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Sri Lanka'da Islâmiyetin Yayilişi

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Sri Lanka'da Islâmiyetin Yayilişi T.C İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLÂM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ SRİ LANKA’DA İSLÂMİYETİN YAYILIŞI Abdurrahim AKMAZ 2501171887 TEZ DANIŞMANI Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Yavuz YILDIRIM İSTANBUL - 2019 ÖZ SRİ LANKA’DA İSLÂMİYETİN YAYILIŞI Abdurrahim AKMAZ “Sri Lanka’da İslamiyet’in Yayılışı” adlı bu çalışmada, Emeviler döneminden başlayarak Abbasiler döneminde ve Osmanlı Devleti döneminde Sri Lanka’ya İslamiyet’in Müslüman Arap tüccarlar tarafından ulaştırıldığı ele alınmıştır. İlk dönemlerden itibaren yerel krallar ile iyi ilişkiler kuran Müslümanlar, adada ibadet yerleri inşa etmişler, adanın yerli halkı ile ailevi bağlar kurmuşlardır. Bundan dolayı yüzyıllar boyunca Müslümanlar ile yerli halk arasında gen karışımı meydana gelmiştir. Kültürel farklılıklara maruz kalan Müslümanların dilleri de yavaş yavaş değişmeye başlamış ve “Arwi” diye adlandırılan yeni bir dil inşa edilmiştir. Hem Müslümanlar hem de yerli halk adayı Sömürgecilere karşı korumaya çalışmışlardır. Adaya gelen Portekizliler ve Hollandalılar döneminde artan misyonerlik faaliyetleri sebebiyle Müslümanlar, çocuklarını sömürgecilerin etkisinde olan devlet okullarına göndermemiştir. Bundan dolayı Müslümanlar Küttab denen okullar inşa etmiş, dinsel ve ırksal kimliklerini muhafaza etmeye çalışmışlardır. İslam devletleri ile irtibatları koparmayan Sri Lanka Müslümanları, Osmanlı döneminde de Sultan Abdulhamid Han ile yakın temaslar kurmuşlardır. 1900’lerden sonra artan iç ayaklanmalar sebebiyle Müslümanların da dahil olduğu birçok masum insan hayatını kaybetmiştir. Günümüzde ise Müslümanlar, devlet kadrolarında hizmet vermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sri Lanka, Seylan, İslam, Tamil ve Sinhala Dili, Güneydoğu Asya iii ABSTRACT SPREAD OF ISLAM IN SRI LANKA Abdurrahim AKMAZ In the work of "Spread of Islam in Sri Lanka", starting from the Umayyad period, it was handled that Islam was delivered to Sri Lanka by Arab Merchants in the period of Abbasid and Ottoman state. From the first years, the Muslims who had good relationships with local kings, constructed mosques and had family based relations with the local people . Therefore, there occured gen pool mixture with the Muslims and the local people over years. Because of acculturation of Muslims, their language started to change and a new language occured named as “Arwi”. Both Muslims and local people tried to protect the country against the Colonists. The Muslims didn’t send their children to the state schools which were under influence of Colonists, because of the increasing missionary activities during Portuguese and Dutch period who came to the land. That’s why, the Muslims constructed new schools named Küttab and so they tried to protect their religious and ethnic identities. The Muslims of Sri Lanka who never lost their connection to Islamic states, contacted to the Sultan Abdulhamid during Ottoman state. Because of riots in the country increasing after 1990s, lots of innocent people died including Muslims. Today, Muslims serve in state staffs. Key Words: Sri Lanka, Ceylon, Islam, Tamil and Sinhala Language, South East Asia,. iv ÖNSÖZ Rahman ve Rahim olan Allah’ın adıyla. Müslümanların Sri Lanka’ya geliş tarihi, yaklaşık bin üç yüz yıl öncesine dayanmaktadır. Ayrıca İslâm öncesi dönemde Arapların Sri Lanka’da tanınması da Emevi yönetiminden kaçan Müslümanlar sayesinde İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinde adaya ulaşmasına imkân sağlamıştır. Adaya yerleşen bir avuç Müslüman Arap, Kolombo’nun güneyindeki Beruwala’da ilk mescitlerini inşa etmiştir. Orada bulunan kitabeler ve mezarlar da bunun delilleri arasında kabul edilmektedir. Bu anlamda Sri Lanka’da İslamiyet’in serüveni hakkında çalışılmış Türkçe kaynak ya da eserin olmaması ve Selim Argun hocamın bu konu üzerinde çalışma yapmaya beni cesaretlendirmesi sebebiyle, bu konuya yöneldim. Çalışmamız; giriş, üç bölüm ve sonuç kısmından oluşmaktadır. Girişte; konunun amacı, kapsamı ve önemi, yöntemi ve kaynakları hakkında bilgi verdik. Birinci Bölümde; “Sri Lanka Adasına Genel Bir Bakış” Bölüm başlığı altında Sri Lanka hakkında genel bilgiler verdik. Bu bölümde, Müslümanların nasıl bir coğrafya ve kültür ile karşılaştıklarını anlamamızı kolaylaştırması için Müslümanların adaya gelmesinden evvel mevcut olan tarihi ve sosyal dokuyu özetledik. Müslümanlar gelmeden önce de var olan tarihi yapıdaki insanların ilk iskân faaliyetlerini, sebep ve sonuçları ile kendi aralarındaki çatışmaları ele aldık. Etnik gruplar içerisinde Sinhala halkının kökenini ve Budizm’in Sinhala kültürüne etkisini, Tamil halkının kökenin ve Hinduizm’in Tamil kültürüne etkisini aktarmaya çalıştık. Adanın çoğunluğunu oluşturan bu iki millet içerisinde de Müslümanların sayılarını, bulundukları illeri, birkaç cümle ile yaşam faaliyetlerini bilmek inanılan dinlere göre nüfus dağılımı oluşturmamızı kolaylaştırmıştır. Ayrıca adada ne tür malların ticaretinin yapıldığını, sömürge sürecinde Batılı devletlerin ticari imkânlar karşısında takındıkları tavrı birinci v bölümde ele aldık. Bağımsızlığa dair bilgileri ve sonraki süreçte de Sri Lanka ile Türkiye arasındaki dostane ilişkileri kısa cümlelerle aktarmaya gayret ettik. Çalışmanın İkinci Bölümünü üç ayrı başlıkta inceledik. İslâmiyet’in adadaki ilk izlerini araştırdığımız birinci başlıkta, Müslümanları kendi içinde değerlendirip kökenlerinin ne olduğu, hangi tarihlerde neden geldiklerini; Müslümanların kökenlerine dair ihtilafları ve bu ihtilafların siyasi sebeplerini aktardık. İkinci bölümün “Müslümanların Gayrimüslim Halk ile İlişkileri” kısmında ise Avrupalıların adaya gelmesinden önceki süreçte Müslümanların Sinhala ve Tamil halkı ile olan uyumlu barışçıl süreçlerini; 1505 yılından başlayıp 1948 yılında bağımsızlığı kazanıncaya kadar Müslümanların Sömürgeci devletlere karşı yerli halk ile aynı safta olduklarını, ancak bağımsızlık sonrası süreçte yaşanan iç savaşta Müslümanların tarafsız olmaya çalıştığını ifade ettik. Yaşanan üzücü hadiselere ve yaklaşık 5 asır boyunca sömürgecilerin yönetiminde sindirilmelerine karşın Osmanlı Devleti ile irtibatlarını devam ettirdiklerine dair rivayetleri de “Sri Lanka-Osmanlı İlişkileri” başlığı altında ele aldık. Sri Lanka’da İslâmiyet’in varlığının bin yıldan fazla bir geçmişe sahip olduğu bilinen bir gerçektir. Üçüncü Bölümde; bu gerçekliğin neticesinde Müslüman halkın gayrimüslim halk ile kültürel etkileşimlerini, yüzyıllarca devam eden toplumsal entegrasyonu, Müslümanların mesleki anlamda topluma katkılarını, Müslüman liderlerin Krallara hizmetlerini, İslâmi ritüelleri ve ırksal kimliği muhafaza etmek için Müslümanların kurdukları eğitim kurumlarını ve faaliyetlerini, İslâm hukukuna verdikleri önemi kaleme aldık. Sonuç kısmında ise çalışmanın genel bir değerlendirmesini yapıp konumuzu özetledik. Çalışmanın tamamlanmasını nasip eden âlemlerin Rabbi Allah’a (c.c.) sonsuz hamd-ü senâlar olsun. O’nun (c.c.) Sevgili Habibi Hz. Muhammed’e de (s.a.v.) sonsuz salât-ü selam olsun. Konunun belirlenmesinde bana yol gösteren Diyanet İşleri Başkan Yardımcısı Sayın Dr. Selim Argun Hocama ve araştırmanın şekillenmesine destek veren Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Yavuz Yıldırım ve Prof. Dr. Nurettin Gemici Hocalarıma, tezimin tashihini yapan, bu aşamada kıymetli tavsiyelerde bulunan Mehmet Deri Hocama teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. vi Ayrıca dualarını esirgemeyen ve her daim beni ilme yönlendiren anneme, babama, abime ve kardeşime teşekkür ederim. Mesaimin çoğunu evin dışında geçirmemden dolayı bana sabreden ve nice fedakârlıklarda bulunan çok değerli eşime de teşekkür ederim. Çalışmamın hayırlara vesile olmasını Yüce Allah’tan niyaz ederim… Abdurrahim AKMAZ İstanbul - 2019 vii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ...................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................... v İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................ viii KISALTMALAR ............................................................................................... xi GİRİŞ A. Konunun Amacı, Kapsamı ve Önemi ................................................................. 1 B. Araştırmanın Yöntemi ve Kaynakları ................................................................. 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM SRİ LANKA ADASINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ A. Adanın Tarihi ................................................................................................. 4 1. İlk İskân İzleri .................................................................................. 4 2. Coğrafi Konumu ve Önemi .............................................................. 7 3 Etnik Gruplar ..................................................................................... 9 a. Sinhalalar ............................................................. 9 b. Tamiller ............................................................... 13 c. Müslümanlar ....................................................... 15 d. Burgherler ............................................................ 16 e. Vedalar ................................................................. 17 4. Dinlere Göre Nüfus Dağılımı ......................................................... 18 5. Kast Sistemi .................................................................................... 19 a. Müslümanlar Arasındaki Sosyal Sınıflar .................... 20 b. Sinhala Kast Sistemi .................................................
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