 15. Pracheta, Veena Sharma, Rity Paliwal and Sadhana Sharma 2011 Preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity from shrimp extract Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus. Int. J.PharmTech.3(1):124-132. 16. Sarbon NM, Sandanamsamy S, Kamaruzaman SFS, Ahmad F 2015 Chitosan extraction of characterization from shrimp shell waste. J. food. Sci. technol 52(2): 4266-4275. 17. Shahidi F, Synowiecki J 1991 Isolation and characterization of nutrients and value- added products from shrimp Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus processing discards. J. Agric. Food. Chem 39(8):1527–1532. 18. Strusczyk M 2006 Global requirements for medical applications of chitin and its derivatives. Polish Chitin Society. P 98. 19. Szymanska, E. & Winnicka, K 2015 Stability of chitosan – a challenge for pharmaceutical and biomedical application. Marine drugs, 13, 1819-1864. 20. Yen MT, Yang JH, Mau JL 2009 Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shells. Carbohydr Polym 75:15–21.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 BIODEGRADATION OF DIESEL BY MICROBES ISOLATED FROM OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL

S. Aiswarya and C.Siluvai Kirubagari Aneeshia Department of Microbiology, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize the hydrocarbon degrading microbes from oil contaminated soil samples in Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India. The microorganisms present in the soil were isolated by enrichment technique using Bushnell Haas broth with used diesel oil as sole carbon source. The isolated bacteria were identified by biochemical characterization. Totally four isolates were obtained from soil samples. Four were selected through secondary screening by an agar well diffusion method using diesel as carbon source. They were provisionally identified and found closely related to, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenom. These isolates selected based on the highest zone of the inhibition on agar well diffusion method.The emulsification index was highest at 70 % for Aspergillus niger. Further, four potentials isolate were subjected to gravimetric analysis for determinate the degrading capacity of hydrocarbon degraders. In this study, Aspergillus niger were degraded the highest amount of Diesel, especially this study clearly demonstrates that Aspergillus niger is effective in diesel degradation. Key words: Biodegradation, Diesel, Enrichment culture technique, Oil degrading bacteria and fungi, Gravimetric analysis, HPLC. Introduction Hydrocarbons such as diesel fuel, crude oil and petroleum distillates are some of the world’s most widely used primary energy and fuel resources, due to the energy they produce when combusted (Watanabe, 2001). Oil spills have been a major issue across decades. Huge quantities of fuel are required to power industry, automobiles and heat homes and with the number of times each gallon of petroleum is stored, transported, or transferred, accidents and leakages are inevitable (Singh, C et al., 2008), making these hydrocarbons the most common global environmental pollutants. This contamination carcinogenic, mutagenic and potent immuno-toxicants, posing a serious threat to human and animal health (Atlas, et al., 1981). Bushnell Haas media (Bushnell and Haas,1941) was used as enrichment media for the isolation of diesel oil degrading bacteria.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Many indigenous microorganisms in soil is capable of degrading hydrocarbon contaminants. The amount of natural crude oil seepage was estimated to be 600,000 metric tons per year with a range of uncertainty of 200,000 metric tons per year (Kvenvolden et al.,2003) of hydrocarbons into the environment whether accidentally or due to human activities is a main cause of water and soil pollution (Holliger et al.,1997). The technology commonly used for the soil remediation includes mechanical, burying, evaporation, dispersion, and washing (Alvarez, et al., 1991). However, these technologies are expensive and can lead to incomplete decomposition of contaminants. The process of bioremediation, defined as the use of microorganisms to detoxify or remove pollutants owing to their diverse metabolic capabilities is an evolving method for the removal and degradation of many environmental pollutants including the products of petroleum industry (Medina-Bellver et al.,2005). Contamination of the soil by oil causes it to lose its useful properties such as soil fertility, water-holding capacity, permeability and binding capacity. The contamination of groundwater is also a potential problem, which receives a lot of untreated effluent from service stations containing oil and grease (Vasanthavigar et al.,2010). To overcome these environmental problems, microbial bioremediation is only way to preserve our nature. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a possible ex–situ method to enhance the rate of biodegradation of diesel contaminated soil sites. The main objectives of the study were to isolate a potential strain which could be used in bioremediation of oil contaminated sites and to find out the efficiency of the isolate in preliminary screening of bioremediation. This study also aimed to investigate the use of biosurfactant in soil clean up methods and to prove that biostimulation can be effectively employed in the remediation of crude oil polluted soil ecosystem. Material and methods Sample collection Soil samples from diesel-spilled petroleum station were collected in pre sterilized glass bottles in Tuticorin and shipped to the laboratory for further analysis. The enrichment and the isolation of oil-degrading microorganisms were performed using Bushnell-Hass medium (BH) with PHC products, such as diesel. The isolated dominant bacterial cultures were characterized by their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Isolation of bacteria and fungi from soil sample Bacterial species were isolated from the collected soil samples by serial dilution and agar plating method wherein the soil sample was diluted from 10-1 to 10-5 dilutions, and the

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 diluted soil samples were spread on sterile Bushnell-Hass agar plates. The inoculated plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Fungal species were isolated from the collected soil samples by serial dilution and agar plating method wherein the soil sample was diluted from 10-1 to 10-5 dilutions. The media used for the isolation was Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) which was supplemented with streptomycin (50mg/ml) to prevent bacterial growth. The inoculated plates were incubated at 37ºC for 72 hours. PCR amplification and gene sequencing The Bacterial and Fungal strains were confirmed by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing for molecular identification of the isolates. ( Aleksievaet al.,., 2002) Biodegradation of diesel The degrading efficiency of isolated organisms was studied in BH medium and Czapekdox liquid medium supplemented with diesel. 100 ml broth contain 15 gram of diesel oil contaminated soil. The experimental set up was kept for 21 days of incubation. In order to study the gravimetric analyse and the colour change of the broth. Among the four isolated species incubated and monitored in diesel supplemented medium for 21 days, the maximum diesel biodegradability wasnoticed. This confirms that all the isolates were capable of degrading diesel. Ithas been shown that there is a high correlation between the cell growth and diesel assimilation in microbes Gravimetric analysis The estimation of oil in oil spill contaminated soil samples were studied by gravimetric analysis. One gram of the soil was taken from each sample site. Petroleum ether and acetone were taken in the ratio 1:1 and was mixed with the soil sample in a separating left undisturbed for about 10 minutes. The upper solvent along with oil was separated from the lower soil extract. The solvent with the oil layer was then kept in the hot air oven at 50º C until the solvent gets evaporated. After the complete evaporation, the oil residue obtained was weighed and taken as the gravimetric value for further calculation. Analysis of soil before and after treatment was done using this Gravimetric method. The percentage of diesel oil degraded was determined from the following formula: Weight of the diesel oil degraded Percentage of diesel oil degraded = ------× 100 Weight of the diesel oil present originally where,

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 The weight of diesel oil degraded = original weight of diesel oil - weight of residual diesel oil obtained after evaporating the extractant. Screening of potential isolates The confirmed isolates were inoculated into BH liquid media and incubated at 25°C for 7days. Prepare BH Agar plates and spread 100 µl of oil (Diesel), then prepare wells (8mm) and load 10 µl of broth culture and incubate plate at 37°C for 48hrs. The zone of clearance around the wells and measured the diameter of the zone (Jayanthi,2011). Emulsification index The emulsifying capacity was evaluated by an emulsification index. The emulsification index of the culture samples was determined by adding 2 ml of diesel and 2 ml of the culture supernatant in a test tube and mixing with a vortex for 2 minutes to obtain maximum emulsification and allowed to stand for 24 hours. ( Priya et al., 2009). Height of the emulsified layer in mm Emulsification index = ------X 100 Height of the total layer in mm Analysis of diesel degradation by the isolates 24 hour pure cultures as well as the consortium of each of the four strains as Pseudomonas putida KF-24, Bacillus subtilus KF-23, Aspergillus niger KF-26, Penicillium chrysogenomKF-25 were inoculated into Bushnell-Hass (BH) broth. Sterile 50 ml of Bushnell and Hass broth was inoculated with 1 ml of culture 1 suspension and over layared with 1 ml (2% v/v) of oil (the weight of the oil was noted). The flasks were prepared in triplicates and were kept in an incubator shaker for 7 days at 37ºC. Residual concentrations of diesel oil were determined gravimetrically and by HPLC. Gradient method is used for HPLC analysis. For HPLC analysis pure diesel was considered as control and extracted oil was considered as sample. Seed germination tests in treated and untreated soilsamples In this study, Vignaradiata Hepper was chosen for the seed germination test since it is a common fast growing leguminous plant vable locally. Healthy, viable, uniformly sized seeds of Green gram (Vignaradiata) were taken and the seeds were surface sterilized by cleaning thoroughly under running tap water for 10 min, washed with a solution of Tween 20 (two drops in 100 ml of water) for one min, and again washed with sterile distilled water. The cleaned seeds were finally treated with (0.1%) mercuric chloride (HgCl) for four min under aseptic conditions and washed under aseptic conditions and washed five times with sterile distilled water to remove traces of HgCl. After surface sterilized seeds, seeds were then

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 sowed in trays which contained treated and untreated soil samples. After a few days of watering, the germination of the seeds was noted (Priyaet al., 2009). Result and discussion Isolation of bacteria and fungi from soil samples Bacterial and Fungal species were isolated from soil sample and mixed culture were obtained, Plate 1 shows the plates showing mixed culture. Plate 2 shows the pure cultures of the four cultures, Penicillium chrysogenum KF-25,Aspergillusniger KF-26, Bacillus subtilus KF-24,Pseudonomasputida KF-23.

Plate 1: Mixed culture

Strain 4 KF-25 Strain 3 KF-26 Strain 2 KF-24 Strain 1KF-23 Plate 2: Pure culture Molecular identification of the isolates Partial 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis of sequenced data The amplified 1kp M long 16s rDNA was sequence alignment. Phylogenetic tree was constructed and the isolated diesel degrading microbes showed 99% with Bacillus subtilis, strain KF-23, 98% with Pseudomonas putidaKF-24, 50% with AspergillusnigerKF-26, 40% with PenicilliumchrysogenomKF-25. Similarly Anjana Sharma (2002) had reported that highest degradation 58% was observed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (BGCC-2280) at 10% diesel concentration. Plate 3: 16S rDNA sequencing

1k S S S S b 4 3 2 1 M

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Sequencing percentage for phylogenic tree: Based on the Phylogenetic tree diagram of bacterial and fungal strains the rRNA sequence. The tree was constructed by neighbor-joining algorithm using maximum composite likelihood model. It conform that Strain 1 KF-23was Bacillus subtilis, Strain 2 KF-24 was Pseudomona sputida, Strain 3 KF-25 was Aspergillus niger, Strain 4 KF 26 was Penicillium chrysogenum. Fig 1: Phylogenetic tree

Jayanati Prathiba (2011) reported that the bacteria play the central role in hydrocarbon degradation. Various species of Pseudomonas such as Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas sp. strain DRYJ3 are reported for diesel degradation. The ability of bacteria to degrade soil pollutants such as hydrocarbons is useful for bioremediation purposes and their ability to emulsify hydrocarbons has been studied to this respect, making bacteria useful in the removal of these compounds from the environment. Biodegradation assays Enrichment of microbes The microbial cultures were enriched for oil degradation using BH media with diesel oil as sole carbon source and it was confirmed by comparing the flasks before and after enrichment of microbes. After the 20th day the broth was filtered and processing for gravimetric analysis. Similar work has been reported by Adegbola, et al., (2014) in the biodegradation of petroleum oil by fungi, Aspergillus niger had 20.93% biodegradation contribution for diesel and the least percentage contribution in kerosene was 14.08%.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Gravimetric analysis Among the 4 isolates were degraded the diesel. The results were illustrated in this study, the Aspergillus niger was better than other isolates. This isolate was degrading the highest amount of diesel. Especially diesel was highly degraded by Aspergillus niger. The anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by microorganisms has been occurring at negligible rates. The efficient degradation of diesel by a wide variety of microbes has been reported in aerobic environments. The gravimetric study AspergillusnigerKF-26 showed approximately 70% degradation capacity. Fig 2: Gravimetric analysis

80% 60% 40% 65% 55% 70% 20% 40% 0%

Gravimetric…

Chithra (2009) had reported that the degradation capability of isolated bacterial species was determined by gravimetric assay after 25 days of incubation period in which Pseudomonas sp. found to degrade oil better than other isolated species. Screening of potential isolates In this study, the next part of the investigation was agar well diffusion method. Among the four isolates, four were identified as potential isolates such as, Pseudomonas putida KF 24, Bacillus subtilis KF 23, Aspergillus niger KF 26, and Penicillium chrysogenom KF 25these potential isolates obtained based on thezone of inhibition. The highest zone 0.5 was observed in Aspergillus niger KF-26.In recently Chang (1998) observed the potential of hydrocarbon degraders by agar well method. Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas putida, were forms the high level concentration when compare to other isolates. Jayanti (2011) had reported among the 40 isolates, 4 were identified as potential isolates such as Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E.coli these potential isolates obtained based on the highest zone of inhibition. Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Bacillus cereus and E.coli have been characterized and reported as hydrocarbon degrading strains.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Table 1:Isolates by agar well diffusion method

Isolates Zone formation(cm) Pseudomonas putida 0.4 Bacillus subtilis 0.3 Aspergillusniger 0.5 Penicilliumchrysogenom 0.2

Plates 4: Determination of potential isolates by agar well diffusion method KF 24 KF 23 KF 26 KF 25

Emulsification index: The results of emulsification activity and BATH test are shown in Table 2.According to this table, diesel-degrading bacterial strains have good emulsification and hydrophobicity characteristics. Pseudomonas putida and Aspergillus niger showed the best emulsification activity, whereas Bacilliu ssubtilis and Penicillium chrysogenum showed the best hydrophobicity. Table 2: Emulsification activity Emulsification index Height of the Total height of Percentage of emulsified layer (cm) the column(cm) emulsified layer Pseudomonas putida 1.3 2 65% Bacillus subtilis 1 2 50% Aspergillus niger 1.4 2 70% Penicillium chrysogenom 0.8 2 40% In general, there was a direct relationship between emulsification activity and diesel oil biodegradation capacity. Pseudomonas putida and Aspergillus niger had high emulsification activity; therefore, it may be possible to have a better diesel oil biodegradation capacity. Chithra and Hema Shenpagam (2009) mentioned that the Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, were able to form stable emulsions for 24 hr. These emulsification results showed that,

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 biosurfactant produced from a substrate can emulsify different hydrocarbons to a greater extent which confirmed its applicability against different hydrocarbon pollution. Among the three oils the higher emulisification index value was observed in diesel and Pseudomonas sp interpreted with Bacillus sp. Analysis of diesel degradation by the isolates HPLC analysis showed presence of 15 peaks in Aspergillusniger,30 peaks in control diesel sample were observed in extracted samples. Many components in sample showed shift in retention and peak areas indicating changes in molecular weight and quantity of respective components present in isolates. Tushar (2012) reported that 36 peaks in control diesel sample while 35 peaks were observed in extracted sample. Fig 3: Control result from HPLC

Fig 4: Biodegraded diesel sample by Aspergillusniger results from HPLC

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Seed germination tests in treated and untreated soil samples The treated and untreated soil were under go germination process. After the 5 th day of the germination the shoot and the root system were measured and plotted the graph (Fig 5). The seed germination was clearly showed the degradation greater than that of the untreated soil. Pseudomonas putida and Aspergillus niger has been very effective for seed germination test(Plate 5). Hema Shenpagam (2009) mentioned that the oil contaminated soil sample before and after treatment with the biosurfactant obtained from Pseudomonas sp. was used .The clean surface sterilized seeds were inoculated in two different pots. The seed germination percentage (85%) was clearly greater than that of the untreated soil. The results obtained clearly concluded that bioremediation mediated by Pseudomonas sp. has been very effective. Plate 5: Seed Germination

Fig 5: Seed Germination Test in treated and untreated soil

Seed Germination14 14 11 12 10 10 8 6 3 6 4 3 4 2 2 3 0 2

Shoot Root

Conclusion According to the biodegradation studies it was concluded that the Aspergillus niger had shown 70% of diesel oil degradation in 20 days against 1 % diesel oil. So Aspergillus niger is the natural occurring most potent oil degrading fungi.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Acknowledgement I am thankful to the Management of St. Mary’s College, Thoothukudi. Mr T. C Amarnath, Nagerkovil, Mr.Karthik, Trichy, and my family for there kind support throughout the research work, I am also thankful to the Almighty without whose consent nothing is possible. REFRENCES: 1. Adegbola. G.M, K.I.T Eniola and O.A Opasola. 2014. Isolation and identification of indigenous hydrocarbon tolerant bacteria from soil contaminated with used engine oil in Ogbomoso, Nigeria, Advances in Applied Science Research.5(3): 420-422. 2. Aleksieva. Z, D. Ivanova, T. Godjevargova and B. Atanasov. 2002. Degradation of some phenol derivatives by TrichosporoncutaneumR57. Process Biochemistry. 37:1215– 1219. 3. Atlas. R. Mand C. Bartha. 1981. "Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: An environmental perspective." Microbiological Reviews 45:180-209. 4. Bushnell. D.L and H.F. Hass. 1941. The utilization of certain hydrocarbons by microorganism, Kansas Agriculture Experiment containing oil-compounds. International. Research. Journal Applied. Basic Science 3(1): 138 - 147. 5. Chithra. S and N.HemaShenpagam.2014. Isolation and Identification of oil degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soil and comparison of their Bioremediation potential. Global journal for research analysis 3(8):181-184. 6. Desai. J. D and I.M. Banat. 1997. Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential. Microbiological Review. 61: 47-64. 7. Holliger. C, S. Gaspard and G. Glod. 1997. Contaminated environments in the subsurface and bioremediation: organic contaminants. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 20:517– 523. 8. JahirAlam Khan and Syed Hasan Abbs Rizvi. 2011. ‘Isolation and characterization of microorganisms from oil contaminated sites’, Advances in applied science research Vol. 2(3): 455-460. 9. Jayanti. M. 2011. Characterization of a diesel degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosaIU5, isolated from oil-contaminated soil in Korea. World Journal of Microbiological. Biotechnology. 21: 381–384. 10. Kvenvolden K. A,and C K Cooper (2003). Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment. Geo-Marine Letters. 23(3-4):140–146.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 11. Priya, T and G. Usharani. 2009. Comparative study for biosurfactantproducation by using Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Botany Research International, 2(4): 284-287. 12. Singh, C. and Lin, J. 2008. ‘Isolation and characterization of diesel oil degrading indigenous microorganisms in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa’, African journal of biotechnology. 7(12):1927-1932. 13. Tushar. D, S.Patil, ShrikantPawar, K. Pramod,N. Kamble and V. Thakare. 2012. Bioremediation of complex hydrocarbons using microbial consortium isolated from diesel oil polluted soil. Pelagia Research Library. 3(4): 953-958. 14. Vasanthavigar, M,K. Srinivasamoorthy, R. Rajiv Ganthi, K. Vijayaraghavan, V. Sarma, S. Arab and J Geosci . 2010. Bioremediation of oil sludge-contaminated soil. Environment International, 26(5), 409-411. 15. Medina-Bellver J.I, P.Marín, and A. Delgado. 2005. Evidence for in situ crude oil biodegradation after the Prestige oil spill. Environmental Microbiology.7(6):773–779. 16. Watanabe, N. 2001. ‘Isolation and characterization of diesel oil degrading indigenous microorganisms in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa’, African journal of biotechnology. 7(12):1927-1932.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 tptpypa xspapy; irtrpj;jhe;jk;

rNfh. எopyurp தமி폍鏍鏁றை 鏂ய ம쎿யꟍறை க쯍쯂쎿 鏂鏍鏁埍埁羿

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 “Kj;jp Kjw;nfhbf;Nf Nkhff; nfhb glh;e;J mj;jp gOj;jJ vd;W ce;jP gw mg;gok; cz;zhNj ce;jP gw” (jpUTe;jpahh;-41) Kj;jp vd;gJ Nkhl;r epiy Nghd;W gilj;j flTNshL If;fpakhf thOk; Jha epiy. ghtkhdJ kdpj Fyj;ijj; jPz;lhj khrw;w epiy. me;j Kj;jpahfpa Jha epiyapy; Nkhfk; vd;Dk; ghtk; GFe;J> jPikahfpa mj;jpg; gok; gOj;jJ. mg;goj;ij ePAk; cz;zhNj! – mjhtJ mNj ghtj;jpy; nrd;W ePAk; tpohNj vd khdplh;f;F mwpTWj;Jtjhf ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j Kj;jp epiyahfpa Jha epiy KbTw;W ght epiy njhlq;fpaijNa ,r;#j;jpuk; ‘me;jk; Mjp’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;j Kjy; ghtkhdJ kdpj Fyk; KOtJk; njhlh;e;J tUtij n[d;kg; ghtk; vd fpwp];jtj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,ij irt rpj;jhe;jk; rfr kyk; vdf; $WfpwJ. ,e;jg; ght ehl;lj;jpd; tpisthfj; jdpg;gl;l xt;nthU kdpjUk; Ghpaf; $ba ghtk; fh;kg; ghtk; vdf; fpwp];jtj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. fd;k kyk; vd irtrpj;jhe;jj;jk; $WfpwJ. flTspd; kfd; kdpj cU Vw;W ,t;Tyfpw;F te;J kdpjhpd; ghtq;fSf;fhf jd;idNa gypahf;fp kDf;Fyj;ij kPl;lij fPo;f;fhZk; ,r;#j;jpuk; rpwg;ghf tpsf;FfpwJ. “Ik;Gy Ntlhpd; mah;e;jid tsh;e;J vdj; jk;Kjy; FUTkha;j; jtj;jpdpy; czh;j;j tpl;L md;dpak; ,d;ikapd; mud;foy; nrYNk” (rptQhdNghjk; Ehw;gh-8) ‘Ik;Gy Ntlhpd; mah;e;jid tsh;e;J vd’- vd;w thpapy; Md;khf;fspd; epiy $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ Md;khf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; Ik;Gyd;fshfpa(nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp) kdpj cliy Vw;W ,t;Tyfpy; kdpj cU Vw;W gpwg;ngLj;Js;sd. Mdhy; ,e;j cly; ,t;Tyfpy; tho;tjw;fhfj; jw;fhypfkhfj; jdf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij czuhky; ,t;TlYk;> cyf tho;Tk; epue;junkd vz;zp kaq;fp epw;Fk; epiy $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Ik;Gyd;fNs Ntlh;fs; vd;gjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Md;kh ,e;j Ik;Gyd;fshfpa Ntlh;fNshL jq;fpapUg;gjhy; jd;idAk;> jd;idg; gilj;j flTisAk; mwpahJ kaq;fp cs;sJ. vdNt ,e;j Md;khtpw;Fj; jd;id czur; nra;J> jd;idg; gilj;j flTisAk; czur; nra;tjw;fhf flTNs kdpjuhfj; Njhd;wp te;J Md;khtpw;F czh;j;jpdhh;. ‘jk;Kjy;’ vd;gJ jhNk ,Uf;fpwtuhfpa Kjy; nghUshfpa flTs;. flTs; jk; kfidNa FUthf cyfpw;F mDg;gpdhh;. FUthf te;j ,iwkfd; jk; Nghjidfs; topahfTk;> jhNk Md;khf;fSf;fhfj; jtkpaw;wp jd;idNa gypahf;fp kPl;lhh;.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 ,ijNa ‘jk;Kjy; FUTkha;j; jtj;jpdpy; czh;j;j’ vd;w njhlh; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,iwkfd; Ghpe;j jtNk rpYitj; jtk;. mt;thW czh;j;jpajhy; Md;kh jd; cz;ik ,ay;ig czh;e;J> Ik;Gyd;fSf;F Ml;gl;bUf;ff; $ba epue;jukw;w epiyia> ght epiyia tpl;L tpyfp jd; cz;ik ,ay;igAk;> jd;idg; gilj;j flTisAk; czh;fpwJ. ,jdhy; jdf;Fk;> flTSf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j gpsT ePf;fg;gl;likahy; ,iwtdpd; jpUtbiar; nrd;W milAk;. ‘mud; foy; nrYNk’ vd;w njhlhpy; ‘mud;’ vd;gjd; nghUs; ghtkhfpa fpoq;if xUthpd; cs;sj;jypUe;J mhpe;njLg;gtd;. rptQhd rpj;jpahh; vd;w Ehy; ,r;#j;jpuj;jpw;F tpsf;fk; nrhy;fpd;w NghJ mUikahd fij %yk; ,jid tpsf;FfpwJ. murFkhud; xUtd; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; je;ijNahL Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;w nghOJ top jtwp je;ijia tpl;Lg; gphpe;J nrd;W tpLfpwhd;. mf;fhl;by; trpf;Fk; Ntlh;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwhd;. tsUk; NghJ mtd; jhd; cz;ikapy; ahh; vd;gijAk;> vq;fpUe;J te;jtd;> jd; je;ij ahh; vd;gdtw;iw mwpahJ kaq;fpj; jhDk; Ntlh;fspy; xUtd; vd vz;zp tho;e;J tUfpwhd;. jd; kfd; Ntlh;fNshL jq;fp tsh;e;J tUtij mwpe;j murd; jhNd Neubahfj; jk; kfidj; Njbr; nrd;W> mtd; ahh; vd;gij mtDf;F czh;j;jp jd;NdhL kPz;Lk; muz;kidf;F mioj;J tur; nry;fpwhd;. mg;NghJ jd; kfd; jd;idf; fz;lJk; Kjypy; mQ;rp Xlhky; jd;id Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj; jhDk; Ntliug; Nghy tbtk; G+z;L nry;fpwhd;. ,f;fijia ctikahff; nfhz;L ,iwtd; Md;khit kPl;Fk; nray; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mur Fkhuidg; Nghy jhd; ahh; vd;gijAk;> jd;idg; gilj;j flTisAk; mwpahJ kaq;fp Ik;Gyd;fshfpa Ntlh;fNshL jq;fp> mitNa epue;juk; vd kaq;fp thOk; Md;khtpw;F mjd; cz;ik ,ay;ig czh;j;jpl ,iwtd; jhKk; Ik;Gyd;fshy; Md cliy Vw;W> kdpj tbtk; jhq;fp ,g;G+kpapy; mtjhpj;jhh;. murd; jd; kfid kPl;gjw;fhf jd;Dila epiyapypUe;J jd;idNa jho;j;jp Ntlhpd; tbtk; nfhz;lJ Nghd;W> ,iwtDk; jdJ flTSf;Fhpa epiyapypUe;J jd;idNa jho;j;jp kdpj cUtk; Vw;whh;. “flTs; tbtpy; tpsq;fpa mth;> flTSf;F ,izahapUf;Fk; epiyia type;J gw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;banjhd;whff; fUjtpy;iy. Mdhy; jk;ikNa ntWikahf;fp mbikapd; tbit Vw;W kdpjUf;F xg;ghdhh;. kdpj cUtpy; Njhd;wp> rhit Vw;Fk; msTf;F> mJTk; rpYitr; rhitNa Vw;Fk; msTf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;J jk;ikNa jho;j;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.” (gpypg;gpah; 2: 6-8) ‘jk;Kjy; FUTkha;’ vd;w njhlh; FUthf te;j ,iwtidg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. G+Tyfpy; Md;khf;fis Mztj; jisapypUe;J tpLtpf;f ,iwtd; kdpj cU vLj;J G+Tyfpw;F te;jhh; vd;gNj irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;if. gjpdhd;F

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 rhj;jpuq;fspy; Kjy; rhj;jpukhd jpUTe;jpahhpd; Kjy; ghlypNy ,f;fUj;J Mzpj;jukhf typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. “mfskha; ahUk; mwpthp jg;nghUs; rfskha; te;jnjd; We;jPgw jhdhfj; je;jnjd; We;jPgw” (jpUTe;jpahh;-1) mjhtJ mUtkha; ahuhYk; vspjpy; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbahjjhfpa guk;nghUs; ahtUk; ghh;j;J> njhl;L czuf; $ba tifapy; kdpj cU Vw;W te;jhh;. mjid kdpjUila tpUg;gj;jpdhy; md;W jhkhfNt kdKte;J mt;TUit Vw;W te;jhh; vd;gJ ,g;ghlypd; nghUs;. ,iwtd; jkJ ,iwj;jd;ikf;Fhpa Nkyhd epiyia tpl;Lf; fPopwq;fp> jhNk kdpj cUit Vw;W te;jhh; vd;gijg; gpd;tUk; jpUke;jpug; ghlYk; mofhf tpsf;FfpwJ. “tpz;zpd;W ,ope;J tpidf;F Md;khf;fspd; ght tpidfSf;F mtw;wpd; cs;sq;fspy; jdJ jpUtUs; rf;jpia mUsp> fz;fs; mUs; xspiaf; fz;L ,d;gk; milar; nra;J> mtw;iwg; gw;wpapUe;j fspk;ghfpa ,Utpidfis (nrd;k tpid> fh;k tpid) mWj;J vwpe;jhh; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. “FUtb thfpf; Ftyae; jd;dpy; jpUtb itj;Jj; jpwkpJ nghUnsd thlh tifjhd; kfpo;njdf; fUspf; Nfhlh Ajj;jhy; nfhLtpid fise;Nj” (xsitahh;> tpehafh; mfty;. 21- 24) vd;w xsitahhpd; ghlypYk; ,Nj fUj;J tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FUtbthfp ,t;Tyfpy; jpUtb gjpj;J te;j guk;nghUs;> ehk; ghtj;jhy; thb mopTwhj tifapy; epj;jpa Nghpd;gj;ij ekf;F mUSk; nghUl;L jk;ikNa ifaspj;jJ. ‘NfhlhAjj;jhy; nfhLtpid fise;Nj’- vd;w njhlhpy; NfhlhAjk; vd;gJ kur; rpYitiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. NfhL vd;w nrhy; njhy;fhg;gpak; Nghd;w goe;jkpo; ,yf;fz Ehy;fspy; kuf;nfhk;G my;yJ fpis vd;w nghUspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. khdplhpd; nfhba tpidfis ePf;Ftjw;fhf kuf;nfhk;ghy; nra;ag;gl;l MAjj;jpy; jd;idNa gypahf;fpdhh; vd;gNj ,jd; rhpahd nghUs;. ,r;nra;ASf;F ciu vOJk; ciuahrphpah;fshy; ,j;jifa

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 tpsf;fj;ijf; $w KbahJ. ,th;fs; Guhzf; fijfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,iwtd; ifapy; VNjh xU MAjk; jhq;fp te;jjhf tpsf;fk; $Wth;. khzpf;fthrfUk; jk; ghlypy;> “mUguj; njhUtd; mtdpapy; te;J FUgudhfp mUspa ngUikiar; rpWik vd;wpfohNj” (khzpf;fthrfh;- Nghw;wpj;jpUtfty;. 75-77) ,iwtd; jhNk FUthf te;J kdpjUf;F ew;nra;jp Nghjpj;jhh; vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;. ,iwkfd; ,NaR xUth; kl;LNk Nghjfh;> ,t;Tyfpy; NtW vtUk; FUty;y vd;w ew;nra;jp fUj;ij ,q;Nf xg;G Nehf;fyhk;. Nghw;wpg; g/nwhil vd;fpd;w kw;nwhU rhj;jpu Ehypy;> “… vd;Wk; ,wthj ,d;gj;J vikapUj;j Ntz;bg; gpwth Kjy;td; gpwe;J - ewthUk; jhh;cyh Tk;Gaj;Jr; rk;ge;j ehjd;vd;W Nghpyh ehjd;xU Ngh;Gide;J- ghNuhh;jk; cz;b cwf;fk; gak;,d;gk; xj;njhOfpf; nfhz;L kfpo;e;j Fzk;Nghw;wp…” (Nghw;wpg;g/nwhil> 68-71) vd;W kpfj; njspthf ,iwtd; kdpj cU Vw;W te;j jd;ik tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd;Wk; Kbtw;w Nghpd;gj;jpy; Md;khf;fisr; Nrh;g;gpf;f Ntz;b> gpwth Kjy;tdhfpa ,iwtd; kdpjdhfg; gpwe;J> jdf;nfd nganuhd;Wk; ,y;yhjtd;> rk;ge;j ehjd; vd;Dk; xU ngah;Gide;J czT> cwf;fk;> mr;rk;> ,d;gk; Kjypatw;wpy; khdpliug; NghyNt tho;e;jhh; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘rk;ge;j ehjd;’ vd;w ngahpd; nghUs; flTSf;Fk;> kdpjUf;Fk; rk;ge;jj;ij Vw;gLj;j te;jth; vd;gjhFk;. tptpypa Gjpa Vw;ghl;L Ehypy; ‘,k;khDNty;’ vd;w ngah; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; nghUs; ‘flTs; kdpjNuhL rk;ke;jkhfpwhh;’ vd;gjhFk;. ,t;thW kdpjdhf te;j flTisg; gw;wpa tuyhWk;> mtuJ NghjidfSk; NtW tifapy; ek;Kila jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> rka Ehy;fspYk; CLUtp epw;gij ehk; njspthff; fhz KbAk;. vdNt tptpypak; mwpe;jth;fshy; kl;LNk irt rpj;jhe;jj;ijr; rhptug; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gij NkYk; ,e;Ehiyg; gbf;Fk; NghJ njspthfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,e;j mhpa Md;kPf nghf;fp\q;fis ahUf;Nfh chpaitahf vz;zhky; ek; tho;ehspy; xUKiwNaDk; mtw;iwg; gbj;J mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 nghd;dPydpd; ‘Njly;’ N[hb FUrpd; ‘MopR+o; cyF’ ehty; Xh; xg;gPL

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 flypd; gUt epiy khWjy;fs; mth;fSila md;whlg;ghLfis eph;zapg;gJ NghyNt fiuapy; mth;fsJ ,ilawhj gazj;jpD}lhd rhfrKk;> epr;rpakpd;ikAk; mth;fSila tho;f;if KiwapYk; gpujpgypg;gjhNyh vd;dNth vjph;fhyk; gw;wpa fdTfNsh> ,we;j fhyk; gw;wpa epidg;Ngh mw;W md;iwa jpdj;jpd; mg;Nghija fzj;ij thOk; jPtpuKilath;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. Mye;jiy ChpypUe;J Mopapy; kPd; gpbf;f Nfhj;uhgps;is> R+ir> rpYit Mfpa %tUk; nry;fpd;wdh; kPd; gpbj;Jtpl;L Mop Nky; te;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ fhw;W gykhf tPr fiu xJf;fyhk; vd;W vz;zp> fiu mUNf nrd;wdh; R+irAk;> rpYitAk;. eq;$uk; vLf;fr; nrd;wdh;. mg;NghJ klf;fpy; miy xd;W Mf;Nuh\kha; Nkhjp kuj;NjhL Nfhj;uhitAk; Nrh;j;J flYf;Fs; ,Oj;jJ Nfhj;uhitf; fhg;ghw;w R+irAk; rpYitAk; fkl;Lkuj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L ePe;j Muk;gpj;jdh; jpBnud;W Xq;fp cah;e;j Xh; miy fl;L kuj;ijj; J}f;fp vq;Nfh vwpe;jJ. mLj;jJ te;j miyapy; kuk; Jz;L Jz;lhf rpjwpaJ. R+irAk; flypy; ePe;jpf; nfhz;Nl Nfhj;uhitj; Njbdhh; Nfhj;uh jiyapy; mbg;gl;L kaf;fkhd R+o;epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lhh;. %tUk; fj;ij gw;wpathW kpje;J nfhz;bUe;jdh; mg;NghJ mth;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jd; tho;f;ifapy; ,Jtiu epfo;e;j midj;J epfo;r;rpfisAk; epidT $h;e;J ghh;g;gjhfTk; ,Wjpapy; rpYit kl;Lk; fiu nry;tjhfTk; fij mike;Js;sJ. ‘Mop R+o; cyF’ ehtypy; tUk; %d;W jiyKiwfspy; Kjy; jiyKiwahf tUtJ Nfh;uhgps;is ,th; rpWtajpypUe;Nj kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; me;j gpuhe;jpaj;jpNyNa kpf jpwikahd Xlhtp> fl;Lkuq;fis tbtikg; gjpYk; ifj;Njh;e;jth; njhk;ke;jpiu. njhk;ke;jpiuiag; Nghd;W Nfhj;uhg;gps;isAk; jpwikahd XlhtpahfTk;> fl;Lkuq;fs; tbtikg;gjpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh; Nfhj;uhg;gps;isapd; kiidtp Njhf;fsj;jh ,th;fSf;F jpUkzk; Kbe;J gy tUlq;fs; MfpAk; foe;ij ,y;iy. Nfhj;uhtpd; fztd; gpiog;Gf;fhf nfhOk;gf;F Nghdtd; jpUk;gp tutpy;iy. vdNt Nfhj;uhgps;is jq;ifapd; %d;W ngz; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; jpUkzj;ij ey;y Kiwapy; nra;J itj;jdh;. NkYk; tpahFy gps;is vd;Dk; jd; ez;ghpd; kfs; tre;jh Nfhj;uh tPl;bd; mUfpy; trpj;J te;jhs;. tre;jh [];bd; vd;gtid tpUk;gp Vkhe;J tpLfpwhs;. gpd;dh; tre;jhit jpirad;tpisia Nrh;e;j Rg;Gukzp vd;gth; ,uz;lhk; jhukhf kzf;fpwhh;. rpy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J mth; ,we;Jtpl

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 filrpahf tre;jh Nfhj;uhg;gps;is tPl;bw;Nf jpUk;gp tUfpwhs;. Nfhj;uhgps;is tre;jhTf;F ey;yepiy xd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhLf;fpwhhh;. Nfhj;uhg;gps;is jd; tho;ehspy; gy ,d;dy;fisj; jhq;fp ,Wjpapy; Mopapy; capiu tpLfpwhh;. Nfhj;uhit mLj;J mLj;j jiyKiwapduhf R+ir tpsq;Ffpwhh;. R+ir Nkhpia fhjypj;J jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhd;. ,th;fis Nfhj;uhg;gps;is nfhbkuj;J gf;fj;jpy; cs;s jd; tPl;y; tho mDkjpj;jhh;. ,th;fSf;F Y}h;J vd;w ngz; Foe;ij gpwe;jJ. Mye;jiyapy; gpwe;jkpf;Nfy;; gh;dhe;J nfhOk;gpy; rk;gh tpahghuk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jhh; ,th; kfd; nr];bd; gpwtpapNyNa Cikahf ,Ue;jhd; mtd; kidtp rhuh ,th;fs; ,UtUk; rpYit rpWtajhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gpiog;Gf;fhf Moe;Jiwia te;jile;jhd;. R+irapd; tPl;Lg; gf;fj;jpy; nry];bd; FbapUe;jhd; R+irf;F cjtpahf midj;J NtiyfisAk; nra;jhd; nry];bd.; nry];bd; kidtp KO khj fh;g;gpzpahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ R+irapd; fhk Ntl;iff;F Ml;gl;L ,we;jhs.; nry];bd; flYf;F R+irAld; kPd; gpbf;fr; nrd;wjpy; flypd; mNfhuj;jhy; Mopapy; R+irapd; kuk; mbg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; flypy; tpOe;j Cikad; caphpoe;jhd;. nry];bdpd; kfdhd rpYitiaj; jd; kfd; Nghy R+irAk;> NkhpAk; tsh;e;J te;jdh.; Mopg; Nguiyapy; rpf;fp flypy; jtpf;Fk; NghJ R+opapypUe;J rpYitiaf; fhg;ghw;w jd;Dapiu tpLthd; R+ir. rpYit %d;whk; jiyKiwahshf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;whd;. jd; jhah; je;ijahd nry];bd; rhuh ,we;j gpd;G R+ir kw;Wk; Nkhpia jd; nrhe;jkhf epidj;J mth;fs; tPl;bNyNa tsh;f;fpd;whd;. R+ir mtisg; gbf;f itj;J nghpatshf khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; vz;Zfpd;whd;. rpYitia Gj;jprhypahfTk; jpwikkpf;ftdhftk; tsh;f;fpd;whd;. rpYit vl;lhk; tFg;G gbf;Fk; NghJ ghPl;irf;Fg; gbf;f ,uT Neuj;jpy; gs;spf;$lk; tu nrhy;Yfpwhh; hPj;ijah thj;jpahh;. mth; rpYitaplk; mrpq;fkhf ele;J nfhs;fpwhh;. ,jdhy; rpYitAk; R+irapd; kfs; Y}h;Jk; r tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs;. Nfhj;uh jiyikapy; kPd; gpbf;fr; nrd;wth;fSs; rpYit kl;Lk; Jd;gk; epiwe;j kdJld; fiu jpUk;Gfpd;whd;. Mkj;Jiwapy; cs;s midj;J gujt kf;fisAk; top elj;Jgtuhf fhFrhkpahh; tpsq;Ffpwhh;. mth; mq;Fs;s Nfhapypy; FUthf ,Ue;J kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwia nrt;itgLj;Jtjhf Mrphpah; ehtypy; $wpAs;shh;. Njly; &gd;> rpy;tp> jhrd; top Mfpa 3 fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 &gd; nry;tp kPJ nfhs;Sk; fhjy; epiwNtwhj fhjy;. Mfk; gzf;fhudhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nkhfk; nry;tpapd; kdj;ij tpl mtSila cliyNa nghpJk; tpUk;Gfpwtd;. &gid ,jag; G+h;tkhf ek;Gk; rpy;tpNah jd;Dila cliy mtDf;F gyKiw nfhLf;fpwhs;. ,jdhy; fUTwTk; nra;fpwhs.; jhd; fUTw;wpUg;gij &gdplk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp jd;idj; jpUzkdk; nra;J nfhs;Sk;gb &gdplk; kd;whLfpwhs;. ,e;j nra;jpia mwpe;jJk; jpzwpa &gd; me;j fUit mopj;J tpLk;gb $Wfpwhd;. ,jid xj;Jf;nfhs;shky; jpUkzKk; gz;zhky; &gDk;> nry;tpAk; gphptJ $wg;gLfpwJ. jhrd; top jhrd; rpy;tp kPJ nfhz;l fhjYk; Njhy;tpiaNaj; jOTfpd;wJ. jhrd; rpy;tp kPJ md;G nfhz;L mtisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w MirahYk;> md;ghYk; gyKiw mtisr; re;jpf;fr; nry;fpd;whd;. mtd; cz;ikj;jd;ik mwpahky; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s kWf;fpd;whs;. gzk; fpilj;jJk; nuhrhpahtpd; kfis kzf;f KbT nra;J CuhUf;F gae;J mtd; NtW Chpy; ,Uf;fpwhd;. rpy;tp jd; je;ij ,we;jJk; jdpahfpwhs;. mtsJ kfd; [hz; xU ehs; flyiyapd; rPw;wj;jhy; tPL ,be;J tpLfpwJ. cjtpf;fuk; ePl;Lfpwhh jhrd.; Foe;ijfs; jpdtpoh Chpy; elf;fpwJ. mg;NghJ ahUila Foe;ij vd;gij mth;fs; Kd; epd;W nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W mjpfhhpfs; $wpdh; jhrd; rpy;tpiar; &gDld; Nrh;j;J itf;f KbaYk; NghJ gy Kaw;rpapYk; Njhy;tpAWfpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; &gdpd; je;ijaplk; rpy;tpia Nrh;j;J &gdpd; kfd; jhd; [hz; vd;gjd; %yk; fij KbtilfpwJ. Ma;Tf;Fhpa ehty;fspd; fijf;fU Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ‘MopR+o; cyF’ ‘Njly;’ Mfpa ,U ehty;fspYk; flYf;Fk;> fiuf;Fkhd ,ilawhj gazj;jpY}lhd rhfrKk;> epr;;rakpd;ikAk; mth;fSila tho;f;if KiwapYk; gpujpgypj;jNy fijf;fUthf mike;Js;sJ. ‘Mop R+o; cyF’ ehtypy; guth;fs; jpdKk; fhw;iwAk>; fliyAk; vjph;j;Jg; Nghhpl;L fiuia te;J Nrh;tNj rhfrkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Rwg;ghW gazk; vd;gJ capiug; gazk; itf;Fk; kpff; fbdkhfj; njhopy;. tPuKk; tpNtfKk; epiwe;jth;fs; jhd; ,e;jj; njhopYf;Fr; nrd;W jpUk;gKbAk;. Rwh kPd; Ntl;ilapy; fuzk; jg;gpdhy; kuzk; epr;rak;. guth;fspd; tho;f;if epr;rakpd;ikahfNt mikfpwJ. vdNt ,th;fSf;F vjph; fhyk; gw;wpa

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 ftiyNa ,y;yhky; tho;fpd;wdh;. %d;W jiyKiwfisr; rhh;e;jth;fshd Nfhj;uh> R+ir> rpYit> %d;W NgUk; Njb kPd;gpbf;fr; nrd;wdh; mg;NghJ miyapYk; RopapYk; khl;b Nfhj;uhTk; R+irAk; ,we;JtpLfpd;wdh; ,t;thW gujth;fspd; capUf;F cj;juthjk; ,y;yhj epiyapNyNa jpdk; jpdk; caph; tho;e;jdh;. ,JNt fijf;fUthf mike;Js;sJ. Njlypy; Kjy; fl;l epfo;r;rpahf kpf;Nfy; FLk;gk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. kpf;Nfypd; fl;Lkuj;jpy; jhrd; Ntiyghh;f;fpwhd; mtSila kfs; rpy;tp. mth; jhrDf;F rpy;tpia kzk; Kbj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpwhhh;. mg;NghJ rpy;tuhR jd; kfdhd &gid ,ae;jpug;glF thq;f kpf;Nfyplk; gzk; Nfl;Fk; gbf;$Wfpwhd; rpy;tuhR Nfl;f kpf;Nfy; jd; kfSf;F eif thq;f itj;J ,Ue;j gzj;ijf; nfhLf;fp;whh; nuhrhhpNah %yk; ,ae;jpu glF thq;Ffrpwhh; rpy;tp &gidf; fhjypf;fpwhs.; ,jdhy; fUTfpwhs;. &gdplk; ,e;j tp\aj;ij $w mtd; mopj;JtpLk; gbf;$Wfpwhd; mts; mij kWf;fpd;whs; ,jdhy; ,UtuJ fhjYk; jilgLfpwJ. Nfhj;uh top Nfhj;uh gps;is epidT njhpa gj;JtajpNyNa flNywpath; vOgJ taJ epuk;g ,Uf;Fk; NghJ R+irNahL $yp kbf;F te;jpUf;fpwhh; md;W thdk; ,Uz;L kioAk; fhw;Wkhf fhzg;gl;lJ. kuk; Mop Nky; te;J nfhz;bUe;j NghJ jpBnudg; nghpa khrh xd;W fpsk;gp te;jJ. kuk; rpy;tpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L rPwpg;gha;e;jJ. miyapD}Nl Eioe;J Xbakuk; rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; rpy;tp MW jhz;b te;J Nrh;e;jJ. jhz;b te;J Nrh;e;j gpd;dh; kuj;ijf; fiu xJf;fyhk; vd;W vz;zp fiuf;F te;jdh; R+irAk; rpYitAk;. eq;$uk; vLf;fr; nrd;wdh; mth;fs; tUtjw;F Kd; klf;fpy; miy xd;W mf;Nuhrkha; Nkhjp kuj;NjhL nghpatiuAk; Nrhj;J flYf;Fs; ,Oj;jJ. RirAk; rpYitAk; Nrh;e;J Nfhj;uh gps;isiaj; Njbdh;. Nfhj;uh jiyapy; mbgl;L kaf;fkhd epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lhh;. %tUk; fj;ijg; gw;wpathW kpje;J nfhz;bUe;jdh; fz;%b fz;njhwf;FwJf;Fs;s vd;dnky;yhNkh ele;J tpl;lJ. nghpatuhy; ,g;NghJ nfhQ;rk; Ngr Kbe;jJ. gpd;dh; fj;J %d;W NgiuAk; jhq;fhJ vd;w epiy te;jTld; ez;gh;fSf;fhf capiu tpLwjtpl Nkyhd jpahfk; xz;Zkpy;y vd;W vz;zp fj;jpypUe;J gpbia tpl> ,uthf ,Ue;jhYk; ,Ul;Lf;Fs; nghpatiug; gpbg;gjw;Fs; ePh; thF mtiu ,Oj;Jtpl;bUe;jJ.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 R+ir Nfe;jpugps;is> R+ir> rpYit %tUk; flYf;F nrd;wNghJ Mf;Nuh\khd miyahy; Nfe;jpuhgps;is ,we;jhh;. kuk; nghbg;nghbahf cile;jJ. R+irAk; fj;ijgpbj;J nfhz;Nl ePe;jpdhh;. kioAk; eph;f;f tpy;iy. FspuhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jpBnud r+LePh; fle;J xLtij czh;e;jhh;fs.; R+irahhpd; Kfj;jpy; tpag;gpy; gaj;jpd; ghPjr; rhay;fs; NkNy R+lhfTk>; fhYf;fbapy; er;Rf; FspuhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,uz;L vjph; vjph; jpirapy; XLtJ njhpe;jJ fhYf;fbf;fbapy; Ntfk; $Ltijg;Ghpe;J nfhz;l R+irfj;jpd; Xuj;ijg; gpbj;J jd; gynky;yhk; jpul;b mirj;Jj; js;spdhh;. rpYitNahL fj;J J}uj;jpy; tpirNahL tpyf> rhpahd R+opapd; ikaj;jpy; khl;bf; nfhz;lhh; R+irahh.; fz; ,ikf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; ele;J Kbe;Jtpl;lJ ,e;j epfo;T. Cikad; top R+irahhpd; kuj;jpy; CikaDk; rg;ghzpAk; flYf;Fr; nry;tJ tof;fk;. xU ehs; flYf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ md;W fhw;Wk; flYk; mNfhukhf ,Ue;jd. Mop Nky; miyfs; kiyNghy; vOk;gp kbe;J RUz;ld. fiute;j kuq;fs; vy;yhk; VjhtJ xU tifapy; mbgl;Nl te;jd. if fhy; Kwpe;J te;jth;fisj; J}f;fpf; nfhz;L XLNthUk; flypy; tpOe;J jz;zPh; Fbj;jth;fisf; fiuapy; flj;jp tapw;iw mKf;NthUkhf fiu Vq;Fk; xNu Nrhff; fhl;rpjhd;. R+irapd; kuk; mopapy; mg;gbNa mzpaj;ijj; J}f;fp mLj;j khrhtpy; ghNwhL itj;Jf; Fj;jpaJ. Kuj;jpy; ,Ue;j %d;W NgUk; flypy; Fjpj;jhh;fs; flypy; Fjpj;j rpwpJ Neuj;jpw;Fs; rg;ghzp ngUthhpahf jz;zPh; Fbj;jpUe;jhh;. Jsit neQ;rpy; Fj;jp %r;Rtpl Kbahky; jtpj;jgb ePe;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. R+irahh; Njbr; nrd;w ,U kuq;fspy; xd;wpy; R+irAk>; rg;ghzpAk; te;J Nrh;e;jdh;. Cikaidf; fhztpy;iy Cikad; kWehs; fhiyapy; gpzkhf fiu xJq;fpUe;jhd;. KbTiu MopR+o; cyF> Njly; Mfpa ,U ehty;fspYk; guth;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw epfo;r;rp kw;Wk; ghj;jpuq;fs; topAk; fij fU tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 goe;jkpoh; ek;gpf;iffs; g.yhtz;ah jkpo;j;Jiw md;dk;khs; kfsph; fy;tpapay; fy;Yhhp Jhj;Jf;Fb.

gz;ila fhyj;ijtpl ehk; ,d;W mwpTj;Jiwapy; Kd;NdwpapUf;fpd;Nwhk;. gz;ila gof;ftof;fq;fs; gytw;iw %lek;gpf;if vd;W Vsdk; nra;fpNwhk;. ,d;W ehk; ntWf;Fk; nra;jpfs; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ek;kplk; ,Ue;jit my;y me;epah;fshy; ek;kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;it vdr; nrhy;yptpLfpd;Nwhk;. Mapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfshfr; rpy gof;ftof;fq;fSk;> ek;gpf;iffSk; jkpoh; rKjhaj;jpy; fye;J xd;Wgl;Lf; fplf;fpd;wd. ehs; kw;Wk; rFdk; ghh;j;jy; gz;ilaj; jkpohplk; ey;y ehs;> nfl;l ehs; ghh;f;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. rFdk; vd ,f;fhyj;jpy; toq;Fk; nghJr;nrhy; rq;ffhyj;jpy; Gs;> ehs;> Xiu> epkpj;jk; vd;w nrhw;fshy; czh;j;jg;gl;ld. “kiwe;j xOf;fj;J XiuAk; ehSk; Jwe;j xOf;fk; fpoNthh;f;F ,y;iy” (njhy;.) vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa fstpay; Ehw;gh fsT kzk;> epfOk; fhyj;jpy; nfl;l uhrpapYk; nfl;l ehspYk; fhjypAld; Nruhky; ,Uf;Fk; tof;fk; jiytdplk; ,y;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. “ehSk; Gs;Sk; gpwtw;wpd; epkpj;jKk;” (njhy;.) vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa Gwj;jpizapay; Ehw;gh gwitr; rFdk; ghh;j;jYk;> NtW gy milahsq;fisf; nfhz;L ed;ik> jPikfisj; jPh;khdpg;gJk; jkpoh;fspd; gof;fk; vd;gij czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. “ehs; md;W Nghfpg;> Gs;,il jl;gg; gjd; md;W Gf;Fj; jpwd; md;W nkhopapDk; twpJ nghh;aFeh; my;yh;> newpnfhsg; ghLMd;W ,uq;Fk; mUtpg; gPLnfO kiyad; ghbNahNu” (Gwk;. 124) vd;w GwehDhw;Wg;ghly; ey;y ehs; ghh;g;gJk; gwitr; rFdk; ghh;g;gJk; jkpoh;fspd; gof;fk; vd;gijr; njspTWj;Jfpd;wd.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 gy;yp nrhy;Yf;Fg; gyd; gy;yp nrhd;dhy; jiuapy; %d;W Kiw tpuyhy; jl;Lk; gof;fk; ,d;Dk; rpyhplk; ,Ug;gijg; ghh;f;fyhk;. gy;yp nrhy;iy ek;GtJk; ekJ guk;giug; gof;fk; jhd;. “Kijr; Rty; fypj;j %hpr; nre;jpid Xq;F tzh;g; ngUk;Fuy; czP,a> ghq;fh;g; gFtha;g; gy;ypg; ghLXh;j;Jf; FWFk; GUitg; gd;wp” (mfk;. 88) ‘cr;rpapNy nropj;J Kw;wpapUf;Fk; ey;y jpidapd; cah;e;J tise;j nghpa fjpiu cz;Zk; nghUl;L> gpse;j thAila gy;ypapd; nrhy;iy mwpe;J> ey;y epkpj;jk; vd;W vz;zp ,sk;gd;wp tUfpd;wJ.’ “ikay; nfhz;l kjd;mop ,Uf;ifad; gFtha;g; gy;ypg; gLnjhWk; gutp ey;y $Wvd eLq;fp” (mfk;.) “fhjy; kpFjpahy;> typikaw;wpUg;gts;> gpse;j thiaAila gy;yp nrhy;Yk; Nghnjy;yhk; tzq;fpdhs; ey;yJ nrhy; vd;W eLq;fp Ntz;bdhs;.” Nkw;fz;l mfehDhW ghly;fs; gy;yp nrhy;tjw;Fg; gyd; cz;nld;W jkpo; kf;fs; ek;gp te;jdh; vd;gij czh;j;Jfpd;wd. “gy;ypAk; ghq;F xj;J ,irj;jd” vd;w fypj;njhif thpAk; gy;yp nrhy;tjw;Fg; gyd; cz;L vd;gij czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. fz; Jbj;jy; ngz;fSf;F ,lJfz;> ,lJ Njhs; Jbj;jhy; ed;ik cz;L. tyJ fz;> tyJ Njhs; Jbj;jhy; jPik tUk;. Mz;fSf;F tyJ fz;> tyJ Njhs; Jbj;jhy; ed;ikAk; ntw;wpAk; tUk;. ,lJfz;> ,lJ Njhs; Jbj;jhy; jPikAz;lhFk; vd;w ek;gpf;if jkpohplk; ,Ue;jjw;F> “ey; vopy; cz;fZk; MLkhy; ,lNd” vd;w fypj;njhif thpfs; njspthf;Ffpd;wd. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Gfhh;fhz;lj;jpy; tUk; ,e;jputpoT+nuLj;j fhijapy; fz;zfpapd; fUq;fz; ,lj;jpYk;> khjtpapd; nrq;fz; tyj;jpYk; Jbj;jd vd;w nghUSila mbfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. “cs;sfk; eWe;jh Jiwg;gkP jo;e;J fs;Sf eLq;Fq; fOePh; Nghyf;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 fz;zfp fUq;fZk; khjtp nrq;fZk; cz;zpiw fue;jfj; njhspj;JeP UFj;jd vz;ZKiw ,lj;jpDk; tyj;jpDe; Jbj;jd” (rpyk;G.) mLj;J tUk; fhijfspy; fz;zfp NfhtyDld; Nrug;Nghfpd;whs; vd;gij czh;j;Jk; tz;zk; ,lJfz; Jbj;jjhff; $Wk; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;> khjtp Nfhtyidg; gphpag;Nghfpd;whh; vd;gij tyJfz; Jbj;jJ vd ciug;gjd; thapyhf czh;j;Jfpd;whh;. ,d;Wk; ek;kpilNa fz; Jbj;jhy; mjidf; nfhz;L ekf;F ed;ikNah my;yJ jPikNa tug;Nghfpd;wJ vdf; $Wk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vhp el;rj;jpuk; thdj;jpypUe;J nghpa el;rj;jpuk; vhpe;J tPo;e;jhy; mJ tpghPjj;Jf;F milahsk; vd;gh;. rpwg;ghf murDf;F MfhJ vd;W vz;zp te;jdh;. “fidvhp gug;gf; fhy;vjph;G nghq;fp xU kPd; tpOe;jjd;why; tpRk;gpdhNd mJfz;L> ahKk;> gpwUk;> gy;NtW ,utyh; giwapir mUtp ey;ehl;Lg; nghued; Nehapyd; Mapd; ed;W kw;W,y;vd mope;j neQ;rk; kbcsk; gug;g mQ;rpdk; vOehs; te;jd;W ,d;Nw” (Gwk;. 229) ‘thdj;jpypUe;J kpFe;j jPiag; gug;gpf; nfhz;L fhw;why; rpije;J jP kpFe;J> xU el;rj;jpuk; tpOe;jJ. mjidf; fz;L ehKk;> kw;wth;fSk; gy NtW ,utyh;fSk; tUe;jpNdhk;. giwNghy; Koq;Fk; mUtpfs; epiwe;j ey;y kiyehl;L tPudhfpa Nrukd;dd;> Jd;gkd;wp tho;thdhfpd;> eyk;. ,d;Nwy; ehl;Lf;Fj; ed;ikapy;iy vd;W kdk; tUe;jpNdhk;. cs;sj;jpNy Nrhh;T Njhd;wpg; gut mQ;rpapUe;Njhk;. me;j vhpel;rj;jpuj;ijf; fz;l Vohk; ehs; ,d;W te;jJ’ vd;w nghUSila $lYhh;fpohh; ghba Nkw;fz;l ghly; vhpel;rj;jpuk; tPo;e;jhy; muRf;F Mgj;J NeUk; vd;w ek;gpf;iff;F cjhuzk; MFk;. ,d;Wk; ,e;j ek;gpf;if ek;kpilNa cs;sJ. nja;t thf;F njUtpy; Ngrpf;nfhz;L Nghfpd;wth;fs;> jq;fs; Ngr;rpNy ‘,dpNky; ftiy Ntz;lhk;’ vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L NghdhNyh my;yJ ‘epr;rak; Kbe;JtpLk;’ vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L NghdhNyh> mr;nrhw;fis ehk;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhhpaj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wpajhf epidj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. ehk; fhjhy; Nfl;l ,j;jifa nrhw;fis mrhPhp vd;Dk; nja;t thf;fhf epidf;fpNwhk;. ,JTk; goe;jkpohpd; guk;giug; gz;Gjhd;. ‘gR epiuiaf; fth;jw;Fr; nrd;w tPuh;fs;> jhq;fs; nrd;wpUf;Fk;> ,;lj;jp/ny> ,utpNy ey;y gwitapy; xypiaf; Nfl;lhYk;> ,il topapNy ele;J nry;Nthh; Ngrpf;nfhs;Sk; ey;y nrhw;fisf; Nfl;lhYk; mtw;iw ey;y rFdkhff; nfhs;thh;fs;.’ ,t;thW njhy;fhg;gpag; Gwj;jpizapay; Ehw;ghtpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F tphpr;rp vd;W ngah;. “gilapaq;F mutk; ghf;fj;J tphpr;rp” (njhy;-Gwk;.) ew;wpiz 65tJ ghlypYk; ,JNghd;w ew;nra;jp Nfl;ly; epfo;T fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. “GypnahL nghUj Gz;$h; ahid ew;NfhL eae;j md;gpy; fhdth; tpw;Ropg; gl;l ehkg; G+ry; cUkpilf; fbapb fiuAk; ngUkiy ehlid t&ck;vd; NwhNs.” (ew;.) jiytd; jiytpia tpl;Lg; gphpe;J nrd;whd;. mtd; tUtjhfr; nrhy;ypg;Nghd gUtk; te;Jk; mtd; tutpy;iy. mjdhy; jiytp tUe;jpapUe;jhs;. mg;nghOJ Njhop jiytpiag; ghh;j;Jf; $Wfpd;whs;. ‘ekJ gf;fj;J tPl;L khJ. NtnwhUj;jpaplk; ciuahLk;NghJ ‘mtd; ,g;nghONj tUthd;’ vd;W $wpdhs;. ,J cz;ikahfNt KbAk;. Mjyhy; mts; mKjk; cz;ghshf’ vd;whs; Njhop. mayhs; $wpaij mrhPhpapd; nrayhf vz;zpf; nfhz;lhs; ew;wpizapy; tUk; Njhop. Ky;iyg;ghl;bYk; jiytdpd; tUiff;fhf Mw;wpapUf;fpd;whs; jiytp. tphpr;rp Nfl;fr; nrd;w KJkf;fs; Ma;kfs; ,sq;fd;wpid Nehf;fp> “ ,g;nghOJ cd; jha; te;Jtpl;lhs;” vd;W $wpaijf; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jdh;. jiytpaplk; nrd;W ehq;fs; ed;nkhop Nfl;Nlhk;. vdNt cd; jiytd; tpidKbe;J tpiutpy; te;JtpLthd” ; vd;fpd;wdh;. ,r;nra;jpiag; gpd;tUk; Ky;iyg;ghl;L mbfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. “mUk;G mtpo; myhp Jhca; ifnjhOJ ngU KJngz;bh; tphpr;rp epw;g rpW jhk;G njhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 cW Jah; mykuy; Nehf;fp Ma;kfs; eLq;F Rty; mirj;j ifas;> “ifa nfhLq; Nfhw; Nfhtyh; gpd;epd;W ca;j;ju ,d;Nd tUFth;> jhah;” vd;Nghs; ed;dh; ey;nkhop Nfl;ldk;” (Ky;iyg;ghl;L) ,j;jifa ek;gpf;iffNs ,d;Wk; ek;ik> kzp XiriaAk;> gpwh; Ngr;irAk;> fOij fj;JtijAk; $l ed;dpkpj;jk; vd;W ek;Gtjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. cld;fl;il VWjy; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fKk;> cld;fl;il Vw;Wk; nfhLikAk; ekJ ehL KOtJk; gutpapUe;j tof;fkhFk;. jkpoh;fsplKk; ,t;tof;fk; njhd;Wnjhl;Nl ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij> “ey;Nyhs; fztndhL espmoy; GfP,r; nrhy; ,il apl;l ghiy epiyAk;” (njhy;-Gwk;.) vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa Ehw;gh Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. G+jg;ghz;bad; vd;gtd; ,we;jhd;. mtd; kidtp ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L> mtDld; jPapy; GFtjw;Fg; Nghdhs;. mg;nghOJ rpyh; jLj;Jf; $wpdh;. mth;fSf;F mts; $wpa vjph;nkhopahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ fPo;f;fhZk; GwehDhw;W ghly;. “Ntis nte;ij ty;rp ahfg; guy;nga; gs;spg; gha;,d;W tjpAk; caty; ngz;bNuk; my;Nyk; khNjh ngUk;fhl;Lg; gz;zpa fUk;Nfhl;L jPak; Xh;mw;Nw” (Gwk;.) “nts; vs;Sk;> GspAk; Nrh;j;Jr; rikj;j Ntisf; fPiuia czthff; nfhz;L> $ohq;fw;fs; cs;s fl;lhe;jiuapNy ghapy;yhky; gLj;Jf; ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;W tUe;Jk; ngz;bh; $l;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; my;yk; ahk;. nghpa RLfhl;bNy mLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhpa tpwfhy; Mfpa vkJ nghpa NjhisAila fztd; ,we;jTld;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 jhkiufs; G+j;j Fsph;e;j jlhfKk;> neUg;Gk; xd;W jhd;” vd;w nghUisAila ,g;ghly; gj;jpdpg; ngz;bhpd; ,ay;igg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. kzpNkfiyapy; tUk; Ch; myh; fhijapy; gj;jpdpg;ngz;biug; gw;wp> “gj;jpdpg;ngz;bh; jq;fs; fhjyh; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;> ciyapy; cs;s neUg;ig Cjpg; gw;w itf;fpd;w JUj;jpiag; Nghyg; ngU%r;RtpLth;. me;j %r;rpNy mth;fs; capiu tpl;LtpLthh;fs;. ,J jiyrpwe;j gj;jpdpg;ngz;bhpd; jd;ik. ,g;gJ caph; tplhjth;fs; Fsph;e;j ePhpy; ,wq;FtJNghyf; fztDld; jk; fhjyUld; mLj;j gpwg;gpNy xd;whf thOk; thoit vz;zpf; ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;W caph;tho;th;” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhjyd; ,we;jgpd; ngU%r;R tpl;L caph;tpl;l epfo;r;rpiar; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fhzyhk;. ghz;bad; neLQ;nropaapd; kidtp Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpapd; ,wg;G ,j;jifaNj. ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; ,d;Wk; gyg;gy cUtq;fspy; ek;kpilNa tyk;te;jtz;zk; jhd; cs;sd. njhd;Wnjhl;L te;j gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;> ek;gpf;iffisAk; xUehspy; mopj;Jtpl KbahJ. ehsiltpy; rpWf rpWfj;jhd; mit khWk;. Nkw;Nfhs; Ehy;fs; 1. https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki 2. Rg;gpukzpad;>e. : rq;ffhy tho;tpay; (nrd;id>2010) 3. NjtNeag;ghthzh;>Qh. : gz;ilj; jkpo; ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk; (nrd;id>2009) 4. rpjk;gudhh;>rhkp. : goe;jkpoh; tho;Tk; tsh;r;rpAk; (nrd;id>2004)

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 njhiyNehf;Fg; ghh;itapy; neLey;thil m.ftpjh> nj.jp. ,e;Jf;fy;Y}hp> ehfh;Nfhtpy;. Kd;Diu fhyj;jhy; kpfg; goikahdjhf ,Ug;gpDk; jkpopy; ,d;Wtiu Njhd;wpAs;s ,yf;fpaq;fSs; jiyrpwe;jJ epw;gJ rq;f ,yf;fpak;. ,J vl;Lj;njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; MFk;. gj;Jg;ghl;by; Vohtjhf itj;Jg; ghlg;gLtJ ney;ey;thil. ,J mfKk; GwKk; fye;J ,yf;fpar;Rit kpFe;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jDila Mrphpah; ef;fPuh; thilf;fhw;whdJ jiytidg; gphpe;jpUf;Fk; jiytpf;F neba thilahfTk; Nghh; Nkw;nrd;w jiytDf;F ey;y thilahfTk; ,Ue;jjhf Mrphpah; $Wtij mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. njhiyNehf;F ghh;it vd;gJ goq;fhyj;J kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtk; kpf;fr; rpe;jidia ekf;F czh;j;JfpwJ. mth;fspd; tho;f;if KiwNa mth;fspd; rpwg;gpid gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. neLey;thilapy; njhiyNehf;Fr; rpe;jid vt;thW fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gijf; ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;. njhiyf;Nehf;Fg; ghh;it goq;fhyj;J kf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ khWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ‘tUKd; fhg;Nghk;’ vd;gjw;F ,zq;f gy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J tUfpd;w fy;tp khw;wk;> R+o;epiy khw;wk;> rkjha khw;wk;> mwptpay; khw;wk;> fhyepiy khw;wk; Mfpatw;iw Kd;$l;bNa fzpj;J mjw;fhd topKiwfis tFj;J tho;f;ifia tho;tNj njhiyNehf;Fg; ghh;it MFk;. njhiyNehf;Fg; ghh;itahdJ xU jpl;lkpl;l jd;ikAilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J vf;fhy kf;fSk; Nghw;Wk;; tpjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jpUts;Sth; ,aw;Wk; ‘jpUf;Fwis’ midtUk; Nghw;wp Vw;Wf;nfhz;L tho;fpd;Nwhk;. mJNghy; goe;jkpoh;fspd; ghh;itAk; njhiyNehf;Fj; jd;ik cilajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. goikf;F goikahfTk; GJikf;F GJikahfTk; jpfo;fpwJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. fw;G tpoh epiy xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;Dk; gz;ghl;L epiyapy; ,d;Wk; ngz;fs; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. kPdth;fs; xOf;fk; jtwpdhy; flyk;khs; mth;fisf; nfhz;Lr; nrd;W tpLths; vd;w vz;zk; ,d;Wk; epyTfpwJ. ,JNghy md;iwa jkpoh;fSk; fw;Gtpoh epiy cilath;fshf ,Ue;jdh; vd;gij ney;ey;thilapy; gd;dpuz;L mbfspy; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. “Muk; jhq;fpa myh;Kiy Mfj;J …………………………………… thAiw mOj;jpa twpJtPo; fhjpd;” (ne.ey;.th.t.136-140)

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 kw;Wk; “nghye;njhb jpd;w kaph;thh; Kd;if ………………………………………… ……………………………………….. nrt;tpuy; nfhsP,a nrq;Nfo; tpsf;fj;J” (ne.e.th – 141-144) kw;Wk; “g+e;Jfpy; khP,a Ve;JNfhl;L my;Fy; mk;khR Ch;e;j mtph;E}y; fypq;fnkhL Gidah Xtpak; fLg;g” (ne.e.th-145-147) vd;Dk; thpfspy; ,Ue;J jiytd; gphptpd; NghJ Kd;G Muj;ijj; jhq;fpa khh;tpy; ,g;NghJ ePz;l kq;fy ehz; kl;LNk njhq;fpaJ> $e;jy; mOFgLj;jhkYk;> nghd; tisaiy tpLj;Jr; rq;F tisaYk;> Nkhjpukpd;wpf; fhzg;gl;ld. mofpa g+e;njhopiyAila Milia mzpe;jpUe;j ,ilapy; mOf;Nfwpa E}y; Glit cLj;jpapUe;jhs; vd;W fztidg; gphpe;j ngz; jd;id moFgLj;jhky; ,Ue;jhs; vd;gJ xUtifapy; fw;G vd;Dk; gz;ghl;ilf; fhf;Fk; ftrk; vd;gJ njhpfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J fw;G vDk; gz;ghl;il neLey;thil jiytp fhj;jhs; vd;Wk; Gydhfpd;wJ. jkpoh; Nkd;ik ,d;W Nghy; md;Wk; jkpoh;fs; fy;tp fw;W rpwe;jpUe;jdh; vd;gjw;F neLey;thilapd; ghly; thp %yk; czuyhk;. “tz; Njhl;L ney;ypd; tUfjph; tzq;f” (ne.e.th.t-22) vd;Dk; thpapy; ,Ue;J fy;tp fw;wth; gpwiu kjpj;J tzq;fp kfpo;th;. new;fjpuhdJ Kw;Wtjw;F Kd; jiyepkph;e;Jk; Kw;wpa gpd; jiyrha;e;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. mJNghy mwpTilath;fs; gpwh; tzq;fj;jf;f tifapy; tzq;fpAk; kfpo;th; vd;W $Wtjpy; ,Ue;J mf;fhyj;jpNyNa fy;tp rpwe;jjhf fUjg;gl;lJ vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. thdpay; mwpT jkpoh;fs; rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa kz;zpypUe;J tpz;iz msf;Fk; rpwg;gpid ngw;Wf; fhzg;gl;ldh; vd;gij ney;ey;thilapy; Mrphpah; mofhf $wpAs;shh; vd;gij> “itafk; gdpg;g tyd; Vh;G tis, ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;J vd;” (ne.e.th.t.1-2)

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 vd;Dk; thpfs; %yk; gUtk; jtwhky; kio nga;tpf;Fk; jd;ik cila Nkfk; jhd; fple;j kiyia tyg;Gwkhf R+o;e;J vOe;J cyfk; Fsph;r;rpailAk; gb fhh; fhy kio nghope;jJ vd;W $WtjpypUe;J kioapdhy; cz;lhFk; ed;ikia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. tpz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; R+hpad;> re;jpud; Mfpatw;iw gw;wp ,d;W ehk; fzf;fpLk; nra;jpfSk; md;Nw fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;jGuj;jpy; jiytp fl;bypd; Nky; tpjhdj;jpy; mike;j jpq;fisr; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; Nuhfpzpiaf; fz;L ,JNghd;W jiytidg; gphpah tho;T ekf;fpy;iyNa vd Vq;Fk; fhl;rp mf;fhy kf;fspd; thdtpay; mwptpia ekf;Fg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. Mepiufisg; ghJfhj;jy; ,d;W ML> khL Kjypa tpyq;Ffisr; rpj;jputij nra;f;$lhJ vd;W rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;Jk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd tpyq;Ffs; kdpjdpd; czTf;fhff; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; Mepiufis ntapypy; fl;b tpLtJk; tz;bfspy; milj;Jr; nry;tJk; Nkhjtpl;L Ntbf;ifg; ghh;g;gJkhfTk; cs;s ,r;R+oiy ney;ey;thilapy; md;Nw caph;fisr; rpj;jputij nra;ahky; mtw;iw ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid typAWj;jpdh;. “VWil ,depiu NtW Gyk; gug;gp Gyk; ngah; Gyk;nghL fyq;fp” (ne.e.th.t.4-5) kioapd; fhuzkhf Mepiufis ,ilah;fs; ghJfhg;ghd Nkl;L epyj;jpw;F nfhz;L nrd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. fs; cz;ZNthhpd; epiy ,d;W kf;fspilNa mjpf mstpy; gutpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xUtpj Neha; kJtpw;F mbikahjy; MFk;. fs; cz;Zk; kdpjdpd; nray;epiyia gy E}W tUlq;fSf;F Kd;Ng neLey;thilapy; $wpapUg;gij mwpayhk;. ,jid> “ghliyf; fz;zpg; gNunuWo;j; jpzpNjhs; ………………………………………… ……………………………………………. ,UNfhl; lWitah; Ntz;Lthapd; jphpju” (ne.e.th.t. 31-35) vd;Dk; thpfspypUe;J fs; cz;Ztjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;igAk; jd; epiyiaAk; kwe;J jphpe;J miyAk; jd;ikiaAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 kidab rh];jpuk; jw;fhyj;jpy; Gjpjhf epyk; thq;fp tPL fl;Lgth;fs; ‘ehs; nra;jy;’ vd;w ngahpy; G+kpG+i[ Kjypar; rlq;Ffisr; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,g;gof;fk; mf;fhy kf;fsplKk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid neLey;thilapy;> “thpfjph; gug;gpa tpay;tha; kz;byk; ,UNfhy; Fwpepiy tOf;fhJ Flf;FVw;G xUjpwk; fhuh miuehs; mikaj;J” (ne.e.th.t. 73-75) tlf;F> njw;F vd;w ,uz;L jpirfspy; ,U Nfhy;fs; elg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; Fr;rpfs; fpof;F> Nkw;F mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; E}y; gpbj;J kidapd; vy;iyapid fz;fpLjy; kw;Wk; E}iyj; njhq;ftpl;L fl;Lk; fl;blj;ij rhpahf ,Uf;fpwjh vd;w Kiwfs; mf;fhyj;jpYk; tof;fpy; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gij> “E}y; mwp Gyth; Ez;zpjpd; fapW ,l;L” (ne.e.th.t. 76) vd;w thpapd; %yk; fhty; nja;tj;ij topgl;L gpd;G rpw;gE}y; mwpe;j jr;rh;fs; %yk; fl;llq;fs; fl;lg;gl;L> ey;y ehs;> Nfhy;fs; el;L mtw;wpd; epoy; msT nfhz;L mwpAk; Kiw mf;fhyj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. njUf;fs; ,d;W kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,U rf;fu thfdq;fs;> ehd;F rf;fu thfdq;fs;> fduf thfdq;fs; Mfpait vz;zpylq;fhj msT ngUfpAs;sd. Mifahy; FWfyhd ghijfspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J nehpry; kw;Wk; tpgj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if $bf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iw jtph;g;gjw;fhf rhiyfis tphpTg;gLj;j Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F js;sg;gl;L ,Uf;fpNwhk;. (v.fh) fd;dpahf;Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s RrPe;jpuk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s ghyk;. Mdhy; jkpoh;fs; md;Nw ,jw;fhd topapid tFj;J tho;e;J te;jdh; vd;gij> “khlk; Xq;fpa ky;yy; %J}h; MW fple;J md;d mfy; neLe;njU” (ne.e.th.t. 29-30) thpfspy; ,Ue;J tsk; ngUf;fpa goikahd Chpy; Xq;fpa khlq;fspy; nrOikAld; jkpoh;fs;; tho;e;jpUe;jjidAk; njUf;fs; MW Nghy; mfd;W ePz;Lk; ,Ue;jjidAk; vz;Zk; NghJ kf;fs;njhif Fiwe;jpUe;j fhyj;jpNyNa vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,iae;j efu mikg;igf; nfhz;bUe;j jkpohpd; rpwg;gpid mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s KfpwJ.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 cj;jpuk; mikf;Fk; Kiw fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s nghpa gz;iz tPLfspYk; efuq;fspy; fl;lg;gLk; nghpa tPLfspYk; cj;jpuk; itj;Jf; fl;lg;gLtij ,d;Wk; ek;khy; fhzKbfpwJ. ekJ khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gj;kdhgGuk; muz;kid ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzk; MFk;. md;Nw neLey;thilapy; cj;jpuk; mikf;fg;ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;gij> “NghJmtpo; Ftisg; GJg;gpb fhy; mikj;J jhnohL Fapd;w Nghuik Gzh;g;gpd;” (ne.e.th.t. 83-84) vd;Dk; thpfspy; ,Ue;J cj;jpuj;jpy; Ftisapy; Gjpa kyh;fis cah;j;jpj; jq;fs; Jjpf;iffspy; Ve;jpa gpbfspd; cUtq;fSk; mtw;wpd; eLtpy; jpUkfs; cUtKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd;gij mwptjd; %yk; mf;fhyj;jpNyNa cj;jpuk; mikf;Fk; Kiw ,Ue;jij czh;fpNwhk;. rd;dy; ,d;W ehk; tPLfs; fl;Lk; NghJ fhw;W te;J nry;tjw;Nfw;g vy;yh tPLfspYk; kw;Wk; ,ju fl;blq;fspYk; rd;dy;fs; mikj;J tUfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j gof;fk; gz;ila fhyj;jpYk; ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gij neLey;thilapy; fhzg;gLk; thpfspd; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,jid> “thd;cw epte;j Nky;epiy kUq;fpd; Ntdpw; gs;sp njd;tsp jUck; Neh;tha;f; fl;lis” (ne.e.th.t. 60-62) vd;gjpy; ,Ue;J gLf;if miwf;Ff; fhw;W nry;tjw;Nfw;g rd;dy;fs; ,Ue;j nra;jp Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ. ,juf;fiyfs; kdpjd; vd;W moif urpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhNdh md;Nw fiyfs; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;Jtpl;ld. ,d;W fiyfs; vz;zpf;if vz;zpylq;fh kdpjd; jd;id moFg;gLj;JtJ Kjy; gytifahd fiyfs; ,d;W tsh;e;Jf; nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd. ,JNghy rq;ffhy kf;fSk; gUtr;R+oYf;F Vw;w Milfs; mzptjpYk;> mil tbtikg;G Nghd;w fiyfspy; ekf;F Kd;Ndhbahf jpfo;e;jdh; vd;gij> Mue;jhq;fpa myh;Kiy ahfj;J tlth; je;j …….. rhe;njhL Jwg;g”

(ne.e.th.g. 125-136)

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 kw;Wk; “JizGzh; midj;Jk; epwtpj; J}tp ,izaid Nkk;glg; ghaidapl (ne.e.th.g. 132-133) vd;w ghly; mbfspy; ,Ue;J gy;NtW fiyfspy; gz;ilaf;fhy kf;fs; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh; vd;Wk; jk; tho;tpy; xU gFjpiaf; fiyfSf;fhf xJf;fp cs;sdh; vd;Wk; mwpe;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. kz; $[hf;fs; kz;zpd; kUj;Jtf; Fzk; ,d;W kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpajd; tpisthf kz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l ghj;jpuq;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; ,jd; ed;ikia mwpe;J md;Nw kf;fs; kz;Flj;ij gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh; vd;gij> “fy;nyd; Jtiy J}typd; ahtUk; njhFtha;f; fd;dy; jz;zPh; cz;zhs;” (ne.e.th.t.64-65) vd;Dk; thpfspy; ,Ue;J ePiuf; Fspur; nra;Ak; Flq;fs; itj;jpUe;j nra;jpia mwpayhk;. ghJfhg;gpd; epiy ehl;L kf;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ me;j ehl;bd; jiythpd; flikahFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpYk; mz;il ehl;lth; jhf;Fjy; elf;Fk; NghJ ehl;L kf;fis fhf;Fk; nghWg;G me;j ehl;bd; jiythpd; flikahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. mNj Nghd;W neLey;thilapYk; murh;fs; thOk; muz;kidapd; ghJfhg;Gk; NghhpLk; tPuh;fspd; rpwg;Gk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. “gU tpUk;G gpzpj;Jr; nry;tuf; FhP,j; ……………………………………. …………………………………… Iatpag;gpa nea;azp neLepiy (ne.e.th.t. 80-86) MzpfSk; ,Uk;Gr; rl;lq;fSk; nfhz;L ,Uk;gpdhy; fl;lg;gl;L ed;whf ,iof;fg;gl;l kuj;jpy; rhjpypq;fk; nfhz;L nrk;ik epwk; ed;whfj; jPl;lg;gl;L ,uz;Lf; fjTfSk; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jd vd;gjpy; ,Ue;J mf;fhyj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpd; epiyia Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. KbTiu ,t;thwhf neLey;thilapy; goe;jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwapy; njhiyNehf;Fr; rpe;jidfs; ,Ue;J cs;sJ vd;gij mwpe;Jf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Nkw;$w;E}y;fs; 1. Kidth; Rg;gpukzpad;> r.Nt rq;f ,yf;fpak; (%yk; KOtJk;) khzpf;f thrfh; gjpg;gfk;> 31> rpq;fh; njU> ghhpKid> nrd;id-600 108.

2. ehfuhrd;.tp gj;Jg;ghl;L ,uz;lhk; gFjp> (%yKk; ciuAk;)> ghit gphpz;lh;];> 142> [hdp [hd;fhd; NuhL> uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id 600 014. 3. NrhkRe;judhh;. ngh neLey;thil irt rpe;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 gonkhop ehD}W gfUk; tho;tpay;

சககா.அ.மரிய சாꏍெி

தமி폍鏍鏁றை 鏂ய ம쎿யꟍறை க쯍쯂쎿 鏂鏍鏁埍埁羿 gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;fpy; cs;s Kg;ngUk; mwE}y;fSs; gonkhopAk; xd;W. ,jid ,aw;wpath; Kd;Wiwaiuadhh;. xU fijNah tuyhw;W epfo;Nth ciuf;fg;gl;L ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; gonkhop %yk; ePjp Rl;lg;gLtjhy; ,e;E}y; gonkhop vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. gonkhop njhd;ikahdJ. gonkhopia njhy;fhg;gpah; ‘KJnkhop’ (njh.E}.1433) vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. gonkhop vd;gJ El;gk; RUf;fk; Mok; nkd;ik Kjyhd jdf;Nf chpj;jhd gy rpwg;G ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gonkhop ehD}W gfUk; tho;tpaiy Muha;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;. mwptpd; cah;T mzpnay;yhk; Milapd; gpd; itj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLk;. kzp mzpAk; nghd; mzpAk; kpf moFwr; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhYk; Milapd; gpd; itj;J kjpf;fj;jf;fitahFk;. kdpjh; nry;tj;ij tpl mwptpdhy;jhd; khl;rp milth; (gh.26). vdNt, nry;tiu tpl mwpTilahh; cah;e;jtuhff; fUjg;gLth;. gy el;rj;jpuq;fs; xd;W $bdhYk; epyitg; Nghd;W xsp tPr KbahJ. mJNghy mwptw;wth; Mapuk;Ngh; Nrh;e;jhYk; mwpTila xUtiug;Nghy; khl;rpikAld; tpsq;fkhl;lhh;fs;. vdNt mwptw;wth; gyuhapDk; mwpTila xUtUf;F epfuhf khl;lhh;fs;. ,jidg; “gy;kPDk; kjpak;Nghy; epyhf; fha;fyh MFk;” (gh.27) vd;Dk; gonkhop tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. thdpy; cyTk; Qhapw;iwf; ifahy; kiwg;gth; ,y;iy. mJNghd;W gue;j mwpthw;wy; nfhz;ltiug; ghrp Nghd;w mlhj nrhw;fisAk; nray;fisAk; ,l;L mtuJ Gfio kiwj;J xspj;J tpl KbahJ. ,jid “Qhapw;iwf; ifk;kiwg;ghh; ,y;”(gh.32) vd;Dk; gonkhop vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. tpiykjpg;gw;w mzpfyDk; nry;tKk; epiyj;J epy;yhj jd;ikia cilad. mwpTr;nry;tk; vd;Wk; gphpahj jd;ikia cilaJ. vdNt, nry;tj;ijtpl mwpNt cah;itj; jUk; vd;gijj; “jpUtpDk; jpl;gk; ngWk;” (gh.33) vd;Dk; gonkhop vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. mwpklKk; Xh; moNf! ghhp fhl;by; glh;e;jpUe;j Ky;iyf;Fj; Njiuj; je;jhd;. Ngfd; thilf;fhw;why; thba kapYf;Fg; Nghh;itiaj; je;jhd;. Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhy; mwpklKk; rhd;Nwhh;f;F mofhFk;. ,jid “Ky;iyf;Fj; NjUk; kapYf;Fg; Nghh;itAk; njhy;iy mspj;jhiuf; Nfl;lwpJk; - nrhy;ypd; newpklw; G+e;jhio ePLePh;r; Nrh;g;g!

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 mwpklKk; rhd;Nwhh;f;F mzp” (gh.74) vd;Dk; ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. nghiwAilik ,d;dh nra;jhUf;Fk; ,dpaNt nra;tJ jkpohpd; rhy;G. jFjpawpahJ jfhj nrhw;fisg; gpwh; NgRk;NghJ mtw;iwg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; eyk; gaf;Fk;. ehahdJ thahy; ft;tpaNghJ mJ Xba jpirapy; Xbg;Ngha; me;ehiaf; fbj;Jj; Jd;GWj;Jgth; vtUk; ,y;iy. ey;y jd;ikAs;s Fzq;fs; ,y;yhjth; jk;ikj; Jd;GWj;jpdhy; mth;fisj; Jd;gg;gLj;Jjy; rhd;Nwhhpd; nfhs;ifahfhJ (gh.49). vdNt, jk;ikj; Jd;GWj;jpath;fis mth;fs; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;th;. gRthdJ jk;ik Kl;bdhy; jhKk; rpdq;nfhz;L me;jg; gRit Kl;Lgth; ,y;iy. mwptw;wth;fs; nghUsw;w nrhw;fisr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ mtw;wpw;fhfr; rpdk;nfhz;L nghUsw;w thh;j;ijfisr; nrhy;y khl;lhh;fs;. mwptw;wth;fspd; nghUsw;w nrhw;fisg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;th;. ,jidg; “gRf;Fj;jpd; Fj;Jthh; ,y;” (gh.57) vd;Dk; gonkhop njspthf czh;j;JfpwJ. kdk; tUe;j mlhj nrhw;fisf; $wpatiug; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; ey;yJ. nrhd;d nrhy;iyg; nghWf;Fk; Mw;wy; ,y;yhjth; ,fo;e;J $Wjy; jPahy; tPl;ilf; nfhSj;Jk; jpwd;Nghy; MFk;. “jP ,y;iy Cl;Lk; jpwd;” (gh.58) vd;Dk; gonkhop ,jid tpsf;FfpwJ. el;gpYk; gpio nghWj;jy; ey;yJ. xUth; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nghWikahy; ,UthpilNa cs;s el;G epiyf;Fk;. ez;gh; jk;kplk; jPik ,y;iynad;whYk; jk; ez;gh; nra;j jPikiaj; jk; jPik vd;Nw epidj;Jg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;th;. ,jid “xUth; nghiw ,Uth; el;G” (gh.132) vd;Dk; gonkhop vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,d;dh nra;jtUf;F ,dpait nra;jy; “xWj;jhh;f;F xUehis ,d;gk; nghWj;jhUf;Fg; nghd;Wk; JizAk; Gfo;” (Fws;, 156 ) vd;fpwJ jpUf;Fws;. xUth; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nghWikapdhy; ntspg;gLtJ mtuJ Nkd;ikahd FzkhFk;. rpdj;jpdhy; kpf;Fj; jPik nra;jtiu mtUila jPanraiyg; nghWj;J mth;f;F ey;ytw;iwr; nra;J xOFjy; GfohFk;. rpdk; nfhz;L jhKk; jPikiar; nra;jhy; Gfo; cz;lhtJ ,y;iy. ,jid “fWj;J Mw;wpj; jk;ikf; fba nra;jhiug; nghWj;J Mw;wpr; Nrwy; Gfohy; - xWj;J Mw;wpd; thd;Xq;F khy;tiu ntw;g! gad; ,d;Nw jhd; Nehd;wpl tUk; rhy;G” (gh.59) vd;Dk; ghly; nkhopfpd;wJ.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 ehtlf;fk;: ehtlf;fk; ,y;iy vd;why; Jd;Gw NehpLk; vd;gijg; gonkhop vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. kzYf;Fs; kiwe;jpUf;fpd;w jtis jd; Fuiyf; fhl;Ltjhy; jd; thahNyNa mfg;gl;L mopAk;. mJNghy; jPatw;iwr; nrhy;yp xspe;J epw;Fk; mwptw;wth;fs;; jhk; NgRk; nrhy;yhNyNa jk;ikj; Jd;gj;Jf;Fs; mfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;th;. “nghy;yhj nrhy;yp kiwe;njhOFk; Ngijfs; nrhy;yhNt jd;idj; Jah;g; gLf;Fk; -ey;yha; kzYs; KOfp kiwe;J fplf;Fk; EzYk; jd;thahy; nfLk;” (gh.114) vd;w ghly; ehtlf;fj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ. ehtlf;fk; kpfTk; Njit. ehtlf;fk; ,y;iynad;why; nrhy;Fw;wj;jpy; mfg;gl;L Jd;Gw NehpLk;. Gwj;Njhw;wk; Njit tWik epiyapy; tho;e;jhYk; mij kw;wth;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy. Gwj;Njhw;wj;jhy; tWik epiyia kiwf;f ,aYk;. gLg;gjw;Fr; rpwpa ,lk; ,y;yhjNghJk; ed;whf cil cLj;Jgtiug; ghh;j;J twpath; vd vz;zp “czT Ntz;Lkh?” vd;W Nfl;gth; ,y;iy. vdNt tPl;by; tWik kpf;f ,lj;Jk; vg;gbNaDk; Gwj;Njhw;wj;jhy; nghypthf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij “cLj;jhiu cz;b tpdTthh; ,y;” vdg; gonkhop $WfpwJ. “mfj;jhy; mopT nghpjhaf; fz;Zk; Gwj;jhy; nghypTwy; Ntz;Lk; vidj;Jk; gLf;if ,yuhaf; fz;Zk; cLj;jhiu cz;b tpdTthh; ,y;” (gh.329) vd;Dk; ghlypy; Gwj;Njhw;wk; Njit vdg; gonkhop cWjpgl nkhopfpd;wJ. jd; tho;f;iff;Fj; jhNd nghWg;G jhk; ed;ik miltjw;F jhNk fhuzk; vd;gij midtUk; czu Ntz;Lk;. xUthpd; cah;Tf;Fk; jho;Tf;Fk; mtutNu fhuzk;. jkf;Fj; Jd;gk; te;jhy; mjidf; fisgth; ,tNu vd;W vz;zpj; jkf;Fj; Jizahdtiu Muha;jy; Ntz;bajpy;iy. gpwh; jkf;Fr; nra;af;$baJ xd;Wkpy;iy. jkf;F kUj;Jth; jhNk vd;gij czh;e;J nray;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid “vkf;Fj; Jizahthh; Ntz;Lnkd;W vz;zpj; jkf;Fj; Jizahthh; jhk;njhpjy; Ntz;lh gpwUf;Fg; gpwh;nra;tJ cz;Nlh kw;wpy;iy jkf;F kUe;Jth; jhk;” (gh.149) vd;Dk; ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ. ‘jd; ifNa jdf;F cjtp’ vd;W thOk;NghJ

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 jd;dk;gpf;if mjpfkhFk;. jdJ Mw;wiy czuhJ gpwiu kl;LNk ek;gp tho;e;jhy; VkhWk; epiy cUthFk;. jk; nraiyj; jhNk Kbg;gJ ey;yJ. xUth; jhk; Nkw;nfhz;l jk; nraiy Kbf;Fk; cWjpiaf; iftpl;L, cWjp ,y;yhjthplk; mr;nraiy xg;gilj;jhy; mJ nghpJk; mopAk; (gh.158). jiyf;nfhz;l jk; fUkj;ijj; jhNk nra;J Kbg;gJ ey;yJ. jk;khy; Kbe;jhy; jhNk nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gonkhop typAWj;JfpwJ. jhk; nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;ba xU nraiyj; jhk; nra;ahJ ‘NtnwhUtiuf; nfhz;L nra;J Kbg;Nghk;’ vd;W ,Ug;gJ, nte;ePhpy; Fspf;fhjth; jPapy; gha;tijg; Nghd;wjhFk;. ,f;fUj;ijg; “gha;gNth nte;ePUk; Mlhjhh; jP” (gh.159) vd;Dk; gonkhop tpsf;FfpwJ. gpwh; ,ay;igf; Fwpg;ghy; mwpjy; xUthplk; mwpag;gl;l Fzj;ijf; nfhz;L mthplk; cs;s mwpag;glhj kw;wf; Fzq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;. xUthplk; fz;l ,ay;igf; nfhz;L Fwpg;ghy; gpwtw;iwAk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk; vdg; gonkhop mwpTWj;JfpwJ. nfhjpf;Fk; nghpa ciyePhpy; ,l;l mhprpapd; nte;j jd;ikia Xh; mfg;igapy; cs;s Nrhw;iw itj;J mwptijg; Nghd;W vthplj;Jk; fz;l nraiyf; nfhz;Nl mthplk; cs;s kw;wf; Fzj;ij mwpa KbAk; (gh.142) vd;W gonkhop ghij fhl;LfpwJ. xUtuJ cs;sj;jpy; cs;sij mtuJ KfkhdJ ntspg;gLj;jp tpLk;. mfj;jpy; cs;sij KfkhdJ mwptpf;Fk; (gh.144). cs;sj;Js; epfo;tdtw;iwf; fz;fs; ntspg;gLj;jp tpLk;. vdNt, fz;fs; mk;igtplf; $h;ikAilait vd;gijf; “fizapDk; $hpathk; fz;” (gh.143) vd;W gonkhop vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Kad;why; KbahjJ ,y;iy xUth; njhlq;fpa nraiyj; jsuhJ nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; (gh.150). ‘ehd; jdpikaha; ,Uf;fpd;Nwd;. vdf;Fj; Jizaha; ,dp xUtUk; ,y;iy. jdpikaha; Jizapd;wp vd;idg;Nghy; vth; cs;shh;?’ vd;W vz;zp xUth; jd; Kaw;rpiar; nra;ahJ Nrhk;gyha; ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. vLj;j nraypy; Nrhh;T ,y;yhjtuhfp Kaw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;tij tpUg;Gld; Kaw;rpg;gth; jhd; vz;zpaij vz;zpathW milthh;. ,jid “,dpahUk; ,y;yhjhh; vk;kpw; gpwh;ahh; jdpNak;ahk; vd;nwhUth; jhkbjy; Ntz;lh Kdptpyuhfp Kay;f Kdptpy;yhh; Kd;dpaJ va;jhik apy;” (gh.153) vdg; gonkhop cWjpg;gl ciuf;fpwJ. vg;nghOJk; KbAk; nraiy KbAk; tifapdhy; Muha;e;J Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. $h;ikahd mk;ig kpf tpiuthfj; njhLj;jhy; Jisg;gjpd;wpj;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 jLg;gjw;Fhpa ftrk; VJkpy;iy (gh.155). Kad;W ciof;fhjth; tho;T jpUe;jhJ. kw;wtUf;F cjtp nra;J, te;j tpUe;jpdiu cgrhpj;J, typikAilatuha; Kaw;rpiaf; Fiwf;Fk; Nrhk;gy; mw;wtuha;, Kad;W tUe;jhjthpd; tho;f;if jpUe;JtJ ,y;iy. ,jid Ntshz;ik nra;J tpUe;Njhk;gp … ” (gh.151) vdj; njhlq;Fk; gonkhopg; ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ. jpwk; mwpe;J mwk; nra;jy; rpwe;j nry;tq;fis mile;jth; mwq;fisr; nra;J vy;yhhplKk; md;Gld; xOf Ntz;Lk;. mr;nraNy xUtd; nghd;RikAld; mjd;kPJ kzpr;RikAk; nfhz;L Rke;J Nghtijg; Nghd;wjhFk; (gh.357) vd;fpwJ gonkhop. jhk; Njba nry;tj;ijj; jhKk; Ja;j;J kw;wth;f;Fk;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 gbtk; jdf;Nf nja;tkhFk;. je;ij jd; Foe;ijiar; nre;newpapy; epw;fr; nra;jy; nja;tkhd jd;ikia milar; nra;jyhFk; (gh.331) vd;W gonkhop tpsf;FfpwJ. cjTtNj cwT gonkhop ehD}W cwTfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ Jd;gj;ij ePf;Fgth;fNs cwtpdh; vd cWjpgl nkhopfpwJ (gh.350). cwtpdh; cjTth;. mth;fs; jtwhJ cjtp nra;th;. Fwpj;j gUt fhyj;jpy; kio nga;ahJ NghdhYk; gpd;G mJ nga;Ak;. mijg;Nghy; cwtpdUk; xU fhyj;jpy; cjtp nra;atpy;iy vd;whYk; gpwpnjhU fhyj;jpy; nra;th;. ,jidg; “nga;Akhk; nga;ah njhopapDk; kio” (gh.351) vd;Dk; gonkhop tpthpf;fpwJ. jhahy; kpjpf;fg;gl;L FQ;R Klk; Mtjpy;iy. cs;sk; tUe;JkhW cwtpdh; $wpdhYk; cWjp gag;gdtw;iwf; Nfl;L elg;gJ ey;yJ (gh.353). cwtpdUf;F cjt Ntz;Lk;. xUth; jk;ik kjpj;J cwtpduhff; nfhz;L xOfpdhy; mtUf;F cw;w fhyj;jpy; cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ijf;Fk;NghJ Crp NghFk; topNa E}ypioAk; NghFk;. cwtpdiug; Nghy mth;fSf;Fk; cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij “CrpNghk; topNghFk; ,io” (gh.354) vd;Dk; gonkhop czh;j;JfpwJ. cwT my;yhjtUf;F kl;Lk; cjTjy; cwtpdUf;F cjthky; mayhUf;F kl;Lk; cjTgth; fhpa gidNghd;w ,ay;ig cilath; vd;W gonkhop ehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jid “tpUk;gp mile;jhUf;Fk; Rw;wj; jtUf;Fk; tUe;Jk; grpfisahh; tk;gh;f;F cjty; ,Uk;giztpy; ntd;w GUtj;jha; Mw;wf; fUk;gid ad;d Jilj;J” (gh.220) vd;Dk; ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ. czTf;F topapd;ikahy; tpUk;gp te;jile;jth;f;Fk; cwtpdh;f;Fk; mth;fSf;Fhpa grpia ePf;fhjtuhfpg; Gjpa mayhUf;F cjTgth; jd;id kpfTk; tpj;jpl;L tsh;j;jth;fSf;F cjthky; neLq;fhyk; fope;jgpd; kw;wtUf;F cjTk; gid Nghd;w ,ay;ig cilath;. “Mw;wf; fUk;gid md;d Jilj;J” vd;gJ gonkhop MFk;. mz;ikapy; cz;lhFk; gaidAk; fUj Ntz;Lk; vdg; gonkhop ehD}W mwpTWj;JfpwJ. vj;Jizg; ngUk;gadhf ,Ue;jhYk; ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;G ngWtij tplj; jpidasthapDk; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ngWtJ ey;yjhFk;. gdk; goj;ij el;L itj;Jg; gid tsh;e;J gOj;jhy; mjd; goj;ij cz;zyhk; vd;W ,Ug;gth; ,y;iy. vdNt “;vj;JizNa ahDk; mzpf;Nfhly; ed;Nw” (gh.187) vdg; gonkhop ehD}W typAWj;JfpwJ. mz;ikf; fhyj;Jg; gad; rpwpjsT vd;whYk; mJ nraiy Nkw;nfhz;ltUf;Fg; gad;jUk;. “gidg; gjpj;Jz;zhh; gok;” vd;gJ gonkhop MFk;.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 vd;Dk; ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. “xspaPz;b epd;why; cyfk; tpsf;Fk.; JspaPz;by; nts;sk; jUk;” vd;gJ gonkhop MFk;. miltJ mile;Nj jPUk; xUth; xU ed;ikia tpUk;gpdhYk; tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;whYk; mJ mtiu te;Nj milAk; vd cWjpg;gl ciuf;fpwJ gonkhop ehD}W. ,jidj; jf;f rhd;Wld; tpsf;FfpwJ. rPh;fhopapy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;j ahidAk; fUT+hpy; nrd;W rpwe;jtdhd fhpfhy; tstidf; nfhz;L te;J Ml;rpia milar; nra;jJ. mjdhy; rpwe;j nghUis ehk; tpUk;gpdhYk; tpUk;ghJ NghapDk; miltjw;fhpait xUtiu mile;Nj jPUk;. ,jid “cw;wghy jPz;lhtpLjy; mhpJ” (gh.230) vd;Dk; gonkhop Rl;LfpwJ. ,d;gNkh Jd;gNkh tUtdtw;iwj; jLf;f KbahJ (gh.229). Ntq;if kukhdJ gy ehl;fSk; jhd; epd;wtplj;Nj epd;wpUe;jhYk; jhd; G+j;jw;Fhpa ey;y ehis mwpe;Nj kyUk;. nry;tKk; tsUk; fhyj;Nj tsUk; (gh.233). mJ milaj; jf;ftiuNa milAk; vd;W gonkhop gfh;fpd;wJ. tho;T rpwg;gjw;Fr; rpy toptiffs; xt;nthUtUk; jj;jk; ,ay;Gf;F Vw;wthW xOFjy; Ntz;Lk; (gh.36 192). jk; epiyapy; jhohJ ngUe;jd;ikapy; FiwahJ tho;jy; Ntz;Lk; (gh.71). Fw;wk; Vw;glhJ xOf Ntz;Lk; (gh.37). jk; Fw;wj;ijf; fise;j gpd;dNu gpwh; Fw;wj;ijf; $w Ntz;Lk; (gh.38). jdf;Fj; Jd;gj;ij mspg;git kw;wtUf;Fk; Jd;gj;ij mspf;Fk; vd;gij czh;e;J gpwUf;Fj; Jd;gk; juf;$lhJ (gh.44). jPikiag; gpwUf;F Kw;gfy; nra;apd; jkf;Fg; gpw;gfy; tpisAk; vd;gij cah;e;J my;yit mfw;wp ey;yit Mw;wp tho Ntz;Lk; (gh.46). jd;idj; jhNd Gfo;e;Jiuf;Fk; jw;Gfo;r;rp $lhJ (gh.65). jFjpaw;w Gfo;r;rpia Vw;ff; $lhJ (gh.66). cyf eilia mwpe;J xOf Ntz;Lk;. ew;Fzq;fspdhy; Nkk;gl tho;jy; rpwg;gpidj; jUk; (gh.73). kdpjh;fs; nry;tj;ijtpl mwptpdhy;jhd; khl;rp miltu.; gue;j mwpthw;wy; nfhz;ltiu mlhj nrhw;fshy; mth;fsJ Gfio xspj;Jtpl KbahJ. rhd;NwhUf;F mwpklKk; moF jUk;. mwptw;wth;fspd; nghUsw;w nrhw;fisg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. el;gpYk; gpio nghWj;jy; ey;yJ. ehtlf;fk; ey;yJ. Gwj;Njhw;wj;jhy; tWik epiyia kiwf;f ,aYk;. jd; tho;f;iff;Fj; jhNd nghWg;G. jk; nraiyj; jhNk Kbg;gJ ey;yJ. cs;sj;jpy; cs;sijf; fz;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk;. jpwk; mwpe;J mwk; nra;jy; ey;yJ. cjTtNj cwT. cwtpdtUf;F cjthky; maytUf;F kl;Lk; cjTgth; el;ltUf;Fg; gad;glhJ kw;wtUf;Fg; gad;gLk; gidiag; Nghd;wth;fs;.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION IN WATER, SEDIMENT AND SOME BODY PARTS OF CRAB SCYLLA SERRATA FROM THOOTHUKUDI AND PUNNAIKAYAL COAST SHIBANA C., BAVANI SARASWATHY A., MARIA KEVINA ES. Department of Zoology, St.Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT The present study is to determine the heavy metals (copper, lead, mercury & cadmium) in water, sediment, gills and muscles of common edible crab Scylla serrata collected from Thoothukudi and Punnaikayal coasts from the period of June 2017 to September 2017. Heavy metal analysis was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. It has been observed that the concentration of heavy metals were high in sediment than in water samples of the two coasts. The concentration of all these metals were noticed more in gills when compared to that of muscles during the study period. Key words: Heavy metals, bioaccumulation, Scylla serrata, Thoothukudi, Punnaikayal.

INTRODUCTION Coastal marine ecosystem in many parts of the world are under relenting stress caused by urban development, pollutants and other ecological impacts such as buildings for infrastructural development, land reclamation of port and industrial habitat modification, tourism and recreational activities (Venkateswara Rao et al., 2007). Impact of pollutants on marine environment is more acute and its deleterious effects on living resources are much more evident in coastal areas (Thilaga and Sivakumar, 2006). The heavy metals like copper is essential and lead, mercury and cadmium are non essential heavy metals and the trace amounts of these metals play a major role in the various physiological and biochemical process of all aquatic systems (Mohapatra, 1993). These metals become toxic when its level exceeds the permissible value (Michael, 2010). Elevated levels of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems have raised public concern around the world due to their high potential to enter and accumulate in food chains (Ivan et al., 2011and De et al.,2010). The determination of metal ion concentration in natural water systems has received increased attention for monitoring the environmental pollution due to the fact that these metals are non biodegradable and find their way in food chain through a number of pathways and may accumulate in different organs of human beings or animals

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 (Olson et al.,1973). Perusal of literature revealed that, large number of works have been carried out in fishes and other groups of organisms, but only few studies were made in cCrabs (Palanichamy and Rajendran, 2000; Chandrasekar, 2001 Baskaran et al.,2002; Selva Raj et al., 2003; Venkateshwara Rao et al., 2007; Asha et al., 2010; Anand and Kala, 2015) Crabs are typical benthic organisms and might also be good indicators reflecting the contaminating levels in surface sediments because crabs are known to reside in the surficial sediment and feed on benthic prey items living among contaminated sediments. Thus, studies on the metal accumulation in crabs might provide additional acquaintance on the correlation between organisms and the surrounding environment in oceans and seacoasts. Thoothukudi is an industrial area consisting of many industries involved in the production of chemicals, petrochemicals, in addition a major harbour, thermal power plant etc, they dump their industrial wastes into the sea which will affect the coastal environment. Hence the present study has been undertaken to assess the heavy metal concentration in water, sediment and the gill and muscle of Crab Scylla serrata. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monthly samples of water, sediments and the crabs were collected from Thoothukudi and Punnaikayal coast from June 2017 to September 2017. COLLECTION OF SAMPLES Water samples from 1m depth were collected in pre-washed polythene bottle (1litre), immediately acidified with 2.5ml of concentrated Nitric acid and brought to the laboratory. Before sampling, sample bottles were cleaned and washed with water and then rinsed with double distilled water. Sediment samples were collected using a plastic lined grab and then transferred to polythene bags. Immediately after collection, both samples were kept in an ice box and brought to the laboratory for further analysis. At the laboratory, sediments were freeze- dried for 24h. Thereafter, they were placed on a filter disc between sheets of filter paper and left to dry at room temperature. In the present study the animals (Scylla serrata) were collected from two stations by trawl catch, Kept in ice and transferred to the laboratory within 24 hours. For removing mud, algaes and barnacles stuck to external skeleton, crabs were washed with fresh sea water. The shells were removed and the tissues were used for metal analysis. HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS All the glass wares used for the analysis were soaked in 5 N nitric acid and thoroughly washed with distilled water. All the reagents used were BDH (Analar grade). Deionized double distilled water was used for the chemical analysis.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Analysis of heavy metal in water sample: The concentration of metals in water samples were estimated by the method described by Danielsson et al (1978). Water samples were digested with 20ml of 5:1 mixture of concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid in triplicates (Lithnor, 1975). The digestion process was continued till the brown fumes of nitrogen peroxide ceased to appear. If the solution was not clear, the container was covered with a watch glass and the solution was boiled until it cleared. If necessary, 10ml of concentrated nitric acid was added to complete digestion. The process was continued until the sample evaporated to near dryness. Care was taken not to char the samples. The digested samples were cooled, filtered through Whatmann No.1 filter paper and made up to 25ml with deionised double distilled crystal clear water. A blank was also prepared in the same way with the reagent but without water samples. Sediment samples Sediment samples from polythene bags were transferred to pre-washed glass wares and kept in an oven at 80 1 until it dried completely. Dried samples were then ground with mortar and pestle into fine powder. It was then sieved through a 102 mesh size sieve, weighed out 1.0 gm sieved samples in triplicates and put into 100ml digestion flask. Samples were digested with 9:1 mixture of concentrated nitric acid (AR) and perchloric acid (AR). The samples were heated over a hot plate until the solution becomes clear. The digested samples were then filtered through Whatmann No. 1 filter paper, diluted with double distilled water and made up to 25ml in a volumetric flask. A blank was also prepared by addition of same quantity of reagents without sediment samples, digested and made up to 25ml. Animal samples The ice preserved organisms were sorted out, washed in distilled water. The tissues were taken, washed in distilled water and oven dried at 80 1 for 24 hours. Then dried tissues were powdered using a mortar and pestle and weighed accurately, 500mg in a precision balance in triplicates and transferred to digestion flasks. It was digested with 9ml concentrated nitric acid and 1 ml perchloric acid. The sample was heated by keeping on a hot plate until evaporation of the samples. Care was taken to avoid charring during the digestion process. When the solution became nearly dry, a small quantity of double distilled water was added along the sides of the flask and rinsed. The solution was filtered through Whatmann No: 1 filter paper into a 25ml volumetric flask and the solution was made upto 25ml using

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 crystal clear double distilled water. Blank was also prepared in the same way with the reagents but without sample material. The made up samples were transferred to polythene bottles and were analysed for various metals using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AA SELICO SD 194). RESULTS Figs, 1,2 and 3 give the concentration of heavy metals in water, sediment and the accumulation of heavy metals in gills and muscles of Crab Scylla serrata. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals were more in sediment samples than in water samples of Thoothukudi and Punnaikayal coast. The concentration of the heavy metals in sediment samples of Thoothukudi coast ranged from Cu: 11.08 to12.3µg/g (Copper); Pb:15.3 to17.5µg/g (Lead); Hg:0.8 to1.5µg/g (Mercury) and Cd:1.9 to 3.0µg/g (Cadmium). The concentration of all these metals in sediment samples of Punnaikayal coast were Cu: 5.3 to 6.3µg/g; Pb:2.5 to 3.1µg/g; Hg:0.2 to 0.4µg/g; Cd:1.3 to 1.7µg/g respectively (Fig.1 & 2). Fig.1.

HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN SEDIMENT OF

THOOTHUKUDI COAST (µg/g)

15 Copper (Cu)

10 Lead (Pb) Mercury (Hg) 5 Cadmium (Cd) 0 CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS June July August September MONTH

Fig 2: HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN SEDIMENT OF PUNNAIKAYAL COAST (µg/g) 10

5 Copper (Cu) Lead (Pb) 0 METALS Mercury (Hg) Cadmium (Cd)

CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY OF CONCENTRATION MONTH

The concentration of all these metals in water samples were found to be high in Thoothukudi coast when compared to Punnaikayal coast. The concentration of all these metals in water samples of Thoothukudi coast varied from Cu:4.25 to 6.25µg/l; Pb:2.1 to

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 5.3µg/l; Hg:0.5 to 0.8µg/l; Cd:0.10 to 0.17µg/l. Whereas the concentration of all these metals in water samples of Punnaikayal coast varied from Cu:1.9 to 3.3µg/l; Pb: 2.3 to 3.9µg/l; Hg:0.2 to 0.4µg/l; Cd:0.5 to 0.9µg/l respectively.(Fig.3&4). Fig.3 HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN WATER OF THOOTHUKUDI COAST (µg/l) 10

5 Copper (Cu)

0 Lead (Pb)

METALS METALS Mercury(Hg)

Cadmium (Cd)

HEAVY OF CONCENTRATION MONTH

Fig 4 HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN WATER OF PUNNAIKAYAL COAST(µg/l) 4

2 Copper (Cu)

Lead (Pb) 0 Mercury (Hg

METALS Cadmium (Cd)

HEAVY OF CONCENTRATION MONTH

The concentration of all these metals was observed more in gills than in muscles of both the coasts. The concentration of all these metals in gills and muscles of Thoothukudi coast ranged as follows. Gill Cu:9.5 to 11.5µg/g, muscle Cu: 9.1 to 10.9µg/g; gill Pb:7.3 to 9.4µg/g, muscle Pb:6.8 to 8.3µg/g; gill Hg:0.5 to 0.8µg/g, muscle Hg:0.3 to 0.5µg/g; gill Cd:2.1 to 3.5µg/g, muscle Cd:2.8 to 3.5µg/g. Whereas at Punnaikayal coast the concentration of all these metals follows during the study period were recorded as follows. Gill Cu:2.8 to 3.7µg/g, muscle Cu: 2.1 to 3.4µg/g; gill Pb:3.5 to 5.2µg/g, muscle Pb:1.7 to 2.6µg/g; gill Hg:0.3 to 0.8µg/g, muscle Hg:0.1 to 0.5µg/g; gill Cd:2.5 to 3.3µg/g, muscle Cd:1.5 to 3.1µg/g. (Fig.5&6).

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Fig.5

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN GILLS AND MUSCLES OF CRAB OF THOOTHUKUDI COAST(µg/g)

12 Copper (Cu) 10 8 Lead (Pb)

4 Mercury (Hg) 2 0 Cadmium (Cd) METALS METALS Copper (Cu)2

Lead (Pb)2

CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY OF CONCENTRATION MONTH Mercury (Hg)2

Fig 6.

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN GILLS AND MUSCILES OF CRAB OF PUNNAKAYAL COAST

6 5 Copper (Cu) 4 Lead (Pb) 3 2 Mercury (Hg) 1

0 Cadmium (Cd) METALS Copper(Cu) Lead (Pb)2

CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY OF CONCENTRATION MONTH Mercury(Hg)

DISCUSSION The concentration of heavy metals were high in water, sediment, in gills and muscles of edible crab Scylla serrata. Thoothukudi and Punnaikayal coasts are affected by industrialization for the past few decades. Many industries like Sterilite copper industry, SPIC (Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation), HWP (Heavy Water Plant), many thermal power plants, DCW (Dharangadhara Chemical Works), salt pans and several small scale industries are located in Thoothukudi and Punnaikayal region. Thoothukudi is one of the major cargo handling port with full fledged maritime operations throughout the year. The shipping and fishing operations of the Thoothukudi port discharging coal, oil effluents and petrochemicals into the sea. The thermal power station and other industries dumps their flyash and other wastes into the marine ecosystem. The anthropogenic activities,domestic seweage and municipal wastes ,all these might have contain pollutants including heavy metals.

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The result of the present study indicated that the concentration of heavy metals are high in sediment than in water and it agrees well with the findings of Ganasan and Kannan (1995). Palanichamy and Rajendran (2000) recorded higher concentration of Cd and Pb in bottom waters than in surface water of Thoothukudi coast. Baskaran et al., (2002) also noticed higher concentration of these metals in flyash dumping areas in Thoothukudi. Uma and Muthalagi (2015) observed that the concentration of these materials varied due to seasonal changes, they also found accumulation of all these metals was high in gills than in muscles of Scylla serrata. Ramesh et al (2015) reported the accumulation of these metals in gills and muscles of crab and prawn from Thoothukudi and Punnaikayal coast.In the present study the metals are high in gills than the muscle because gills are the route of entry and exit of water. CONCLUSION The result of the present study concluded that the concentration of these metals (Cu, Pb, Hg & Cd were lesser than the maximum permissible limit recommended by FAO in fish and fishery products. However a long-term study on these heavy metals and their sediments are in need to understand the bioaccumulation in marine food and its biomagnifications to human being. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to Dr. Sr.Roselin Alphonse Mary, Principal St. Mary’s College (Autonomous) Thoothukudi for providing the necessary laboratory facility. REFERENCES: Asha P.S., Krishnakumar P.K., Kaladharan P., Prema D., Diwakar K., Valsala K and Bhat G.S. 2010 Heavy metal concentration in sea water, sediment and bivalves off Tuticorin. J. Mari. Biol. Ass. India, 52(1): 48-54 Baskaran M., Ramadhas V and Santhanam R. 2002 Metal pollution in Tuticorin coastal Waters due to fly ash of thermal power plant. Pro. National Seminar on Marine and Coastal ecosystems: Coral and Mangrove Problems and Management strategies. SDMRI Res.Publ.,2: p 190-193. Chandrasekar N 2001. Traceelements in the suspended sediments of salt marsh area Kraad creek, Tuticorin. Indian J. Environ.Ecopan., 5(1): 81-86. Dannielsson L.G, Magnusson B and Westerlund S, 1978. An improve metal extraction procedures for the determinationof trace metals in seawater by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with electro thermal atomization, Acad., 98, 45-47.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Ganesan M and Kannan L 1995 Iron and Manganese concentrations in sea water, sediment and marine algae of Tuticorin coast, South east coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,24: 236-237 Ivan, I., Zeljka, V.I., Gorcin, C., Zoran, G., Ljubinko, I., Stefan, S., Mirjana, L.,2011. Determination of differential heavy metal and trace element accumulation in liver, gills, intestine and muscle of starlet [Acipenserruthenus] from the Daunbe River in Serbia by ICP OES.Microchem. I. 98, 77-81. Lithnor, 1975. Pretreatment of samples (organic matter,sediment,and water)for subsequent determination of heavy metals by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Manual of method in Aquatic Environmental Research. Part 11. Methods of detection, Measurement, Monitoring Of water Pollution FAO, Rome; 41-46. Micheael HC: Heavy metal. In encyclopedia of Earth. Edited by Monosson Cleveland C Washington DC: National Council for Science and Environment; 2010. Mohapatra T., Rautray R., Patra AK., Vijayan V and Mohanty RK (2009) Elemental composition in mud Crab Scylla serrata from Mahanadi estury India: In situ irradiation analysis by eternal PIXE, Food Chem. Toxicol.47: 119-123. Olson KR., Bergman HL and Fromm PO (1973) Uptake to methyl mercuric chloride by trout. A study of uptake pathways into the whole animal and uptake by enthrocytes in vitro. J. Fish Res. Bd. Can., 30: 1293-1299. Ramesh V., S.Pandiammal and P.Senthilkumar(2015) Evalution of trace metal concentrations in water, sediment, edible crab and prawn from fishing harbour Tuticorin. International Reasearch Journal of Environmental Sciences vol.4(11), 50-53. Thilaga RD and Sivakumar V (2006) Accumulation of heavy metals in the gastropod Bullia Vittata at Gulf of Mannar J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 16(3) 221-226. Uma T and Muthalagi (2015) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Scylla serrata collected from Vembar and Tuticorin region. Int. J. Adv. Intdis. Res.(2) 7-12. Venkateswara Rao, J., kavitha, P., Srikanth, K., Usman, P.K. and Gnanashwar Rao, T., 2007. Environmental contamination using accumulation of metals inmarine sponge, Sigmadocia fibulata inhabiting the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar India, J. Toxicol. and Env. Chem. 89 (3), pp: 487-498.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 A STUDY ON THE FACTORS INFLUENCING SPLIT LOYAL CUSTOMERS OF St.JOHN FREIGHT SYSTEMS M Vivek Marin Proprietor, HINTS Solutions, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT St.John Freight Systems ltd., has huge number of clientele and long standing relationship with various industries. St.John Freight Systems is one of the leading multi service providers in logistics and shipping industry in our nation. The company controls about 500,000 TEUs per annum across the globe as a logistics service provider, Container Freight Station operator and thus retaining the customers will not be a big issue. They exhibit a problem that their customer entire business shipment has not been carried out by St.John; rather a portion has been done by other shipping companies. St.John Freight System is interested to find the reason for this split loyalty of their customers and the possible way to capture their customers’ entire business shipment. This project is to study the customer perception towards the multi service providers in logistics and shipping industry in Tuticorin. The objective of the study is to find the factors which leads to split loyalty among the customers of St.John Freight Systems ltd., and to convert those customers to hardcore loyal customers. The findings from this study show that the loyal customers have an expectation that St.John must expand its services as liner in future. Even though the customers are loyal to St.John, they are internally price conscious in carrying out their shipment. With a slight expansion of service as liner and by having more attractive rates recommended by the researcher St.John Freight Systems can convert their split loyal customers to hardcore loyal customers. INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY Developing customer loyalty has been recognized as an indispensable issue for business firms in pursuit of sustainable operations in the current competitive business environments. St.John Freight Systems ltd., has marquee clientele and long standing relationship with various industries. St.John Freight Systems is one of the leading multi service providers in logistics and shipping industry with huge customers and don’t have the problem of retaining the customers rather they want to acquire their loyal customer’s entire shipment.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 St.John Freight System ltd., is the market leader for Tuticorin-Colombo and Chennai- Colombo sectors, capturing about 80% of the market. St.John Freight Systems started Container Feeder Operations on the Tuticorin-Colombo biweekly sailing sector and the Chennai-Colombo weekly sailing sector with a market share of about 32% and 28% respectively. The combined capacity of the vessels deployed by the company is about 3500 TEUs. This project is to study the customer perception towards the multi service providers in logistics and shipping industry in Tuticorin. The objective of the study is to find the factors which leads to split loyalty among the customers of St.John Freight Systems ltd., and to convert those customers to hardcore loyal customers. COMPANY PROFILE St.John Freight Systems limited is a multiple services provider in the logistics and shipping industry, established in 1979. The company has its presence in 15 countries with 50 own offices and more than 1400 employees across the globe. The company controls about 500,000 TEUs per annum across the globe as a logistics service provider / Feeder, NVOCC, CFS operator. Vision “To be a leading international service provider of innovative end-to-end logistics solutions and to be amongst the top 20 global logistics and shipping companies by 2020”.  End to end logistics solutions.  Consolidate leadership position in South East Asia.  Become a leader in integrated logistics & shipping business in Asia and the MENA region.  Become a global leader in integrated logistics and shipping business. Services Offered by St.John  3PL / End-to-End Logistics Services  Freight Forwarding (Air & Ocean)  Custom Broking (CHA)  NVOCC  Feeder Operator  Container Freight Station  Stevedoring and Terminal Operations  Vessel Agency (Feeder / Break Bulk & Bulk)

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017  Ship Brokering / Chartering  Fumigation  Heavy Equipment / Trucking  Warehouse Management / Warehousing & Distribution St.John handles over 500,000+ TEUs per annum and 2500+ metric tons of air cargo across the globe. We continuously win awards from various Ports and Industry Chambers. We have also been awarded the CIAE “Service Excellence Award for the Best Sea Freight Forwarder” in India for the year 1999-2000 and “NIYAT SHREE” Award from Government of India through the Federation of Indian Export Organizations (FIEO) for Excellent Export Performance in the category of ‘Business Services’ for years 2005 and 2009. Our Chairman and Managing Director received the Outstanding Entrepreneurship Award for Asia Pacific for the year 2010 and the CIAE award – Best Sea-Freight Forwarder on an All – India basis. OBJECTIVES Customer loyalty has become the key strategic goal for many service enterprises, including logistics businesses.  To study the customer perception about St.John Freight Systems.  To study the factors influencing St.John Freight Systems customers for having split loyalty.  To identify the efficient way for converting the split loyal customers to hardcore loyal customers of St.John Freight Systems. SCOPE OF THE STUDY “Loyalty is a deepdevotion which is created for the purpose of purchase of the preferred good or service in the future andwhich may not change despite changing effect and marketing effort (Oliver, 1999)”.The research has been conducted in Thoothukudi. The industrial customers belong to Thoothukudi, Madurai, Tirupur, Coimbatore, Erode and Ahmadabad. This study highlights the loyalty among the split loyal customers of St.John Freight Systems Ltd., Thoothukudi. This study will help to convert the split loyal customers to hardcore loyal customers of St.John Freight Systems. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Descriptive Research/Survey Research- includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. The researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. The basic steps of descriptive research are  Recognizing and Identifying a topic to be studied

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017  Selecting an appropriate sample of participants  Collecting valid and reliable data  Reporting conclusions. Hypothesis are formulated and tested on the basis of research objectives. The data collected for this research is purely based on primary sources and secondary sources. Primary Data The primary data were collected through the questionnaire by the researcher with the guidance of the superior. The questionnaire has been designed by keeping in views of the objectives. Secondary Data Data has been gathered from the company (St.John Freight Systems Ltd.,), books, magazines and websites. Sample Size The sample size was decided with the guidance of the superior. Thus the sample size is 36. Sampling Techniques Various sampling techniques are there to guide the researcher to perform the project work.  The researcher had chosen Judgment sampling techniques for this study.  The main characteristics of judgment sampling are that unit’s elements in thepopulation are purposively selected. It is because of this that judgmentsamples are also called as purposive samples. Since the process of selection isnot based on the random method a judgment sample is considered to be nonprobabilitysampling.  When a small sample of a few units is to be selected, a judgment sample maybe more suitable as the errors of judgment are likely to be less than randomerrors of probability sampling. CROSS TABULATION BETWEEN THE KINDS OF PRODUCTS HANDLING AND CARGO TRACING CAPABILITY OF THE FIRM This section classify the data between the various kinds of products handled by the business customers and the cargo tracing capability of the firm using cross tabulation for the purpose to find out the relationship between the kinds of products handling and the cargo tracing capability of the firm.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 TABLE: Cross Tabulation between the kinds of products handling & cargo tracing capability Cargo Tracing Capability

Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Total Automotive 0 1 0 1 Agro Based 0 1 0 1 Various Textiles 9 9 1 19 kinds of Metals & Engineering 2 6 0 8 products handled Consumer Goods 1 0 0 1 Sea Foods 1 1 1 3 Others 7 10 0 17 Total 14 21 1 36 Percentages and totals are based on respondents. a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.

INFERENCE: It is evident from the above table that the various products handling business customers were highly satisfied with the cargo tracing capability of the firm. CROSS TABULATION BETWEEN THE KINDS OF PRODUCTS HANDLING AND SERVICE RATES OF THE FIRM This section classify the data between the various kinds of products handled by the business customers and service rates of the firm using cross tabulation for the purpose to find out the relationship between the kinds of products handling and service rates of the firm. TABLE: Cross Tabulation between the kinds of products handling & service rates Service provided by the firm doesn’t meet the rates Strongly Strongly Total Agree Neutral Disagree Agree Disagree Automotive 0 0 0 1 0 1 Agro Based 0 0 0 1 0 1 Various Textiles 2 2 3 11 1 19 kinds of Metals & 0 1 1 6 0 8 products Engineering handled Consumer Goods 0 0 0 1 0 1 Sea Foods 1 2 0 0 0 3 Others 0 1 3 10 3 17 Total 2 5 7 18 4 36 Percentages and totals are based on respondents. a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 INFERENCE: It is evident from the above table that the various products handling business customers were felt neutral with the service rates provided by the firm.

CROSS TABULATION BETWEEN THE CUSTOMER’S PREFERENCE TOWARDS CUSTOMS HOUSE AGENT AND THE NUMBER OF EXISTENCE IN THE BUSINESS This section classify the data between the customer’s preference towards Customs House Agent and the number of their existence in the business using cross tabulation for the purpose to find out the relationship between the customer’s preference towards Customs House Agent and the number of their existence in the business. TABLE: Cross Tabulation between the customers preferred Customs House Agent and the number of existence in the business Custom House Agent

Forwader Liner Total 0 to 5 10 0 10 6 to 10 10 3 13 No. of years in 11 to 15 6 1 7 Business 16 to 20 2 1 3 Above 1 2 3 20 Total 29 7 36 INFERENCE It is evident from the above table that the business customers have a shifting preference over the customs house agent. As a new entry the business customers prefer only the forwarder, as their experience increases they have a thought of splitting their shipment in both the forwarder and liner. ANOVA BETWEEN THE CUSTOMER’S PREFERENCE TOWARDS CUSTOMS HOUSE AGENT AND THE RATES FIXED BY THE FIRM. Researcher has to find out the relationship between the customer’s preference towards Customs House Agent and the rates fixed by the firm. H0 : There is no significant difference between the customer’s preference towards Customs House Agent and the rates fixed by the firm. H1 : There is a significant difference between the customer’s preference towards Customs House Agent and the rates fixed by the firm.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 TABLE: ANOVA between customers preferred Customs House Agent and rates Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 4.992 1 4.992 4.995 .032 Within Groups 33.980 34 .999 Total 38.972 35

INFERENCE: It is inferred from the table that the calculated value is lesser than 0.05. Therefore H1 is accepted. Hence, the customer’s preference towards Customs House Agent has a significance difference with the rates fixed by the firm. FINDINGS  The cargo tracing capability of St.John Freight System is excellent for its customers and has positive impact over the trend of having high rates for high quality services.  The extraordinary service needs of the business customers are highly satisfied by St.John Freight Systems through special services.  Most of the Business customers preferred to do their shipment through forwarder and somecustomers like to do their shipment directly through liner.  As a new entry the business customers prefer only the forwarder, as their experience increases they have a thought of splitting their shipment in both the forwarder and liner.  The business customers are highly price conscious and most of them are not interested to give high rates which exceed a limit though they receive high quality of service.  The rates fixed for shipment play an important role in influencing split loyalty of St.John Freight Systems customers. SUGGESTION  St.John Freight System can expand their services as liner by introducing mother vessel.  As St.John Freight Systems is one of the leading logistics service provider, the rates fixed for shipment shall be in an attractive manner of the business customer if necessary and possible.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 CONCLUSION Researcher has done the project work under St.John Freight Systems in Thoothukudi market. Researcher understood the perception and the factors which influences the split loyalty of St.John Freight Systems customers. The loyal customers have an expectation that St.John must expand its services as liner in future. Even though the customers are loyal to St.John, they are internally price conscious in carrying out their shipment. With a slight expansion of service as liner and by having more attractive rates recommended by the researcher St.John Freight Systems can convert their split loyal customers to hardcore loyal customers. Books: Ø Business Research Methods, McGraw Hill, 11th Edition, Donald R Cooper, Panela S Schindler, J K Sharma. Ø Marketing Management, 13th Edition, Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar. Websites: www.stjohngroup.net

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 A STUDY ON AWARENESS AND PREFERENCE TOWARDS ICE CREAM CAKES OF IBACO PARLOR IN MADURAI CITY M. Jeyaramya Research Centre of Economics, VOC College, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India ABSTRACT The Project is based on the awareness level and attitude on Ibaco Ice cream cakes in Madurai market. Hatsun Agro Products Pvt. Ltd. had introduced the Ice cream cakes through Ibaco in India. They are interested to find the customer’s feedback and expectations over the ice cream cakes. Ibaco as a business community needs to know about the consumer preferences to fulfil the consumer obligations in a meaningful and responsive manner. Hatsun Agro Products Pvt Ltd., had marketed ice creams in worldwide and ice cream cakes in India through Ibaco. Ibaco had introduced few flavors of Ice cream cakes in India since they are new to Indian market. Ibaco had planned to launch new flavors of Ice cream cakes to capture a specific place in the market by full filling the expectations of the customers. Since they are the pioneer and only player in Indian market they hadn’t faced any problems from the competitors of Ibaco. Thus they had a main focus to get the feedback from customers. Data has been collected in the ibaco ice cream parlors through questionnaire and analysis has been done to find results and they feel that the price of the ice cream cake was high so they can’t able to buy the ice cream cake and the company has to change the quantity and shape depending upon the customer specification and the customer feel that the company has to offer the ice cream cake in a single pieces it will increase the sales of the organization. INTRODUCTION: Human mind is the most complex entity in the whole universe as it is unpredictable; it would be hard to predict how a person would behave in or react in a particular situation. The consuming pattern of a person changes from place to place and situation to situation thus we could say it is very inconsistent. Each and every consumer would go different ways to satisfy his/her needs depending on social, cultural, family, economic, educational background. Consumer is the principle a priority of business. Through this study the consumer satisfaction, consumer willingness, and consumer awareness of the ice cream cakes could be analyzed. This helps the researcher to infer who are the customers are, how often they consume, and under what conditions they consume ice cream cakes. There are Psychological Theories that help us to understand and predict the effect of all external and internal factors on a consumer. External factors include Culture,

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Society, Reference group and family etc. Internal factors comprise in a consumer mind and how consumers learning, memory, attitude, personality, lifestyle and motivation levels affect consumer behavior. The project on Ice cream cakes is also trying to find consumer perception about different features of ice cream cakes and how price, Environment, Packaging, Quantity, Easy Availability and variety are affecting the sales of Ice cream cakes. COMPANY PROFILE: Hatsun often called Hatsun Agro Products is the largest private sector dairy Company in India based in Chennai. It was founded by R. G. Chandramogan in the year 1986. The Company was also awarded "The Fastest Growing Asian Dairy Company" our main motive is to sustain healthy relationship with all our stakeholders of our business such as customers, dairy farmers, marketing associates, dealers and it is a best indicator for our performance toward satisfaction of our customers through our products. Hatsun has an excellent network to collect harvested milk. We have:  Chilling centers in more than 68 locations  More than 1348 Contract vehicles  Milk sheds spread over 10 districts in Tamil Nadu and 3districts in Karnataka  Over 3 lakh milk producers In Madurai market there are four Ibaco parlors in Madurai .They are located in Thirunagar, K.K. Nagar, Iyer Bungalow and Bye pass road. Market offers very friendly environment for customers. There has been uniformity in product attributes as observed. NEED FOR THE STUDY: The ice cream cakes are consumed by all the people irrespective of their age and earnings. The company want to know about the consumer’s feelings and consumer’s feedback about the ice cream cakes because there exists no substitutes for this product. Depending upon the consumer feedback they can improve their product as per their needs. So the researcher has made an attempt to study what the consumer expect from the company and how they perceive about the product. OBJECTIVES:  To analyze the level of awareness on ice cream cake among Ibaco customer in Madurai city.  To analyze the Purchasing pattern on ice cream cake among Ibaco customer in Madurai city.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017  To analyze the satisfaction on ice cream cake among Ibaco customer in Madurai city. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: This study has been conducted to find the awareness of the new product and to find the chance for its expansion towards the target market in Madurai region. The study has been conducted among Ibaco customers who visit Ibaco parlors in Bye Pass, Iyer Bungalow, K.K. Nagar, and Thirunagar in Madurai Region. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: RESEARCH DESIGN: Descriptive research design is used in this study to because a sample represents the entire population as it is present. Primary data: Primary data was collected from the customers of Ibaco ice cream parlors through questionnaire. Data is primary because it is the first information collected through questionnaire. Secondary data: Data has been gathered from the customer’s feedback books from Ibaco parlors, Booklet of Hatsun Agro Product Ltd., journals and websites. Sampling Design: The sampling method used is convenience sampling as the population is unknown. Although convenient sampling has certain disadvantages but still it is used because almost all the responses are similar. The sample size is 563 consumers that are collected from the Ibaco ice cream parlor in Madurai. Bypass - 293 K. K. Nagar - 151 Iyer Bungalow - 54 Thirunagar - 65 Data Collection: Using structured questionnaire, data are collected from respondents. In the questionnaire both open-ended and close ended questions are employed. Questionnaire: The questions are related to the consumer awareness, consumer willingness, purchasing pattern, and consumer feedback towards the Ibaco. It consists of 27 questions and likert scale of order 5 is used.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 AWARENESS ON ICE CREAM CAKE AMONG IBACO CUSTOMER IN MADURAI CITY: Analysis has been carried to find out the awareness level of ice cream cakes offered by Ibaco with the data collected from the Ibaco customers. Awareness of the ice cream cakes In this figure to understand the awareness level for the ice cream cakes among the respondents.

Figure: 2.2. The awareness of the ice cream cakes of Ibaco Inference: In this analysis 80% of the respondents have awareness about the Ibaco ice cream cakes and 20% of the respondents has doesn’t know about the Ibaco ice cream cakes. So, the company has to increase the awareness of the Ibaco ice cream cakes through the advertising or other forms of communication channel. THE SATISFACTION ON ICE CREAM CAKE AMONG IBACO CUSTOMER IN MADURAI CITY Analysis has been conducted to find out the level of consumer satisfaction to buy the ice cream cakes offered by the Ibaco with the data collected from the Ibaco customers. Factors influencing the consumption of Ice cream cakes The weighted average used to find the most influencing factors of the ice cream cakes among the respondents.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Influencing factors of Ibaco ice cream cakes S.no. Factors No. of Respondent Σfx/316 Rank 1 Shape 556 1.75 3 2 Quality 545 1.72 2 3 Flavors 570 1.80 5 4 Price 800 2.53 8 5 Taste 522 1.65 1 6 Novelty 579 1.83 7 7 Color 563 1.78 4 8 Decoration 575 1.81 6 [Note: Multiple choices selected] Inference: From the above table it is found that, Taste is the major influencing factor to buy the ice cream cakes which ranks first, followed by the quality which ranks second, followed by shape, color, flavors, decorations. The novelty and price has the least influencing factor over the purchase of the ice cream cakes by the respondents. Thus more concentration should be taken to minimize the price of the ice cream cakes so that the movement of the ice cream cakes could be increased. THE PURCHASING PATTERN ON ICE CREAM CAKE AMONG IBACO CUSTOMER IN MADURAI CITY Analysis has been conducted to find out the level of consumer willingness to buy the ice cream cakes offered by the Ibaco with the data collected from the Ibaco customers Consumer willingness to purchase the ice cream cakes S.no. Particulars No. of Respondent Percentage 1 Definitely 206 36.6% 2 Probably 172 30.6% 3 May be 178 31.6% 4 Probably not 6 1.1% 5 Definitely not 1 0.2% Total 563 100.0%

Inference: From the above table it is found that, 36% of the respondents definitely they will buy the ice cream cake in future, 31% of the respondents may be they will buy the ice cream cake in future, 30% of the respondents probably they will buy the ice cream cake in future, 1% of the respondents probably not they will buy the ice cream in future.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 OVERALL SATISFACTION OF THE IBACO ICE CREAM CAKES The frequency tabulation to find the satisfaction of the ice cream cakes by the respondents. Overall Satisfaction of the Ibaco Ice cream cakes S.no. Level of Satisfaction No. of Respondent Percentage 1 Unaware of Ice cream cakes 247 43.9% 2 Extremely Satisfied 60 10.7% 3 Very Satisfied 191 33.9% 4 Somewhat satisfied 43 7.6% 5 Slightly satisfied 21 3.7% 6 Not at all satisfied 1 0.2% Total 563 100.0% Inference: From the above table shows that 247 respondents they doesn’t know about the ice cream cakes Ibaco and 191 respondents they know about the ice cream cakes and they very satisfied with that and 60 respondents have extremely satisfied with the ice cream cakes offered by the Ibaco and 43 respondents have somewhat satisfied with the ice cream cakes and 21 respondents have slightly satisfied with the ice cream cakes. From this we found that the company has to change as per their consumer preferences. FINDINGS  Most of the customers wish to buy this cake for their birthdays, Anniversary and wedding etc., but they want to place the candle in that cake. So the company has to fulfil this.  Most of the customers of Ibaco they have the awareness of the ice cream cakes. But they are not able to buy the ice cream cakes because of the price.  Most of the respondents say that they have to reduce the price of the ice cream cakes.  The taste and quality of the ice cream cakes was the main factors to influence the customers to buy the ice cream cakes.  Most of the respondents say that they very satisfied with the taste of the ice cream cakes.  Most of the respondents say that the company has to add the more flavors of the ice cream cakes.  Most of respondents say that they will recommend this ice cream cake to others.  Depending upon their satisfaction they have the willingness to buy the ice cream cake in future.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 SUGGESTIONS  If the company offer the ice cream cake in a single pieces it will increase the sales. Because the customers want the ice cream cake in a single pieces.  They have to reduce the price of the ice cream cakes.  The customers expect the shape and quantity as per their specifications.  The company has to reduce the roughness of the ice cream cake.

CONCLUSION Researcher had done this project work in Hatsun Agro Products Ltd., Researcher understood the awareness and preference towards ice cream cakes of Ibaco. Ibaco had successfully created awareness about Ice cream cakes. The price of the ice cream cakes are still high to be purchased by common public. Ibaco may provide Ice cream cakes based on the customer specification to fulfil their expectations. The Customers feel that they want more flavors of the ice cream cakes in future. Books Ø Business Research Methods, McGraw Hill, 11th Edition, Donald R Cooper, Panela S Schindler, J K Sharma. Ø Marketing Management, 13th Edition, Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar.

Websites Ø www.hatsun.com Ø www.proquest.com

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 PSYCHO-SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF WORK LIFE BALANCE CHALLENGES AMONG WOMEN EMPLOYEES OF PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS IN TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT ALLOCIYA GEORGE1 and M. MATHEW RICHARDSON2 1 Department of Commerce, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India. 2. Department of Commerce, St. John’s College,Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract Indian women’s increasing exposure to educational opportunities has opened new vistas, increased awareness and raised aspirations of personal growth. This, along with economic pressure, has been instrumental in influencing women's decision to enter the work force. The economic need is considered to be the first criteria for married women to go for work in India.Women are required to perform an accumulation of disparate roles simultaneously, each one with its unique pressures. Multiple role-playing has been found to have both positive and negative effects on the mental health and well-being of professional women. In certain instances, women with multiple roles reported better physical and psychological health than women with less role involvement.Work life balance means the competence to schedule the hours of an individual Professional and Personal life so as to lead a healthy and peaceful life. It emphasize the values, attitudes and beliefs of women regarding their ability to work in an organisation and balancing their work and personal life. Keywords: Work–life balance,Banking Industry, Employees, Work, Self-Management. Introduction The Indian scenario with regard to career development of women is undergoing rapid changes due to the increased pace of urbanization and modernization. Indian women’s increasing exposure to educational opportunities has opened new vistas, increased awareness and raised aspirations of personal growth. This, along with economic pressure, has been instrumental in influencing women's decision to enter the work force. The economic need is considered to be the first criteria for married women to go for work in India. As a result, Indian women belonging to all classes have entered into paid occupations. But this has indeed become a tough challenge for women as they have to perform a lot of duties in home and office as well which leads to conflict between work and family life.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Women and Work-Family Conflict Women are required to perform an accumulation of disparate roles simultaneously, each one with its unique pressures. Multiple role-playing has been found to have both positive and negative effects on the mental health and well-being of professional women. In certain instances, women with multiple roles reported better physical and psychological health than women with less role involvement. In other words, they cherished motivational stimulation, self-esteem, a sense of control, physical stamina, and bursts of energy. However multitasking have also led to lots of issues in women s health like mental and physical health, frustration, depression and stress. Work–life balance Work life balance means the competence to schedule the hours of an individual Professional and Personal life so as to lead a healthy and peaceful life. It emphasize the values, attitudes and beliefs of women regarding their ability to work inan organisation and balancing their work and personal life. WorkLife Equalization implies the fitness to plan the hours of an individual in order to lead a solid and sincere life. It underscore the qualities, conviction of ladies in regards to their ability to work in sorting out and adjusting their work and individual life. Statement of the Problem Work life balance has become very important challenges and problems for in women employees today. The role of working women has changed throughout the world due to economic conditions and social demands. Thishas resulted in a scenario in which working women have tremendous pressure to develop a career as robust as their male counterparts while sustaining active engagement in personal life.To studying the factors causing work life imbalance and ability of employees to maintain work life balance and identifying suitable measures for over loading work life balance challenges are important concerns in the context of effective self-managementin case of the women employees and effective than are resource management is case of banking enterprises. Such studies are less attempted especially in Tirunelveli area. This study fills up such gap.On the other hand their work –life balance is affected by their own social and psychological behaviours. Today employees, especially the women employees, in banking sector have to undergo a lot of pressures in their work life due to the tough competition in the market and revolution of changes in management approach. Such increased bank hours, emphasion service quality, target oriented work assignment etc.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Objectives of the study This study has been undertaken to examine the implications of Work Life Balance Challenges of women employees in banking sector in Tirunelveli District. The following are its specificobjectives. 1) To assess the level of work life balancing ability of women employees in public scetor banks in the study area. 2) To study the challenges for work life balance among the women employees in public sector banks in the study area. 3) To study the psychological impact of work life balance challenges among women employees in public sector banks in the study area. 4) To give suggestions to overcome the challenges for work life balancing faced by the women employees in public sector banks in the study area. Methodology of the study This study is empirical and exploratory in nature. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. The required information has been extracted both from primary and secondary sources. The primary data has been collected by conducting personal interview from women employees selected public sector banks in Tirunelveli district. The secondary data were collected from websites and bank reports. Sampling Taking into account of the time constraints the researcher determined the sample size to be 100. The employees were included in the sample size on the basis of their availability at the time of researcher’s visit and purposive inclusive of different cadre positions in the sample. Data Processing and Analysis The collected data were edited, classified and tabulated according to requirements of analysis in the light of the objectives of the study. The statistical tools such as Percentile analysis, Mean score analysis, Garrett’s Ranking, t-test, Factor analysis and Anova were applied in the data. Literature Review Joanna Hughes, Nikos Bozionelos1(2007) purpose is to explore the views of male workers in a male dominated occupation on issues that pertain to work-life balance. It emerged that work-life imbalance was not only a source of concern, but also that it was the major source of dissatisfaction for participants. Furthermore, participants made a clear

1 Joanna Hughes, Nikos Bozionelos,“Work-life balance as source of job dissatisfaction and withdrawal attitudes”, Personnel Review Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 145-154, 2007.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 connection between problems with work life balance and withdrawal behaviors, including turnover and non-genuine sick absence. K.Santhana Lakshmi et al, 2(March 2013) have examined that the Educational institutions should address the Work Life Balance related issues among their staff, specifically women and take a holistic approach to design and implement the policies to support the teaching staff to manage their WLB. J.Sudha and Dr.P.Karthikeyan3(2014) in their study”Work life balance of women employee” highlight that career and goals are the most important factors in life. Most of the women are coming forward to work in order to support their family.. The biggest challenge for them is how to balance the demands of family and career. The study examines the various aspects such as Career Advancement, Work Stress, Career aspiration, Work Family conflict and Family Work Conflict, Child Care in the context with work life balance of women employees. Banking Industry The banking industry in Tirunelveli district has a wider network of banking with different categories of banks such as public sector banks, private sector banks and co-operative banks. There are 18 public sector banks functioning in the district with 196 branches in different places. In the addition to the public sector banks there are 10 private sector banks and 1 Regional Rural banks functioning in the Tirunelveli District with 393 branches. Table 1 Distributionof Public Banks in Tirunelveli District as on December 2016. Sl.No Name of the Bank Rural Semi- Urban Metro- Total Urban Politian State Bank Group 1 State Bank of India 9 10 9 0 27 2 State Bank of Travancore 4 7 2 0 13 3 state Bank of Hyderabad 0 0 1 0 1 TOTAL 13 17 11 0 41 Nationalised Banks 1 Allahabad Bank 1 2 0 0 3 2 Andhra Bank 0 2 1 0 3 3 Bank of Baroda 0 1 3 0 4 4 Bank of India 1 2 1 0 4

2Santhana Lakshmi K, SujathaGopinath S. Work Life Balance of Women Employees with reference to Teaching faculties. International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management and Technology 2013; II. 3J.Sudha and Dr.P.Karthikeyan(2014)”Work life balance of women employees”Internatonal journal of Management and Review IJMRR Vol.4 /Issue 8 /Article No-3/797-804

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 5 Bank of Maharastra 0 0 1 0 1 6 Canara Bank 13 13 10 0 36 7 Central Bank of India 3 4 4 0 11 8 Corporation Bank 4 2 2 0 8 9 Dena Bank 0 0 1 0 1 10 IDBI 0 3 0 0 3 11 Indian Bank 6 10 11 0 27 12 Indian Overseas Bank 30 26 13 0 69 13 Oriental Bank of Commerce 0 0 1 0 1 14 Punjab National Bank 1 4 1 0 6 15 Syndicate Bank 2 2 3 0 7 16 Uco Bank 0 1 1 0 2 17 Union Bank of India 1 2 3 0 6 18 United Bank of India 0 0 1 0 1 19 Vijaya Bank 1 1 1 0 3 Total 63 75 58 0 196 Regional Rural Banks PandyanGrama Bank 35 27 1 0 63 Private Sector Banks 1 Axis Bank 2 2 1 0 5 2 City Union Bank 0 6 3 0 9 3 Federal Bank 1 3 1 0 5 4 HDFC 1 3 2 0 6 5 ICICI 6 4 1 0 11 6 Kanataka Bank 0 0 1 0 1 7 KarurVysya Bank 1 7 1 0 9 8 Lakshmi Vilas Bank 2 2 2 0 6 9 South Indian Bank 1 1 1 0 3 10 Tamilnadu Mercantile Bank 18 17 3 0 38 32 45 16 0 93 TOTAL 143 164 86 0 393 Source: IOB, Lead Bank in Tirunelveli District. Analysis and interpretation of data Table 2 Classification of the Women Employees by Age Age Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent 20-30 years 16 16.0 16.0 30-40 years 27 27.0 43.0 40-50 years 36 36.0 79.0 Above 50 years 21 21.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 Source: Primary Data

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Table 2 presents the age wise classification of the women employees. It shows that most of the women employees of the banking sector in the study area belong to the age group of 40 -50 years (36%). Another 27% belong to the age group of 30-40 years, 21% belong to the age group of above 50% and the remaining 16% belong to the age group of 20-30 years. Table 3 Factor Wise Analysis for Challenges to Work Life Balance Sl. No Factors Eigen Percentage of Cumulative Value Variance Percentage of Variance 1. Personal and Family 3.421 17.465 17.465 Problem Factor 2. Organizational Factor 3.204 16.359 33.825 3. Work Load Factor 3.932 20.075 53.899 4. Working Environment 2.384 12.173 66.073 Factor 5. Conveyance Factor 1.878 9.588 75.661 6. Time Management Skill 1.457 7.440 83.101 Factor 7. Relationship and Support 1.411 7.205 90.306 Factor Source: Computed Data The Eigen values of the factors indicate the degree of variability of the factor in total set. The higher eigen values shows the higher intensity of the variable explained in the factor. Analysis of the eigen values of the above factors reveals the intensity of each factor comprising of 23 variables and their influence on the challenges for balancing between work and environment of women employees in banking sector in TirunelveliDistrcit. The eigen values of the factors such as Personal and Family Problem factor, Organizational factor, Work load factor, Work and Environment factor, Conveyance factor, Time management skill factor and Relationship and support factor were 3.421, 3.204, 3.932, 2.384, 1.878 , 1.457 and 1.411. Thus the intensity is higher in respect of Work Load Factor and Personal and Family Problem Factor.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Table 4 Work Life Balancing Ability and Age level of women Employees - Result of ANOVA Particulars Age Sum of df Mean F p Squares Square Value Self Between Groups 118.945 3 39.648 2.458 .068 Management Within Groups 1548.365 96 16.129 Total 1667.310 99 Family Between Groups 716.780 3 238.927 16.170 .000 Caring Within Groups 1418.460 96 14.776 Total 2135.240 99 Coping with Between Groups 420.158 3 140.053 8.320 .000 Work Within Groups 1615.952 96 16.833 Total 2036.110 99 Management Between Groups 33.742 3 11.247 1.869 .140 of Social Within Groups 577.698 96 6.018 Relationships Total 611.440 99 Work Life Between Groups 2504.385 3 834.795 9.079 .000 Balancing Within Groups 8827.175 96 91.950 Ability Total 11331.560 99 Source: Computed Data From the ANOVA test it is found that the ‘F’ values for the aspects of work life balance ability such as family caring, coping with work and work life balancing ability are 16.170, 8.320 and 9.079 which are significant at 5 per cent level with ‘p’ value of 0.000, 0.000 and 0.000. Since the ‘p’ value is less than 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore it may be concluded that there is a significant difference in family caring, coping with work and work life balancing ability among different age groups of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district. It is observed that the ‘F’ value for the aspects of self-management and management of social relationships are 2.458 and 1.869 which is not significant at 5 per cent level with ‘p’ value of 0.068 and 0.140. Since the ‘p’ value is higher than 0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore it may be concluded that there is no significant difference in the aspects self-management and management of social relationships among different age group of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Table 5 Garrett Ranking S.NO PARTICULARS GARRET MEAN RANK SCORE 1 Time planning and scheduling 52.0 V 2 Leaving work at work 57.5 II 3 Seeking guidance and counselling 50.6 VII 4 Determining work boundaries 56.9 III 5 Creating Designated vacation/leave 57.1 I 6 Avoidance of Perfectionism in job 41.8 XI 7 Work reduction by use of Technical 51.2 VI Applications 8 Reduction of travel time by own 52.2 IV conveyance 9 Reduction of travel time by residing 49.9 VIII nearby the bank 10 Seeking support from family members 46.5 IX 11 Avoidance of multi-tasking 44.9 X 12 Seeking support from bank authority 34.8 XII Source: Primary Data The Garrett mean score on the various problems discovered above shows that creating designated vacation/leave and leaving work at work are to be most important strategies for work life balance of women employees. Determining work boundaries is found to be the third important strategies followed by women employees(Mean Score 56.9). The fourth strategy is Reduction of travel time by own conveyance is followed women employees (Mean Score 52.2). The fifth important strategy is Seeking guidance and counselling (Mean Score 52.0). The sixth strategy is Work reduction by use of Technical Applications (Mean Score 51.2). The seventh strategy is Time planning and scheduling (Mean Score 50.6 ) which is followed by Reduction of travel time by residing nearby the bank (Mean Score 49.9), Seeking support from family members (Mean Score 46.5), Avoidance of multi-tasking(Mean score 44.9), 41.8 and 34.8 respectively. Findings of the study The findings from the inferences of the data analysis made by the researcher with the help of statistical analysis are presented here

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Demographic profile of the Women Employees  A majority (36%) of the women employees in public sector banks belonging to the age group of 40-50 years. The employees belongs to the age groups of 40-50 years and above 50 years altogether constitute a vast (57%) majority of the sample size which means that most of the employees are middle aged people.  A vast majority (92%) of the women employees are married and majority of them (56%) live in the nuclear family and have more then two dependents in their family (82%).  A majority (54%) of the women employees of SBI belong to SC/ST community who are followed by those belonging to BC (32%).  A vast majority of the employees (90%) have to educational qualification of under graduation and post-graduation and 6% are professional degree holders or other diploma holders. A vast majority of the women employees (58%) of in the study area hold the cadre position of Assistant manager.  Most of (64%) their monthly income ranges . Above Rs.30000 per month. Work life balancing ability of women employees  The self-management ability of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district is only moderate in case of majority of the women employees.  The family caring ability of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district is only moderate in case of majority of the women employees.  The ability of coping with work of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district is only moderate in case of majority of the women employees.  The ability of management of social relationships women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district is only moderate in case of majority of the women employees.  The Over All Work Life Balancing ability of women employees public sector banks in Tirunelveli district is only moderate in case of majority of the women employees. Challenges to Work Life Balance  The Challenges to Work Life Balance are classified into following seven important factors such as Personal and Family Problem Factor, Organizational Factor, Work Load Factor, Working Environment Factor, Conveyance Factor, Time Management Skill Factor and Relationship and Support Factor.  The Personal and Family Problem Factor is based on following variables such as Health issues due to old age, Marital / Family problems, Chronic diseases /Frequent

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 illness, Financial problems, Personal worries and problems and Ill healthy habits and practices.  The second factor Organizational factor represents Unachievable target fixed by the management, Stringent rules and regulations of organizations, Lack of proper delegation of work and Time pressure to achieve target.  The third factor is the Work Load Factor which includes the variables namely Over workload at office and Over workload at house. This deals about the workload in their office and house.  The Work and Environment factor is the fourth factor which includes the variables such as Poor working conditions at office and Lack of infrastructural facilities at work place.  The Conveyance factor is the next higher factor loading in the rotated component matrix. It includes the variables such as Lack of adequate transport facility and Long distance between residence and office.  The Time management skill factor is the sixth factor such as Lack of time management skills and Laziness and procrastination.  Finally the Relationship Support factor which comprises the variables such as Internal Conflict, Lack of family member support, Lack of family member support, Lack of others support in discharging responsibilities and Lack of Co-operation. Demographic Factors and Work Life Balancing Ability  There is significant relationship between age of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of Works Life Balancing ability such as self-management and management of social relationships.  There is no significant relationship between the age of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and aspects of Work Life Balancing ability such as Family caring and ability of Coping with work and Overall Work Life Balancing ability.  There is significant relationship between the marital status of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of work life balancing ability such as Self-management ability, Ability of Coping with work, Abilityof Management of social relationships and Overall Work Life Balancing ability.  There is no significant relationship between the Marital status of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and Family caring.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017  There is significant relationship between different Cadre positions of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of Ability Management of Social Relationships.  There is no significant relationship between different Cadre positions of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of ability such as Self-management , Family caring , Coping with work and Overall Work Life Balancing ability.  There is significant relationship between different type of family of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of Family caring ability, Ability of Coping with work and Management of social relationships ability.  There is no significant relationship between different type of family of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of WLB of Self-management and Overall Work Life Balancing ability.  There issignificant relationship between different distance the work place and residence of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of Coping with work.  There is no significant relationships between different distance the work place and residence of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of Work Life Balancing ability such as Family caring, self-management, Management of social relationships and Overall Work Life Balancing ability.  There is significant relationship between different number of dependents in the family of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of Work Life Balancing ability such as Family caring, management of social relationships and work life balancing ability.  There is no significant relationship between different number of dependents in the family of women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district and the aspects of Self-management and Coping with work. Impact of Work Life Balance challenges  The Psychological impact among women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district is only moderate in case of majority of the women employees.  The Social impact among women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district is only moderate in case of majority of the women employees.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Strategies for work life balance The strategies of work life balance are Time planning and scheduling, Leaving work at work, Seeking Guidance and Counselling, Determining work boundaries, Creating Designated vacation/leave, Avoidance of Perfectionism in job, Work Reduction by use of Technical Applications, Reduction of travel time by own conveyance, Reducing travel time by residing nearby the bank, Seeking support from family members, Seeking support from bank authority and Avoidance of multi-tasking. The Creating Designated vacation/leave, Leaving work at work, Determining work boundaries, Reduction of travel time by own conveyance and Time planning and scheduling are the most important strategies for work life balance. Suggestions  The level of overall work life balance ability of the women employees and its elements such as the abilities for self-management, family caring, copying with work and management of social relationship are only moderate. The personal and family problem factor of challenges to work life balance by women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district. In this background, the researcher is giving the following suggestions to overcome their work life balance challenges and to enhance their work life balance abilities.  Thebank shall arrange special programmes to impact self-management skills among the women employees such as time management, habit management, financial management etc.  The employees shall be provided with family caring support like, childcare units, flexi time schedules according to the family needs etc.  The employees ability to cope up with the work shall be enhanced by the intensive and regular orientation and training programmes. To motivate them, monetary rewards shall be attached to such training programmes.  The social skills be imparted to the employees through special workshops and training programmes so as to enhance their ability of social relationship management.  As personal and family problem factor comprising of health issues, I’ll healthy habits, personal and marital problems etc. are the important problems faced by the women employees in maintaining work life balance, counselling sessions shall be arranged for the employees.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017  The rules of the bank shall be made staff friendly and the targets fixed for them shall be made realistic and achievable so that, the organisational factor and work load factor of challenges to work life balance shall be overcome. Conclusion It is concluded that the overall level of work life balance ability of the women employees of public sector banks in Tirunelveli district is only moderate and the same is the case on its elements such as self-management, family caring, coping with work and management of social relationships. Creating designated vacations and leaves and adjusting the time allotment to work and family according to the requirements are the important strategies adapted by the women employees to face work life balance challenges. There are no initiatives on the banks' side to facilitate the employees to make a balance work life and family life. This is the area to be given a special focus by the authorities. References 1. S.Kaiser et al.(eds), Creating Balance , DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16199-5_2,Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 2. Work life balance (2002), In The word spy, Retrieved February 10, 2007. 3. https://scholar.google.co.in 4. https://en.m.wikipdia.org 5. journals.sagepub.com 6. www.worklifebalance.com 7. Joanna Hughes, Nikos Bozionelos,“Work-life balance as source of job dissatisfaction and withdrawal attitudes”, Personnel Review Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 145-154, 2007. 8. Santhana Lakshmi K, SujathaGopinath S. Work Life Balance of Women Employees with reference to Teaching faculties. International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management and Technology 2013; II. 9. J.Sudha and Dr.P.Karthikeyan(2014)”Work life balance of women employees”International journal of Management and Review IJMRR Vol.4 /Issue 8 /Article No-3/797-804

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 A Study on Consumer’s Perception and Satisfaction towards FMCG Products with special reference to Thoothukudi District. P.Bhanumathi Department of Commerce, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract FMCG sector is an important contributor to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is also the fourth largest sector in the Indian economy, responsible for providing employment. The FMCGs sector is a very dynamic sector in India. A major goal is to satisfy the needs and wants of consumer and their target markets more effectively and efficiently. This article highlights the consumer satisfaction towards fast moving consumer goods in Thoothukudi. Introduction Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) goods are popularly named as consumer packaged goods. The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector is one of the booming sectors of the Indian economy which has experienced outstanding growth in the past decade. This sector comprises of three main segments, which include personal care, household care, food and beverages. Personal care comprises of oral care, hair care, toiletries, soaps and cosmetics; household care comprises of fabric wash and household cleaners; and food and beverages include health beverages, soft drinks, cereals, dairy products, bakery products, chocolates etc., FMCG sector is an important contributor to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is also the fourth largest sector in the Indian economy, responsible for providing employment. This sector also creates employment for around three million people in downstream activities, which are generally carried out in smaller towns and rural India . CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals, groups and organizations. Select, buy and dispose of goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. Consumer behaviour may be defined as the decision process and physical activity individuals engage in when evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing of goods and services. Several aspects of this statement need emphasis and elaboration so that their meaning can be more fully appreciated. FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS Products which have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost are known as Fast Moving

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Literature Review: Kumar and Joseph (2014), found to identify the level of influence of various factors on the purchase of FMCG products-soaps & detergents among the rural/ semi urban consumers. The study emphasized that rural consumers gave more importance to the ‘quality’ of the FMCG- personal care brands they bought rather than the normative influences or social appeal wide celebrity endorsements in the mass media. Studies by Vibhuti (2014) Consumer Buying Behavior towards Selected FMCG Products, came up with the finding that consumer behaviour is largely effected by place, product, price, and promotion, physiological and psychological factors. However effect of these factors also differ from product to product. Another study on Consumer Behaviour towards Selected Fast Moving Consumer Goods, by Mahalingam and Nandha Kumar(2012) found that most of the consumers are influenced by brand and quality in purchase of FMCG products,and also the researcher has suggested to improve the quality in FMCG product through product development and external monitoring. Ganesh (2015) In his study Consumers’Perception towards Brand Loyalty of FMCG Products The author analysed that the consumers’ perception towards brand loyalty of the FMCG product is awareness, knowledge, attitude of the brand, risk aversion to change the brand, satisfaction and brand trust of the consumers, variables namely brand, image, product quality, product knowledge, product involvement, products attributes and brand loyalty of consumers. Saranya G.Surya (2016) In their research titled “The Preference of Women Consumers with FMCG Products. FMCG Industry is characterized by a well-established distribution network, low penetration levels, low operating cost, lower per capita consumption and intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments. India‘s FMCG sector creates employment for more than three million people in downstream activities. It is currently growing at double-digit rate and is expected to maintain a high growth rate. Indian buyers were a bit conservative partly due to lesser disposable income and partly due to fewer competitive and more variety of products. Importance of study: The FMCG sector shows tremendous growth last few years. Compare to other sectors investors prefer to make their investment in this sector only. However there is high growth tendency for FMCG sector it faces some difficulties in achieving their destination. Hence the purpose of this study is to identify the force that influence on consumer Satisfaction and perception towardsFMCG in Thoothukudi . Because

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Thoothukudi referred as the south Indian man sitter where most of the industry people living that why selected the FMCG product study. Scope of the study: The present study target of thoothukudi consumers, understanding their behaviour helps to identify the preference influence of brand in their purchase decision etc. on the purchase of particular FMCG product. The insight will help the manufactures to adopt new strategies which would help not only to attract new customer but also the maintain the loyalty of the existing customer, as in the present competitive scenario the consumer are prepared to choose their right product not only based on their needs but also on the basic of personal interest shown by the manufactures on them. Objectives of the study:  To analyze the socio, economic profile of rural consumers and their attitude towards buying products.  To analyse motives of different age group for buying FMCG products.  To find out the ranking of factors in the brand preferences of consumers regarding FMCG products. Hypotheses of the Study  There is no significant relationship between motives for purchase of FMCG products and profile of customers.  There is no significant relationship between profile of customers and brand Preferences of FMCG products.  There is no significant relationship between factors influencing purchase decision of FMCG products and satisfaction towards FMCG products. Research Methodology The study has used both the primary data and secondary data. Field survey method was employed to collect primary data from 450 respondents framed questionnaire is used for data collection. Secondary data were collected through various journals, magazines, reports and newspapers. Area of Study The survey was conducted in Thoothukudi District south-eastern corner of Tamil Nadu. The district is known for pearl cultivation, with an abundance of pearls being found in the seas offshore

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Sampling Design For the purpose of the study 450 respondents have been chosen in Thoothukudi District by using convenience sampling technique. The questionnaire was prepared and administered in person to all the respondents. The information collected have been edited for reliability and consistency and presented in a master table for analysis. Limitations of study:  The research concentrates with only few FMCG like a Body care, Cleanliness care and eatables.  450 respondents are taken for the study with the income in sample size the result may vary. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS The demographic profile of the respondents namely gender, age, occupation, educational background, monthly income, residential status, marital status, type of family and size of the family have been analysed and presented in the Table 4.1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents The demographic profile of the respondents gives an overall information about personal profile of the respondents, which consists of gender, age, occupation, educational background, monthly income, residential status, and marital status, type of family and size of the family. The following table gives a brief account of the same. Table 4.1 Demographic Profile Variables No. of Respondents % Cumulative % Gender Male 275 61 61 Female 175 39 100 Total 450 100 Age Below 20 26 6 6 21-40 279 62 68 41-60 141 31 99 Above 60 4 1 100.0 Total 450 100.0 Occupation Agriculturist 65 14 14 Salaried Class 355 79 93 Others 30 7 100.0 Total 450 100.0 Educational Background Illiterate 44 10 10

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Below Higher Secondary 134 30 40 Under Graduate 228 50 90 Post Graduate 44 10 100.0 Total 450 100.0 Monthly Income Below Rs.20000 264 58 58 Rs.20000-40000 98 22 80 Rs.40000-60000 80 18 98 Above Rs.60000 8 2 100.0 Total 450 100.0 Residential Status Rural 156 35 35 Urban 294 65 100.0 Total 450 100.0 Marital Status Married 292 65 65 Unmarried 158 35 100.0 Total 450 100.0 Type of family Nuclear 271 60 60 Joint 179 40 100.0 Total 450 100.0 Size of the Family Below 3 67 15 15 3-5 316 70 85 Above 5 67 15 100.0 Total 450 100.0 Source: Primary Survey Table 4.1 shows that in respect of gender distribution, 275 respondents (61 percent) are male and 175 of them (39 per cent) are female. Majority of the respondents belongs to the age group (21-40) consist of 62 percent, middle aged consist of (41-60) 31 percent, 6 percent consist of below 20 years and above 60 years consist of only 1 percent . With regard to occupation, 355respondents (79 percent) belong to salaried class people, 65 of them (14 percent) agriculturist and 30 of them (7 percent) others. The literacy rate of the respondents who are the customers of FMCG products is normally good.228 of them (50 percent) have completed their under graduation, 134 of them (30 per cent),are below higher secondary , 45 respondents (10 per cent) are post graduate and 44 respondents (10 per cent) are illiterates. Out of 450 respondents, 58 per cent of the respondents have been earned an monthly income of below Rs.20,000, 22 per cent of them Rs.20,000-40,000, 18 per cent of them Rs.40,000 to Rs.60,000 and only 2 per cent of them have monthly income of above Rs. 60,000.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 With regards to residential status, 65per cent of the respondents belong to urban area and 35per cent of them belong to rural area. With regards to the marital status, reveals that 65 percent of them are married and 35 percent of them are unmarried. Out of 450 respondents, the family type consist of nuclear 60 percent and 40 percent extended to joint family .The family size is reasonably small in which 316 respondents have 3 to 5 (70 per cent), 67 respondents (15 per cent) have 3 members, 67 respondents (15 per cent) have more than 5 members in their family Ranking of factors in the order of brand preference An attempt has been made to analyse the factors in the order of brand preference. Table 4.2 shows the details with regard to the factors in the order of brand preference. Table 4.2 Ranking of factors in the order of brand preference Sl.No Factors Rank Total I II III IV V VI VII 1. Reasonable price 23 90 68 90 45 23 111 450 2. Good quality 225 23 67 68 - 45 22 450 3. Popularity of the 45 23 44 - 112 135 91 450 company 4. Easy availability 46 179 45 135 23 22 - 450 5. Good after sales 22 - 68 67 134 91 68 450 service 6. Status symbol 22 135 90 68 23 67 45 450 7. Satisfies traditional 67 - 68 22 113 67 113 450 value Source: Primary Data Table 4.36 shows that 225 respondents have given first rank to good quality, 67 respondents have given first rank to satisfies traditional value, 46 respondents have given first rank to easy availability, 45 respondents have given first rank to popularity of the company, 23 respondents have given first rank to reasonable price, 22 respondents have given first rank to status symbol and another 22 respondents have given first rank to good after sales service. Moreover to identify the factors in the order of brand preference, the researcher has used Garret Ranking Technique. The researcher has identified seven factors in the order of brand preference. They are reasonable price, good quality, popularity of the company, easy availability, good after sales service, status symbol and satisfies traditional value. The respondents have been asked to rank them.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 In Garret ranking method, the Garret ranks are calculated by using the appropriate Garret Ranking formula. Then based on the Garret ranks, the Garret table value is ascertained. The Garret table values and scores of each rank are given in Table. Finally by adding each row, the total Garret score is obtained. The formula to calculate percent position is Percent Position =

Where, Rij = Rank given for the ith variable by jth respondents Nj = Number of variable ranked by jth respondents Table shows the Garret values for the various ranks. Table 4.3 Percent Position and Garret Value Sl. No Calculated Value Garret value

1. 7.14 78

2. 21.43 65

3. 35.71 57

4. 50 50

5. 64.29 42

6. 78.57 34

7. 92.86 21

Table 4.4 shows the Garret scores for the various ranks and total scores. Table 4.4 Calculation of Garret Score for factors in the order of brand preference Sl. Factors Ranks Total No I II III IV V VI VII Scores 1. Reasonable price 1794 5850 3876 4500 1890 782 2331 21023 2. Good quality 17550 1495 3819 3400 - 1530 462 28256 3. Popularity of the 3510 1495 2508 - 4704 4590 1911 18718 company 4. Easy availability 3588 11635 2565 6750 966 748 - 26252 5. Good after sales 1716 - 3876 3350 5628 3094 1428 19092 service 6. Status symbol 1716 8775 5130 3400 966 2278 945 23210 7. Satisfies 5226 - 3876 1100 4746 2278 2373 19599 traditional value Source: Computed Primary Data.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Table 4.4 shows the Garret scores for retail stores prefer most for buying. Firstly the Garret ranks are calculated by using appropriate Garret ranking formula. Then based on the Garret ranks, the Garret table value is ascertained. The Garret table value and scores of each reason in Table 4.38 are multiplied to find out scores in Table 4.38 which are then multiplied to record scores. Finally add each row, the Garret scores have been obtained. Table 4.39 shows the ranking of factors in the order of brand preference. Table 4.5 Ranking of factors in the order of brand preference Sl. No Factors Total Average Rank Score 1. Reasonable price 21023 46.72 IV 2. Good quality 28256 62.79 I 3. Popularity of the company 18718 41.59 VII 4. Easy availability 26252 58.34 II 5. Good after sales service 19092 42.43 VI 6. Status symbol 23210 51.58 III 7. Satisfies traditional value 19599 43.55 V Source: Computed data: It is observed from the Table 4.5 that “Good quality” has been ranked as the first factor in the order of brand preference; easy availability has been ranked as second, status symbol placed in third position, reasonable price has been ranked as the fourth factor in the order of brand preference, satisfies traditional value has been ranked as the fifth factor in the order of brand preference and good after sales service has been ranked as the sixth factor in the order of brand preference followed by popularity of the company ranked as seventh position Findings of the study:  Majority of 61 per cent are male and 39 per cent are female.  Majority of 62 per cent belongs to the age group of 21-40 years.  Majority of 79 per cent belong to salaried class people.  The literacy rate of the respondents who are the customers of FMCG products is normally good. It is found that 50 per cent have completed their under graduation.  58 per cent of the respondents have been earned an monthly income of below Rs.20,000.  Residential status reveals that 65 per cent of the respondents belong to urban area and 35 per cent of them belong to rural area.  Marital status reveals that 65 per cent of them are married and 35 per cent of them are unmarried.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017  Family type reveals that 60 per cent belong to nuclear family and 40 per cent belong to joint family.  The family size shows that 70 per cent belong to the family size of 3 to 5 members.  Majority of the respondents for preferring brand Quality as first, followed by easy availability, symbol, price and traditional value. Suggestions:  Indian domestic companies should enhance their product standard and more effort to increase sales through sales promotion methods. These companies have to create awareness to purchase the domestic products.  Price off, discount, extra quantity with same price, mobile recharge, and premium are more important tools in the sales promotion.  Stores/shops are to encourage the regular buyers by way of promotional offers.  Information relating to promotion methods needed to communicate to all customers to increase more awareness regarding the sales promotional methods.  Brand loyalty is an important factor in FMCGs. It is very difficult to induce the consumers for brand switching. Any firm should study these things very critically.  Consumer buys their products only if it catches his eye at the outlet. So producers and sellers need to stress on attractive packaging and sales promotion. Further, study also indicated that the advertisement through mass media, particularly television is the important source of product information. This shows the attention of firms in the business to improve their sales promotion activities by making use of such mass media to improve their business.

Conclusion: The present study concluded that, successes of many businesses depend on their ability to create and retaining the customers. Companies to sell their products in standard price with good quality, availability of brands in all stores and is less costly to attracting new customers. Brand Loyalty provides companies strong and competitive weapons to fight with competitors in the market place. The importance promotional offers, availability of brands are important that companies must give it sufficient consideration before they plan and implement their marketing strategies. The FMCGs sector is a very dynamic sector in India. A major goal is to satisfy the needs and wants of consumer and their target markets more effectively and efficiently. Hence the researcher hopes that the information provided in this study will assist companies in shaping their marketing strategies and better serving their customers.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 REFERENCES  Kumar NA and Joseph J (2014) A Study on Consumer Behavior towards FMCG Products among the Rural-Suburban HHS of Ernakulum. J Glob Econ 2:127. doi: 10.4172/2375-4389.1000127.  Dr.Vibhuti and Dr. Ajay Kumar Tyagi, Vivek Pandey (2014) “A study on Consumer Buying Behavior towards Selected FMCG Products” International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM) Volume 2 Issue 8Pages 1168-1182 2014Website: www.ijsrm.in ISSN (e): 2321-3418.  . S. Mahalingam and P. Nandha Kumar Study on Consumer Behaviour towards selected fast Moving Consumer Goods in Coimbatore Indian journal of Marketing Volume ISSN: 2277-5374 1, Issue 11, November 2012.p.p no500-507.  Ganesh G. (2015), “Consumers’ Perception towards Brand Loyalty of FMCG Products – An Analysis.” Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I. Issue XXX, August 2015.  Saranya S. and Surya G. (2016), “The Preference of Women Consumers with FMCG Products with Special Reference to Pollachi Taluk Intercontinental Journal of Marketing Research Review, March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 APPLICATIONS OF - CLOSED SETS IN BITOPOLOGICAL SPACES G.Priscilla Pacifica and S.V.Vani Department of Mathematics, St.Mary’s college (Autonomous),Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India ABSTRACT

In this paper we introduce some new bitopological spaces namely - space, -

space, - space, - spaceas an application of - closed sets and properties of these bitopological spaces are investigated. AMS Subject Classification: 54E55

KEYWORDS: - space, - space, - space, - space. 1. INTRODUCTION

A triple where X is a non-empty set and are topologies on is called a bitopological space and Kelly [5] initiated the study of such spaces. In 1985,Fukutake[4] introduced the concepts of g-closed sets in bitopological spaces.In this paper we introduce some new spaces namely - space, - space, - space, -

space by applying - closed sets[10] in bitopological spaces and investigated their properties. 2.PRELIMINARIES Definition 2.1 A subset A of a topological space is called 1. a semi-open set[8] if and semi-closed set if .

2. an -open set[9] if and an -closed set if .

3. a generalized closed set[7]( -closed) if whenever and U is open in . 4. a generalized semi-closed set[1](gs-closed)if whenever and is open in . 5. a generalized star closed set[ 15](briefly -closed) if whenever U is g-open in . 6. -semi-closed set[16] if whenever and U is -open in . 7. a semi-generalized closed[2] (briefly sg-closed) if whenever and U is semi-open in .

Definition 2.2A subset of a bitopological space is called

1. a -g-closed [7] if - whenever and is open in .

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2. a - -closed [14] if - whenever and is g-open in .

3. a -gs-closed [1] if - whenever and is open in .

4. a - -closed [5] -s whenever and is -open in .

5. a - -closed [15] - whenever and is -open in .

6. a - -closed [16] if - whenever and is -open in .

7. a - -closed [13] if - whenever and is -open in .

Definition 2.3: A bitopological space where , is called

1. a - space [7] if every -g-closed set in it is -closed.

2. a - space [14] if every - -closed set in it is -closed. 3. a - space [11] if every -g-closed set is - -closed.

4. a - space [12] if every -gs-closed set is -g-closed.

5. a - space [10] if every -strongly -closed set in it is -closed.

6. a - space [5] if every - -closed set is -closed. . 3. APPLICATIONS OF - CLOSED SETS We introduce the following definitions:

Definition 3.1: A subset A of a bitopological space is called a - space if every - closed set is -closed.

Example 3.2: Let = , = , =

Then clearly - closed set is -closed.

Definition 3.3: A subset A of a bitopological space is called a - space if every - closed set in it is - -closed.

Example 3.4: Let = , = , = Then clearly - closed set is - -closed.

Definition 3.5: A subset A of a bitopological space is called a - space if every -gs closed set in it is - closed.

Example 3.6: Let = , = , = Then clearly - gs closed set is - closed.

Definition 3.7: A subset A of a bitopological space is called a - space if every - closed set in it is - closed.

Example 3.8: : Let = , = , = Then clearly - closed set is - closed.

Proposition 3.9 : Every - space is - space.

Proof: Let A be an - closed.Then A is - closed.

Since is a - space,A is -closed.

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Therefore is a - space.

Remark 3.10: converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following example.

Example 3.11: Let , and .Then is an - space. But is - closed set but not -closed.

Therefore is not a - space.Hence every - space need not be a

- space.

Proposition 3.12: Every - space is - space.

Proof: Let A be -g closed.Then A is - closed set.

Since is a - space,A is -closed.so A is -closed.

Therefore is a - space.

Remark 3.13: Converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following example.

Example 3.14: Let , and

Then is a - space.

But is a - but not -closed.

Hence is not a - space.

Therefore Every - space need not be - space

Proposition 3.15: Every - space is - space.

Proof:Let A be - closed.Then A is -closed.

Since A is - space,then A is - closed.

Hence is a - space. Remark 3.16: Converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following example.

Example 3.17: Let , and =

Then is an - space.

But A= is - closed but not -closed,so is not an - space. Since every - closed set is - closed,

Hence is an - space.

Therefore every - space need not be - space.

Proposition 3.18: Every - space is - space.

Proof: Let A be - closed set.Then A is -closed.

Since is - space.Then A is - closed.

And hence is a - space. Remark 3.19: Converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following example.

Example 3.20: Let , = and = - closed sets are

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 - closed sets are

Then is a - space.

= is a - closed but not -closed.

Therefore is not - space.

Hence every - space need not be - space.

Proposition 3.21: Every - space is - space. Proof: Let A be - closed set.Then A is - closed set. Hence A is - closed set.

Therefore is space. Remark 3.22: Converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following example.

Example 3.23: Let and

Then is - space. But is - closed but not - closed.

Hence is not - space.

Therefore Every - space need not be - space.

Remark 3.24: - space is independent from - ness.

Example 3.25: Let , =

Then is a - space. - closed ses are

A= is - closed but not -closed.

Hence is not a - space.

Let , and

Then is - space. -gs closed sets are all the subsets of is -gs closed but not -g closed.

Hence is not a - space.

Proposition 3.26: Every - space is - space.conversely true.

Proof: Let A be -strongly closed set.Then A is -closed. Hence A is - closed set.

Therefore is - space.

Proposition 3.27:If A is - -space then it is -gs -space.

Proof: Let is space. Let A be -gs closed.

Let A be -closed.

Since A is - -space ,hence it is - closed.

Therefore is -gs -space.

Proposition 3.28: If A is both - -space and - space then A is - space.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Proof: Let be - closed set.

So is - closed set,since is a - -space.

Now is -closed,since the space is a - space.

Hence is - closed.

Therefore is a - space.

Proposition 3.29: A bitopological space is an - space if and only if

is an gs- space.

Proof: Let A be - space. ⇔If A is - closed,then it is - -closed. ⇔Hence A is - gs closed.

⇔Therefore A is gs- space.

Remark 3.30: - -space is generally not equal to - -space as seen from the following example. Example 3.31: Let = be a bitopological space with topologies

= =

Now the sets from - areall the subsets of .

Then the sets from - spaces are

Here A= (i,j)- -space, but A= (j,i)- -space.

Therefore (i,j)- -space ≠ (j,i)- -space.

The above results can be represents in the following example:

- space - space - space

-gs space - space - space

REFERENCES [1] Arya.S.P and Nour.T,generalized semi-closed sets,Indian.J.Pure appl.Math.,21(8)(1990),717-719 [2] Bhattacharyia.P and Lahiri.B.K, semi generalized closed sets in Topology,Indian J.Math.29(3)(1987),375-382 [3]T.Fukutake,”On generalized closed sets in bitopological spaces”,BullFukuka Univ.Ed.Part III

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[4] N.Gayathri,P.Keerthika, - closed sets in bitopological spaces. [5] J.C.Kelly,Bitopological spaces,Proc.London Math Soc.,vol.13,pp.71-89,1963. [6] Levine.N.Generalised closed sets in topology, Rend, circ, Math.palermo, (19)(2)(1970), 86-96. [7]Levine.N,semi-open sets and semi continuity in topological spaces,Amer.math,monthly,70(1963)36-41 [8] Njastad.O,On some classes of nearly open sets,pacific.J.Math.,15(1965),961-970. [9] S.Pauline Mary Helen.M, SindhuSurya.R, (i,j) strongly -closed sets in Bitopological spaces,IJMTT(2014). [10] Sheik john and P.Sundaram, -closed sets in bitopological spaces,Indian journal of pure and appl.Maths 35(1):71-80,Jan2004. [11] Tantawy.O.A.E.I. an H.M.Abu donia,generalized separation axioms in bitopological spaces.The Arabian JI for science and Engg.vol.30.No.1A(2005),117-129. [12] S.V.Vani and G.Priscilla Pacifica, - closed sets in bitopological spaces. [13] M.K.R.S.Veerakumar, g-closed sets in bitopological spaces,Annals of pure Applied Mathematics vol.7,No.2,2014,27-34. [14] M.K.R.S.Veerakumar,mem.fac.sci.kochi Univ.(Math),21(2000),1-19 [15] veronica Vijayan,K.S.Sangeetha, closed sets in topological spaces. [16] Veronica Vijayan.,K.Reena, -semi closed sets in bitopological spaces.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 ORIGIN OF THE MARAIKKAYARS M.BENAZIR, Department of History, V.O.Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India.

Maraikkayar were Tamil speaking Muslims Settleddown Coromandel Coast. They were descendants of Arab traders settlers who had mixed with the Tamils Culture. Maraikkayar is a subdivision of the Muslims. They were sea farers and traders using ship which in Tamil is called Marakalam. The term Maraikkayar might be derived from the term Marakalam. The Portuguese used the word Maraikkayar (owner of Marakalam). The Portuguese assured protection to the Maraikkayars against the menace of the sea pirates. The Maraikkayars who wielded enormous influence in the pearl fisheries were brought under the control of the Portuguese. To establish the monopoly on pearl fishery the Portuguese introduced the cartaz of the system by which the muslims Maraikkayars were asked to travel with the cartaz to Sri Lanka or the Malabar coast This affected the trade relations of Marakkayars with Sri Lanka.i The Early Arab Contact with the Tamil Country The beginning of the muslims contact with South India was not an accident but a continuation of the ancient commercial intercourse between the Arabs and the People of Tamil Country.ii The flowing trade of the Arab with Tamil merchants enabled them to establish their settlements and to capture the monopoly of the maritime trade in the castal region of the Tamil Country. After their settlement in the coastal areas the other great trading people like Greeks and Romans were deprived from the Indian Ocean. Though the advent of Islam in India generally associated with the Arab conquest of Sind in 712 A.D. The actual arrival of Islam to India, back much earlier to the Arab conquests.iii Likewise the rulers of the Pearl Fishery Coast also pursued similar enlightened policies towards the Arabs and the port towns became welcome places to them. History and Origin Around the twelfth century A.D in Arab countries there was dispute among two kings who belonged to the same royal family which late erupted in war. The defeated members of the royal family were packed in ships and banished with their captains and servant. Those who settled in coastal regions of India are called marakal rayars, (MARAKALAM which means wooden boat and RAYAR which means king in the Tamil Language).

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 The captains of the ships is called malimars and the ship crew members are called sheranges. Even today malimars. Sherangs and Maricas are found to be living only on the coramantal coast of Tamil Nadu. Maricars can be abundance in Maraikkayar Pattinam, Parangipettai, Kilakarai, Kulasekharapatnam, Adirampattinam, Muthupet, Karaikkal, Nagore, Nagapattinam, Majakollai and various coastal towns. The word Marakkayar is usually derived from the Arabic word markab a boat. This class who like the Labbais were driven from their own country be persecutions landed on the Indian shore, they were naturally asked who they were and when they came. In ans were they pointed to their boats, and pronounced the word marakab, and they became in consequence known to the Hindu as Marakkayars, or the people of marakab. The Musalmans of pure descent hold themselves to be socially superior to the Marakkayars and the Marakkayars consider themselves better than the Labbais.iv Generally speaking, the purebred Musalman differ from those of mixed descent by dressing themselves and their women in the strict Musalman fashion and by speaking Hindustani at home among themselves. Some of the Marakkayars are now following their examble in both these matters.. in the same way some Labbais insist on the use of Hindustani in their houses, while others speak tamil. The name Maricar/ Maraicar/ Maraikar/ Maraker is derived from ans sysnonym with the Tamil word “Maraikkalayar” meaning people engaged in shipping trade. The community of Maricars, found amongst settlements along the Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Sri Lanan coast were engaged in international trade in gems, pearls horse and commodities for centuries.. The Maraillayars where the pioneers. The can be found all over the world in important trading cities in India, Sri Lanka South East Asia, China, Far East, Middle East, Africa Europe and America, engaged in a variety of international trade and industries, more so in centers of gems and jewelery. Present Circumstances Traditionally, Maricars have been known for maritime trade throughout East Asia, but now owing to better education, many of the community are professionals. The Kilakkarai Maricares have played a big role in setting up educational institutions all over Tamil Nadu for the betterment of Tamil muslims and muslims in general. A lot of Maricars have connections with the Persian Gulf, Malaysia and Singapore. Some Maricars have moved to the United Kingdom, France and the United States.v

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Some interesting facts 1. The languages spoken by this community is Tamil or Malayalam with an influence of Arabic, which is unlike the rest Indian Muslim who speak Urdu. 2. Throughout the centuries since their arrival, the Maraikkayar community played a major part in sea trade in south India before the arrival of the European powers. The Maraikkayars ships traveled far and wide.

ENDNOTES

i S.Decla., The Portuguese on the Pearl Fishery Coast,Chennai,2008,p.19 ii J.Raja Mohamed, Maritime History of the Coromandal Muslims – A Socio Historical Study on the Tamil Muslims, Chennai, 2004,p.59. iii K.A.Neelakanda Sastry, History of South India (from Pre-Historic times to the fall of Vijanagar), Madurai,1966,p.439. iv Edger Tribes, Caste and Tribes of South india, Government press, vol VII, Madras,1909,pp.1-3. v Pius Malekandathil,A.N., Portuguese Cochin and the Maritime Trade of India, Delhi,1997,p.162.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 PALMYRA CLIMBERS OF SAYALKUDI A.JEKILA, Pearl Research Centre for History, Culture and Tourism, St. Mary’s college (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India Introduction Sayalkudi is located in the Kadaladi Taluk in Ramanathapuram district in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is situated 60 k.m north of Thoothukudi, 60 k.m east of Ramanathapuram, 60 k.m west of Arupukottai and 45 k.m south of Paramakudi.1 Most of the people are depending upon the palm tree for their living. The total population of the people in Sayalkudi are 14,500. They belong to the Nadar Community in general. Around 2,500 people are involved in this palm and related bussiness 14% of the people are doing some other profession. Few work as labours in fields and grocery shops. People from other castes are not involved in this job. In ancient days, palm and its products were popular one. But now a day, it has lost its significance. This paper attempts to bring out the socio and economic status of the people who are involved in this palm industry. Palmyra Climbers Palmyra climbers are also known as Panayeri Nadar, or Shannars who constituted the majority of today’s Nadar community. The Nadars, who until the last quarter of the nineteenth century were known as ‘shannans’ or ‘shanars’ were originally based in the two southern most districts of Tamil nadu2 They are considered as the largest sub sect of Nadar community. They were historically humble cultivators of palmyra trees and jaggery and a few also involved in toddy trade. Majority of the palmyra climbers have given up their traditional occupation. Now they are widely concentrated in education, business and other important fields.3 In Sayalkudi all palmyra climbers are cultivating palm trees and prepared jaggery. The Shanar community forms only a microscopic minority in original toddy tappers and palmyra climbers. They were great toddy, drawing caste in Sayalkudi. In Sayalkudi, tappers economy centered on the palmyra palm. The only commercially viable agricultural crop is the Terries. The men climbed the palmyra to tap it for its sap, some of which was fermented to make an alcoholic beverage known as toddy (kallu in Tamil). This association with alcohol was one of the primary reasons for the traditionally low social status of the shannars.4 However since toddy does not keep well, most of the palmyra sap was not fermented but boiled down into a raw sugar product known as jaggery. It was this better than toddy that was the shannar’s most important product. The palmyra

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 give other products, mats and baskets were woven from its fronds and palmyra trunks were used as poles a roof-beam for houses. During the hottest time of the year, (March to September), the principal occupation of the men is that of climbing the palmyra to obtain the juice which flows from the bruised flower-stalk of the tree, and it is collected, as it drops, in little pots tired to the stalk. This task they are obliged to play during the greater part of every day, in the full blaze of a vertical sun. The women at the same time engage in boiling down the sweet juice into a coarse sugar, in a temporary hut in the vicinity of the trees, and though they have a roof, this advantage is neutralized by the heat and smoke connected with their work. Unquestionable it is a more exhausting species of labour than any other performed within the tropics. The Nadars are traders who distributed the products of the palmyra, other people are climbers and scheduled caste people were manufacturing, baskets, handicrafts, mats or cots from the palmyra fronds.5 Religion The toddy tappers are Nadars belonging to Hindu region and certain people has convented into Christian religion. It can be said that all the Nadars are toddy tappers. Portuguese missionaries concentrated their efforts from the 1530s onward. But the bulk of Nadars were Christian are Protestants. The first protestant baptism of nadars performed in 1797. But substantial numbers of Shannars converted to Christianity only after the complete cession to the British in 1801. So some toddy tappers are Christians.6 Type of Family The traditionally preferred form of family among Nadar is the joint or extended family. Most of the Palmyra tappers are living in nuclear families.7 It is surprising to see that in village the culture of nuclear family is much common. It is common along today tappers that they built temporary sheds or huts near the palm grooves during the seasonal period. In Sayalkudi also most of the palmyra climbers are living in nuclear families near the palm grooves.8 Palmyra Tapping Palmyra Tapping is one of the ancient occupations of the people of Sayalkudi. The phrases “Kallunda Kalithungal” meaning good sleep after they drank toddy and “Kallunda Manthipool” meaning just like a monkey which drank toddy in ancient Tamil Literatures denote the glorious past of this occupation.9

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Occupational Hazards Palm climpping occupation is very dangerous and strenuous. The climber would usually work consistently from morning and evening. The climber would ascend at least 30 to 50 Palmyra trees every day and will climb each tree at least twice. Every year many climbers, despite their skill in climbing, fall from the trees and lost their lives or become crippled for life. A climber is capable of ascending a Palmyra, which is usually straight as the mastership and very swiftly. The body of a climber, due to his strenuous work, is twisted and his hands and feet seem like the enormous paws of some animal. This occupation is highly dangerous and warrants heavy physical work.10 Habitation The palmyra tappers of the Sayalkudi high caste people. Because of their poor economic status, palmyra tappers are leading very simple and happy. Few tappers family was living luxurious life. Few of the climbers live in huts only. They thatch the roof of the huts with the palm leaves itself. The houses is made of cement, concrete and only. The climbers in Sayalkudi have own house. Range of Production The edible palm products such as Neera, Palm Jaggery, Palm Sugar, Palm Candy, Nungu, Palm Fruit and non-edible products such as palm leaf articles, palm naar articles, palm fibre, date palm baskets and other handmade palm Products are produced in Sayalkudi. Role of Men Men at Sayalkudi used to arrange at least 100 midrib canes per day after separating the palm leaf. This can also be added to their family income. The coir industry workers come to this village to collect the raw materials for coir from the palm tree. They take hundreds of trees on lease for few months. After collecting the raw materials for coir they give the lease amount to the owner of the palm plantation. This can also be an additional income for the family though it is very low. The palm sticks which are widely used for making brooms. Male workers only being enjoying is climbing tree as the trees are 80 feet to 100 feet high. 96% of palm works belong to male worker. They rendered the hard work without taking rest for six months along with family. Climbers climb for three times per day during, Morning 2.00 am to 6.00 am, Afternoon 9.00 am to 2.00 pm, Evening 3.00 pm to 8.00 pm. Every worker climbs 40 to 50 trees. They are doing their work for traders on the lease basis palm workers are not having tree of their own in large number. Male workers face many problems through their palm works. During the time of climbing time they got injuries

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 in their chest and hands and wounds in hands. They fall sick and besides they experience body pain when they slip from the tree and lose their lives. They even experience the attack of poisonous insets.11 Role of Women Women in Sayalkudi weave palm mat. At present the cost of a mate is Rs.11. The ladies in Sayalkudi village can easily make around 7-10 mates per day an earning of Rs. 77 to 110. This income is sufficient for a family to live in village. This is an additional income along with their cultivation, the midrib cane, an extension from the tree to the leave costs Rs.50 per piece. Women also need the contribution of the male workers. They make sweet toddy to the places where toddy being boiled. They are preparing jaggery, collecting fire woods and water for this preparation. They interestingly doing the handicrafts work after obtaining the goods from the palm trees. As the women workers carry the sweet toddy pots on their head they experience the ailment of neck pain, and head ache. So they face mental and physical disturbance. They experience the back pain while doing the handicraft works. So, many women workers are anemic. Role of Children Childrens are contributing this profession also. They do small work like collection of fire woods from the field and safeguard the materials also. So the children have to stay in the field when the season was over. So this creates a great hurdle for their education.12 Vessels used for Palmyra Climbing There should be many vessels needed for this Industry. The people who climb palm trees use one pot to each tree. Muruku Thati It is made of wood. It is 51/2 feet height. In its head, a crescent like portion in its head is 1/2m length is present. They used it as a support to climb the palm tree. Since the palm tree is 80 to 100ft is high, it’s hard to climb from bottom. Thalai Naar It is an important instrument in palm Industry. It is taken from the barks of the palm tree. It is 1m is length. They tie it in their legs when they climb trees. It prevents the legs from getting injure while climbing tree. It is a protecting shield for the climber. The climber prepares his own instrument.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Kaal Thol It is made of skin. It is 1/4m length. They tie it along with the Thalai naar and when they climb tree it prevent the climber from injured. Nrnjuvaar It is made of skin. They tie it in chest region. It is made according to the climbers body. It prevents the climber from getting hurt by the sharp edges of the tree. Saythe It is made of iron. It is a very important instrument in palm industry. There are two types of saythe (arrival) in palm industry. One is saythe and other is Mattai saythe. It is used to remove the unwanted portions of the palm tree. Kadippu It is made up of two wooden pieces. Usually it is made up of teak wood. There are three types of Kadippu namely kattupalai kadippu, Paruva palai kadippu and Alaora palai. Among this kathiplai and paruva palai are highly used. Kadippu palai are 3 inches side and 1m length. Palai can be cut only by kadippu. Palm leaves will be removed and the remaining is used to create kalayam and drink toddy. It the pala is not used, it would became dry in sunlight (Paruva palai is circular in shape). It is used to sharpen kadippu kaali. If it is not used, we could not get toddy. In due course it would change to palm fruit. If kadippu palai is not cut a palai will grow. It is used to get toddy and to sharpen palai. It is 1m length than katu palai. It is otherwise known as Idukki. All thses kadippu are used to sharpen the palai. It is used in order to regularize and make it uniform and to tie the kalayam ressel in a prompt manner. Kalayam It is made up of clay. It is actually made by the potlers. It is used to make toddy. Toddy grown from the palai is collected only in this pot. Lime is applied in the lesser and tied to palai to make toddy sweeter. If lime is not applied and the toddy thus collected in vessel is known as palm wine. Thavaram It is made of tin and it looks like tiny container. It consists of two types on the basis of its single small and large respectively. Small thavaram is used by the palmyra climbers to tie in their waist. It is used to collect toddy from the kalayam or pots. It occupies 3.5 liters of toddy and 1 1/2m length with 1m wide. Large thavaram is used to collect the total toddy from the tree. It can hold 12 liters of toddy. Instead of this thavaram, mostly the climbers

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 use the empty oil tins for it. They will purchase it for prize. It is used to take it from kalayam or pot and collect the toddy.13 Aarrival Box (Knife-Box) ‘Arival –Petti’ with knife-box made from the sheathes of the sathe and bound round fight with two binders of ratten. A strongly plaited rope was permanently fastened to one side of the ‘Arival-petti’. The shot arm of it had a much smaller loop which would be twisted around the waist. The longer arm is passed inside the small loop of the short arm. Through the loop of the long arm the toddy drawer passed the end of the waist clothe and tied it into a knot. Lime Box It is made by palm leaves and it includes 1m height palm fiber. So it’s called as lime box. It is used to spread a lime in pot. Inside the knife box. The climber kept the lime box, climber involved their climbing. Pothampu It is a one type of spoon. It is made by Iron. It is used to kill insects in palm leaves and keep out the insects from inner of palm juice with kalayam. It is used by the palmyra climbers to prepare a lime box and other hand loom products to give some holes to use this pothambu. Thanki It is made of Iron. It is specially made for preparing a palm jaggery. There are two types Thanki has capacity of 4 liters and 60 liters thanki available in market. In Sayalkudi palmyra climbers used to purchase according to their status. In 45 liters thanki 10k jaggery can be prepared. Addupu It is made by clay. It is circular in shape. It is prepared to the size of Thanki. It is different from normal clay addupu. It is specially made to avoid excess of fire. It is very useful to prepare palm juice to convert palm jaggery. Coconut Shell The thick outer covering of coconut it is used to make boiled jaggery. So it is one of the important products in palmyra industry. Palmyra laborers purchase the coconut shell for prize.14 As per the version of the present tapper, if the government allow toddy tapping as legal and purchase toddy from the tappers directly at a reasonable price, the living condition and the economic status of Palmyra tappers will be boosted to a greater extent.

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Future of Palmyra Tapping Palmyra tapping is an arduous work, involving heavy physical labour. During heavy windy seasons tappers are taking rebirth. A tapper cannot take rest even in warranting situations during the taping season. The labour of his family members too is warranted. His children’s future is at risk when he is working in remote area with his family. There is no remarkable technological advancement to ease his climbing work; as the inventions so far were not accepted by the tapper community. There is also no respect for a tapper in the society. In these situations, Palmyra tapping will have its natural demise and the Palmyra trees will be maintained for their other uses like ‘Nongu’ ad ‘Kilangu’. Future generation will look back the age old Palmyra tapping practice just as ‘Atlas demon holding the globe’. So some awareness programmes and thoughts should be given to children to all age people.15 Conclusion Palmyra tree has numerous uses. Almost every part of the tree has some kind of utility. Palmyra palms are economically useful and widely cultivated in tropical region. The Palmyra palm has long been one of the most important trees of Sayalkudi. Palm tree is useful to human beings in all the sense. Each and every part is one way or the other helpful. Its leaves, fruits, toddy, the trunk and everything are medicinal and play an important usage in the life of all. End Notes

1 Sayalkudi, Censes Report, 2011. 2 R. Bishop Caldwell, Tirunelveli Shannars, London, 1850, p.67. 3 Davis, T.A., and Dennis, V., Johnson, Current Utilization and Further Development of the Palmyra Palm in Tamil Nadu State, India, Vol.41, No.2. 4 Edgar Thurston, Caste and Tribes of Southern India, Vol.VI, Madras, 1909, p.154. 5 Personal Interview with Muneyandi, Palmyra Climber, Sayalkudi, Dated 17.1.2016. 6 Dennis Templeman, “The Northern Nadars of Tamil Nadu” – An Ancient caste in the process of change, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1996, p.29. 7 Ibid., p.48. 8 Personal Interview with A. Mariya Selvi, Secretary of Palm Cake Storage, Sayalkudi, Dated 29.12.2015. 9 Muniyandi, K.,“Palmyra Tree – Tapping – Traditional Skills and Recent Technological Advancement” Vikatan, 2011. 10 Personal Interview with Subbramani, Palmyra Climber, Sayalkudi, Dated 17.1.2016. 11 Personal Interview with Vasuki, Palmyra Climber, Sayalkudi, Dated 17.1.2016. 12 Personal Interview with Murugeshen, Karruppukatti Perperation Worker, Sayalkudi, Dated 10.1.2016. 13 Personal Interview with Thanga Rasu, Palmyra Climber, Sayalkudi, Dated 17.1.2016. 14 Personal Interview with Jayarani, Accountant in Palm Cake Storage, Sayalkudi, Dated 29.12.2015. 15 Personal Interview with Thanga Kani, Palmyra Climber, Sayalkudi, Dated 16.1.2016.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 LARVICIDAL AND KNOCKDOWN EFFECTS OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST THREE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF MOSQUITO LARVAE T.Thanga Rani1 , P. Rama Nisha 2, S.R.T. Shirley Cross 3, R. D. Thilaga 4 Department of Zoology, St.Mary’s college (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India ABSTRACT Efficacy of essential oils was screened against mosquito vector, Culexquinquefasciatus, Aedesaegypti, Anophelesstephensi for their larvicidal and knock down effects in a preliminary study. Of these, 8 oils viz. castor oil, gingelly oil, groundnut oil, clove oil, eucalyptus oil, pungai oil, neem oil and olive oil exhibited 100% larvicidal activity at 1000 ppm and 100% knockdown effect at 10% concentration. These 8 oils were screened further against Culexquinquefasciatus, Aedesaegypti and Anopheles stephensi for their larvicial and knockdown effects at different concentrations. Neem oil was the most promising against A. stephensi and A. aegypti recording LC50 and LC90 values of 39.74 and 115.67 ppm and 46.23 and 165.36 ppm, respectively for larvicidal activity. Castor oil was the most effective against Culexquinquefasciatuswith LC50 and LC90 values of 40.40, and 140.07 ppm, respectively for larvicidal activity. Olive oil showed the most potent knockdown effect with the KT50 and KT95 values of 27.44, 26.22 and 29.91 and 70.81, 65.33 and 68.57 min, against Anopheles stephensi, Culexquinquefasciatus and Aedesaegypti, respectively. The results clearly indicated that Neem oil and castor oil were the most promising larvicides and olive oil had potent knockdown effect against the tested mosquito species. These oils could be used to develop a new formulation to control mosquitoes. Keywords: Larvicidal, Knockdown, Essential Oils, Aedesaegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Culexquinquefasciatus 1. INTRODUCTION: Man has suffered from the activities of mosquito since time immemorial and it is ranked as man’s most important insect pest. Mosquitoes belonging to the genera Anopheles, Culex and Aedesare the vectors for the pathogens of different diseases such as malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever, epidemic polyarthritis, yellow fever and chikungunya (WHO,2005). These diseases devastate Indian economy every year. Tropical areas are more vulnerable to parasitic

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 diseases and the risk of contracting arthropod-borne illnesses is increased due to climate change and intensifying globalization. Worldwide, mosquitoes transmit diseases to more than 700 million people annually and are responsible for 1 death for every 17 people currently alive (WHO, 2007). Malaria results from an infection by a protozoan carried by Anopheles stephensi. About 2.5 billion people are at risk, more than 500 million people become seriously ill with malaria every year, and more than one million people die due to malaria .Culexquinque fasciatusis responsible for the transmission of lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereriabancrofti. Lymphatic filariasis, disease affecting the arms, legs and genitals, is much prevalent in India. Lymphatic filariasis infects 80 million people annually of which 30 million cases exist in chronic infection. There are 45 million cases of lymphatic filariasis in India alone (Fradin et al,1998) Essential oils play an important role in controlling several mosquito species. In general, essential oils from plants have been considered important natural resources to act as insecticides. Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Blumeamollis and Zingiferofficinalis have been reported against C. quinquefasciatus (Senthilkumar et al, 2008). Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Melaleucaleucadendron, Litseacubeba and Litseasalicifolia, Ocimum suave and O. kilimandscharicum have been reported by Noosidum et al, 2008 against Anopheles arabiensis, A. gambiaeand C. quinqefasciatus. Larvicidal activity of essential oils form Zanthoxylumarmatum and Ocimumcanum have been reported by Noosidum et al (2008) against C. quinquefasciatus, A.aegyptiand A. stephensi. Essential oils derived from various plants not only exhibit inhibitory activity against bacteria, fungi and termites but also show strong mosquito repellent and larvicidal activities (Karunamoorthy et al, 2010). The present study has been carried out to assess the larvicidal and knockdown activities of the essential oils from various plants against Culexquinque fasciatus, Aedesaegypti and Anopheles stephensi. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rearing of Mosquitoes: Anopheles stephensi: Egg strips of Anopheles stephensi were obtained from Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (CRME), Madurai. They were placed in petri dishes (10.5 diameter) containing dechlorinated tap water for hatching. After hatching of larvae,

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 they were provided with powdered yeast and dog biscuits in 3:1 ratio. After attaining pupae, they were separated and kept inside the mosquito cages for emergence. The cotton soaked in 5% glucose solution was placed inside the cage for nourishment. After three days of emergence, pigeon blood meal was given to adult mosquitoes. After three days of blood meal, the eggs were laid in the petri dishes containing tap water. Culexquinque fasciatus: The egg rafts of Culexquinque fasciatus were obtained from Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (CRME), Madurai. The egg rafts were placed in petri dishes (10.5 diameter) containing tap water. Larvae were fed with finely ground mixture of yeast and dog biscuits in 3:1 ratio. The first instar larvae developed into pupae through four stages in about 8 - 10 days. The pupae were transferred into mosquito cage for emergence. Blood meal from a pigeon was given to adult mosquitoes after three days of emergence. After 3 - 4 days of blood feeding for adult mosquitoes, the petri dishes filled with tap water were placed inside the cage for oviposition. The egg rafts were separated and placed in glass petri dishes for hatching. Aedesaegypti: Aedesaegypti colony was maintained at insectary (54 cm × 45 cm × 40 cm) at 27°C ± 2°C and 80% ± 2% relative humidity with a photoperiod of 12:10 hours light and dark cycles. The egg strips were obtained from Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (CRME), Madurai, to start the colony. The strips were immersed in dechlorinated tap water for hatching. To obtain the larvae of equal developmental stage, eggs were introduced by adding a stimulant such as ascorbic acid (100 mg/l) to water. This started the eclosion process. The emerged larvae were maintained in petri dishes (10.5 cm diameter) with dechlorinated tap water. Larvae were fed with a diet of yeast and dog biscuits in the ratio of 3:1. The first instar larvae developed into pupae in about 7 - 10 days through four stages. The pupae were separated by using a glass dropper into glass petri dishes and were kept in mosquito net cages (40 cm × 45 cm × 40 cm) for emergence. The newly emerged mosquitoes were provided with 5% glucose solution soaked in cotton wool, which was placed inside the mosquito net cage for nourishment. After three days of emergence, adults were given a blood meal of pigeon. Glass petri dishes of 50 ml of tap water lined with filter paper were kept inside the

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 cage for ovi position. The eggs thus obtained were immersed in larval trays containing dechlorinated tap water for hatching. Larvicidal Activity: For larvicidal activity, lab reared third instar larvae of the respective mosquito species were used for the present investigation. Four replicates were done with 25 larvae per replicate for each concentration. For preliminary screening 1000 ppm of the respective oils were used against C.quinquefasciatus, the selected active oils were screened at 100, 75, 50 and 25 ppm against C.quinquefasciatus, A.aegyptiand A. stephensi. The data were obtained for larvicidal activity and corrected percentage of larval mortality were calculated using Abbott’s formula. Knockdown Effect:

Figure 1: Peet Grandy Chamber. The experiments were conducted in a Peet Grandy Chamber. One hundred female mosquitoes were released into the chamber for each study. The plant oil formulation was allowed to vapourize by using the vapourizer equipment. The number of mosquitoes knocked down was recorded at periodic intervals of five minutes till complete knockdown. The maximum exposure period was 60 minutes. The knocked down mosquitoes were collected and placed in a recovery jar provided with 10% sugar solution to monitor mortality/recovery at 24 h period. The temperature and humidity of the chamber were maintained at 28°C ± 2°C and 50% - 70% respectively. The data obtained for knockdown were subjected to Finney’s method of Probit Analysis to assess the KT50 and KT95 values and they were drawn from four replicates. Plant Oils: Eight essential oils were purchased commercially from the authorized dealers in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 3. RESULTS Larvicidal Activity: The oils which exhibited 100%larvicidal and knockdown effects were evaluated against C.quinquefasciatus, A.aegypti and and A.stephensi. Among the oils tested against A. stephensi, the most promising oils were neem, clove and castor oils which recorded low LC50 and LC90 values of 39.74, 39.80, 40.79 ppm and 115.67, 149.81 and 126.05 ppm, respectively with 95% confidence lower limits of 30.64, 20.98 and 31.14 ppm and upper limits of 50.21, 52,10 and 51.94 ppm, respectively for

larvicidal activity. Eucalyptus oil showed the least larvicidal activity with LC50 and

LC90 values of 68.45 and 247.18 ppm, respectively (Table 1). Table 1. Larvicidal activity of the selected plant oils against Anopheles stephensi – 24hr exposure Plant Oils LC 50 95% Confidence limit LC 90 (ppm) (ppm) Lower Upper Castor oil 40.79 31.14 51.94 126.05 Gingelly oil 55.06 41.77 71.79 197.91 Groundnut oil 47.61 - - 195.79 Clove oil 39.80 20.98 52.10 149.81 Eucalyptus oil 68.45 52.41 90.12 247.18 Pungai oil 62.78 46.42 84.95 274.38 Neem oil 39.74 30.64 50.21 115.67 Olive oil 45.93 33.87 60.31 176.83 Each experiment is replicated four times with 25 larvae for each replicate (n = 100). Probit analysis was employed for larvicidal activity

Among the oils tested against C.quinquefasciatus, the most promising oils were

castor, neem and pungai oils which recorded LC50 andLC90 values of 40.40, 42.25, 43.79 ppm and 140.07, 132.41, 146.94 ppm, respectively with 95% confidence lower limits of 30.04, 32.25 and 33.07 ppm and upper limits of 52.26, 53.89 and 56.30 ppm, respectively for larvicidial activity. Groundnut oil showed least larvicidal activity with

LC50 and LC90 values of 91.23 and 327.00 ppm, respectively (Table 2). Table 2. Larvicidal activity of the selected plant oils against Culex quinquefasciatus – 24 hr exposure Plant Oils LC 50 95% Confidence limit LC 90 (ppm) (ppm) Lower Upper Castor oil 40.40 30.04 52.26 140.07 Gingelly oil 67.16 49.95 91.10 289.00 Groundnut oil 91.23 - - 327.0 Clove oil 58.92 45.99 75.23 181.48 Eucalyptus oil 64.64 47.75 88.29 294.00 Pungai oil 43.79 33.07 56.30 146.94 Neem oil 42.25 32.25 53.89 132.41 Olive oil 63.25 21.37 119.22 216.14 Each experiment is replicated four times with 25 larvae for each replicate (n = 100). Probit analysis was employed for larvicidal activity 220

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Among the oils tested against A.aegypti, neem , groundnut and clove oils

showed the most potent larvicidal activity and recorded LC50 and LC90 values of 46.23, 47.21 and 50, 54 ppm and 165.36, 181.70 and 177.52 ppm, respectively with 95% confidence lower limits of 34.64, 34.54 and 38.27 ppm and upper limits of 60.07, 62.49 and 65.55 ppm, respectively. Eucalyptus oil showed the least effective larvicidal

activity with LC50 and LC90 values of 80.93 and 339.01 ppm, respectively (Table 3). Table 3. Larvicidal activity of the selected plant oils against Aedes aegypti – 24 hr exposure

Plant Oils LC 50 95% Confidence limit LC 90 (ppm) (ppm) Lower Upper Castor oil 63.25 21.25 69.02 216.14 Gingelly oil 58.67 44.94 76.23 203.33 Groundnut oil 47.21 34.54 62.49 181.70 Clove oil 50.54 38.27 65.55 177.52 Eucalyptus oil 80.93 60.84 111.07 339.01 Pungai oil 61.69 42.61 87.49 367.67 Neem oil 46.23 34.64 60.07 165.36 Olive oil 54.97 41.43 22.07 204.86 Each experiment is replicated four times with 25 larvae for each replicate (n = 100). Probit analysis was employed for larvicidal activity

The results of the present investigation clearly indicated that neem oil was the most promising one to control the larvae of all the mosquito species. Castor oil was able to control A.stephensi and C. quinquefasciatuslarvae. Groundnut oil had the potential to control A. aegypti larvae only. Knockdown Activity: Eight effective oils selected from preliminary screening were evaluated for their knockdown effect (expressed in minutes) against A. stephensi, C.

quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti. Olive oil was the most promising one showing KT50

and KT95 values of 27.44 and 70.81 min, respectively against A. stephensi with the 95% fiducial lower limit of 20.36 min and upper limit of 34.99 min. The remaining

oils showed good knockdown activity with KT50 values ranging from 30.53 to 33.92

min and the KT95 values ranging from 65.59 to 91.19 (Table 4).

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Table 4. Knockdown effect of the selected plant oils against the adult Anopheles stephensi

Plant Oils KT 50 (Minutes) 95% Fiducial Limits KT 95 (Minutes) Lower Upper Castor oil 30.53 20.78 42.16 72.17 Gingelly oil 33.92 22.07 52.96 76.69 Groundnut oil 33.76 23.96 49.09 91.19 Clove oil 30.94 23.14 40.31 77.04 Eucalyptus oil 33.38 26.26 36.78 64.61 Pungai oil 32.05 23.58 42.06 70.22 Neem oil 31.10 23.44 39.48 65.59 Olive oil 27.44 20.36 34.99 70.81 Probit analysis was employed for knockdown activity; Time duration 60 minutes. Four replicates with 25 adult mosquito per replicate (n= 100)

Olive oil was the most potent one against C. quinquefasciatus showing KT50

value of 26.22 min and KT95 value of 65.33 min with 95% fiducial lower limit of 20.67 min and upper limit of 31.90 min. The remaining oils also had notable knockdown

activity with KT50 values ranging from 30.37 to 32.70 min and KT95 values ranging from 60.93 to 76.42 min (Table 5). Table 5. Knockdown effect of the elected plant oils against the adult Culex quinquefasciatus

Plant Oils KT 50 (Minutes) 95% Fiducial Limits KT 95 (Minutes) Lower Upper Castor oil 31.52 24.55 39.15 66.09 Gingelly oil 30.37 21.82 39.91 67.96 Groundnut oil 32.70 23.41 44.69 74.97 Clove oil 31.23 24.22 39.21 71.28 Eucalyptus oil 31.34 21.36 41.93 60.93 Pungai oil 31.18 26.69 38.05 63.61 Neem oil 30.64 24.82 37.22 76.42 Olive oil 26.22 20.67 31.90 65.33 Probit analysis was employed for knockdown activity; Time duration 60 minutes. Four replicates with 25 adult mosquito per replicate (n= 100)

Olive oil was the most promising one against A. aegypti with KT50 value of

29.91 min and KT95 value of 68.57 min with 95% fiducial lower limit of 20.83 min and upper limit of 40.13 min. Rest of the oils had also exhibited good knockdown activity

with KT50 values ranging from 30.32 to 32.54 min and KT95 values ranged from 62.96 to 76.25 min against A. aegypti (Table 6). From the results of knockdown activity, it was inferred that olive oil was the most promising one against all the three mosquito species tested.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Table 6. Knockdown effect of the selected plant oil against the adult Aedes aegypti

Plant Oils KT 50 (Minutes) 95% Fiducial Limits KT 95 (Minutes) Lower Upper Castor oil 31.92 23.14 42.92 76.25 Gingelly oil 32.54 25.23 41.42 75.31 Groundnut oil 30.90 21.28 42.02 68.55 Clove oil 30.71 22.06 40.85 72.29 Eucalyptus oil 32.33 26.90 38.18 62.96 Pungai oil 30.32 25.98 37.26 73.05 Neem oil 30.57 25.43 36.05 66.71 Olive oil 29.91 20.83 40.13 68.57 Probit analysis was employed for knockdown activity; Time duration 60 minutes. Four replicates with 25 adult mosquito per replicate (n= 100)

4. DISCUSSION Using essential oils to control mosquitoes is a better and environmentally safe option than the use of synthetic chemical pesticides. In the preliminary investigation, castoroil, gingelly oil, groundnutoil, clove oil, eucalyptus oil, pungai oil, neem oil and olive oil showed 100% larvicidal and knockdown activities against C. quinquefasciatus. Amer and Mehlhorn (2006) reported that camphor, thyme, lemon, cedorwood, cinnamon, eucalyptus, menthe, citronella, geranium, lemongrass and some other oils showed larvicidal activity against A.aegypti.

In the present study, pungai oil recorded LC50 value of 43.79 ppm against C. quinquefasciatus after 24 h exposure for larvicidal activity. Similar observation was recorded by Amer and Mehlhorn (2006) with pungai oil, LC50 value of 50.2 ppm was noted against C. quinquefasciatus at 24 h exposure. Olive oil in the present study recorded the LC50 values of 54.97, 63.25 and 45.93 ppm against A.aegypti, C. quinquefasciatus and A.stephensi respectively. This result corroborates with the findings of Michaelakis et al (2009) who reported the LC50 value of 51.5 ppm against

C. pipiens. Essential oil from Zingiberofficinalis exhibited LC50 value of 50.78 ppm after 24 h exposure against C. quinquefasciatus. Groundnut oil in the present study showed LC50 value of 47.21 ppm against A. aegyptiat 24 h exposure period. Nataya

Sutthanont et al (2010) observed that Zingiberzerumbet showed LC50 value of 48.88 ppm at 24 hr exposure period against A. aegypti. Clove oil in the present study showed

LC50 value of 39.80 ppm against Anopheles stephensi. Essential oil derived from

Syzygiumaro maticum showed the LC50 value of 169 ppm against A. aegypti. Gingelly oil in the present study exhibited the LC50 value of 67.16 ppm and 55.06 ppm against C. quinque fasciatus and A. stephensi, respectively at 24 h exposure. Michaelakis et al

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(2009) reported that LC50 value of 84 and 66 ppm against A. albopictus and C. pipiens, respectively. Eucalyptus oil in the present study showed LC90 value of 247.18 and 294.00 ppm against A. stephensiand C. quinquefasciatus, respectively at 24 h exposure. At 24 h exposure, eucalyptus oil showed LC90 value of 274.00 and 264 ppm against A. albopictusand C. pipiens, respectively .

In the present study Arachishypogaea (Groundnut oil) exhibited LC50 value of 47.21 and 47.62 ppm against A. aegyptiand A. stephensi, respectively, which was lower than the LC50 value of 69 ppm reported by Michaelakis et al (2009). For Cymbopogoncitratus and 63 ppm for Lippiasidoides by Amer et al (2006)against A. aegypti. The LC50 values of pungai and eucalyptus oil in our study were 43.79 and 64.64 ppm, respectively against C. quinquefasciatus. Cheng et al (2004) reported that

LC50 values for oils from Citrus sinensisand Eucalyptus sp were 60.0 and 120.0 ppm, respectively against Culexpipiens larvae. Senthilkumar et al (2008) reported LC50 values of 71.79 ppm against C. quinquefasciatus for the essential oil extracted from

Blumeamollis. Neem oil in our study recorded the LC50 value of 42.25 ppm and LC90 value of 132.41 ppm against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus at 24 h exposure. Knewa et al. (2008) reported that the LC50 values of 4 neem species ranged from 47.88 to

74.28 ppm and LC90 values ranged from 64.34 to 107.45 ppm against C. pipiens biotype moles after 48 h exposure. In the present investigation olive oil showed the most potent knockdown activity of 27.44, 26.22 and 29.91 min against A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti, respectively. Verma et al (1986) reported that the knockdown time (KT50) values obtained for olive oil was 10.1 minutes against the housefly, Muscadomestica.

KT50 values of 14, 20 and 18 min against A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti, respectively were recorded for an essential oil isolated from Lantana camara.

Eucalyptus oil in the present study showed the KT50 values of 33.38, 31.34 and 32.33 min against A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti, respectively. This is in agreement with Tiwari et al. (2007) who recorded KT50 value of 31.39 min against head lice for Euculyptus oil. Groundnut oil in the present study showed KT50 values of 33.76 and 32.70 min against A. stephensi and C. quinquefasciatus. This value was much lower than 45.02 min which was observed in the same oil against A. aegypti by Amer et al (2006).

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 In short, through the larvicidal and knockdown effects, our study clearly demonstrated that neem oil, clove oil and olive oil had high potency to control three species of vector mosquitoes. These essential oils can be used to develop herbal formulations with larvicidal and knockdown effects against the vector mosquitoes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Madurai for their valuable guidance and support.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 Jaswanth, A., Ramanathan, P. and Ruckmani, K. (2002) Evaluation of mosquitocidal activity of Annonasquamosaleaves against filarial vector mosquito, Culexquinquefasciatus. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 40, 363-365. Karunamoorthy, K., Ilango, G. and Murugan, K. (2010) Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellents against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensisPatton. Parasitology Research, 106, 1217-1223. doi:10.1007/s00436-010- 1797-y Kweka, E.J., Mosha, F., Lowassa, A., Mahande, A.M., Kitau, J., Matowo, J., Mahande, M.J., Massenga, C.P., Tenu, F., Feston, E., Lyatuu, E.E., Mboya, M.A., Mndeme, R., Chuwa, G. and Temu, E.A. (2008) Ethnobotanical study of some mosquito repellent plants in North Eastern Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 7, 152. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7- 152 Michaelakis, A., Papachristos, D., Kimbaris, A., Kolio-poulos, G., Giatropoulos, A. and Polissiou, M.G. (2009) Citrus essential oils and four enantiomericpinenes against Culexpipiens(Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 105, 769-773. doi:10.1007/s00436-009-1452-7 Noosidum, A., Prabaripai, A., Chareonviriyaphap, T. and Chandrapatya, A. (2008) Excito-repellency properties of essential oils from MelaleucaleucadendronL., Litseacubeba(Lour.) persoon, and Litseasalicifolia(Nees) on Aedesaegypti(L.) mosquitoes. Journal of Vector Ecology, 33, 305. doi:10.3376/1081-1710-33.2.305 Pushpanathan, T., Jebanesan, A. and Govindarajan, M. (2008) The essential oil of ZingiberofficinalisLinn (Zingiberaceae) as a mosquito larvicidal and repellent agent against the filarial vector Culexquinquefasciatussay (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 102, 1289- 1291. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-0907-6 Rahuman, A.A., Bagavan, A., Kamaraj, C., Saravanan, E., Zahir, A.A. and Elango, G. (2009) Efficacy of the larvicidal botanical extracts against CulexquinquefasciatusSay (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 104, 1365- 1372. doi:10.1007/s00436- 009-1337-9 Reuben, R. (1987) Feeding and reproduction in mosquitoes. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, 96, 275-280. Senthilkumar, A., Kannathasan, K. and Venkatesalu, V. (2008) Chemical constituents and larvicidal property of the essential oil of Blumeamollis(D. Don) Merr.

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Mil tuyhw;wpy;> Kjyhtjhf fhzg;gLgtHfs; epahz;lH jhy; kdpjHfs;. mjd; gpd;> vfpg;jpa tptrhapfspd; rzy; ,iofisf; $wyhk;. INuhg;ghtpd;> Vhpf;fiuapy; tho;e;j kf;fs; Ml;bd; Nuhkq;fis ntl;b> mjpypUe;J fk;gsp Milfs; nea;jdH. ,e;jpahtpd;> rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; gUj;jp ,iofNs Mil gw;wpa czHtpid jUk; Kjy; rhd;whff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. RNkhpfspd; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfspd; %yk;> rpe;J rkntsp tzpfHfs; gpw ehl;bdUld; Mil tzpfj;jpy;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 jpUFfs; kf;fs; vt;tpj NtWghLkpd;wp E}w;Fk; njhopy; fpNuf;fH Nghd;NwhH gad;gLj;jpa ngUk;ghyhd; %yf;$Wfs; jkpoUld; xj;Jg; Nghtijf; fhzyhk;. vdpDk; cLj;Jk; Kiwapy; mjpf NtWghLf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tlgFjpapy; Njhyhil> kapuhilfis mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. vdNt gz;ghl;ilg; gFj;Jzu Mil vd;gJ XH cWg;G. mg;gz;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; Mil tiffs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gphptpdhpd; jd;ikiaf; fhl;LtjhfNt mikfpwJ vd;wf; $w;wpd; cz;ikia mauyhH MilAld; xg;gplg; GydhfpwJ. ,t;thwhf Mil gw;wpa tuyhW njhlHe;J nfhz;Nl fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Mil -NtW ngaHfs;

kdpj tho;tpy; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j Miliaf; Fwpf;fg; gy;NtW nrhw;fis gad;gLj;jpdH> goe;jkpoH. mit> cil> jio> Jfpy;> fypq;fk;> mWit> rpjhH> Mil> fr;ir> fr;R> jhid> NghHit> fhofk;> fr;rk;> tk;G> kb> gl;L> rPiu> glk;> glhk;>G+q;fiu ePyk;> cj;jiu> fk;gyk;> ftrk;>J}R> kbit> rpjHit> rpjty;> thH> nka;g;ig> Gl;lfk;> Nfhb> $iw> khRzp> gl;lk;> tl;Lil> fpop> Nfhrpfk;> gQ;rp> fUtp> rhypif> G+z;> MR> Nriy> ePyp> tw;fiy vd;wthW ,d;Dk; gy nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLtij ,yf;fpaq;fs; top fhzyhk;. epyKk; - MilAk;

goe;jkpoH> jq;fs; tho;f;if Kiwia> Itif epyq;fspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;wthW mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. mtutH epyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L> Mil mikj;Jf; nfhz;lij> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhk;. jioahil

,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j tho;T tho;e;j kdpjd; Kjypy; Milahfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ> ,aw;ifapypUe;Jf; fpilj;j ,iy> jio> kuThpfisj; jhd;. mjd; gpd; cztpw;fhf tpyq;Ffid Ntl;ilahb> mjpypUe;Jf; fpilj;j> Njhypid Milahfg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fspy;> jioahil gapd;W tUtijf; fhzyhk;. ,J>kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahL xd;wpa tho;T tho;e;jjw;F Mjhukhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjthJ>mNrhF Kjypatw;wpd; jiofisj; njhLj;J> mzpAk; MilNa jioahil MhFk;.

“kzy; ML kypH epiw tpUk;gpa> xz; jio” (Iq; -15) “xypf; Fior; nraiy cil khz; my;Fy;” (mfk; -7)

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 fhyKk; - MilAk;

fhykhdJ> ngUk; nghOJ> rpW nghOJ vd ,uz;lhfg; gFf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; ngUk; nghOJfs; vd;gd> fhHf;fhyk;> $jpHf;fhyk;> Kd;gdpf;fhyk;> gpd;gdpf;fhyk;> ,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy; vd;wthW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j midj;Jf; fhyq;fspYk; xNu tifahd Milia cLj;jy; vd;gJ kdpj clk;gpw;F xt;thj gyidj;jUk;. Mifapdhy; jhd;> goe;jkpoHfs; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;wthW> Milia mzpAk; gof;fk; nfhz;ltuhff; fhzg;gl;ldH.

 FspHf;fhy Mil

fhH> $jpH vd;Dk; fhyq;fspy; FspH kpFe;Jf; fhzg;gLtjhy;> goe;jkpoH ,f;fhyq;fspy;> FsphpypUe;J jk;ikf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s> tpyq;Ffspd; Nuhkq;fspdhy; nra;ag;gLk;MilfisNa mzpe;jdH. kapYf;Fg; NghHit je;jhd; Ngfd;. kio Nkfk; fz;lhy;> kapy; jdJ Njhifia tphpj;J MLjy; ,ay;G. Mdhy;> mjidg; ghHj;j Ngfd; vd;Dk; kd;dd;> kapy; Fsphpdhy; eLq;FfpwJ vd;W vz;zp> jhd; mzpe;j NghHitia je;J>mjd; Fspiu Nghf;fpaij Gwg;ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

“‘klj; jif kh kapy; gdpf;Fk;’ vd;W mUsp glhmk;

“E}ypDk; kaphpDk; Eio E}w;gl;bDk; ghy;tifj; njhpahg; gd;D}wLf;fj;J eWkb nrwpe;j mWit tPjp” (rpyk;G 14:205-207) vd>Nuhkq;fspdhy; nra;j Milfs; mq;fhbfspy; fhzg;gl;likia rpyk;G Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.md;W kl;Lky;yhJ> ,d;Wk;FsphpypUe;J jk;ikf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s> kf;fs; ,t;tif Milapidgad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,it> fhyj;jpw;F Vw;wthW gy tif tz;zk;> tbtk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 Nfhilf;fhy Mil

ekJ ehL> ,aw;ifahfNt ntg;gk; nfhz;l ehL vd;gjhy; ngUk;ghYk; gUj;jp Milfis mzpAk; tof;fNk> kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gUj;jpahdJ ePiu cwpQ;rp>

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 ntg;gj;ij ntspg;Nghf;Fk; jd;ikf; nfhz;ljhifahy;> ntg;gj;jpypUe;J jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s gUj;jp MilfisNa> gad;gLj;jpdh;.

“Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy;>nry;tH gUj;jp> gl;L vd ,uz;L tif MilfisAk; Mlk;guk; fUjp mzpe;jdH. rhjhuzkf;fs; gUj;jp cilapid kl;Lk; cLj;jpdH. jkpoH md;wp ,e;jpa kf;fs; midtUk; ,t;tbg;gilapy; cLj;jpapUf;ff; $Lk;” vd;gJ thy;lH vd;Dk; mwpQhpd; fUj;jhFk;;.

muThpad;d mWitahfTk;> Ez;Z}y; G+e;JfpyhfTk; ,tw;iw kpfTk; nkd;ikAiladthfj; jk; iftz;zj;jhy; mikj;J cLj;jpdH. ,d;iwaf; fhyj;jpYk; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fshy; gUj;jpahilNa mzpag;gLfpwJ vdpDk;> Nkiy ehl;Lj; jhf;fj;jhy;> Nfhilf;fhyj;jpYk; jbdkhd Milfs; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ ehfhpf Nkhfj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. rpWnghOJ Mil

rpWnghOJfs; vd;git xU ehspd; MW $Wfs; MFk;. mit> itfiw> tpbay;> ez;gfy;> vw;ghL> ,uT> ahkk; Nghd;wit. ehspd; $wpw;F Vw;whw; Nghy; Milfs; mzpe;jij rq;f ,yf;fpak; $WfpwJ. ,utpy; gl;L ePf;fpj; Jfpy; cLj;Jk; jd;ikia gl;bdg;ghiy topf; fhzyhk;. ,d;Wk; ,g;gof;fk; kf;fshy; filgpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,utpy; mzptjw;nfd;W gy tpjkhd Milfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rlq;Ffspy; Mil

gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu midj;Jk; tpohthff; nfhz;lhLk; kuG> jkpoHfsplk; ,ay;ghfNtf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mt;tifapy;> xt;nthU rlq;F KiwfSf;Fk;> xt;nthU tifahd Milfis cLj;jpdH

 gpwe;jehs; tpoh

gpwe;j ehisf; nfhz;lhLk; kuG ,f;fhyj;jpy; kl;Lky;y> rq;ffhyk; Kjy; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gij>

“rpwe;j ehszp nrw;wk; ePf;fpg; gpwe;j ehs;tapw; ngUkq;fyKk;” (njhy; - Gwk; -1037) vd kd;dHfs;> jq;fs; gpwe;j ehs; md;W nrw;wk; ePf;fp> kf;fSld; NrHe;Jf; tpoh nfhz;lhbaij> njhy;fhg;gpak; gjpT nra;fpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> ed;dd;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 vd;Dk; kd;dd; jdJ gpwe;j ehs; tpohtpid nfhz;lhbaij> kJiuf;fhQ;rp(618-619) gjpT nra;fpwJ. mjhtJ> me;ehsd;W> Gjpa Milfs;> mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;J> kf;fSf;Fk; mtw;iw toq;fp> ey;y czTfis cz;L nfhz;bdH vd;gij> goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhk;. ,d;iwaf; fhyj;jpy me;epa ehl;L fyhr;rhu Nkhfj;jhy; tpjtpkhd Milfspy; gl;lhilfs; mzpe;J ,dpg;g toq;fpf; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdH.

 jpUkzk;

kdpj tho;tpy; ,d;wpaikahf ,lj;jpidg; gpbg;gJ> jpUkzk;. mj;jifa jpUkhzj;jpd; NghJ>ngz;fs; J}a Milfs; mzptij>

“J}cilg; nghype;J Nktuj; Jtd;wp” (mfk; -136) jpUkzj;jd;W>tPl;il moF nra;J>tJitf;F J}a Mil mzptpj;jij> mfk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,d;iwaf; fhyj;jpYk; jpUkz epfo;tpy; tJit tPl;lhhpd; nghUshjhu epiyf;F Vw;g> J}a gl;lhilfs; gy tbtq;fspy; mzptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

 ,wg;G

gpwe;jhH midtUk; ,wg;gJ vd;gJ cWjp. mt;tifapy;> gpwg;gidg; nfhz;lhbaJ Nghy ,wg;igAk; nfhz;lhLk; tof;fk;> jkpoHfsplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mg;gb ,we;jtUf;nfd;W gy rlq;Ffs; nra;tJ> ek; kuG. mt;tifapy; ,we;jtH kPJ J}a nts;shiliag; NghHj;JtH vd;gij>

“fhy; fop fl;bypy; fplg;gp> J} nts; mWit NghHg;gpj;jpyNj!” (Gwk; -286) vd GwehD}wpy; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,d;Wk;> eilKiwapy; ,g;gof;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nry;tH Mil

xUthpd; Gwj;jFjpahdJ> mtH mzpAk; Miliaf; nfhz;Nl kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. vdNt jhd;> murHfs; jq;fsplk; ,ue;J tUk; Gutyh;fSf;F Kjypy; gioa Milfis mfw;wp> ey;y Milfis toq;Ffpd;wdH. mf;fhyj;jpy; thzpgk; rpwe;J fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gij> ehk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpayhk;. mg;gb gpw ehl;Lld; Vw;gl;l tzpg njhlHgpdhy;> gpw ehl;L Milfis mzpAk; tof;fKk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mit mjpf tpiy kjpg;Gs;sjhf ,Ue;jd. mt;tifahd Milia

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“nrf;fu; md;d> rpte;J Ezq;F cUtpd; fz; nghUG c$ck; xz;G+q; fypq;fk; nghd; Gid thnshL nghypaf; fl;b jpz; NjHg; gpuk;gpd; GuSk; jhid” (kJiu–432:433) vd nry;tHfspd; MilAk;> mth;fs; mzpAk; tpjk; Fwpj;Jk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.NkYk;> “rpy;G+q; fypq;fj;ij cLj;jpa nry;t kfSk;” (fyp– 55) %yk;>nry;tf;Fbapy; gpwe;jtHfs; gl;lhilfs; mzpe;jpUe;jij mwpayhk;. ifk;ngz; Mil

fztid ,oe;j ifk;ngz;fs; tz;z Milfs; jtpHg;gJ> ,d;W kl;Lky;y md;Wk; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;whYk;> ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; mjpf mstpy; khw;wk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ifk;ik ngz;bH vspa czTk;>E}y; E}w;Wk;> Mlk;gu Milfs; jtph;j;J nky;ypa Mil mzpe;jpUe;jij ,yf;fpaq;fs; topf; fhzyhk;;;.

“kq;fy mzpia ePf;fp> kzp mzp Jwe;J” (fk;gd; -4425) ,jpy;> ,uhtdid ,oe;j jhiuapd; epiyiaf; fhzyhk;. gjtpapd; mbg;gilap;y; Mil

nry;tk; kl;Lky;yhJ> xUthpd; gjtpAk; mthpd; Milf;F tbtj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhff; mikfpwJ. ,jid>

“Gwq;fhy; jho;e;J NghHit Kw;wp epye;Njha;GLj;j neL Ez;zhilaH jhid klf;fh khdkhe;juhf” (ngUq;fij -1.32.63 -65)

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 murd; Kd; epw;Fk; fzf;fiuAk;> jpizj; njhopyhsH Mil Fwpj;Jk; ngUq;fijf; fhl;LfpwJ. muritapy;> xt;nthUtUk; mtuthpd; gjtpf;Nfw;wthW Mil mzpe;jpUe;jdh;. murH gl;lhilfSk;>murFU vspikahd fhtp MilfisAk;> NghHtPuHfs; NghHf; fUtpfs; Ve;Jk; tz;zk; nfhz;l Milfs; vd;wthW mzpe;jpUe;jdH.

,dj;jpy; Mil

ntspg;gilahf ,dj;jpd; cil khWghlhdJ fhzg;glhtpbDk;> Fwpg;ghfr; Rl;Ltjhf ,jidf; nfhs;syhk;.

“VNdhH gpwh;f;Fk; ,itnad tFj;j mzpAkhilA kzpAey;fp” (ngUq;fij - 5.4:93 94) fhzyhk;. FatHfs; Nghd;Wrpy tif ,dq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l Milfs; mzptJ jil nra;agg;gl;bUe;jijf; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. ,J rKfj;jpd; Vw;wj;jho;itf; Fwpf;fpwJ vdpDk;> ,jpy; ,dk; rhHe;j Mjpf;fk; kpspHtijf; fzhyk;. NkYk;>Kjph;e;NjhHf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLf;Fk; Kiwapy; mtUf;F NghHit toq;Ftij> jkpoHfs; tof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdH. NghHtPuH Mil NghHj;njhopy; nra;Ak;> NghH tPuHfspd; cil kw;wtHfis tpl NtWgl;ljhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tHfspd; Mil mikg;ghdJ>NghH nra;a jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; gbAk;>vjphpfspd; NghHf; fUtpfspypUe;J jd;id ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tz;zNk> MilAk; fhzg;gl;ld. gpw Milfisg; Nghd;W> gUj;jpahy; Mil nra;ag;glhky; kpfTk; jbdkhd Mil tiffisg; gad;gLj;jpdH. “Gypepwf; ftrk; G+g;nghwpr; rpifa va;fiz fpopj;j gfl;nlopd; khHgpd; kwypad;d fspw;W kpir Nahid” (Gwk; - 13) vd> NghH Nkw; nry;Yk; kd;dd; Gypapd; Njhiyf; ftrkha; mzpe;jij Gwk; gjpT nra;fpwJ. NghH nra;a nry;Yk; Kd; khHG> if> Njhs;> ,Lg;G> fhy;> jiy vd xt;nthU ghfj;jpYk; jdpj;jdpahf ftrj;jhy; kiwj;jdH> “tpLfizj; njhpe;J jhidtPf;fw tprpj;J” (rPtf - 1086) vd> NghUf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,ay;gpid> rPtf rpe;jhkzp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 fhty; njhopy; GhpgtH Mil fhty; njhopy; GhpgtHfs;> mjw;Nfw;w Mil tiffis mzpe;jdH. ,tHfis nka;f;fhg;ghsHfs;> thapw;fhg;ghsHfs;> CHf;fhg;ghsHfs; vd;wthwhfg; gphpf;fyhk;. nka;f;fhg;ghsHfis fQ;Rf khf;fshff; miog;gij> ngUq;fijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. “Kliy ahf;if> KOtyp khf;fs; tz;L %R Njwy; khe;jp> kfpo; rpwe;J> Jtiyj; jz; Jsp NgzhH>gfy; ,Ue;J ,U Nfhl;L mWitah;” (neLey; - 32-35) Chpidf; fhty; GhpAk; kpNyr;rHfs;> jq;fs; Njhspy; Milia Kd;dk; gpd;Dk; njhq;f tpl;lthWf; fhzg;gl;lij> ,jd; top mwpayhk;. ,d;Wk; fpuhkq;fspy; CHf;fhty; GhpAk; kf;fs; ifapy; jbf; nfhz;L> Milapid Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; njhq;ftpl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. topghl;by;; Mil

kdpjd;> ,t;Tyf ,d;gk; kl;Lky;yhJ> NkYyf ,d;gj;jpd; kPJk; gw;Wf; nfhz;ltd;. Mifapdhy; jhd; nja;tj;ij tzq;fr; nry;Yk; Kd;> Fspj;J>Gjpa Milapid mzpe;J nry;tij kughff; nfhz;bUe;jdH.

“xd;gJ nfhz;l %d;WGhp Ez;Qhz;> Gyuhf; fhofk; Gyu cB,” (jpUK -183-184) me;jzHfs; Fspj;J> Nte;jH muj;jg; gl;bidAk;> tzpfH gPjf cilapidAk; mzpe;jij> #shkzp (1974>77>79) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

,d;Wk;> xt;nthU nja;tj;jpw;Fk; topghL nra;Ak; NghJk;;> gy;NtW tz;zq;fspy; gy tifahd Milfs; mzptijf; fhzyhk;.

Jwtpfs;Mil

cyf tho;tpd; ,r;irfisj; Jwe;J nry;Yk; kdp;jHfs; Jwtpfs; vd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,tH> fhtp cilapid cly; KOtJk; mzpe;Jf; fhzg;gLtH.

“Fwpahff; FUjpf; nfhb Milahff;

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 nfhz;LLj;Jg; NghHj;Jj; jq;FQ;rp Kz;bj;J mwpaPNuh rhf;fpahiu Ail fz;lhy; vd; mg;Gw nkd;wpa k;gpLthH mNefH Mq;Nf” (fypq;fj;Jg; guzp -468) ,jpy;>ngsj;jj; Jwtpfs;> fhtpAil cLj;jpAk;>cly; KOJk; NghHj;jpAk; fhzg;gl;likia fhl;LfpwJ.

“iff; nfhz;nlLj;j flTl; fbiQnahL gpf;Fzpf; Nfhyj;Jg; ngUe; njU miljYk;” (kzp -15 ) kzpNkfiyapd; gpf;Fzpf; Nfhyk; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

Gj;j kjj;jpw;F vjpuhd rkz; kjj;jpy;> jpahdj;jpw;F ,ilA+whf cil Kjypatw;iw ntWf;fk; jd;ikia> ePyNfrpapy; fhzyhk;.

“GidT Ntz;lyH Nghf Efh;tpyH epidtpw; Nfapil Nfhnsd NeHjyh tpidaTk; kyNkwpD nkd;nra; midajhd; khf;fs; ahf;ifapd; tz;zNk” (ePyNfrp -319) kPtpay;Gf; $Wfspy; Mil kf;fs; jhq;fs; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wthW Milfs; mzpe;jJ Nghy; jhq;fs; tzq;fpa flTspd;jd;ikf;Nfw;wthW> Milfis mzptpj;J topg;gl;ldH. “vapy; vhpj;jtd; ahidAhpj;j ehs; gapy; cWj;J chpNghHj;j ew;gz;G” (fk;gH -694) vd;wthW> rptgpuhd; tpyq;Ffspd; NjhYhpj;J>mjid mzpAk; ,ay;gpid vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. jpUkhy;> jpUkfspd; fztd; Mjyhy;>nghd;dhilfs; cLj;Jk; ,ay;gpid cilatH. mth; jdJ> ,uhk mtjhuj;jpy; kuThp jhpj;Jf; fhL nrd;wij> “fw;iwr; ril fl;b kuThpAQ; Nrhiy jhd;gz;L fl;bf; nfhz;lhd; cq;fs; rq;F ifad; my;Nyhb” (Kf;$lw; -168) gjpT nra;fpwJ.

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Marian Quest – A Bi-annual Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol.. 6 ISSN 2249 - 7145 December 2017 “Nty;tyhDil jho;e;j tpsq;F ntz;Jfpy; Va;g;g thypJ fpse;j ntz;fhw; NrAk;” (fyp -105) vdNtypid cila KUfd;> ntz;Jfpy; Milia mzpe;jpUe;jij fypj;njhif Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. “ghyd;d Nkdpahd; mzpngwj; ij,a ePy ePUil Nghy” (fyp -7) gyuhkd;> ePy epw Mil cLj;jpatdhff; fhzg;gl;lij> fypj;njhif gjpT nra;fpwJ. nghJ Milfs; MltH> kfspH vd ,UtUf;Fk; gy Milfs; rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gbDk;> rpy Milfs; nghJthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MltUf;Fhpajhff; fQ;Rfk;> Fg;ghak;> glk;> nka;g;ig Nghd;wtw;iwAk;> kfspUf;Fhpajhf jioAil> G+q;fiuePyk; Nghd;witf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;>MltHfs; fr;rpid ,ilapy; fl;l> kfspH khHgpy; gad;gLj;jpdH. ,d;iwaf; fhyj;jpy; Mlthpd; gy Milfis ngz;fs; mzptijf; fhzyhk;.

KbTiu ,t;thwhf> MilahdJ kf;fspd;; tho;tpd;> gy;NtW ghpkhzq;fSf;F Vw;wthW gy;NtW tpjkhfg; gad;gl;lijf; mwpayhk;.

Jiz epd;w E}w;fs;

 rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;  jkpoH Milfs;  jopo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW  ,e;jpaH Milfs;  gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;

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