THREE UNUSUAL SYMPTOMS CONNECTED WITH THE BREAST EDMUND BERGLER

The vatiety of unconscious elaborations executed by the unconscious ege is inexhaustible. As a result, even the experienced psychoanalyst will from time to time encounter an entirely 'new' defense mechanism within the framework of the already known, already described. Most often, however, the 'new' mechanism proves to be no more than a specific, slightly modified, variety of the familiar.

I. "Tits or Falsies ?"

The bearer of the first symptom to be described was a man in his late thirties, a successful manufacturer dedicated to the proposition, "Tits or falsies ?" With unrelenting energy he scrutinized every woman he saw in order to determine whether he curves were genuine, artificially shaped, or enhanced by foam rubber. Since his special interest pertained to a tabooed topic, he could pursue his research only through ocular inspection of external evidence. Despite this limitation, he habitually communicated authoritative conclusions on this vital question to whatever people he happened to be with. Although men were generally amused, and women embarrassed by this routine, the only person who openly objected to it was his wife. -She hated his use of the slang word, and considered his 'preoccupation' to be at the very least 'tactless', if not 'morbid'. A seemingly unrelated conflict had brought him into analysis. He had attempted to force his wife to bring suit against her mother in order to adjust 'unfairnesses' in her father's will. Although there was some justification for his suspicion that all was not right in the wording of the paralyzed father's will, and in the subsequent distribution of the estate, he had not been able to convince his wife to take legal steps. She merely found his attitude infuriating, especially because she felt that he, a wealthy man, should never have EDMUND BERGLER [ SAMIKSA Vol. 10, No, 3 J THREE UNUSUAL SYMPTOMS CONNECTED attempted to "influence her in the legal department, even if that 113 meant the less of a few dollars". Clearly, he had gone too far in "Why do you specialize in breasts ?" his attacks on "the old hypocrite" and had misjudged his wife's "I don't. I specialize in false breasts." attachment to her allegedly hypocritical mother. As a result of this "What kind of business is this of yours ?" conflict, the wife "nearly insisted" on a divorce, while shifting the "I'm an unmasker of hypocrisy." whole problem to his "bosom tactlessness". In desperation, then, the "But didn't this very trait get you into a conflict with your husband consented to enter analysis. His purpose was only to wife when you raved against the "old hypocrite,'® as you tactfully appease, and keep, his 'raving' wife. called her mother ?" The comedy of quid-pro-quo permeated even their choice of This was news to the patient. He had never connected the two facts. Excitedly, he exclaimed : an analyst. The patient's wife chose me on the basis of a footnote in one of my books : it referred to a study I had published (in "But isn't it only natural to unmask hypocrisy ?" collaboration with a colleague) in 1933, entitled "The Breast Complex "For a reasonable purpose, yes. But you applied your dubious in the Male." Although the lady had no idea of the contents of precepts to situations which only got you into hot water. Correct me, please, if I'm wrong". this study (she had never read an analytic book, and she was indebted to a girl friend for her 'knowledge' of this footnete), she knew that • Instead of saying 'touche', the patient retired behind a sullen 'breast' was the cue, and that I must therefore be* the right man. silence. By the time of his next appointment, he had recovered his The analysis began with all portents negative. The patient composure. "I must hand it to you", he said with a laugh, "in your did not feel sick. He had no confidence in me ; I was merely his desperate attempt to justify your existence, at least with me, you wife's choice. Even he saw the irony in this factor at last, and found a topic of conversation." conceded that I was an entirely innocent bystander in this quarrel. "Thanks for nothing. I'm afraid the suggested topic is more Hesitantly, he hinted that he could pay his fee for a few months than a stopgap and time-filler. It is a dangerous trait for you." without keeping any appointments, and thus prepare an alibi of The 'trick' of connecting "disparate topics" had sufficiently having "completed an analysis" for presentation to his wife. When impressed the patient, however, and he was willing to discuss his this fantasy was disallowed, he decided to "stick it out," and advanced selfdamaging tendencies. His provocative masochistic • technique another proposition : "I hear you're writing a book on laughter ; proved to be quite extensive, pertaining to a number of fields. He that's fine, amuse me for my money !" Regretfully he listened as used an amusing counter-argument : I told him that analysis was neither a circus nor a cabaret, and that "According to you, I should change into a hypocrite myself, my book* was not a joke book but a scientific investigation into the and condone the hypocrisy of others by keeping silent /" psychology of wit. He then settled down to a "long siege of "Many men wear toupees, why don't you pick on them ?" doing nothing." I suggested that he had better use his time to "Who cares about those poor devils ?" analyze what his wife designated as his 'tactlessness'.. "Why are female wearers of breast falsies 'hypocrites' and male At this the patient demurred. In his opinion, only Puritans wearers of wigs 'poor devils' ? What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander." who "always think below the belt" could objcet to the harmless ocular inspection he directed at the region above the belt. I asked "O.K. You caught me in a contradiction." 1 him why he was so absorbed in the question of "tits or falsies". He "Explain the contradiction, please. ' replied that he hated hypocrisy in any form or fashion. "Why do you have to make me furious for my money ? Is that joke really true—the one that says the only place where the customer Laughter and the Sense of Humour. Giune & Stratton, New york 1956. is always wrong is at the psychiatrist's ?" "Let's talk sense, and dispense with imaginary grievances. I 114 EDMUND BERGLER f SAMIKSA Vol. 10, No. 3 ] TREE UNUSUAL SYMPTOMS CONNECTED 115 believe that your silly campaign of 'tits or falsies'—-even the choice As is usual with neurotic difficulties, the radius increased, and of the slang word for breasts is derogatory—is a cover-up for some the patient widened his attacks to include all types of hypocrisy.* important unconscious problem in you." There was of course unconscious direction in the attacks he made The analytically foreseeable proved to apply in this patient's on his mother-in-law—a woman. case ; breast engy coupled with the "complex of the small penis," The question, "tits or falsies", found a rather unheroic the latter derived from comparisons between his own miniature explanation in analysis ; it derived from the patient's undigested penis, as a child, and his mother's giant breast. As elaborated baby fears. How the sometimes sarcastic patient took this explanation on in my books, Fashion and the Unconscious and Neurotic can be imagined from the fact that he habitually put his question on Counterfeit-Sex* this discrapancy is both a source of self-deprecation a par with the generous stock of familiar quetations with which he and the starting point for a totally incorrect yardstick. These leavened his semi-literacy, and classed it with Hamlet's 'To be or two typical infantile fallacies have, unfortunately, farreaching not to be" and Melville's "Typee or Hapar ?" To increase the consequences. In the patient's case, they led to a frantic campaing irony of the situation, he did not really know what the "Typee to prove that woman's breast isn't so big in the first place. or Hapar ?" quotation from Nelville's Typee referred to, and was An amusing projection occurred ; instead of the little Johnny-come- rather shaken when told that the words were the names of two lately hypocritically enlarging on a small, imaginary breast-substitute, tribes inhabiting an island in the Marquesas, and that one tribe his miniature penis, and making it a one hundred per cent was cannibalistic, the other partially so. "These equivalent' to the mother's enormous breast, the exact opposite fears" was his grudging comment. view was installed—mother-substitutes were hypocritically enlarging, through artificial means, their own small breasts. • " -It'would have been logical to suspect that a man whose external II. The Perversion of Pain-pleasure in "Squeezing O actions were those of a breast fetishist, and specialized in large on Breast with Consecutive Wounds, Infections, breasts, would have a reasonable grievance when deprived of them. Nothing of the kind was actually the case. When confronted with A woman of thirty-five, an editor, entered analysis after a large breasts in bed, he would make derogatory remarks about, and dieappointment dealt her by an impostor. He promised marriage, even feel some revelsion at the sight of these "ugly udders". He swindled her out of some of her savings, proved to be "totally was interested only in exposing woman's "breast hypocrisy". unreliable'', and left her. This'incident', plus previous disappointments Needless to say, his sex life was by no means as 'normal' as with equally 'unreliable' men, made the woman realize that "there his description of it claimed ; he suffered from prematurity. This was something wrong with her". symptom he scotomized, with a peculiar rationalization. The length She turned out to be a diligent injustice collector, always avid of time during which he could continue to make thrusts during for unconsciously self-created wrongs. Her psychic masochism intercourse without ejaculating was of no importance, he maintained : permeated every facet of her personality. "Since the erection does not disapear immediately after ejaculation, For our purposes, one segment suffices : Among other the woman can, by taking over active movements, achieve an 'difficulties,' the patient had an unusual subdivision of perversion. orgasm". This consoling fantasy was punctured, and the patient became 'interested' in the analysis which had previously seemed to * These short excerpts from a complicated case history have been deliberately him like a caricature, not to mention "a waste of time and money". chosen to bypass the ramifications of hypocrisy. The topic has been dealt with in "Hypocrisy : Its Implications in Neurosis and Criminal Paychopathology". Journal * Bmiuier's Paychiatric Books, New York, 1952, and Grime &. Stratton, New of Criminal Psychopathology 4 : 605-627, 1943 ; reprinted in The Battle of the Conscience, York, 1951, respectively. pp. 153-172, Washington Institute of Medicine, 1948. 116 EDMUND BERGLER [ SAMIKSA . Vol. 10, No. 3 ] THREE UNUSUAL SYMPTOMS CONNECTED 117- Frequently she felt (and gave in to) an "irresistible impulse" to squeeze out blackheads on her breast. She freely admitted that the pseudo-aggressive camouflage for her own masochistic stabilization ; rational purpose was camouflage. What she really wanted was the- unconsciously, she found it preferable to be aggressive in fantasy, "partly painful, partly pleasurable excitment" accompanying the rather than masochistic in reality. In the deepest layer, it was her own breast she was torturing, not 'her mother's. procedure. She was quite aware of the dre*ary results. While standing in front of the mirrcr and squeezing, it -was impossible to The patient's frantic unconscious attempt to convince herself ignore her breasts' many wounds, in their various stages of healing, of her own aggression was later counteracted by the masochistic infection, or scar tissue. Ironically, she described her breasts as elaboration. Even at that point, she could not accept the inner resembling a "bloody battlefield" or a "pockmarked face". Regret- responsibility for the "pleasure-in-displeasure" pattern. Inwardly, she saw herself as the victim of mother's cruelty : she changed her fully, she remarked that she had tried to increase clitoric masturbation, mother's habitual caress into victimization. only to find out that the substitute did not work. "The pleasures did not match ; that's all there is to it." None of these unconscious connections, including the strati- In analyzing the patient's relationship to her mother, the familiar fication between more superficial and deeper defenses, both unconscious, was known to the patient before analysis. She had complaints were brought forth : mother was a hysterical termagent simply considered herself "half-crazy" in the "breast department." who, though superficially over-solicitous toward the girl, had tortured A few confirming details came to the fore. her soundly. One important detail was—rather parentheticallymentioned. The patient devoted a good deal of her spare time to cretive Mother had the habit of "pinching the cheeks (and- sometimes even the writing. She observed that in times of unproductivity (and she was frequently blocked), what she called her "breast obsession" rsgularly chest) of fat children' as a caress. The patient had never been "got out of hand". At these times it would increase disproportionately, caressed in this way by her mother, she declared in answer to my diminishing as soon as she started to write again. In previous question, adding ironically that her mother may have pinched her publications, summarized in The writer and Psychoanalysis*. I have buttocks as punishment, though this too was very vague in her pointed out that every writer fights an unresolved masochistic recollections. conflict with the pre-Oedipal mother. In this conflict he uses It was interesting that the intelligent patient had never autarchic means, amounting to a denial of the dual situation ('bad' connected the obvious facts : while squeezing herself, she unconsciously mother—masochistic child). By creating the fiction that "mother acted two roles : that of the "bad mother" who pinched, and the does not even exist", for out of himself, for himself, through "victimized child" who suffered. So much cruelty was projected onto himself, the writer givea- to himself beautiful words and ideas, the the image of mother'that torture substituted for a caress. writer unconsciously acts both roles: that of the 'corrected', This last stage had been preceded by a complex chain of inner giving mother and that of the recipient child. This grandiose transformations. Originally, the child's aggression had been directed denial of psychic masochism by means of negting its prerequisite against the mother's nutritional apparatus (sibling rivalry ; all children (the 'torturer' and the 'tortured') is, in my opinion, the indispensible were breast-fed) ; this aggression was guilt-laden, turned against the preamble to artistic productivity ("unification tendency"). The child, and secondarily libidinized. This explains the "strange cruelty" moment the writer descends from the autarchic position to the the patient herself had observed when engaged in her squeezing duality position, he is blocked. The "so imprebable" nexus between procedures. "Strange that I should be so cruel to myself," she warding off masochistic vicissitudes (based on regression to the commented. Of course, in her perversion as an adult the cruelty towards the mother's breast was no longer identical with the original .aggression she had felt as a child. It was equally convenient as Books, New York, 1953. 118 EDMUND BERGLER I SAM1K.5A vol. ID, JNo. 3 ] THREE UNUSUAL SYMPTOMS CONNECTED 119 oral phase) and productivity was confirmed in the case of this This was actually the case with the patient. Her mother did patient, who fought her battle on undisguised "breast territory." * use the pinching technique, though as a caress. By 'verbatim' In her symptom of mutilating the breast, the patient used an repetition of the technique—at the wrong place, at the wrong time, important subterfuge, present in all neurotic and perverse symptoms : for the wrong purpose—the patient could prove that she acted in the "pseudo-moral connotation." The latter consists of misuse of accordance with her mother's actions. The ironic undertone is educational precepts actually communicated to the child, or of unmistakeable : "See what one can get from mother—pain, bloody parental actions meant to be 'good examples.'' The neurotic applies wounds, infection !" these precepts at the wrong time, with the wrong intention. He perverts the meaning of the precept, but faithfully adheres to the original wording, thus inwardly making a mockery of the reasonable. The purpose of the unconscious ego's defensive procedure, as pointed III. Use of the Breast as Masochistic Weaning Experience, out in The Superego, f is to gain new ammunition for use when Plus Denial of the Latter, Producing Vaginal Orgasm the inner conscience levels a reproach. Since the superego toitures The patient was a woman of forty, and a writer of distinction. the ego by presenting for comparison its self-created ego ideal, and She came into analysis because of protracted writer's block. She had imposing punishment for every discrepancy between the-ego's actual never experienced vaginal orgasm in her marriage or in her extra- achievements and the ambitions enshrined in the ego ideal, use of marital affairs, although (especially in' 'disappointing' relationship) the "pseudo-moral connotation" enables the ego to turn the tables. she did reach clitoridean orgasm. However, she was capable of The ego has discovered that ego ideal precepts are the court of the producing vaginal orgasm during masturbation, using a very special last resort; infractions of these precepts are indefensible. Now, technique. * She would kneel naked on the bed, holding herself up when the ego. uses defenses corresponding to ego ideal precepts, the on her knees and left hand, and use the fingers of her right hand to superego is stopped cold. The ego ideal thus seems to be accepted as yardstick by both ego and superego, and serves as a "double stimulate the nipple. The genitals were not included in the stimulation immobilization trick." Unfortunately, the ego finds more "positively either directly, or by movements of the pelvis or legs. All that was forbidden" than "absolutely approved" items within the ego ideal. needed was stimulation of the nipple while watching the pendulous As a result, the ego must stretch the point by resorting to ironic breast* After some time, vaginal orgasm was reached. sophistry. This rather fantastic routine could be clarified by analyzing the patient's oral-masochistic regression : the wish to be refused, in faulty elaboration of early nutritional disappointments, fancied of real. * An interesting problem arose : why did the patient not shift the territory, The (breast-fed) patient had been weaned as soon as she reached the how could she fight the inner oral battle—at the bieast ? The intermediary phases age of six months. Since the family was sure that the new regime have not been worked out in these shortened excerpts, but they were discernible : would be stormily received, and wished to remain undisturbed, the checks (see the remark quoted above—"Like a pock-marked face"), buttocks, breasts. child was taken to her aunt's apartment, which was adjacent to her Since the patient as a child could not brag of breasts, the breast territory was 'new,' own family's. The great moment of feeding time came, and the bottle hence shifted. A contributory factor -was pseudoaggressive spitefulness directed at mother / "Now, I have breasts I" It became obvious that her own breast. envy was was given for the first time. Instead of crying, the infant pushed the protectively shifted to mother's alleged envy cj: the breasts eventually developed by bottle aside with her chin, and after a moment of hesitation turned the child: "If I had breasts as a child, mother would have. mutilated them!" her head to the wall and—went to sleep. The hunger-strike lasted Mother's friendly squeezing technique was unconsciusly misunderstood by the child as an act of aggression, cruelty, malice, * This .case is cursorily mentioned in the author's study, "Some A-Typical t Giune & Stratton, New York, 1952. Forms of Impotence and Frigidity, "The Psychoanalytic Rev., 41 ;29-47,1954. 2 [ SAMIKSA 120 EDMUND BERGLER for no more than a day ; a gradual adjustment to the bottle took place. • . What the patient unconsciously did in her masturbation routine (the only one she used) consisted of three acts : _ NOTES ON THREE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1. It was a denial of the weaning experience with autarchic APPLIED TO THE RORSCHACH TEST improvements ; , , . . MARGARET THALER* 2 It was a pseudo-aggressive nullification of mother s giving, also by means of proving that the latter fed the child for her own Studies utilizing Rorschach Test interpretations and psychiatric excitement (nipple stimulation) ;. observations often achieve little conceptual integration, because 3 It represented a "magic gesture" ("I dramatize how mother rationale is assigned to Rorschach data from several personality should have acted, but didn't"), but unconsciously included, as all theories and the clinical observations are stated within even other magic gestures do, a masochistic whimpering, more deeply reprassed. conceptual frameworks. This paper presents excerpts from a study The most amazing part of the procedure was the vaginal orgasm: in which a consistent rationale was assigned to Rorschach scorings so unconsciously the patient identified mouth with vagina. The contrac- that a single set of definitions might be used to state hypotheses and tions represented—sucking and swallowing, f to integrate psychiatric observations and protective data. An actual application of the ideas to a group of records will appear in a It was probably not by chance that the patient was a writer, a later paper. person who habitually uses autarchic means (see case II). Logically one may systematically re-define the meanings now The patient's orgasm was probably both a triumph over the assigned various Rorschach scorings within the constructs of each of refusing mother image and an accepted (though somewhat eradicated) various personality theories. Here three personality theories were masochistic defeat administered by the very same image. % selected because of their wide familiarity and general breadth of * viewing personality. These were the major constructs of basic To adduce an example from another field : Chemical science psychoanalytic theory 2,4,10 particularly as it has been extended by can analyze the sand in the desert, but cannot foresee what forms the ego psychology W8 and the theories of Kurt Goldstein s 6 r 8 and desert sand will assume under the influence of the desert wind. Our KurtLewin 1S,14,15. business is to concentrate on the essentials in psychodynamics : the Each of these attempts a global conceptualization of the "total details of psychic phenomena are limitless, and have to be scrutinized person," i.e., the physical, emotional, environmental, and historical in each specific case. aspects, but at the same time, each gives relatively more emphasis to # For elaboration, see The Basic Neurosis, pp. 301-304; Grune & Stratton, certain factors. Goldstein emphasizes the somatic aspects of the New York, 1949. perceiving organism. Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the psychic f For details, see Neurotic Counterfeit-Sex, 1. c, aspects of functioning. Lewin gave greater weighting to the influence 1 The problematic of "masochistic female orgasm" is discussed in "Some of the current environment on functioning. A-Typical Fronts of Impotence and Frigidity," I.e. As a starting point, the Rorschach scorings 1,11,1S 17 ao 2l *2 as were uniformly assigned meanings within a perceptual-associative conceptualization of the test. This starting point was compatible wjth all three theories. .A subject is asked to look at the blot and

*Dept. of Psychology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington 12,D.C. 122 MARGARET THALER SAMIKSA Vol. 10, No. 3 j NOTES ON THREE THEORIES OF PERSONALIT..^xxY 123 tell what it might resemble. The perceptual impressions call forth a B. The ego functions to regulate ana' confrol the discharge of series of associations from which the subject selects those he deems motor impulses. appropriate. At the end of this article appear these basic perceptual- associative definitions of the Rorschach scorings along with the 1. Reaction time : reflects the ego's role in controlling the rationale assigned each of them within the three personality theories. time involved between the perception of a stimulus and The construct language of each theory has been utilized wherever the discharge of a verbal-motor impulse as a response. possible. 2. Variety of determinants : reflects the degree to which the ego functions . as a flexible controller of which affective nuances of behaviour are allowed verbal expression. RORSCHACH SCORINGS DEFINED WITHIN EGO FUNCTION CONCEPTS: PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY 3. M-responses: suggest the availability of fantasy which can be used to delay action and plan for longer term The Rorschach is considered to be a technique for tapping satisfactions according to the reality-pleasure principle. some aspects of a person's perceptual-associative processes. These 4. Colour responses : reflect the ego's ability to synthesize processes are en-compassed within the ego construct. The ego of ideas and affective states and to control the discharge of an individual is inferred to develop from the interaction of three impulsive motor responses. sets of factors : inherited ego characteristics and their interactions, FC: ability to synthesize affective components and influences of the instinctual drives, and influences of outer reality. ideational material; and an ability to satisfy The ego organizes and controls motility, in integrates and regulates impulses according to the realitygajJiiStere principle, perceptions of the'oiiter world and the self. It tests reality, controls CF actions and thinking ; it inhibits and delays the discharge of impulses; the above synthesis is not J^P?m"piete and the it has anticipatory functions, synthesizing and differentiating motoric aspects may appear ifPPpJj^^ipent. functions, and is the point of integration among inner drives, the C: the ego is not in control of certps ^affective,, impulses rules of society, and the requirements and demands of the immediate and they are discharged impulsively ^ttrsfimotor basis environment. The criteria by which the above ego functions may with little or no delay (extreme pleasure principle). be judged can be classed under five headings : regulation of perceptual C. The ego controls the functioning of memory processes. activity, cDntrol of motor discharges, the functioning of memory- 1. Number of responses : reflects the ego's capacity to utilize processes, reality testing, and various inferred synthesizing functions. memories, to allow past experiences and ideas to emerge. A. The ego functions as the regulator of perceptual activity* A paucity of associations' reflects marked repression of associations. 1. Manner of approach : reflects the style in which the ego delineates perceptual impressions. 2. Categories of responses : reflects the ego's capacity to allow a breadth or narrowness of realms of past experiences 2. Sequence of areas : reflects the ego's capacity to and ideas to come into awareness. selectively focus and direct attention on various aspects of the situation. 3. Stereotypy of content-, suggests the ego has restricted associative spontaneity to one or two 'safe' realms of 3. Perseveration of responses : indicates that the ego has associations (secondary repressions may have limited the little or no control over the repetitive occurence of an possible'realms'of associations). association. Marked pathology of a psychic or organic 0. The ego acts as the focus of reality testing within the nature is suggested. individual : 124 MARGARET THALER [ SAMIKSA voi. w, IMO.3 J JNOTiSS ON THREE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY^ 125

1. Populars: reflect the ego's propensity for response to discharge of a motor impulse as a response. The quality community thinking patterns, and an awareness of the of the response then reveals the capacity of the ego to select conventional, socially compelling aspects to which most which associations will be given in terms of reality or persons respond in a situation. pleasure adjustments. 2. Present of form responses: represents the relative £. The ego has various inferred! synthesizing functions. quantity of associations which emerge as products primarily 1. Z score : reflects the tendency or ability of the ego to of formal reasoning compared with associations that emerge relate several associations into a unified concept. more obviously tinged with affective components (non-form 2. Colour responses : The type given reflects the ego's relative responses). ability to synthesize affects and ideas and to control 3. Well-seen responses : the continuum of form responses the discharge of impulsive motor responses. FC responses from plus to minus can be inspected to determine the ego's suggest a capacity to synthesize ideational and affective ability to maintain a reality oriented level in formal content. CF responses suggest the synthesis is not complete reasoning processes and its capacity to prevent unconscious and the motor impulses appear more prominently. G factors from encroaching upon the formal reasoning responses reveal a lack of this synthesizing capacity. processes. This represents the ego's capacity to control 3. Defense mechanisms : The ego sets up defense mechanisms reasoning at conflict-free level. to defend itself against anxieties which arise because of 4. Total form : Total form level of all responses (including conflicting pressure from external reality, drives, and the FC, M, FK, etc.) can be inspected to evaluate the ego's conscience. The ego must act to integrate and handle these over-all reality orientation, be it in dealing with formal pressures. The presence of anxiety acts as a warning that conceptualization processes or with the integration of affects the degree of pressure is reaching a point where something and logic processes. has to be done. The various defense mechanisms are set 5. Relation of F plus to M : can be regarded as an indication up to handle anxieties. The amount and types of anxiety can be noted. • . ' of the ego's check against autistic fantasy. Two clusters of defense mechanisms appear to be found in 6. Relation of F plus to colour: indicates the ego's check individuals, the repression-avoidance and the isolation-intellectualiza- against the pressure of discharging affects on a motor level. tion constellations. 7. F plus and Z : F plus in conjunction with Z reveals the The repression-avoidance constellation vfill be likely to produce level of reality testing the ego maintains when several the following Rorschach features : associations are combined. Does the ego allow autistic a. A low number of responses combinations to occur, or does it maintain a reality testing b. Restricted elaboration in the inquiry level. Are creative productions or delusional thinking the c. Few M end result of the associations. d. Few differentiations of determinants 8. Presence of M responses: reveals the availability of e. Narrow range of content fantasy which can be used to delay actions and plan for f. Rejection of cards longer term satisfactions. g. Emphasis on W and D 9. Reaction time : reflects the ego's role in controlling the The isolation-intellectualization set of defenses will Be likely to produce these Rorschach features : time involved between the perception of the stimuli and the 126 MARGARET THALER [ SAMIKSA Vol. 10, No. 3 ] NOTES ON THREE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 127

a. Large numcer of responses e. The lowering of P's suggests the person has given up b. Considerable elaboration in inquiry, many words and ideas responding to even the most conventional, non-threatening c. A relatively large number of M associations to which most persons in our culture d. A variety of determinants respond on this test. e. Varied content f. Some may resort to compulsive activity by giving over- f. Emphasis on D and d productive records. Occasionally a person may begin F. Content analysis. by giving several responses on Card I and then dropping Analysis of Rorschach content may give .clues to conscious and the effort. This can indicate these persons try to meet unconscious attitudes and motivations. What are the identification the threats from their environment by an initial burst patterns of this person. What attitudes, sets, sexual roles, and body of compulsive activity and then resort to withdrawal of image patterns can be inferred from the Rorschach content. response as their more prominent defense. 2. Perseverations can be regarded as indicative of abnormal after-effect. The organism is reacting catastrophically when RORSCHACH SCORINGS DEFINED WITHIN GOLDSTEIN'S CONCEPTS a response continues. Goldstein's concepts offer the ordering of Rorschach data three 3. The wider the variety of determinants, the wider the jnajor questions : What can be inferred about the internal and suggested range of behavorial responses available to the external figure-ground relationships of the organism ? What is the organism. Thus a small variety of determinants will suggest relative status of concrete and abstract attitudes within the person ? the organism has shruken its affect response variation. What can be said about the continuum of ordered to catastrophic 4. The presence of many responses scored 'F' with neither behaviour inferred to be present ? plus nor minus variations, such as sticks and rocks, will A. What are the ways by which catastrophic conditions are be regarded as behaviour reflecting some reduction in responding to clearly differentiated and specific objects avoided ? and associations as a means of limiting responding to anxiety 1. When individuals have felt inadequate to meeting the producing elements of the world. environment as it is and have shrunken the world and their 5. The sequence of areas represents the capacity of the own responsiveness as a means of coping With the situation, organism to selectively choose which elements in presenting the following would be expected : stimuli will be given attention. Extreme rigidity is the result a. Less than the average number of responses expected for of a marked attempt to constrict attention to avoid catas- the age group. trophic states. Too much fluidity in attention reveals the b. High A% and other stereotypy indicates the effects organism is at the mercy of presenting stimuli and is respon- of limiting the kind and range of stimuli to which a ding without active control over direction of attention. response is given. c. The rejection of cards is a rufusal to enter a threatening B. What are the relative proportions of concrete and abstract situation. attitudes within the record ? d. The expression, "this is hard," and so forth, indicates 1. Records can be inspected to note the number of individuals the person is reacting with feelings of inadequacy when who at any time treat the cards as if they were actual things " the environment is difficult to handle and the individual to recognize. This can be indicative of a concrete attitude notes his own defense of withdrawing. toward the task and to examplify Goldstein's idea that the 3 [ SAMIKSA 128 MARGARET THALER Vol. 10, No. 3 ] NOTES ON THREE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 129 abstract attitude is a prerequisite for assuming a mental 8. Those dr responses reflecting an concrete response to two set toward the "mere possible". In tHe Rorschach the or more areas of the blots as parts of a whole (Adx subject is asked to assume an abstract attitude. He is asked, or Hdx), but without seeing the larger usuaL response, "what might this resemble ?" He is asked to think con- can indicate a concrete attitude. The subject can be ceptually along this line : This blot has features that allow displaying an inability to shift from concrete parts to a it to be regarded as a vague representative of a category. more concept. What category does it resemble and specifically what C. particular objects in that category ? What can be said about the figure-ground relationships implied by the findings ? 2. Z scores reveal a capacity for an abstract attitude and may reflect also the capacity to voluntarily shift attention. The 1- The amount of F plus from responses as well as the person is able to abstract certain qualities from several total from level of all responses reflect relative proportions parts of the card and relate them. However, Z can result of clearly differentiated perception of figure-ground relation- from a concrete reaction to the entire card and in these ships compared with those in which differentiation of instances indicates a concrete attitude. figure-ground is not clear. 3. The giving of M responses reflects the capacity to plan 2. Perseveration of a response indicates a breakdown in the ahead idationally, to assume an attitude toward the "mere equalization process. A response is being perseverated possible," toward things to come. because a part of the organism has been isolated and 4. W associated with fairly high form level reflects an abstract the response continues. The organism has not been able attitude. The person can make a response based on reacting to return to an equalized state. A response remains figure to the over-all blot and abstracting from it essential qualities. longer than it should. An over-emphasis on D reflects a concrete attitude. An 3. Highly individual content will be likely to affect those over-emphasis on any area may reflect the 'forced' respon- objects whose values have become outstandingly significant siveness engendered by a concrete attitude. Such an to the subject. individual keeps responding to a certain type figure-ground 4. The presence of many responses scored 'F' without plus pattern. or minus such as sticks and rocks reflects some turning from 5. Inspection can be made of those records where the subjects clearly differentiated to less differentiated figure-ground seemed to refer to the generic and not the specific term. perceptions. This may reflect an inability to differentiate and shift from 5. The influence of brain damage upon the internal figure- an abstract category to a necessary concrete one. ground relationship within a person can be evaluated when 6. Rejecting a card may be due to a concrete attitude that Rorschach indicators of brain damage are noted. the card really should represent "some thing". 7. A relatively poor capacity to verbally account for responses in the enquiry can be indicative of a concrete attitude. RORSCHACH SCORINGS DEFINED WITHIN. LEWiN'S CONCEPTS : The individual is not able to remove himself from the Lewin's theory offers the ordering of Rorschach data under bond of the impression and verbally describe the response the concepts of regions, barriers and locomotion ; level of aspiration ; as simply one of a category or to abstract those features regression, and the concept of the 'person,' of the blot which relate to the categorical similarities 1. Barriers, regions, and locomotion within the life space are necessary to reason actively. major constructs in Lewiriian theory. Inferences regarding 130 MARGARET THALER t SAMIKSA Vol. 10, No. 3 3 NOTES ON THREE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 131

them can be made from Rorschach data in the following strong barriers and ideational locomotion is limited to way : this region, a. Reaction time : In slow reaction times a barrier surrounds i. FK : The outer regions of the life space are seen as large the region of verbal expression interferring with locomo- and hard to handle. tion toward expressive behaviour. j. K : The outer regions of the life space are seen as b. Rejection of cards : The barriers surnunding the region threatening and clear figure-ground perception is not of differentiating a particular card into a figure-ground occurring. are insurmountable. k. Fk : Some degree of differentiation of threat regions in c. The number of responses tells something of the barriers the life space is being made. surrounding locomotion toward the verbal expression 1. Colour responses : FC responses suggest a permeable wall of ideas, between motor and ideational regions, but with a good d. Perseveration : Insurmountable barriers arise around one differentiation of self and field. CF responses reveal figure-ground pattern and the subject can not locomote motoric tensions have a higher valence than ideational but within the narrow confine of one associational region tensions. C responses reveal a strong barrier between of the field. An internal barrier region prevents idea- motor and ideational regions, but little or no barrier tional locomotion from region to region internally. around the motor region, i.e., a strong barrier between e. Sequence of areas: Moving attention from one to peripheral and central layers of the personality, but little another of the blot areas may be regarded as visual or none between environmental impingement and locomotion from region to legion and inferences regarding peripheral motor layers. the flexibility or rigidity of barriers surrounding the m. Variety of determinants : A wide variety of determinants visual locomotion regions of the person may be inferred. reflects the degree of differentiation of emotionally-toned The succession of areas reveals how this suject surveys responses available or the degree of differentiation of the field by visual locomotion. Inferences can also be affective regions within the person. drawn regarding types of perceptual organization so n. Space responses : The person has perceptually locomoted revealed. away from the stimuli presented. The subject leaves the f. Categories of content : These reflect the differentiation field, he does not confirm, he moves against confirming. of regions in the life space into which locomotion can be o. Z score : The higher the Z score the greater the tendency made on a thought (irreality-reality) level. to relate elements in the life space into larger units. A g. Stereotypy: Rigid barriers have been erected around high Z score suggests elements in the life space may be most regions of the life space except this one. Locomotion highly organized. Also barriers between inner regions into other regions is prevented by strong tensional states of the person are permeable and intellectual locomotion arising when locomotion is attempted. from region to region is possible. h. F% : If F responses are regarded as the products of 2, The number of responses and the ratio of W to M can formal reasoning and the other determinants as primarily be regarded as behaviour reflecting the level of aspiration responses to external stimuli, low F% may reveal the revealed in the records. barriers between the environment and the self are weak 3. The data from the subjects can be evaluated for indications and the person may be too responsive to external stimuli. of regression. Regression fron the expected performance High F% suggests the region of formal reasoning has patterns of set groups, such as the current criteria for young ISAMIKSA 132 MARGARET THALER Vol. 10, No. 3 ] NOTES ON THREE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 133

adult records, etc., can be inferred when primitivation is After defining Rorschach scores within a perceptual-associative seen in the following features : framework, the next step was to select those concepts which were a. A decrease in the variety of behaviour will be inferred pertinent to the Rorschach items from the theories of ego psychology, when a relatively limited number of determinants is Goldstein and Lewin. From among the many constructs, those present. The variety of determinants reflects the chosen appeared to be the most applicable among the major concepts differentiation of emotionally toned responses available. of each theory. b, Z score reflects a level of perceptual organization in which The over-all impression was that this offered an excellent step the individual tends to organize and relate some of his toward stating hypotheses within one personality theory so that an perceptions into larger units. integration could be made among psychiatric observations, perception C. The number of categories of content represents the areas studies, and projective test findings. of interest the person reveals. An application of these sets of definitions was made to the When the sum of FM and m is more than 1J times M, Rorschach records of two groups of aged subjects, one a normal regression on a fantasy level can be inferred. group living independently in the community, the other a group of Decreases in realism can be inferred from F ' minus e. recently institutionalized seniles. These findings appear in a later responses and few populars. paper and illustrate the types of interpretations the three theories 4. Features of the 'person' aspect of the life space can be provide. inferred from M and human content. Increasing familiarity with each theory and experience in 5. The sum of the colour responses and their relative values formulating hypotheses about Rorschach and other behaviour within reveal tendencies to over-or under-react on a motor level a single framework permitted the formulation of observations and when feeling expression is involved. inferences about behaviour at equivalent levels of inference. 6. The presence of anatomy responses reflects concern over The following section presents comparisons of the definitions body processes. For example, with a group of elderly discussed earlier. subjects the aging process can be postulated to cause one to react to the body as an unknown region that appears strange and unreliable to the person. Bone structure responses can be regarded to reflect attention given to the structural support these body parts provide. Visceral content can be regarded as concern over the status of more obscure regions of the functioning body. 7. M and FK can be regarded as responses revealing something about the irreality level of the personality and attitudes toward the psychological past and future.

IMPRESSION FROM THE STUDY The main purpose of this work was to explore the feasibility of consistently assigning meaning to Rorschach scores from three personality theories. Goldstein Lewin Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Barriers and Locomo- rationale Control of motor Foualization tion Reaction Time discharges Each change produced In slow reaction times a The reaction time re- by a stimulus is equali- This indicates the speed with barrier surrounds the flects the ego's role in zed within a certain which an association is voiced region of verbal ex- controlling the time period in order to return in response to the task pression, interfering with involved between the the organism to its instructions. locomotion toward ex- perception of a stimuli adequate, average state. Slow reaction time may re- pressive behaviour. and the discharge of The reaction times flect caution, psychomotor a motor impulse as a should indicate the In fast reaction times a retardation, pathological in- t> response. speed or slowness of this barriers to the expres- {*> hibition, etc. M process. sion of an idea are easily H Brief reaction times frequ- Selectivity H Slow reaction times re- surmounted. X > ently indicate extensive idea- The quality of the flect a relative lag in r tional productivity, an uncri- m response given then noting or verbally ex- 73 tical attitude, an inability to reveals the capacity pressing a perceived delay and consider before of the ego to select change in outer figure- expressing ideas, or that •which associations will ground relationships. It aspects of the blot offer be given in terms of the may reflect inner states support for an over-valent reality-pleasure princi- which prevent normally idea to the subject. ple. rapid shifts in mental CO > processes.

in >

Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin < 2. Number of rosponses Memory and repression Avoidance of Level of aspiration S The number of catastrophic conditions This reflects the quantitative Low pioductivity The number of responses responses reflects the 9 ideational productivity of the reflects the organism is plus W : M will reflect CO subject. ego's capacity to utilize shrinking the world and the level of aspiration. memories, to allow past its own responses to z The number of responses o experiences and ideas avoid catastrophic Barriers depends upon the flexibility condions. H to emerge. A paucity of the perceptual processes Memory The number of responses of associations reflects o and the wealth and pliancy Low productivity may indicates the strength marked repression of reflect memory loss. of barriers surrounding of the associative processes. Concepts have been associations, low IQ, locomotion toward the Not only the number of passively lost because etc. they are not used verbal expression of responses but the quality An exceptionally high currently. ideas. 3 must be judged. Concreteness number of rosponses Low productivity may High productivity sug- g may reflect the effects reflect concreteness. gests intellectual output to of the isolation-intellect- The organism may react is an over-valent drive. O to the blot as if only ualization constellation one or two responses of defense mechanisms- could be possible because the card can't O Motivation 'be' anything else. The number of responses Compulsive activity may reflect the ego's Over-productivity may reflect compulsive response to motivation activity as a' defense to interact with in a against catastrophic task situation. conditions. Lewin Porceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein

Rejection of a Card Repression Avoidance of catastro- Barriers Failures to respond on a phic conditions The mechanisms of re- The barrier surrounding card correlate negatively with The rejection of a card the region of differen- the number of responses and pression and avoidance are sufficiently strong to is an indication that the tiating a particular card indicate a paucity of organism is refusing to into figure and ground ideomotor activity. prohibit any associations from emerging to the enter a threatening situ- is insurmountable. The subject fails to organize ation. This is a defense perceptual material so that level of verbal expression. against the occurence it initiates and guides the of a catastrophic con- The proportion of pure associative processes, and dition. form responses in con- the latter fail to supply a Concrete attitude trast to other deter- > sufficient variety of possibi- The rejection of a card minants reveals the 7* lities to further perceptual may reflect a concrete amount of ego control organization. attitude on the subject's ranging from a perva- part that he should sive inhibition of affects 'recognize' the card to a relative lack of and is unable to do so. control over their influence upon associa- tions.

Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin

Form responses The ratio between F A high F percent may Low F% may reveal the p and other determinants reflect a concrete atti- barriers between the % Only the form characteristics p of the area are used as the reflects the quantity of tude in which the subject environment and the to associative processes search associations that emerge takes the set "what is self are weak and the as products primarily of this ?" when viewing persons may be too O for and select a content. H reasoning compared the card and thus limits responsive to external The use of form as a deter- w with associations that himself to attempts at stimuli. • O minant appears to relate to emerge more obviously recognition. % the subject's formal reasoning A high F% suggests the tinged with affective regions of intellectual 3 and adherence to the de- components. pa mands of logic. control have strong A continuum of ego barriers and ideational H The relative ratio between control is implied. The locomotion is limited to W F and other determinants ego may pervasively this region. o reflects the relative quantity t-4 inhibit or repress the M of associations primarily experiencing or expre- 'intellectually' determined ssion of obviously affect- 3 contrasted with those influen- laden associations (high ced by affect. F%). The opposite 8 extreme is that the ego may be unable to limit the influence of the unconscious affects upon the associations. Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lew in Degree of Realism Form level F reflects the ego's Figure-ground F plus responses reveal that ability to maintain a The mature individual reality oriented level in The form level reflects from the wealth of past the degree of differen- is able to clearly distin- experiences which supply formal reasoning proce- associative possibilities to sses and to prevent tiation of figure-ground guish between irreality match the perceptual impre- unconscious factors patterns. and reality. ssions, a critical assessment from encroaching upon is being made of the degree the formal reasoning The giving of good form of congruence between the processes, i. e., to main- responses reveals a flex- possibilities offered by the tain reasoning at a con- flict-free level. ibility within the organ- associative processes and the ism to sort through a formal characteristics of the > number of concepts and blot. Total form level F reflects a deviation in the to come to an accurate associative processes toward This reflects the ego's conclusion. accepting a less congruent ability to maintain over- all reality orientation be > response. w l it in dealing with formal F' responses indicate only conceptualization or a minimum critical integra- with the integration of tion has been effected be- affects and thought tween the perceptual impre- processes. ssions and the associations which could support a The relation of F to M response. indicates the ego's check against the pressure of F responses suggest a seri- discharging affects on a ous discrepancy between the motor basis. content of the response and the perceptual configuration to which it refers.

Perceptual-associative ' Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin < o F reveals some attempt in The manner of approach W reflects an abstract The area of the blots the associative process to reflects the style in attitude. •Z decrease the discrepancy. represents the types of which the ego organizes o An over-emphasis on D regions into which loco- V perceptual impressions. represents a concrete motion can be made. Manner of Approach The ratio of 20% W, 67% z. attitude. Too many W's suggest O The W, D, d ratios reflect D, and 13% d will be H the barriers surrounding W how the individual percep- assumed to reflect the An over-emphasis on CO tually articulates situations. probable influence of any one type of a whole blot may be so O The subject's approach to the Gestalt qualities of approach may reflect the strong that locomotion the cards and group the blots has a fundamental 'forced' responsiveness on a perceptual and x continuity with his manner tendencies to respond po to these perceptual engendered by a con- ideational basis into the M of approaching everyday Pi situations. articulations. Devia- crete attitude. The component regions is H tions from this pattern organism keeps respon- precluded. X W The abstracting, integra- reflect the ego's role in ding to a certain type ting and generalizing capa- organizing perceptions Too many D's indicate for need-d ictated figure-ground relation- cities are inferred from W's. that strong barriers are D An emphasis on D suggests reasons. ship or pattern. O surrounding either •xl that articulation of perceptual *ri impressions follows easy, The manner of approach generalizations and/or W suggests indirectly the ?0 common delineations. Atten- more minute inspection en style of defenses used o tion to the obvious details in of the. field. life situations is represented by the ego to ward off anxiety by controlling by this area. the "perceptual focus" The presence of many dr, de, taken toward situations, and S responses suggests i. e., over-generalizing, disorders with ideational attention to only minute symptoms are present. The aspects of situations, etc. perceptual-associative

Manner of Approach (cont'd) absence of such responses may point to inhibition, depression, and apathy. d reflects attention to small details in situations. de reflects an escape re- action to anxiety arousing situations. 9 Q do reflects fragmentary > perceptual organization or a failure of the assoc- H iative processes to supply X connections or elabora- > tions. w dr reflects attention to the minutiae, an over- alert, restless perceptual process. The grouping of rarely-com- bined areas reveals an asso- ciative process that may allow peculiarities o f associational reasoning.

Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin Space Responses This may reflect the There is a breakdown The presented stimulus Perceptually a response has introjection of hostility. in figure-ground differ- causes the individual to been made to the ground and It may reflect rather entiation and the ground perceptually locomote not to the figure. obvious resistances tow- emerges dominant. away from the region. This reveals some tendency ard expressing feelings. The ground has high to oppositionality. This may Ambivalent attitudes of positive valence. vary from normal self-will to various types are likely The figure has high negativism. to be present. negative valence. The subject leaves the Space responses associated This pattern reveals a with an intratensive experi- field, he does not tendency toward "acting ence balance indicate the confirm. out" oppositional drives oppositionality is turned toward the world. against the self. w In an ambi-equal experience w balance, the oppositionality O is shown as doubt and w indecision. in O In an extratensive experience % balance, the oppositionality is directed toward the environment. Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin

Sequence of Areas This reflects the ego's Ordered behaviour Locomotion The succession of blot areas capacity to selectively Ordered behaviour may Moving attention from to which responses are given focus and direct atten- be inferred from orderly one to another of the may be rigid, orderly, or con- tion on various aspects but flexible succession blot areas may be re- of situations. fused. This reveals how the from area to area. garded as visual loco- person shifts attention from Ability to shift figure- motion from region to aspect to aspect of a ground focus region and inferences situation. The organism's capacity regarding the flexibility to voluntarily shift from or rigidity of barriers one figure-ground rela- surrounding the style of tionship to another can visual locomotion of the be evaluated from the person may be inferred. succession of blot areas. The succession of areas m There may be a rigid, reveals how the subject to forced responsiveness to surveys the field by compelling figure-ground visual locomotion. In- * patterns, or there may ferences can be made be extreme lability. regarding the flexibility- Either suggests a cata- rigidity of perceiving strophic condition. certain types of figure- ground patterns in the life space.

Perceptual-associative Psycheanalytic Goldstein Lewin Veriety of Determinants Pervasive ego control Avoidance of catas- Regression What perceptual qualities of Few determinants other trophic conditions Regression is inferred the ink blots initiate and than form suggests that Asmall variety of deter- when a decrease in the influence the associative ego processes have minants is an indication variety of behaviour is processes ? pervasively controlled that the organism has seen. the discharge of all but What associative processes shrunken the possible Differentiation are available to cope with a few types of behaviour number of response the perceptual impressions with the result that variations that it will A wide variety of that initiate them ? nuances of behaviour are allow to come into determinants reflects limited. behaviour as a means of the degree of differenti- ation of emotionally Lack of ego executive avoiding catastrophic toned responses avai- functions conditions. ft lable, or the degree of However, a variety of Dedifferentiation differentiation of affec- determinants and few A limited number of tive regions within the pure form responses may determinants also person. reveal an ego that has suggests a dedifferen- lost its executive control tiated state of internal O over what impulses will figure-ground rosponses I be discharged. is available to the organism. 5 Lewin Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Self concept Movement Responses M reflects the ego's Abstract Attitude M responses reveal the The perceptual-associative capacity for anticipatory •M responses reflect that self-concept the person processes are guided by fantasy, i.e., fantasy aspect of the abstract visual memories of move- about actions the person attitude involved in holds. ments observed, imagined, could carry out. planning ahead ideatio- Psychological Future M-reflects fantasy that nally, assuming an atti or executed previously. M's reveal a capacity substitutes for realistic tude toward the "mere These have a strong deter- for differentiating a planning. possible," toward things mining influence in addition region in the psycholo- to come. > to the form of the blot. M's represent projected gical future. attitudes. a When the subject associates Autistic M's suggest kinesthetic qualities with M's reveal the availa- regression and the psy- the blots, he is selecting bility of fantasy which chological past has a memories of movements can be used to delay more positive valence with which he could be and actions and plan for than the psychological is, empathizing. longer term satisfac- present or future. The M responses reflect self- tions according to the Irreality level attitudes and creativity. reality-pleasure princi- ple. M is an idea occuring at the irreality level in the present.

Porceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lowin Colour Responses These reflect the ego's FG responses indicate The actual sum of the relative ability to syn- an abstract attitude is colour responses and These reveal the degree of thesize affects and ideas operating to conceptua- their relative propor- p impulsivity shown in respo- and its control over the lize relationships bet- tions reflect the tende- nding to emotionally charged discharge of impulsive ween internal and exte- ncies to over-react or motor components of rnal figure-ground rela- underreact on a motor environmental stimuli. O affect. tions, ordered behaviour basis. H FC suggests a delayed respo- results. FC The ego is synthe- nse is made permitting affect Barriers of motor o sizing the ideational CF responses indicate regions and ideational content to be content and affect set concrete and abstract off by a stimulus and is attitudes may be nearly FC responses indicate integrated. permeable wall between able to satisfy needs equal and behaviour will w5 GF may reveal emotional comfortably within a be ordered or catastro- motor and ideational m regions, but with a good spontaneity or a degree of balance between reality- phic depending upon pleasure pressures. the equalization status. differentiation of self 3 impulsiveness in responding. and field. C reveals an inclination to CF The above synthesis G responses indicate a M • is not as complete and catastrophic condition GF reveals motoric to marked impulsivity in expre- the motor impulses and exists. A concrete tensions have a higher O ssing affect. pleasure drives may attitude is seen. Isola- valence than ideational appear more prominent. tion of parts in the tensions. organism has occurred G reveals a strong C The ego is not in and the response is o control of certain im- barrier between motor primitive and dediffere- and ideational regions, pulses and they are ntiated. discharged impulsively but little or no barrier on a motor basis with around the motor region little or no delay. i. e., a strong barrier between peripheral and central layers of the personality, but little Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin or none between envi- K ronmental impingement The ego defenses have Depending upon the Smoke, clouds and other and peripheral motor not been adequate to relative prominence of diffuse phenomena are scored layers. K. handle anxieties which the responses, various degrees of catastrophic These responses reveal "free- are emerging in gross conditions can be in- floating anxiety." non-specific forms. ferred. The outer regions of K the life space are seen as threatening and ! In these responses the sub- The ego is partially clear figure-ground per- s ject has perceptually noted coping with the anxi- H the diffuseness but associa- ception is not occuring. H tively has tried to assign a eties and they appear X specific content so that as more definitive and r topographical maps, x-rays, related to specific etc., are given revealing some attempts at conscious control conflicts over nebulous anxiety. Some degree of differen- tiation of threat regions is being made.

Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin FK o These responses result from A relative prominence of The organism which The outer regions of the shading of the blot these responses suggests reacts with feelings of the life space are seen p initiating a perceptual ex- that infantile feelings inadequacy tends to as large and hard to perience of seeing depth and of isolation and inade- shrink the world and handle. 2 space, and associative proce- quacy in the face of a O its responses to avoid The irreality level of sses are thus set off. threatening, world may catastrophic conditions the past and present be one of the major These responses reflect ten- which would face the contains many fears that anxieties with which organism with stimuli dencies toward introspection cause the person to view the ego defenses must with which it could not 3 and reacting to the distances his psychological future JO cope. cope. w between the self and objects as a region in which he w with subsequent feelings of will not be adequate. inadequacy, smallness and 3 isolation. s The relative amount of FK o responses determines the degree to which introspection en leads to feelings of inade- O quacy. > r* I—I H Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin Categories of Content This reflects the ego's Few categries may The number of cate- capacity to allow a reveal old memory gories of content refle- The variety of categories of cts the narrowness or content indicates the wealth, breadth or narrowness patterns have passively breadth of interests and availabity and flexibity of of realms of past expe- disappeared because activities. conceptual realms from riences and ideas to they were not of As the individual grew which the subject can choose come into awareness. current value. from childhood to his responses. Repression The range of categories maturity his range of A limited number of of content reflects the number of conceptual interests and activities categories reflects the increased. S effects of the ego's re- realms of memory patt- Regression pressive-inhibiting func- erns available for inte- El tions. The ego has rpreting stimuli. In regression there is a erected strog defenses decrease in the range I of a repressive nature of activities and intere- to preclude anxiety sts. arousing topics and Regions impulses from coming This also reflects the into awareness. differentiation of regi- ons in the life space into which locomotion can be made on a thou- ght (irreality) level.

Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin , < Stereotypy of Content Repression Equalization Barriers ; High animal percent reveals The ego has restricted Equalization is maintai- c Rigid barriers have been 5 the subject is probably associative spontaneity. ned by avoiding anxiety erected around most I responding to only the producing stimuli. Res- regions of the life space grossest articulations of the ponses are restricted to except this one. ^ ink blot. a limited figure-ground The subject is dependent area. Locomotion ° upon the most obvious c Memory Locomotion into other ^ conventionalities and plati- regions is prevented by 5 tudes in any situation. Old memory patterns strong tensional states * Other stereotypies reflect passively disappear arising when locomotion _ associative preoccupation, or when they are not of is attempted. £ that a limited number of current value. conceptual realms are avai- 5 lable to the associative c processes, or that only those perceptual processes are res- ponded to for which a readily C available meaning is present. > t- Perce ptual-associativ e Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin Perseveration The ego has little or no Equalization Insurmountable barriers Perseveration of a response control over the repe- The equalization process arise around one figure- has broken down. represents extreme stereo- titive occurence of an ground pattern and the typy in the associative association. Isolation subject can not loco- process. Marked pathology of a Parts of the nervous mote but within the system are isolated and narrow confine of one psychic or organic the stimuli is restricted nature is suggested. to a smaller part of the region of the field organism and conse- (anxiety). quently is of greater Or an internal barrier effect, longer duration, and the organism is thus region prevents ideati- forced to keep reacting onal locomotion . from to the stimuli. region to region After effect internally (organic Perseveration reveals a perseveration). response has remained too long as figure in the nervous system and reveals an abnormal after effect. A catas- trophic reaction has occurred and subsequent activity is modified by the issolated and abnormally strong after effect.

Perceptual-associative Psychoanalytic Goldstein Lewin < Populars Reality testing Common figure-ground Realism o Populars reflect a capacity The populars are oiie of patterns This is one of the p for responding to the con- the criteria of reality Giving an ordinary 'tests' of realism in the ventional, stereotyped and testing by the ego. number of populars Rorschach. Z obvious perceptual-associa- This also reflects the reflects attention to Force field. o tive patterns in the blots. H ego's capacity for res- common figure-ground This capacity to note This is an index of capacity ponse to community pattern. populars represents a o to note the conventional thinking patterns and Few populars suggests a response to a common aspects of situations. z the awareness of the lack of perception of force field. H conventional, socially common figure-ground X In giving popular res- W compelling aspects to patterns and may reflect: H ponses the subject gives H which most persons poor figure-ground positive valence to respond in a situation. differentiation ; a loss regions to which most of certain necessary other persons give posi- concrete responses ; the tive valence. o organism is not respon-

u JJ C ft> References 43 ~ 3 «J 43 2 o 3 > C £S O O a> cO O .2 « 2 1. Beck, S. J. Borschach's test. Volumes I, II, and III. New York: m o S Grune and Stratton 1949, 1945 and 1952. q3 11 ftj K5 a) 2. De Vos, G. A, Quantitative Approach to Affective Symbolism in •co a c u 45 ao » Rorschach Responses. J. Proj. Tech, 1952,16, 133-150. J O <-i CO o a) l-l o o S CO 3. Fenichel O. The Psychoanlytic Theory of Neurosis. New York : .S a u fi ft) T3 W. W. Norton and Co., 1945. g 'tr> aj .2 g O *>A OS C ft) 4. Freud, S. Collected Papers, Volume I. London : Hogarth press, 1939. 5. Goldstein, K. The Organism : A Holistic Approach to Biology. New York: American Book Co., 1939. 03 l-l n - > 6. Goldstein, K. Human Nature in the Light of Psychopathology. a w 4-1 o co Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1940. .s s n O to O 03 a j3 '3 co ft 7. Goldstein, K. and Scheerer, M. Abstract and Concrete Beha- CO u • I-I co *o viour ; An Experimental Study with Special Tests. Psychol. 4*« a) co O o i-i •—• u ctf U Mono., No. 239. Evanston, Illinois : Northwestern Univ. o 3 C ^ S *3 J2 ft) 03 Press. 1941. I 43 ej > O o CO +-» 1 •3 a) h> 0 H U Cfl o o 8 I u 8. Goldstein, K. Methodological Approach to the Study of Schizo- phrenic thought Disorder. In J. S. Kasanin, Language and u o w ;>, ft) oy _e II thought in Schizophrenia. Berkeley, California: Univ. of o O S CO C •CJD co 3 O California Press, 1946. o CO u G S .5 & § u CO _ O O 9. Hartmann, H. Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation. a) .s —• G ^ fa. -S o In D. Rapaport, Organization and Pathology of thought. O O ft) co O > 09 .s - 0) New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1951, s 3 03 •s 5 a I * g 10. Healy, W. Bronner, A. and Bowers, A, The Structure and ft) 43 co O Meaning of Psychoanalysis. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, IS a) « .s cti 3 tp o a) (j T3 ft) (J 1930. 11. Klopfer, B. and Kalley, D. C. The Rorsehach Technique. New ft) r-; a> a) 43 2 43 43 York : World Book Co., 1942. •ao en 3 4J 4J ft) 12. Klopfer, B., Ainsworth, M. D., Klopfer, W. G. and Holt, R. R. > c a Developments in the Rorschach Technique. New York : World S? ft) cj II Book Co., 1954. O c *43 C ft) "n ft) 'on CU +J 13. Leeper, R. W. Letvirfs Topological and Vector Psychology ; A CO & Q a) "3 Digest and Critique. Eugene, Ore. : Univ. of Oregon, 1943. S 0 Ti _O ft) 14. Lewin, K. Behaviour and Development as a Function of the Total 42 .g 5 C8 QO Situation. In L. Carmichael (Ed.), Manual of Child Psychology I y CO 23 §. ti ft) ^OjO New York ; John Wiley and Sons, 1946. r ca ft) 43 ^ a -S •§ N H u ft 4J Q ft) 44 co 154 MARGARET THALER t SAMIKSA CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PSYCHOANALYSIS 15. Lewin, K. Field Theory in Social Science. New York : Harper Vol. 10, No. 2 (Contd.) and Bros., 1951. 16. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Vol. 5. New York : Interna- Letter dated 2.1.29 from Prof. Dr. Freud to Dr. G. Bose tional Universities Press, 1950. Prof. Dr. Freud. 2. 1. 1929 17. Rapaport, D., Gill, M. and Schafer, R. Diagnostic Psychological Wien IX., Berggasse 19 Testing, Vol. 2. Chicago : Year Book Publishers, 1946. Dear Dr. Bose, 18. Rapaport, D. Organization and Pathology of Thought. New I am glad of having got your letter. Since you joined our York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1951. Association I regretted that our Indian group did not attain closer 19. Rorschach, H. Psychodiagnostics. Berne : Hans Huber, 1942. contact with the offers. Any sign of the contrary is pleasant to me. 20. Schachtel, E. Dynamic Perception and Symbolism of Form, With To be sure I am not surprised by the result of Prof. Haider's Special Reference to the Rorschach Test. Psychiatry, 1941, study of Tagore poetry. But it may appear convincing to other 4 : 76-96. people as well and so I think it ought to be published. May I wait 21. Schachtel, E. On Colour and Affect. Psychiatry, 1943, 6: 393-409. for your permission to send it to Dr. Jones with my recommendation ? 22. Schachtel, E. Subjective Definitions of the Rorschach Test The part of your own work which you will send to me may be Situation and Their Effect on Test Performance. Psychiatry, sure of my infense interest. My health is not strong my mind still 194?, 8 : 419-448. active although not productive. 23. Schachtel, E. Projection and its Relation to Character Attitudes With kind regards and best wishes. and Creativity in the Kinesthetic Responses. Psychiatry, Sincerely yours, 1950, 13:69-100." Freud.

Letter dated 31.1.29 from Dr. G. Bose to Prof. Dr. Freud 14 Parsibagan Calcutta. 31st January 1929. Dear Prof. Freud, Many thanks for your kind letter. A copy of Prof. Haider's paper on Tagore poetry has already been sent to Dr. Jones and Prof. Haider will be very grateful if you would kindly recommend it for publication in the International Journal of Psycho-analysis. I am sending you under separate cover some of my own papers. The articles marked 'P' are written on popular lines and are meant for inclusion along with other papers in a book which is in preparation for the lay public. The other articles are of a more technical nature and are meant for another book. When published all the articles of this series will be supplemented with short clinical records in support of the contentions put forth in them. A few of the papers 156 CORRESPONDENCE E SAMIKSA Vol. 10, No. 3 ] CORRESPONDENCE 157 will be further elaborated. I would draw your particular attention Letter dated 9.3.29 from Prof. Dr. Freud to Dr. G. Bose to my paper on Oedipus wish where I have ventured to differ from Prof. Dr. Freud March 9th, 1929 you in some respects. I have indicated the order in which the Wien IX., Berggasse 19 articles are to be read. Dear Prof. Bose. I also enclose a Bengali book on dreams which I have just Best thanks for your sendings. I have read all of your papers, published. Your portrait which appears in the book is from a the popular ones as well as the more important scientific ones and pencil drawing by my friend Mr. J. K. Sen the renowned artist from I am impatient to see them published in books as you promise. the photograph you kindly sent me some years ago. Please accept You directed my attention on the Oedipus wish especially and the book as a token of my deepest regards for the Father of you were right in doing so. It made a great impression on me. Psycho-analysis. An abridged English translation of the contents In fact I am not convinced by your arguments. Your theory of the of this book will appear as a chapter in my popular book. opposite wish appears to me to stress rather a formal element than Wishing you health, and long life. a dynamic factor. I still think, you underate the efficiency of the Yours sincerely, castration fear. It is interesting to note that the only mistake I Prof. Dr. Sigmund Freud G. Bose could discover in your popular essays relates to the same points. Wien IX Berggasse 19, There you say that Oedipus kills himself after blinding which he Austria. never did. In the scientific paper you give the story correctly. On the other side I never denied the connection of the castration wish with the wish to bz a female nor that of the castration fear with the horror of becoming a female. In my "Passing of the Oed. ORDER IN WHICH THE ARTICLES ARE TO BE READ Complex" I tried to introduce a new metapsychological possibility destroying a complex by robbing it of its cathectic charge which is Popular Articles : led into other channels besides the other idea of repressing it while 1. Free Association Method in Psychoanalysis its cathesis is left undiminished. 2. Sex in Psychoanalysis But confess I am by no means more convinced of the validity of 3. Psychoanalysis in Business my own assumptions. We have not yet seen through this intricate 4. Temper and Psychoanalysis Oedipus matter. We need more observations. 5. Crime and Psychoanalysis Cordially Yours Technical Articles : Freud. 1. Relationship between Psychology and Psychiatry P. S. Thanks for the Bengali book ! 2. Reliability of psycho-analytical Findings 3. Is perception an Illusion ? 4. Nature of the Wish Letter dated 11.4.29 from Dr. G. Bose to Prof. Dr. Freud 5. Analysis of Wish 14 Parsibagan 6. Pleasure in Wish Calcutta. 11th April 1929. 7. The Genesis of Homosexuality Dear Prof. Freud, 8. The Genesis and Adjustment of the Oedipus Wish Many thanks for your kind letter dated- March 9th 1929. I am grateful to you for going through my papers and for pointing out Vol. 10, No. 3 ] CORRESPONDENCE 159 158 CORRESPONDENCE t SAMIKSA the relationship between the different wishes that emerge from the the mistake in the Oedipus story in my popular article. I shall unconscious in a definite sequence during analysis. correct it when the manuscript goes to press. This theory enables the analyst to predict beforehand the Of course I do not expect that you would acept off-hand my possibility of emergence in consciousness of a particular repressed reading of the Oedipus situation. I do not deny the importance of wish from an examination of the grammatical forms of speech. the castration threat in European cases ; my argument is that the I have reserved the discussion of the practical points of threat owes its efficiency to/its connection with the wish to be a applicability of this theory a seperate chapter in my book. Since female. The real struggle lies between the desire to be a male the elaboration of this theory in my concept of Repression I have and its opposite the desire to be a female. I have already referred modified it in some important details in view of new facts that have to the fact that castration threat is very common in Indian Society come up during analysis. I shall send you a copy when this chapter but my Indian patients do not exhibit castration symptoms to such is written. a marked degree as my European cases. The desire to be a female is more easily unearthed in Indian male patients than in European. I am sorry I have troubled you with this long letter, my only In this connection I would refer you to my paper on Homosexuality excuse is that I want my findings to be tested in the light of your where I have discussed this question in greater detail. The Oedipus unique experience. mother is very often a combined parental image and this is a fact Trusting this finds you in good health and wishing you a long of great importance. I have reasons to believe that much of the life. motivation of the 'maternal deity' is traceable to this source. Yours sincerely, My theory of the opposite wish is not a mere formal philosophical G. Bose. statement as you suppose it to be. Like any other scientific theory it is a specific formulation that will explain many facts of mental Letter dated 12 5.29 from Prof. Dr. Freud to Dr. G. Bose life. To cite a few instances if gives the exact dynamics of Prof. Dr. Freud May 12th 1929 repression when a particular wish is pushed into the unconscious ; Wien IX., Berggasse 19 it explains in a simple manner the mechanisms of imitation retaliation, conscience, projection, etc. The facts that have led you to suppose Dear Prof. Bose, the existence of the repetition compulsion addition to the pleasure Thank you for your explanations. I am fully impreessed by principle would be more easily explained on the basis of this theory. the difference in the castration reaction between Indian and European When a person receives a shocks certain wishes of a passive type patients and I promise to keep my attention fixed on the problem of are satisfied, perforce leading to the release of the opposite type the opposite wish which you accentuate. This latter one is too important for a hasty decision, I am glad I have to expect another of wishes—corresponding to the situation of the agency which publication of yours. I wonder what the relation of the opposite brought about the shock. This is an effort at identification with wish the phenomena of ambivalence "may be", the offending agent. The repeated bringing up of the shock situation I am sorry I have to disappoint Dr. Sarkar who sent me several in dreams is an effort on the part of the unsatisfied opposite wish interesting letters as a correspondent but my activity is no more what to get a satisfaction. This is determined by the pleasure principle. is used to be before. There is no need to suppose the functioning of the repetition With kindest regards. compulsion. Yours truly, The theory of the opposite wish will explain the occurence Freud. in pairs in the same individual of such traits as sadism and masochism observationism and exhibitionism etc. This theory will also explain CORRESPONDENCE [ SAMIKSA Vol. 10. No. 3 ] CORRESPONDENCE 161 Letter from Dr. G. Bose to Prof. Dr. Freud Letter dated 4.10.32 from Dr. G. Bose to Prof. Dr. Freud My dear Professor Freud; 14 Parsibagan I have great pleasure in sending you on behalf of the Indian Calcutta, 4th Oct. 1932. Psycho-analytical Society by insured percel post today one ivory My dear Prof. Freud, statuette with stand and a roll containing two copies of Sanskrit I am extremely grateful to you for all the kindness you have address, to you printed on silk and three copies of the same printed shown to my daughter and my son-in-law while they were in Vienna. on paper with the translation in type and also three copies of the They are full of gratitude to yourself, your wife and daughter and proceedings of the meeting of the Society held on 6th May last your sister-in-law. My daughter had been hearing about you ever to celebrate your 75th bithday Anniversary. The Indian Society will since she was a little child and she has written to me a glowing be very grateful if you will kindly accept these small presents. It account of her impressions about yourself. I only wish I had the took us sometime to have the statuette specially made for you, hence opportunity of conveying my thanks to you personally. the delay. A line in reply informing me of the safe arrival of the With best regards. articles will be immensely appreciated. With best wishes. Yours sincerely, Yours sincerely, G. Bose. G. Bose.

Letter dated 13.12.31 from Prof. Dr. Freud to Dr. G. Bose Prof. Dr. Freud Dec. 13th 1931 Wien IX., Berggasse 19 Letter dated 8.11 32 from Prof. Dr. Freud to Dr. G. Bose Dear Dr. Bose, Now I am in possession of all your, sendings the statue, its Prof. Dr. Freud - Nov. 8th 1932 pedespal, the proceedings and the poem I feel gratefully elated and Wien IX., Berggasse 19 accept these presents, as a kind of compensation for the sad fact Dear Dr. Bose, that I have no chance of ever meeting you or any other member of I could not read your kind letter without feetings of embarass- your Society. [ The only man among you I know is Dr. Barkeley ment. In fact I do not deserve the gratitude of your children owing Hill.] Please give my hearty thanks to all your members and to the fact that I and my daughter were full in work, my wife accept it especially for yourself. and her sister not speaking your language and difficulties in your The Statuette is charming, I gave it the place of honour on my household making it hard for us to invite them for meals. So I had desk. As long as I can enjoy life it will recall to my mind the to be glad that one of my friends and pupils did it for me. I was progress of Psychoanalysis the proud conquests it has made in foreign very sorry that your charming daughter did not like our dogs. But countries and the kind feelings for me it has aroused in some of my you know in life we often get praised or blamed for no merit of contemporaries at least. our own. With'affectionate wishes. With kindest regards Yours Yours Sigm. Freud. Freud. 162 CORRESPONDENCE [ SAMIKSA Vol. 10. No. 3 ] CORRESPONDENCE 163

Letter dated 1.1,33 from Prof. Dr. Freud to Dr. G. Bose is what I expect to be the result of the discussion after your paper is presented to the attention of our analyst and I will be the first Prof. Dr. Freud January 1st 1933 to acknowledge our indebtness to the working of your mind. Wien IX. Berggasse 19 With affectionate regards to you and family. Dear Dr. Bose, Yours The first letter of this new year goes out to you, I did study Freud the essay you were so kind to send me and am deeply impressed by it. The contradictions with our current psychoanalytic theory are many and deep-going and I reproach myself for not having given attentions to your ideas before. That is not only my case I suspect Letter dated 1.2.33 from Dr. G. Bose to Prof. Dr. Freud that your theory of opposite wishes is practically unknown among us and never mentioned or discussed. This attitude was to be 1st Feb. 33 abolished, I am eager to see it weighed and considered by English My dear Prof. Freud, and German analysts all over. If you will permit me a suggestion : I am extremely grateful to you for your kind interest in my let us have a paper on the theory written especially for an analytic work. I shall be'very glad to send you a suitable paper on the theory public which may appear in the Zeitschrift and Jones' Journal at the of the opposite wish for the consideration of the psycho-analytic same time. We will do the translation into German here in Vienna. group in Europe. It is really very good of you to say that you will The essay you sent me is not quite appropriate especially in its ' have it translated in Vienna. I shall expunge the popular portions first parts as it is meant for the Indian Science Congress. of the article that I sent you, and shall add and alter certain As regards my own judgement which you ask for I can only meterials by which I hope the article will meet your requirements. give you first impressions which are of no great value. It needs I shall try to elucidate the points rasied in your latter, such as the more time and effort to overcome the feeling of unfamiliarity when dynamic aspect of the theory, the explanation of repression and of confornted with a theory so "different from the one professed anxiety. Of course I do not say that my theory will explain all the hetherto and it is not easy to get out of the at customed ways .of different facts of anxiety phenomena as known to us in connection thinking. So don't take it amiss when I say the theory of the with normal and abnormal life. But I do hope that I shall be able opposite wishes strikes me as something less dynamical than to give you a fairly satisfactory explanation on the basis of my morphological which could not have been evolved from the study of theory. I further hope that I shall be able to show to you that my our pathological material. It appears to me flat so to say it seems to explanations of repression are simpler and more satisfactory than lack a third dimension, I don't think it is able to explain anxiety the current views about it. In fact I claim that the theory of the or the phenomena of repression. Nor could I make the concession opposite wish is specially suited to explain repression. (Besides wish that the biological viewpoints in our psychology are out of place. which by my very definition is a dynamic mental element I admit no But I am not ready yet to stand up for my own objections. I am other psychic factor capable of bringing about a modification in a still bewildered and undecided. I see that we did neglect the fact given Psychic constellation. My theory of perception is based on of the existence of opposite wishes from the three sources of my theory of wish). I have not been able to follow what you meen Bisexuality (male and female) ambivalence (love-hate) and the by saying that the theory lacks a third dimension. If you could make opposition of active-passive. These phenomena have to be worked this clearer I might try to meet your objection. I shall be very into our system to make us see what modifications of corrections thankful if you kindly let me know what other points you require are necessary and how far we can acquiesce to your ideas. That me to elucidate further. 164 CORRESPONDENCE [ SAMIKSA Vol. 10, No. 3 ] CORRESPONDENCE 165 I have 'accidentally' burnt my face and right hand rather badly. Punkten noch ungesichert ist, aber sie ist jung und wird gewiss This has incapacitated me for any work for the present. I can barely unaufhaltsam fortschreiten bis der Wert ihrer Beitrage zur psycho- sign my name. I hope to be all right within a months' time when I logischen Wissenschaft keinem Zweifel mehr unterliegt. intend to take up the re-writing of the article. In any case I shall Mit herzlichen Wunschen fur Ihr Wohlbefinden und fur den try to send it to you before the end of March. Erfolg des Congresses. Could you suggest any limit to the size of the paper, so that Ihr efgebener it may not be too big for the journals. Freud. Thanking you again for the great kindness you have always shown to me. Trusting this will find you all right. English Translation of the above letter Yours very sincerely, G. Bose Prof. Dr. Freud 25/X/1937 Wien IX, Berggasse 19 Honoured Colleague, You inform me that you had been elected President of the Section of Psychology in the Congress that is to be held in your city Letter dated 2S.10.37 Prof. Dr. Freud to Dr. G. Bose in January 1938. I congratulate you on this well-earned honour. Prof. Dr. Freud 25/ XI 1937 A little later you sent me a paper from S. C. Mitra named Wien IX, Berggasse 19 "Contributions of Abnormal Psychology to Normal Psychology" and you asked me to express my observation regarding the same for the Hochgeehrter Herr College ! Congress. Although the Congress is to sit a few months later I Sie theilen mir mit dass Sie zutn Vorsitzenden der Sektion fur hasten to accede to your request to-day not only because of the 'post Psychologie auf dem Congress gewalt worden sind der im Januar difference1 between us, but also because of the uncertainty of life 1938 in Ihrer Stadt stattfinden soil. Ich begluck-wunsche Sie zu that is inherent in my age. dieser wolverdienten Ehrung. Mitra's exposition has made me feel embarassed. He has said Ein wenig spater haben Sie mir einen Aufsatz von S. C. Mitra everything that I could have said myself so that at best I can zukommen lassen betitelt "Contributions of Abnormal Psychology to only support him. He has expressed everything with a clearness and Normal Psychology" zu dem ich vor dem Congress Stellung nehmen difiniteness that I have seldom come acress. I feel myself deeply soil. Obwohl der Congress erst in Monaten abgehalten werden wird, obliged to my follower, who must certainly be young for his bold beeile ich mich, Ihrem Wunsch schon heute zu ent-sprechen nicht representation of our position. Certainly he has not also failed nur wegen der Postdifferenz zwischen uns sondern auch wegen der to recognise that psycho-analysis is at yet imperfect and in many Lebensunsicherheit die an mein Alter geknupft ist, points still uncertain, but psychoanalysis is young and will certainly Die Ausserungen von Mitra bringen mich in Verlegenheit. Sie progress uninterruptedly till no doubt can exist about the value of sagen namlich alles was ich selbst sagen konnte so dass ich ihnen its contribution to the Science of Psychology. nur wortlich beipflichten kann, und sagen es mit einer Klarheit und Entschiedenheit wie ich sie sehr selten angetroffen habe. Ich fuhle With heartly wishes for your good health and for the Congress. mich meinem gewiss noch jugendlichen Anhanger tief verpflichtet Yours Sincerely, dafur dass er unsere Sache so tapfer vertritt. Gewiss wird auch er Freud. nicht verkennen dass die Psychoanalyse unfertig und in vielen 166 CORRESPONDENCE E SAMIKSA INDIAN PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL SOCIETY Letter dated 31.10.37 from Anna Freud to Dr. G. Bose

Anna Freud. ' October 31, 1937 The 35th Annual General Meeting held on 23. 3.1956. Wien IX, Berggasse 19 PROCEEDINGS Dear Dr. Bose, I have passed on your letter to my father and he has answered Present : it himself already. . We have both been extremely interested in reading Dr. S. C. Mitra's excellent exposition of the subject under Dr. S. C. Mitra, in the Chair : discuseion. I wish India were not so far away, so that sometime Dr. N. De MrvM. K. Barua Dr. N. N Chatterjee I could come and take part in your work there. Dr. R. Bhaduri - Dr. A. K. Deb Miss K. Majumdar With kind regrads, Mrs. H. Gupta Dr. D N. Nandi Mrs. S. Shome Mr PR Choubey Mr. A Datta • Very sincerely yours, Anna Freud. 1 Considered the Annual Report for the -j ear 1956 togethef with the audited accounts of Ind an Psycho-analytical Society, Samiksa, Lumbini Park and Lumbini Clinic. Resolved—That.the Annual Reports be accepted. 2, The next item was to elect the office-bearers* members of the Council,/Board of the Institute.and different of Committees for the year 1957-1958. * • : • ' Resolved—That the office-bearers for the year 1957-58 be elected as follows : Dr. S C. Mitra ... - President Dr. T. C. Sinha ... Secretary Mr. M K Barua ... Librarian Mr- A. Datta ... Asst. Secretary Dr. D Nandi ... „ „ Mrs. H. Gupta ... Asst. Librarian Resolved further—That the Council of the Society for the ye^r 1957-58 be constituted as follows : Mr. M. V. Amrith, Mr. M. K. Barua, Dr. N. De, Mr. H. P. Maiti, Dr. S. C. Mitra and Dr. T. C. Sinha. Resolved also—That the Board of the Institute for the year 1957-58 be constituted as follows : Dr. N. N. Chatterjee- Dr. N. De, Mr. H. P. Maiti, Dr. S.C. Mitra, Mr. R. Patel and Dr. T, C. Sinha. also—That the 0aurrtal Comraitfeeefor the year 1957-53 bi constituted as follows : Mr. M. •¥». AnHEiA, sGte.- ©.: K. ®ose, IDr. :N; N. Chatterjee, Mr. P. N. Choubey, Mr. A. Datta, Dr. N. De, Dr; A. K. Deb, Dr. S. C. Mrtra, Dr. D. N. Nandi, Mr. R. Patel, Mn C. V. Ramana and Dr. T. C. Sinha. Resolved also—That the Hospital Committee for the year 1957-58 tj.