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The Professional Division Over the Treatment Of THE PROFESSIONAL DIVISION OVER THE TREATMENT OF HOMOSEXUALITY AND HOW IT HAS BEEN INFLUENCED BY THE GAY POLITICAL MOVEMENT By Thomas Coy Presented to the American Culture Faculty at the University of Michigan-Flint in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Liberal Studies in American Culture May 7, 2012 First Reader_ Second Reader Acknowledgements This thesis was a bigger project than anticipated, both for myself and my readers. Besides the large scope of the project, it covered a very controversial subject. I am grateful to both my readers, Bruce A. Rubenstein, Ph.D. and Derwin Munroe, Ph.D., for their willingness to be my readers. A good deal of patience was required of them as it took quite a while for me to finish this work. They stuck with me through the years until its completion. Their comments and suggestions were helpful and wise. It was my privilege to work with these two fine professors. I enjoyed their classes as a student and I had the privilege of them overseeing my master’s thesis. This experience at U of M-Flint has been very positive. I would also like to thank my wife, Linda, for her support and suggestions. I am blessed to have her as my partner in life. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................iii INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................1 PART I: THE KNOWLEDGE BASE IN 1973 AND HISTORY OF THE DIVISION.. 10 Chapter I. ETIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN 1973 ..................11 Opening note ........................................................................................................11 Anthropologist perspectives ............................................................................... 12 Sigmund Freud - Sandor Rado ..........................................................................17 Psychoanalytic and sociological perspectives introduction ............................21 Bergler, Bieber, Socarides, Hatterer - psychoanalytic perspectives.............. 22 Marmor, Ruitenbeek related - psychoanalytic perspectives........................... 31 Sociological perspectives ...................................................................................36 Prevention of homosexuality ..............................................................................40 Gay political perspectives...................................................................................41 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 42 Notes .....................................................................................................................46 II. KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOMOSEXUAL LIFE IN 1973....................................50 Opening note ........................................................................................................ 50 Observations of the psychoanalyst..................................................................... 51 Observations of the socio-cultural researcher ....................................................58 Case history examples......................................................................................... 68 The influence of gay political organizations......................................................71 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 73 Notes 76 III. TREATMENT OF HOMOSEXUALITY BEFORE 1973 ..................................78 Opening note ....................................................................................................... 78 Extreme treatments discredited by 1973 ...........................................................79 Castration....................................................................................................... 79 Electro-shock therapy.................................................................................... 79 Hormone treatments....................................................................................... 80 Aversion therapy.................................................................................................. 81 K. Freund........................................................................................................ 81 M. P. Feldman and M. J. MacCulloch..........................................................82 Irving Bieber perspective ...............................................................................83 Psychotherapy introduction................................................................................83 Reparative psychotherapy................................................................................... 87 Edmund Bergler..............................................................................................87 Irving Bieber ...................................................................................................90 Lawrence Hatterer ......................................................................................... 92 (1. Evaluating) ......................................................................................... 93 (2. The therapist)..................................................................................... 94 (3. Sustaining change) .............................................................................95 (4. The committed homosexual) ............................................................96 Charles W Socarides.....................................................................................97 Combined group and individual therapy .........................................................101 Elizabeth Mintz .............................................................................................101 Normal variant psychotherapy..........................................................................104 Magnus Hirschfeld ....................................................................................... 105 Ralph Blair.................................................................................................... 107 Richard C. Robertiello................................................................................. 109 Robert Lindner..............................................................................................I l l George Weinberg ..........................................................................................112 Conclusions .........................................................................................................114 Notes ....................................................................................................................121 IV. THE KINSEY SEXUAL REVOLUTION........................................................... 124 Opening note .......................................................................................................124 The Kinsey saga before 1973 and its legacy....................................................125 Criticism of Kinsey before 1973 .......................................................................134 Kinsey exposure after 1973.............................................................................. 142 Conclusions.........................................................................................................148 Notes ................................................................................................................... 151 V. THE PHILOSOPHICAL STORM LEADING UP TO 1973 ................................155 From sin to sickness ...........................................................................................155 Is homosexuality a psychopathological condition? ........................................ 157 The challenge presented by Lindner and Szasz .............................................. 165 The challenge presented by Weinberg............................................................. 172 The new morality...............................................................................................174 Misrepresenting the opposition .........................................................................176 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 181 Notes ...................................................................................................................189 PART II: THE 1973 PARADIGM SHIFT ..........................................................................192 Chapter VI. APA 1973 - HOW IT HAPPENED ......................................................................193 Opening note ..................................................................................................... 193 The rise of gay militancy.................................................................................. 194 v The gay assault on psychiatry.......................................................................... 199 The bureaucratic charade................................................................................. 207 The opposition’s response ........................................................................... .221 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 228 Notes ..................................................................................................................234
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