ASSESSING THE LOCAL COMMUNITY READINESS TO BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (Case Study: City)

Cucu Hayati STIE Mahardhika Surabaya

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to identify how will affect to local community readiness. It also investigated the adaptive capacity of stakeholders related to Sunda Strait Bridge Development Plan. This research was began by collecting quantitative preliminary data as a basis for collecting and interpreting the primary qualitative data. In order to obtain representative responses, this research used purposive sampling technique. The number of respondents of this research were 100 people from different interests who live in Pulomerak Districts, Ciwandan Districts, Grogol Districts and Citangkil Districts. This research’s process divided into three stages, stages of preparation/ pre-field (description about the research and make analogy with related researches), stages of field work (classifying responses and adaptive capacity), and stage of post field work (connecting between theory and finding). It can be concluded that Sunda Strait Bridge is not relevant to be built today because the community is not ready yet. In the other hand, the objective of Sunda Strait Bridge Development Plan would be supported by community readiness and community- personal adaptation, even it could not address the issues of negative impacts. This research gives three kind recommendations to intervention for policy and planning to minimize the residue and local community adaptation strategy.

Keyword: Sunda Strait Bridge, community readiness, response and adaptation

INTRODUCTION , and create employment Indonesian Development have opportunities. This is the strategy of entranced the new stage after President KSN Sunda Strait, which is known that Regulation Number 86 Year 2011 Island as region with industry officially announced. This regulation based on energy and natural resources, has became interesting because it will while the Province is known as a connect Sumatera Island and Java light and friendly environment industrial Island, which known as the highest area. density areas in by planning Cilegon City is one of the development of Sunda Strait Bridge alternative rute of Sunda Strait Bridge. (Bathoro, 2011). It the macro level, the Alternative Route Sunda Strait Bridge will also 2 (Cilegon-Ketapang) were considered become the first step to realize the to have a higher level of readiness than Sunda Strait National Strategic Areas Alternative Route 1 (-Ketapang). (KSN) which is one of 22 major The level of public acceptance to the economic activities Acceleration and bridge is high because people in Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Cilegon City are able to see the positive Development Master Plan (MP3EI). The impact that could be generated from the benefits of Sunda Strait Bridge construction of the bridge. Development is to develop a new Until today, the Sunda Strait economic region, accelerating the Bridge project is still under review and development of Sumatra Island, in the feasibility study phase. It is reducing economic centralization in therefore necessary to identify the risks

54 Media Mahardhika Vol. 17 No. 1 September 2018 at each stages of project. Identification comprehensive community development is required for the implementation by effort (Emery & Flora, 2006). stakeholders who will manage the risks This research will collected data in order to minimize the negative to analyze community capitals based on impacts by preparing mitigation plan. five of them, such as: (Karim, 2017). 1. Natural capital: land, water, From those researches, it is forests, marine resources, air indicated that this project is going to be quality, erosion protection, and built soon. So, it is assumed that people biodiversity. need preparation to be adaptable to the 2. Physical capital: transportation, impact might be occurred. It is also roads, buildings, shelter, water indicated that people in study area supply and sanitation, energy, already have adaptation strategy, but it technology, communications, or have not investigated yet in the previous other household assets. researches. By preparing adaptive 3. Financial capital: savings (cash as capacity, communities are enabled to well as liquid assets), credit see what skills they have and kind of (formal and informal), as well as problems identification they know to inflows (state transfers and solve through common action, remittances). supported by other persons, which may 4. Human capital: education, skills, have the capacity to bring these skills knowledge, health, nutrition, and together and enable them further. labor power. The objective of this research is 5. Social capital: networks that identification the response and increase trust, ability to work adaptation of Cilegon’s community to together, access to opportunities, the social and economic changes reciprocity; informal safety nets; perspective. In order to achieve the and membership in organizations objective, two sub-research objectives need to be formulated, namely: Community Readiness and Adaptive a. Identifying Cilegon’s community Capacity response to Sunda Strait Bridge Brooks (2003;8) within Maguire utilization and Cartwright (2008) defined adaptive b. Identifying Cilegon’s community capacity as the ability or capability of a adaptation to Sunda Strait Bridge system to modify or change its utilization characteristics or behavior to cope better with actual or anticipated LITERATURE REVIEW stresses. Adaptation includes actions Impact Assessment of Infrastructure taken to reduce vulnerabilities and to Development increase resilience and adaptive Basically, the development has capacity is the ability to take those a target to raise the level of social actions. welfare. Development activities that Mary Ann Pentz, who headed lead unplanned effects outside the target the Midwest Prevention Project, is called impact (Soemarwoto, 1992). deserves the credit for presenting the Expected changes is how the original concept of Community infrastructure could create better access Readiness. In a paper presented at the and an increase in livelihoods assets. Kentucky Conference for Prevention Emery and Flora suggests consideration Research in 1991, she made it clear of an asset portfolio of seven different that, unless a community was ready, types of assets. Those indicators are initiation of a prevention program was called Community Capitals Framework unlikely, and if a program was started (CCF) and used to analyze a despite the fact that the community was not ready, initiation was likely to lead

55 Media Mahardhika Vol. 17 No. 1 September 2018 only to failure (Edwards, Jumper- changing behaviors so that thurman, Plested, Oetting, & Swanson, harmony with the environment. 2000). 2. Adaptation by reaction, which acts Edwards et al (2000) also against the environment by refusing explained the stage of community or make changes to the physical readiness based on Tri-ethnic Center’s environment in order to increase community readiness theory. Following the individual congruent with their are the stages of community readiness physical environment. and the definitions of those stages 3. Adaptation to the left (adaptation developed at the Tri-Ethnic Center for by withdrawal), which avoiding Prevention Research. action due to environmental 1. No Knowledge Stage - suggests mismatch or incompatibility. This is that the community or the leaders done by allowing the setting or use do not generally recognize the a substitute or move to another issue as a problem. place. In this third concept, it 2. Denial Stage - involves the belief exemplifies an act of migration that there is little or no (moving). recognition that this might be a Furthermore, it explained that local problem but there is usually although the response of the community some recognition by at least some or group of communities to changing members of the community that social, economic, and environmental is the behavior itself is or can be a very diverse, both in the form of support problem. or resistance, but actually the adaptive 3. Vague Awareness Stage - involves capacity of society is strongly influenced recognition of the problem, but no by how large infrastructure provides motivation for action. benefits to them. 4. Preplanning Stage - indicates recognition of a problem and Mitigation agreement that something needs In addition to build planned to be done. adaptive capacity of society, it needs to 5. Preparation Stage - involves prepare some prevention and control active planning. efforts. Fandeli (2011) stated that in 6. Initiation Stage - involves order to prevent and mitigate the impact implementation of a program. caused by the utilization of natural 7. Stabilization Stage - indicates resources or the environment called that one or two programs are mitigation of impact. Mitigation is an operating and are stable. action taken by humans to prevent and 8. Confirmation/expansion Stage - mitigate the impact of the environment. involves recognition of limitations Learned from the study of and attempts to improve existing environmental impact mitigation programs. patterns of port development presented 9. Professionalization Stage - is by Fandeli (2011), then some mitigation marked by sophistication, patterns that could be applied to the training, and effective evaluation development of Sunda Strait Bridge is Berry within Altman, et.al., derived from the public response and (1980) within Cahyani (2013) stated mitigation patterns adopted from that the adjustments behavior to Fandeli’s research. environment changes namely adaptation 1. Technology applied should be strategies divided into three type, such simple, effective and efficient as: 2. Parts of the equipment used can be 1. Adaptation by adjustment, which obtained easily in project site. acts on the environment by 3. Costs of mitigate should be reducing conflict adjusting or affordable by the project’s budget.

Assesing The Local ...... (Cucu) hal. 54 - 66 56 4. For bioengineering, using local resources that grown in the area 5. For socio-engineering, social engineering should be in accordance with social norms and local community’s knowledge.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK In this study, Sunda Strait Bridge is positioned as the input. The analysis has been started by identifying impact due to bridge provision, respond Figure 1. Conceptual Framework and adaptation by the community. In this context, the response and RESEARCH METHOD adaptation is not done suddenly, but it is Study Area based on the historical background. Area in Cilegon which indicated Then, also analyzed the opportunities will receive direct impact of Sunda and constraints into consideration in Strait Bridge development, included setting policy and advocacy for the Ciwandan District, Grogol District, community. With this, the community Pulomerak District and Citangkil readiness hopefully could be assessed District. Total population in those study and adaptive capacity could be area are 184498 people. achieved. Data and Indicator This research will analyze this indicator which will be obtained from various sources.

Table 1. Data Requirement Analysis Tool/ No. Objective Indicators Measurement Method 1 Development Main issue and potential Pra-construction Issue Analogy Analysis Impact impacts that might be Construction Issue from relevant occurred after development Operational Issue research 2. Stakeholders 1) Response and adaptive 1) The government's policy Structured Response and capacity of the response. Interview to Community government (local and 2) The business opportunities stakeholders. Adaptation central government. are planned by private 2) Response and adaptive parties capacity of business 3) The form of assistance from people, (entrepreneurs the social organizations and business investors). (NGOs, research institutes) 3) Response and adaptive to the community capacity of indigenous 4) The planned adaptation people. efforts by the community in 4) Response and adaptive addressing the impact and capacity of social the business opportunities organizations. that will occur.

Data Collection from various sources, including The data required in this study documents related research, statistical were categorized into 2 types, namely data from Statistics Research Agency primary data and secondary data. The (BPS) Cilegon City, and Village collection of secondary data is obtained Potential Data (Data Potensi Desa).

57 Media Mahardhika Vol. 17 No. 1 September 2018 Primary data was obtained from field stage determines the sample area observations and interviews to Cluster Sampling (Sampling Area), and respondents supported by a closed the next phase to determine those that questioner, considering the respondents exist in the sampling area. In order to had some knowledge and capacity to obtain representative samples of measure the problem. population, it can be determined that the sample is calculated using the formula Respondent of Slovin, as follows: In this research, the important point is not the number of respondents, but the potential for each respondent cases to give a better theoretical Note: understanding of the aspects studied n = number of sample (Agusta, 2003). Respondents were N= number of population (184498 purposively selected, having previously people) made a typology (micro, meso and e = maximum acceptable error, macro level) within the community. assumption: 10% Determination of the number of samples done in two stages, the first

Table 2. List of Respondent Level Of Number No. Characteristic District/ Area Analysis of sample Ciwandan 12 Community/ Citangkil 25 1 Micro Beneficiary Pulomerak 15 Grogol 8 Ciwandan 2 Citangkil 2 2 Meso Public Figure Pulomerak 2 Grogol 2 Statistic of Cilegon City 1 Agency of Housing, Planning, and 1 Urban Development of Cilegon City Agency of Regional Development of 1 Cilegon City Agency of High way construction 1 and road maintenance of Cilegon City Government Agency of Agriculture of Cilegon 1 3 Macro City Agency of In and Trade of Cilegon 1 City Agency of Land Plantation of 1 Cilegon City Agency of Marine of Cilegon City 1 Agency of Environment of Cilegon 1 City Business Actor Cilegon City 19 NGO Cilegon City 4 TOTAL 100 Source: pre-field work observation

Assesing The Local ...... (Cucu) hal. 54 - 66 58 RESULT of the main issues, key issues and Impact Assessment of Sunda Strait potential environmental impacts at all Bridge Development Plan stages of development activity in the Based on the impact study of a fishing harbor in the village of port that has been developed by Fandeli Karangwuni, Glagah, Kulon Progo (2011), then the following is a summary which could be an analogy for this study.

Table 3. Main issues, key issues and potential environmental impacts of fishing harbor in the village of Karangwuni, Glagah, Kulon Progo as an analogy for this study Stages Of No. Main Issues Potential Impact Development Activity 1. Pra-Construction a. land acquisition – land compensation and cash compensation, land growing crops use changing, land – cash compensation should investment, cost impact become replace profit b. land clearing Dirty air environment due to the Pollution: increased dust use of heavy equipment / air concentration quality decreases 2. Construction Development process change in environmental quality Pollution: dust, gas, and land along the access road noise, congestion, disease entrance. 3. Operational Traffic operations in Transportation activities competition, air quality land (dust, gas, noise), congestion issue, demography, safety of users, business opportunities, employment opportunities, security, Accessibility to public facilities, Public unrest in cost Source: Fandeli, 2011

Hidayat (2012) conducted a implementation. This research also used research about impact of Suramadu policy analysis to analyze development Bridge to Social-Economy. This policy of Suramadu Bridge. This research used theory of public policy for research gave emphasize to government concept formulation and project intervention to adjust with the impact.

Table 4. Impact Assessment of Suramadu Bridge to Social-Economy No. Impacts Mitigation 1. Social Impacts a Increase Land Price  Socialization about compensation  Profit due to land price changing (63,3% in base on regulation Surabaya and 97,9% in Madura)  Socialization about impact  Suffer a financial loss due to land loss (36%  The development of Bangkalan in Surabaya and 100% in Madura).

59 Media Mahardhika Vol. 17 No. 1 September 2018 No. Impacts Mitigation b Land Use Changing based on RTRW of – Road development would cause land use Province explained that the changing agriculture and fishery area will – It would be significantly changing into become a part of Metropolitan area. industry, trade, service and warehouse areas. c Lose of Cultivation Area  It would not be significantly occur in Surabaya.  It would be significantly occur in Madura. d Social Envious  Increase coordination and – Labor force competition during development partnership, community engagement, process and also create social trust e Fisherman unrest  Government together with  Biodiversity community should develop the productivity by creating economy activities based on local commodities and local labor. f Security  Use CCTV  Robbery  Other criminality g Modernity  Defend social dependency and  Consumptive shared interest  Individualistic  Tradition and education strengthen  Competitive  Increase human capital (create ready for use human resources) by labor empowering in skill. 2 Economy Impact a Productivity Increase community assets (human  Easy to access job in Surabaya capital, financial capital, social capital,  Increase income physical capital, environment capital)  Loss of profit to transportation business actor  Decrease number of water transportation user  Decrease of number transportation mode  Decrease the fisherman income  Decrease fish fishing b Job Opportunity :  Open access for local labor – Labor mobilization during development  Open new job opportunity process  Human capital strengthen – Labor Demobilization 3 Impact to Infrastructure Provision a Public Service Infrastructure Built good toilet, permanent shops and – Increase accessibility to school, market and road improvement in villages around government facilities, project site – Low road quality – Illegal street vendor (PKL) Source: Hidayat, 2012

Assesing The Local ...... (Cucu) hal. 54 - 66 60 From several related research, level of managerial and supervision. it predicted that the impacts that would Beside Government, the public believes arise due to the development of the that development of Sunda Strait Bridge Sunda Strait Bridge utilization, among would be financed by the National others: Budget Plan. The development is 1. land use changing expected by the public would attract 2. bio degradation issue (pollution) investors to put their money on this 3. demography project. 4. economy issues (business Based on resources / informant, opportunities, employment it can be found that if socialization of opportunities, cost impact) Sunda Strait Bridge Development Plan 5. transportation issues (congestion has not been touching people at the issue) micro level. Governments tend to have 6. accessibility to public facilities discussions among the Government and with NGOs as well. Business Actors Socialization of Sunda Strait Bridge tend to do business discussion with Development Plan fellow actors and with friends outside Socialization of the Sunda Strait them group. Mass media such as Bridge Development Plan is only newspapers/ magazines, internet and famous to the level of the government other media can be interpreted as the district, but there are a lot of primary communication in the study discussions and information received by area. the public in this study area. This research asked about stakeholders’s response to the project. People have been able to assess how they feel about this project. Most people agree to Sunda Strait Bridge Development Plan, even NGO fully agree with this plan. However, there were also a small number of Community groups that the government does not agree and doubtfully.

Community Adaptation Figure 2. Socialization of Sunda Strait Sunda Strait Bridge Bridge Development Plan Development is expected would cause Source: Analysis some effects, such as changes in social, economic and environmental. Some of There are 80% people got the the issues that have been circulating in information about the location of Sunda the public discussion are land Strait Bridge Development Plan. ownership, demographics According to the deep interview, Sunda (urbanization), economic activity, Strait Bridge might be located in the environmental degradation and District Pulomerak or District Anyer. pollution, congestion, and un- They found the technology will be employment. In this research, it was applied is the technology of found that the forms of adaptation infrastructure are adopted from other which are well known and began to be country, such as China, Japan and prepared by the resident. The adaptation Germany. Employment that would consists of attitudes and actions that happen is the local workforce as would be taken, forms and sources of workers/labor and people from outside capital that will be prepared and the Banten as the technical expert in the actor chosen to be a discussion partner.

61 Media Mahardhika Vol. 17 No. 1 September 2018 Local Governments have not set up funds from the local budget to anticipate these changes may occur along with the Sunda Strait Bridge development plan yet. However, the partnership plan will be initiated between the government and others, is expected to accumulate funds intended. The Government chose to discuss with fellow governments, NGOs and some Figure 3. Response and Adaptation to Public Figure. It is normal that local Land Changing Issue communities have not received complete Source: Analysis information other.

More than 50% of respondent are rent their land to private sector, land have already prepare for land changing selling, stay in their origin village, or due to Sunda Strait Bridge Development move out from origin village if the Plan (Figure 3). Most of them will condition are going worst. prepare for land investment. Another adaptation preparation they might take

Figure 4. Response and Adaptation to Demography Changing Issues Source: Analysis

To deal with the issue of in the post-construction of bridge in demographic change affecting their origin village. employment in the study area, the Business Actors will do better absorption of local and immigrant population. In the event of changes in economic activity, steps will they take is still working in the current job and or open new job opportunity (Figure 4). Public Figures assess that local Communities have the ability to survive

Assesing The Local ...... (Cucu) hal. 54 - 66 62 Figure 5. Response and Adaptation to Bio Degradation Issue Public Figures considered that Source: Analysis the post-impact-cost should be prepared by the government, because the In case of bio-degradation development is initiated by the changes (pollution and air temperature government as part of responsibility. changes) in post-development, Business While, business actors and local people Actors and Local Community have asses that they should prepare some already ability to prepare for it (Figure capital in order to deal with this issue, 5). Most of them will stay to and which sourced thorough personal continue their activities in the origin capital, loans, CSR programs and also village. But, Public Figure gave government programs. However, they recommendation for moving, because some people still have no idea to obtain they predicted that the condition is it. going worst. Village Government declared When congestion impacts that there are some of annual occurs in post-construction, then 80% of government program considered for them have ability to prepare from rural development program. The congestion issue. Most of Indigenous procedure to pursue it is easy. Local People are going to prepare to do people only need to prepare a proposal transitional modes of transportation or than follow the several procedures. The find other location within origin village. program’s fund will be distributed by In the other hand, Local Business Actors village government and have been have not preparation to deal this issue. conducted well so far. They choose to find other better location Krakatau Steel provides to run their business. assurance to students who are members In case of unemployment of the worker’s family of PT. Krakatau impacts post-construction, there are 50- Steel. Collateral in the form of 50 option suggested by Public Figure. collateral-free school in the public They assess that people have tendency schools and health in several medical to find new job opportunity within center. It is a source of capital that is origin village or outside. It means that expected by the government to support they have ability to prepare from people along with the development that unemployment issue. Different with will occur. Terms submission guarantee Public Figure, more than 30% Local facility is a resident must have an ID Business Actors and Local People have card as citizen in Cilegon City and show no preparation to deal this issue. But, family identity who works in PT. they might take opportunity to find new Krakatau Steel. job opportunity still in their origin It can be assessed that the local village. community is a social group that has a high curiosity. It is seen from the high number of discussions they have done with all the social groups existing society, including government, businesses and NGOs. This happens because the local people are aware that they are the first who will receive the direct impact of Sunda Strait Bridge Development Plan. Local NGOs were found in the Figure 6. Response and Adaptation to study area has a slightly closed stance. Impact-Cost Preparation They are willing to give its assessment Source: Analysis of economic and social change

63 Media Mahardhika Vol. 17 No. 1 September 2018 prediction only. They have no The Community Readiness in willingness to share information on Cilegon City are in Stage 4, that is other forms of NGO monitoring the Preplanning Stage. It indicates development in the study area. recognition of a problem and agreement This research found that there that something needs to be done. In this are some important indicators to condition, people in study area are measure community adaptation depend starting to realize the role of collectivity, on public awareness, partner to discuss, leadership, community forums, as well access to opportunity and financial as local knowledge, but the channels of capital. Different level of interest may communication and the network is still arise different responses. The main not optimized to support the issues may arise based on community development. It’s because the assets are Land Changing, Demography construction stage of Sunda Strait Changing, Economy Activities Bridge is not ready yet to begin. So, the Changing, Bio Degradation, community cannot join or participate Congestion, Unemployment and Impact- into the process yet. Cost Preparation.

Table 5. Assessing The Community Adaptation Strategies in Cilegon Cityto Sunda Strait Bridge Development Plan No. Issues Strategies Action 1 Land Adaptation by – Stay Changing adjustment – Land rent Issue – Land investment – Land sale – Government should facilitate this problem together with Contractors, local people, land owner Adaptation by – reaction Adaptation to the – Leave left 2 Demography Adaptation by – Stay Changing adjustment – Hire local and immigrant employment Issue – Government and Business actors should focus in local employment Adaptation by – reaction Adaptation to the – Leave left 3 Economy Adaptation by – Still work in current job Activities adjustment – Open new job opportunity Changing Adaptation by – Issue reaction Adaptation to the – Leave the current job left 4 Bio Adaptation by – Stay Degradation adjustment – Government should facilitate this Issue problem together with Consultant, local people, and Department of Environment Adaptation by – reaction

Assesing The Local ...... (Cucu) hal. 54 - 66 64 No. Issues Strategies Action Adaptation to the – Leave left 5 Congestion Adaptation by – Transitional modes of transportation Issue adjustment Adaptation by – reaction Adaptation to the – Move out from origin village left – Find other location within origin village 6 Unemployme Adaptation by – Find new job opportunity inside the nt Issue adjustment origin village Adaptation by – reaction Adaptation to the – Find new job opportunity outside the left origin village

7 Impact-Cost Adaptation by The variety of Source of Impact Cost Preparation adjustment Preparation: Issues Adaptation by – Money reaction – Land Adaptation to the – Skill left – Health insurance Source: Analysis

From Table 5, it can be seen with community readiness and that the adaptation strategies that would community-personal adaptation, even it be taken by the people in Cilegon City could not address the issues of negative are Adaptation by Adjustment and impacts. Today, people in study area are Adaptation to the left. It means that in Preplanning Stage which are starting people try to adjust their skills and to realize the role of collectivity, knowledge by them self in order to leadership, community forums, as well achieve the development’s goals. People as local knowledge, but the channels of in Cilegon did not prepare strategy of communication and the network is still Adaptation by Reaction because they not optimized to support the cannot adjust their environment to do development. They indicate recognition so. It doesn’t show the positive or of a problem and agreement that negative response of people, but it something needs to be done. indicates the low community influence to infrastructure development in Cilegon RECOMMENDATION City. Intervention/action for policy and planning to minimize residue: CONCLUSION a. To increase the Community Based on the result and finding, Readiness Level into the next it can be concluded that Sunda Strait stage, local community should be Bridge is not relevant to be built today. joined into participatory The local community already has ability planning. Government should to analyze the development impact socialize and inform the would be occurred, but there was low information about location, communication between regulator in technology, budget, labor and any macro level and indigenous people in other information through any micro level. The objective of Sunda discussion in village level. Public Strait Bridge Development is supported figure, Government, Business

65 Media Mahardhika Vol. 17 No. 1 September 2018 Actor and Community should Method Workshop in Social- develop community capacity to Economy Research Center in face the Sunda Strait Bridge Research and Development of Development. Agriculture in Bogor, b. The government should arrange February 27th, 2003. regulations related to the issues Bathoro, A. (2011). Pembangunan of negative impacts, such as Kemaritiman Dan Pesisir Studi changing demographics due to Kasus : Analisis Kebijakan the presence of immigrants, Jembatan Selat Sunda Peraturan congestion and transport, and Presiden Nomor 86 Tahun 2011, also unemployment-related sea 451–462. transport services to achieve Cahyani, Cicilia Susy Setyo. 2013. good planning, organizing, Persepsi, Respond an Strategi actuating and controlling the Adaptasi Masyarakat yang Sunda Strait Bridge Development. Tinggal di sekitar TPA Sampah c. People in Cilegon City have to Banyuroto Kabupaten Kulon develop Local Community Progo (Thesis).Gajar Mada Adaptive Strategy by powering University.p.32-33. the strategy of Adaptation by Edwards, R. W., Jumper-thurman, P., adjustment, which acts on the Plested, B. A., Oetting, E. R., & environment by reducing conflict Swanson, L. (2000). Article adjusting or changing behaviors Community Readiness : Research so that harmony with the To Practice, 28(97), 291–307. environment. Karim, A. M. (2017). Identifikasi Risiko Dalam Pembangunan Jembatan REFERENCES Bentang Panjang (Studi Kasus Book Pembangunan Jembatan Selat Fandeli, Chafid. 2011. Analisis Sunda ), 3(1). Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Pembangunan Pelabuhan. Essay, Thesis and Dissertation Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada Hidayat, Sutanto. 2012. Kebijakan University Press. Pembangunan Infrastruktur Maguire, Brigit and Cartwright, Sophie. Fisik (Analisis Dampak Sosial 2008. Assessing a Community’s Ekonomi Pembangunan Capacity to Manage Change: A Jembatan Suramadu–Jawa Resilience Approach to Social Timur). Assessment. Canberra: BRS (Dissertation).Brawijaya Publication Sales. University. Soemarwoto, Otto. 1992. Analisis Dampak Lingkungan. Internet Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada Emery, M., & Flora, C. (2006). University Press. Spiraling-Up: Mapping Usman, Sunyoto. 2012. Kesiapan Community Transformation with Masyarakat Terhadap Community Capitals Framework. Pembangunan Infrastruktur Community Development, 37(1), Jembatan Selat Sunda. 19–35. Yogyakarta. https://doi.org/10.1080/155753306 09490152. Journal Agusta, Ivanovich. 2003. Teknik Pengumpulan dan Analisis Data Kualitatif, the article was delivered in Qualitative

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