Customary Law: the Theory of Decentralized Despotism
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British Community Development in Central Africa, 1945-55
School of History University of New South Wales Equivocal Empire: British Community Development in Central Africa, 1945-55 Daniel Kark A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of New South Wales, Australia 2008 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. For my parents, Vanessa and Adrian. For what you forfeited. Abstract This thesis resituates the Community Development programme as the key social intervention attempted by the British Colonial Office in Africa in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A preference for planning, growing confidence in metropolitan intervention, and the gradualist determination of Fabian socialist politicians and experts resulted in a programme that stressed modernity, progressive individualism, initiative, cooperative communities and a new type of responsible citizenship. Eventual self-rule would be well-served by this new contract between colonial administrations and African citizens. -
LAND, STATE-BUILDING, and POLITICAL AUTHORITY in AFRICA a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornel
LAND, STATE-BUILDING, AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN AFRICA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Lauren Elizabeth Honig January 2017 © 2017 Lauren Elizabeth Honig ii LAND, STATE-BUILDING, AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN AFRICA Lauren Elizabeth Honig, Ph.D. Cornell University 2017 This dissertation examines the effect of customary institutions on the state’s control over property rights, in an era of booming demand for African agricultural land. Through the cases of Zambia and Senegal, the dissertation argues that this modern state-building process is constrained and facilitated differently according to variation in pre-colonial organization. Two key processes for building the state’s authority over land are examined. First, I demonstrate that historically hierarchical customary authorities are more likely to resist large-scale land acquisitions by the state and multinational corporations. Second, I show that small-scale farmers strategically title their land in response to their status within the customary regime. Analysis of original geo-coded survey data, case studies, archival research, and a database of land titles compiled over 18 months of fieldwork demonstrate how the organization of customary institutions determines the development of state property rights. iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Lauren Honig received her bachelor’s degree in Political Science and International Studies from Northwestern University in 2007. She was a Peace Corps Volunteer in Burkina Faso from 2007- 2009. In 2010, she began her graduate education in the Department of Government at Cornell. She will be a postdoctoral research fellow at the Kellogg Institute for International Studies at the University of Notre Dame during the academic year 2016-2017. -
De-Compressing History? Pre-Colonial Institutions and Local Government Finance in British Colonial Africa1
DE-COMPRESSING HISTORY? PRE-COLONIAL INSTITUTIONS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1 FINANCE IN BRITISH COLONIAL AFRICA Jutta Bolt University of Groningen [email protected] Leigh Gardner London School of Economics and Political Science [email protected] Abstract This paper contributes to a growing literature linking pre-colonial institutions and cur- rent development in Africa. Research in this area attributes correlations between pre- colonial institutions and current development to ‘indirect rule’, in which colonial rule depended on pre-colonial African regimes. However, the structure and practice of in- direct rule varied widely. This paper uses a new data set of local government revenue and expenditure to establish a more precise connection between indigenous states, co- lonial institutions, and contemporary development outcomes. These data are paired with anthropological records on pre-colonial states to assess the extent to which the fiscal capacity of local government units reflected pre-colonial state centralization. Finally, it suggests mechanisms by which late colonial local governments may have influenced post-independence development outcomes. Key words: Indirect rule, pre-colonial centralization, local governments, taxation 1 We would like to thank Robert Bates, Cathy Boone, Michiel de Haas, Yannick Dupraz, James Fens- ke, Elliott Green, Marlous van Waijenburg and audiences at the African Economic History Network workshop in 2014, the London School of Economics, Harvard University, Stellenbosch University, the Economic History Society annual conference in 2015, and the World Economic History Congress in 2015 for their comments. All remaining errors are our own. 1 1. Introduction According to a recent economic history of the continent, Africa remains ‘the devel- opment challenge of our time’ (Akyeampong et al 2014: 1). -
How Africans Shaped British Colonial Institutions: Evidence from Local Taxation
How Africans Shaped British Colonial Institutions: Evidence from Local Taxation JUTTA BOLT AND LEIGH GARDNER The institutions that governed most of the rural population in British colonial Africa have been neglected in the literature on colonialism. We use new data on local governments, or “Native Authorities,” to present the first quantitative comparison of African institutions under indirect rule in four colonies in 1948: Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Nyasaland, and Kenya. Tax data show that Native Authorities’ capacity varied within and between colonies, due to both underlying economic inequalities and African elites’ relations with the colonial government. Our findings suggest that Africans had a bigger hand in shaping British colonial institutions than often acknowledged. n 1980, historian and former colonial officer Anthony Kirk-Greene Idrew attention to the small number of European officers in British colo- nial governments in Africa. He called this the “thin white line” (Kirk- Greene 1980, pp. 38–41). Nevertheless, he did not consider the colonial administration in danger of collapse, since large numbers of Africans had roles in it, particularly in governing the rural interior. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 80, No. 4 (December 2020). © The Economic History Association. doi: 10.1017/S0022050720000455. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Jutta Bolt is Associate Professor, Department of Economic History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. -
ECOLOGIES WITHOUT BORDERS? Remapping & Remaking Conservation in the Okavango-Zambezi Basin
ECOLOGIES WITHOUT BORDERS? Remapping & Remaking Conservation in the Okavango-Zambezi Basin Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Honors Research Distinction in History in the Undergraduate Colleges of The Ohio State University by Matt Schneider The Ohio State University May 2018 Project Advisors: Professor Thomas F. McDow, Department of History Professor Becky Mansfield, Department of Geography CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Unnatural History 11 Rethinking Colonization & Conservation in the Zambezi Basin 3. On the Origins of a Transfrontier Conservation Area 34 or, Hidden Fences 4. Elephant Sovereignty 40 Multispecies Politics in Multinational Places 5. Conclusion 52 Acknowledgements 56 Bibliography 57 1 1. INTRODUCTION “Oh, you’re the visiting student from America?” It was July, 2016. I was in Botswana, at the headquarters of the Secretariat of the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (a mouthful and a half; henceforth, KAZA TFCA), and I had apparently made myself known. Yes, I was a visitor and a student. A visitor to the basins of the Okavango and Zambezi rivers in the southern African interior, to the sovereign nation-states of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. A visitor to offices, to farms, to sites of World Heritage, to habitats, and to homes. A student of the KAZA TFCA that those nations had established—along with Angola, a country I did not visit—and of the many relationships such an institution requires, affects, effects, and constrains. A student of history and of geography, trained to study patterns and processes across time and space. A student of multiple modes and methods of social analysis, from close reading against the grain to ethnography in its multicultural and multispecies varieties. -
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ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Economic History, 97 Cover illustration: Helena Laukkanen © 2013 Johanna Värlander A Genealogy of Governing Economic Behaviour Small-scale credit in Malawi 1930–2010 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Hörsal 2, Ekonomikum, Kyrkogårdsgatan 10, Uppsala, Friday, October 11, 2013 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Abstract Värlander, J. 2013. A Genealogy of Governing Economic Behaviour: Small-scale credit in Malawi 1930–2010. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala Studies in Economic History 97. 290 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-8740-9. In this thesis the aim has been to analyse changes and continuity in the governing of economic behaviour in small-scale credit schemes in colonial Nyasaland and independent Malawi from 1930 until 2010. Furthermore, how the effects of history in terms of how colonial and post- colonial development discourses and practices have been rephrased and reused in the early 21st century are discussed. The study focuses on the teaching and fostering of borrowers’ economic behaviour in order to reach increased living standards. The genealogical approach to the history of small-scale credit has made it possible to analyse a selection of colonial and post-colonial small-scale credit programs and microcredit organisations operating in the early 21st century. To analyse the governing of economic behaviour in the small-scale credit schemes, three aspects of the Foucauldian concept of governmentality are used: problematics of government, political rationality and governmentality technologies. The findings of the thesis, which are based on interviews, unofficial and official written sources, show that the genealogy of governing economic behaviour through small-scale credit schemes has varied over time depending on perceptions of the ideal actor’s economic behav- iour. -
THE ORIGINS of WAR in MOZAMBIQUE a History of Unity and Division
THE ORIGINS OF WAR IN MOZAMBIQUE A History of Unity and Division Sayaka Funada-Classen Translated by Masako Osada AFRICAN MINDS Th e author alone is responsible for what is written and all the interpretations in this book. None should be attributed to any persons or institutes that have provided assistance to the author. Hardcover edition fi rst published in 2012 by Ochanomizu Shobo Co Ltd 5-30-20 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Paperback edition fi rst published in 2013 by African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West 7130, South Africa www.africanminds.co.za © 2012 Sayaka Funada-Classen Hardback ISBN 978-4-275-00952-4 C3030 Paperback ISBN 978-1-920489-97-7 e-book ISBN 978-1-920489-98-4 Text design and typesetting by COMPRESS.dsl www.compressdsl.com Printed in South Africa by Capitil Printing Contents Preface v List of Illustrations vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ix Introduction Seeking the Origins of Unity and Division 1 Chapter 1. Emergence of “Mozambique” and Social Changes under Colonial Rule 57 Chapter 2. Characteristics of Maúa and the Process of Colonisation 97 Chapter 3. Mozambique Before the Liberation Struggle 137 Chapter 4. World Politics from 1960 to 1975 and Mozambique’s Liberation Struggle 203 Chapter 5. Maúa Circumscription during the Liberation Struggle 287 Conclusion From the Liberation Struggle to Post-independence Armed Confl ict 375 Bibliography 395 Acknowledgements 416 About the Author 418 About the Translator 418 Index of Organisations and Institutions 419 Index of People and Ethnic Groups 425 Index of Place Names 430 “ Th e peace has arrived, but we still don’t know where this war came from.” “ We haven’t been told why this war came to us. -
Land and Labour in Kenya Under British Colonial Rule from 1888 to 1953
Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages English Section Magister Thesis In African Civilization Land and Labour in Kenya under British Colonial Rule from 1888 to 1953 Presented By: Supervised By: TOUAIBIA Mohammed Zahir Pr. LAHOUEL Badra Board of Examiners : Soutenue le 02 Juillet 2014 - Chairperson Pr. Bouhadiba Zoulikha - Supervisor Pr. Lahouel Badra - Examiner Dr. Moulfi Leila Academic Year 2013/2014 Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages English Section Magister Thesis In African Civilization Land and Labour in Kenya under British Colonial Rule from 1888 to 1953 Presented By: Supervised By: TOUAIBIA Mohammed Zahir Pr. LAHOUEL Badra Board of Examiners : - Chairperson Pr. Bouhadiba Zoulikha - Supervisor Pr. Lahouel Badra - Examiner Dr. Moulfi Leila Academic Year 2013/2014 I owe all my gratitude to my teacher Badra Lahouel for her supervision, precious pieces of advice, and patience during the preparation of this thesis. I would like to thank all my teachers of the doctoral school of English for their fruitful lectures. I thank deeply the members of the jury Pr. Bouhadiba Zoulikha and Dr. Moulfi Leila who had devoted time examining the present work. I CONTENTS Acknowledgment s………………................................................................I -
The British Adaptation of Education Policy for Africans in Zambia
THE BRITISH ADAPTATION OF EDUCATION POLICY FOR AFRICANS IN ZAMBIA 1925-1964 A PROBLEM IN SYNTHESIS by Sibeso Mukoboto, B.A. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Re- ' quirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin November, 1978 i PREFACE The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze how the Brit ish policy of "Adaptation of Education" waS defined and applied to the Zambian situation in the period 1925 to 1964. In analyzing this period, the main focus is on the inability of this policy to bring about a proper synthesis between theory on paper and actual practice, and the problem of bringing about a proper synthesis between British and Zambian indigenous systems of education. I would like to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation I have received from my Thesis Director, Dr. Wasyl Shimoniak, and members of the Thesis Committee, Drs. Adrian Dupuis and David Gardinier. Further appreciation is extended to Dr. A. Tiberondwa and E. B. Rugumayo of the University of Zambia for stimulating my interest in this subject. I would also like to thank my mother, father, and uncle Lisulo for their continued support in my academic career. My thanks also go to the following members of my family who encouraged me to come and do my graduate studies at Marquette all the way from Zambia: Mwangala ng'omba, Matauka, Wamusheke, Kashembe,Namatama, Lisulo, Lubinda, Mwangelwa, Ngenda, Watae, Inonge, Inambao and Nikiwe. I would like to give special thanks to my roommate, Bose Somorin, and special friend, Ngalama, for their help and encouragement during this investigation, and to Carol Parkes for typing this thesis. -
“The Only Good Crocodile Is a Dead One”: Contradictions in Conservation Policies And
“The Only Good Crocodile Is A Dead One”: Contradictions in Conservation Policies and Agricultural Activities in the Gambia, 1938 -1965 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Sana Saidykhan December 2018 © 2018 Sana Saidykhan. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled “The Only Good Crocodile Is A Dead One”: Contradictions in Conservation Policies and Agricultural Activities in the Gambia, 1938 -1965 by SANA SAIDYKHAN has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Assan Sarr Associate Professor of the Department of History Joseph Shields Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT SAIDYKHAN SANA, M.A., December 2018, History “The Only Good Crocodile Is A Dead One”: Contradictions in Conservation Policies and Agricultural Activities in the Gambia, 1938 -1965 Director of Thesis: Assan Sarr In 1938, the colonial office in Bathurst appointed a forestry management committee to design and implement an aggressive reforestation plan. The committee planted imported tree species and conserved [native] wild bamboo and rhun palm trees. It also created forest and wildlife parks in the colony of Gambia. During this time, the administration’s Department of Agriculture initiated several projects: rice and other food grain cultivation for food sufficiency; peanut cultivation to develop a viable cash crop; and exploitation of forest timber products and huntable exotic game. The outcome of this contradiction was stringent conservation policies often with severe consequences for the African residents of the colony. This thesis offers new sources that demonstrate how agricultural activities and resource exploitation undermined conservation, and the colonial conservation policies neglected the local ways of forest and wildlife conservation in the Gambia. -
Imperial Ark? the Politics of Wildlife in East and South-Central Africa, 1920-1992 by Jeffrey Schauer a Dissertation Submitted
Imperial Ark? The Politics of Wildlife in East and South-Central Africa, 1920-1992 By Jeffrey Schauer A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor James Vernon, Chair Professor Tabitha Kanogo Professor Thomas Laqueur Professor Michael Watts Spring 2014 Imperial Ark? The Politics of Wildlife in East and South-Central Africa, 1920-1992 © 2014 By Jeffrey Schauer ABSTRACT Imperial Ark? The Politics of Wildlife in East and South-Central Africa, 1920-1992 by Jeffrey Schauer Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor James Vernon, Chair The dissertation examines the “politics of wildlife” in British colonies in East and South-Central Africa during the colonial era and after independence. By conceptualizing that “politics” around the institutions, individuals, and interests that took an interest in wildlife matters, the dissertation attends to the emergence of and changes in wildlife policy as they were shaped by the characteristics of colonial rule and a broader set of regional, imperial, and global developments, including decolonization and post-Second World War internationalism. It also attends to the influence of Africans on shaping colonial wildlife policy, whether as farmers, nationalists, or local officials. The central discovery of this dissertation is that wildlife policy moved from being the preserve of an imperial lobby to a policy sphere governed by the concerns of various sectors of local colonial society. After the Second World War, security concerns combined with a strengthened international preservationist movement to effectively internationalise Africa’s wildlife. -
Analyzing the Changes of the Meaning of Customary Land in the Context of Land Grabbing in Malawi
land Article Analyzing the Changes of the Meaning of Customary Land in the Context of Land Grabbing in Malawi Yuh-Jin Bae Institute of African Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin-Si 17035, Korea; [email protected] Abstract: Ordinary Malawians who live in customary land have been suffering from land grabbing due to their weak and ill-defined land rights. Although Malawi has experienced a number of land reforms that should have contributed to strengthening customary land rights, many people in customary land still suffer from land grabbing. Accordingly, it is important to understand the factors that lead to land grabbing in customary land in Malawi. Thus, by looking at the overview of land laws and policies throughout history, this study has two aims: (1) to analyze the historical changes in the meaning and position of customary land in Malawi and (2) to analyze the land grabbers in Malawi before, during, and after the colonial era. In order to achieve the main goals, this research mainly analyzes land laws and policies connected to customary land in Malawi. The main findings of this research are that (1) the meaning of customary land changed before and after the colonial period, but little has changed between the colonial period and the present. Since the creation of land laws during the colonial period, the land rights of the people who live in customary land have not been secured, and (2) the land grabbers changed from the British colonial rulers and European settlers to the Government of Malawi. Further, with the recent land laws, such as Land Act 2016 and Customary Land Act 2016, wealthy Malawians may become new land grabbers who can afford to obtain the customary estate grants.